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1 


NOVITATES    ZOOLOGIGAE. 
Vol.    YII.,   1900. 


NOVITATES   ZOOLOGICAE 


H  Jouvnal  of  Eooloi3\> 

IN     CONNECTION     WITH     THE     TRING     MUSKl'M. 


KDITED    BY 


The  Hon.  WALTEE  EOTHSCHILD,  Ph.D., 
EENST    HAETEET,    and    Dr.    K.    JOEDAN. 


Vol.   VII.,   1900. 


(WITH     TWELVE     PLATES.) 


Issued   at   the   Zoological    Museum,   Thing. 


TRIKTED    BY    HAZELL,    W.iTSO>'.    >t    VINEY,    Ld.,    LOSDOS"    AND    AYLES^BURY. 

1900. 


CONTENTS   OF    VOLUME   VII. 


GENERAL    SUBJECTS. 

(Cf.  pp.   1,  12,  25,  54,  55,  244.) 

MAMMALIA. 


PAGES 


1.  On  a  New  Race  of  Ibex.     Walter  Rothschild.     (Plate  II.)   ....     277 

2.  On    a    New    Species    of     Monkey    (Cercocehm    chri/soijaster).       R.    Lydekker. 

(Plate  III.) 279 

3.  The  Red  Flying  Sijuirrel  of  the  Natuna  Islands.     Oldfield  Tikjmas  .         .     592 

4.  On  two  Mangaljey-like  Monkeys.     R.  Ltdekker 593 — 59() 


AVES. 

1.  The  Birds  of  Ruk  in  the  Central  Carolines.     Ekx.st   IIarteut  .         .  1  —  11 

2.  The  Birds  of  Dammer  Lslaud  in  the  Banda  Sea.     Ernst  Hartekt  .  .        12 24 

3.  Another  small  Contribution  to  African  Ornithology.     Ernst  IIarteht  .        25 53 


(  vi   ) 

PAGES 

4.  The  Birds  of  Biiiu.      Ernst  Harteht.      (rh.lelV.) 2:iG— 242 

5.  On  Turacus  chalcolophiis  Neumann.  Ernst  Uartert.  (Plato  I.)  .  278—270 
C.  On  the  Diids  of  Southern  Arabui.  W.  K.  Ooilvie-Grast.  (Pkle  X.)  .  213—273 
7    Additions  to  tho  List  of  Ijirds  of  Southern  Arabia.      W.  K.  Ogilvie-Grant      .     591 

8.  Miscellaneous  Notes  on  Palaearctic  Birds.      Ernst  IIartert      ,         .         .    325—534 

9.  Ueber  die  Gattung  Polioptila.      C.  E.  Hellmatr 535—538 

10.  On  the  Genus  Scaeorhijachas.      Ernst  Hartert 548 

11.  List  of  a,  Colleetion  of  Bii-ds  from  the  Lingga  Islands.     Ernst  Hartert.    549 — 550 

12.  The  Birds  of  the  Banda  Islands.      Ernst  Hartert 551 — 554 


LEPIDOPTERA. 

1.  Description  of   (he   hitherto   unknown    Female  of    (Joielus  mlrahilis.      Walter 

ROTHSCUILD 24 

2.  Description  of  New  Species  of  Butterflies  from  Milne  Bay,  British  New  Guinea. 

11.  Grose-S.mitii 86 — 89 

3.  New    (ienera     and     Species    of     'I'hyrididae     and     Geometrukie     from     Africii. 

W.  Warren 90-97 

4.  New  Genera  and   Species  of   Drcpamdldac,   Thyrldidae,   Epiplemid<ie   and   Geo- 

melridae  from  the  Indo- Australian  and  Palaearctic  Regions.     W.  Warren 

98-110 

5.  New  Genera  and   Species   of   American    Drepanulidae,  Tltyrididue,   Epipleinidae 

and  Geometridae.      W.  Warren  ........    117 — 225 

G.  On    some    New    or    recently    described    Lepidoptera.        Walter     Botiischild. 

(Plate  V.) 274—276 


(  vii  ) 

PAGES 

7.  A  Monograph  of  Charaxi>s  ami  the  Allied  Prionopterous  Genera.      (Plates  VI., 

VII.,  \in.,  XI  ,  XII.)      (Continued  from  Vol.  VI.)         .         .         .    281—524 

8.  De.scriptions  of  New  African  Species  of  Aa-aeinae.     II.  Grose-Ssiitii    .         .    544 — 547 

9.  The  Lepidoptera  of  Burn.      W.  J.  Holland:  — 

Part    I.     Rhopalocora 54 — 85 

Part  II.     Hetei-ocera 555—591 

SIPHONAPTERA. 

1.  Notes  on  Pulex  avium.      N.  C.  PlOthschild.      (Plate  IX.)         .         .         .    5.39 — 543 


LIST     OF    PLATES     IN     VOLUME     VII. 


Plate         T.      Tiinicus  c/iakohphns  Neum.     (African  Plaintainoater.      ITand-coloured  plate 
from  one  of  the  typical  specimens  by  J.  G.  Keulemans  ) 

.,  II.     Cap-a    sibirica    li/dekkeri    riotliscli.       (1  land-coloured    plate    from    the    type 

specimen  by  J.  Smit.) 

III.     Cercoceliux    chri/sogaster    Lyd.      (A    new    mangabey-like    Monkey.       Hand- 
colonred  plate  from  the  typo  by  J.  Smit.) 

I^'.  Hand-coloured  plate  by  3.  G.  Kculimans  of  three  Birds,  from  the  typo 
specimens  :  }[ij-,omela  tdhl.yu.la  Hart.  J  from  Ecssel  I.  (cf.  Nov.  Zool. 
VI.,  p.  79);  Knjthrmw/ias  huruensis  Hart.  ^,  and  OeocicMa  diimasi 
Eothsch.  (J,  from  Burn.  (The  iinder-surface  of  the  Erijlln-diiii/ias  is, 
thi'ongh  a  fault  of  the  <olourist,  too  yellowi>h  in  some  copies  of  the 
plate!) 
,,  V.     Seven  species  of  J.epidoplera.     (See  explan.ation  of  Plate  V.  Hand-coloured 

plate  by   W.   Piirkiss.) 

„        VI.  . 

'-Photocraphie  plates  of  Cluirayes.      (See  explanation  opposite  to  plates.) 
„       VJI.  J 

,.     VIII.     Genital    armature    of    various    forms    of    Clifi-mxes.      K.    Jordan    del.     (See 
explanation.) 

„         IX.     Morphological   details  of  various  species  of  Ceratophyllus.      K.  Jordan  del. 
(See  explanation.) 

,,  X.     Lithographic   map  of    Southern    Araliia,  showing   tho   routes  taken    by  the 

Pereival-Dodson  expedition. 

,,         ^^ I.  I  Colour-typo    plates   of    various   I'/iuraxes.      By     Karl    Jlcntschcl.      (Photo- 
„       XII.  J  graphed  from  nature.) 


NOVITATES     ZOOLOGICAE. 


Vol.  Vn.  MAECH,    1900.  No.  1. 


THE    BIRDS    OF   EUK   IN   THE   CENTRAL   CAROLINES. 


ERRATA. 

Page     26,  line  18, /w  "  Corythaeala "  read  Corythaeola. 

35,  line  7  from  the  top,  for  "  Melitta  "  read  MeUttophagiis. 
41,  line  3  from  the  bottom, /or  "  Lagonostica "  read  Lagonosticta. 
339,  line  3  from  the  top,  fm-  "  Copsychus  salamis  "  read  Copsychus  saularis. 
357,  line  Vi,  for  "  Philagnoma  "  read  Fhiloguoma. 
534,  line  1 4,  for  "  Lyons "  read  Lyon. 
541,  line  3  from  the  bottom,  for  "  Columba  oeneas "  read  Coloiuba  oenas. 


spoudent,  Mr.  Alan  Owstou,  in  Yokohama,  who  collected  so  successfully  on  Guam 
and  Saipan  in  the  Marianne  Islands,*  proceeded  to  Rnk  and'  sent  a  large  collection 
to  Tring. 

The  most  important  feature  of  this  collection  is  the  new  Tephras  (No.  3), 
and  the  very  fine  series  of  nests  and  eggs  of  nearly  all  the  species  inhabiting 
the  island. 

The  notes  on  the  colours  of  the  soft  parts  are  all  given  from  Ridgway's 
Nomenclature  of  Colours,  and  we  may  say  that  we  have  found  them  most 
accurate.  The  nests  and  eggs  were  also  labelled  with  the  greatest  care  and 
accuracy.  Out  of  many  hundreds  of  nests  and  eggs  in  the  two  collections  we 
could  not  trace  one  error,  and  had  only  one  doubtful  egg  of  a  Tern,  which  is  not 
mentioned  in  either  list. 

To  enable  a  reader  of  this  article  to  inform  himself  of  the  entire  bibliography 
on  the  species,  I  have  to  all  the  species  added  the  no.  and  jtage  of  Wiglesworth's 

*  Cf.  Nov.  ZooL.  V.  p.  51. 

1 


(2) 

most  accurate   and   useful   work   Acea  Polf/ncsiae,  in   AUiamll.  (f-   lierii-hte  Aftis. 
Dresden  1891. 

The  literature  on  the  birds  of  Enk  Island  is  tlins  briefly  summarized  :— 

1853  :  Hombron  and  Jacquinot  in  V„!/.  POle  Su<l.  Alla.^,  Jacquinot  &  Paoh,  Zonl.  v.  III. 

1880  :  Finsoh,  P.  Z.  .S.  pp.  574-77  (Birds  of  Ruk). 

1891  :  Wiglesworth,  Avea  Pnhjnesiae  p.  VII.  (List  of  Caroline  Birds). 

1897  :  Hartcrt,  BnU.  B.  O.  Club  VII.  p.  5  {Tephro.-:  riil.i). 

1899  :  Nehrkorn,  Kalalog  d.  Elers.  (Descr.  of  some  Eggs). 

1.  Myzomela  rubratra  (Less.)  (Wiglesworth  No.  131,  ]).  :il). 

Evidently  very  nnmerons  on  Ruk  Island.  Its  native  name  is  "  yite/mfjal." 
"  Bill  black  (PI.  II.  fis.  1,  Ridgway's  Xo/nencl.  Col.) ;  iris  bnrnt  umber  (Ridgway 
III.  8)  ;  legs  and  toes  slate-grey  (II.  5)  ;  claws  black." 

Nov.  ZooL.  V.  p.  ■>■),  I  have  said  thut  females  differ  from  the  /mi/es  not  (inly 
ill  size,  but  also  in  having  olive-brown  wings  and  greenish  olive  edges  to  the 
remiges.  I  find  now,  however,  that  these  are  characters  of  immature  femoles 
only,  and  that  the  fully  adult  female  differs  from  the  male  only  in  its  smaller 
size,  and  generally  in  a  somewhat  more  restricted  extent  of  the  red  on  the  back 
iuid  abdomen. 

Many  nests  were  found  from  the  end  of  Jlay  to  Jnly,  and  (inc  in  JIarc.h. 
The  nests  and  eggs  are  described  in  Nov.  Zool.  V.  p.  56.  On  (inam  they  were 
collected  in  January,  Febrnary,  and  March. 

~.  Zosterops  semperi  owstoni  subsp.  nov.  (Wiglesworth  No.  183,  p.  :iT, /w/-^m  I). 

The  greenish  Zosterops  of  Ruk,  hitherto  united  with  typical  Z.  semperi  from 
the  Pelew  Islands,  is,  in  fact,  different.  As  all  the  land-birds  of  Ruk,  except 
the  widespread  Mi/zomela  riibrata,  are  more  or  less  different  from  those  of  the 
Pelew  Islands,  this  is  not  at  all  remarkable.  The  differences,  however,  are  so 
slight,  that  I  prefer  to  regard  them  as  representative  forms  of  one  species,  and 
to  designate  the  Ruk  form  as  above,  as  a  compliment  to  Mr.  Alan  Owston,  of 
Yokohama,  who  organized  the  collecting  expedition  to  the  Marianne  nnd  Cavoliiie 
Islands  tor  Mr.  Rothschild. 

Z.  semperi  owstoni  differs  from  Z.  semperi  semperi  in  the  following  characters  : 
The  colonration  of  the  upperside  is  less  yellowish,  but  more  green.  The  ear-coverts 
are  more  olive-greenish  than  in  Z.  semperi  semperi,  where  they  are  paler  and 
more  yellowish.  The  spot  on  the  lores  and  under  the  fore  part  of  the  eye,  which 
is  indistinct  and  dnsky,  is  pnre  black  and  more  distinct.  The  whitish  edge  on 
the  inner  web  of  the  outer  rectrices  is  less  developed.  The  ujiper  bill,  which  is 
horn-brown  in  Z.  semperi  semperi,  is  black.  We  have  received  a  large  series 
from  Ruk,  which  I  have  compared  with  three  Pelew  specimens,  kindly  lent  by 
the  authorities  of  the  Liverpool  Museum,  and  two  in  the  Tring  Museum,  collected 
by  the  late  Mr.  Kubary.  The  collectors  have  marked  the  up])er  bill  as  "  pure 
black,  iris  raw-sienna  (Ridgway  V.  2) ;  feet  pale  slate  colour."  The  native  name 
is  "  Nikikitebu." 

Nests  with  single  eggs  were  found  from  May  to  July.  They  were  j)laced  in 
various  heights,  bnt  generally  between  four  and  eight  feet  high,  in  various  bushes 
and  trees.  They  are  very  neatly  woven  of  fine  halms  and  fibres,  and  outside  nicely 
ornamented  with  cobwebs  and  white  cocoons  or  wool.     Some  lianu:  in  ihi'  fork  of  a 


(3) 

twig,  exactly  like  an  Oriole's  nest.     The  eggs  are  pale  blue,  like  all  Zosterops  eggs, 
and  measure  :  17-.5  :  12-8,  17-7  :  12-5,  18  :  12,  16-5  :  12,  170  :  13,  17  :  12-3  mm. 

Zosterops  conspicillata  of  Guam  lays  generally  two  and  even  three  eggs. 
The  fact  that  so  many  Passeres  on  the  Pacific  Islands  lay  only  one  egg  is  com- 
mented on  by  Wiglesworth  in  "  Aves  Polynesiae  "  p.  V.,  where  this  noticeable  fact  is 
explained  as  a  "  remarkable  preventative  of  a  too  rapid  multiplication." 

3.  Tephras  ruki  Hart.  {Bull.  B.O.  Club  v.  VII.  p.  ."),  October  1807). 

Entirely  sepia-brown,  a  shade  darker  on  the  crown,  the  outer  edges  of  the 
inner  webs  of  the  remiges  and  the  under  wiug-coverts  paler,  the  former  inclining 
to  whitish  ;  the  primaries  darker,  almost  black,  their  outer  webs  bordered  with 
the  colour  of  the  back.  No  complete  white  ring,  bnt  a  narrow  semi-ring  round 
the  eye,  only  visible  in  well-skinned  specimens.  Bill  black,  legs  and  feet  light 
orange-rufous  ;  claws  brown,  iris  poppy-red.  Total  length  about  135 — 148  mm.  ; 
wing  78 — 83,  tail  o2 — 53,  bill  15—17,  culmen  from  forehead  21,  metatarsus  21. 
The  sexes  do  not  seem  to  differ,  unless  ih.e  female  is  a  little  smaller  than  the  male. 

The  native  name  is  "  Nikildon." 

Only  eight  specimens  were  obtained  in  November  and  December.  It  is  most 
peculiar  that  the  late  J.  Kubary,  who  was  an  excellent  collector,  and  who  spent 
more  than  fourteen  months  on  link,  did  not  obtain  this  bird.  It  is  probably  not 
numerous,  and  occurs  only  on  a  certain  secluded  spot  not  visited  by  Kubary. 

I  have  provisionally  accepted  Hartlanb's  generic  term  Tephras,  because  I  think 
this  group  may  with  advantage  be  separated  from  the  host  of  Zosterops. 

T.  Jinschi,  the  type  of  Tephras,  and  T.  ruki  agree  and  differ  from  typical 
Zosterops  in  the  following  characters  : — the  first  primary,  which  in  typical 
Zosterops  is  quite  reduced  and  not  visible  from  below,  is  well  developed  and 
visible  from  below  (7  mm.  in  T.  Jin.ichi,  10 — 11  in  T.  ruki),  the  bill  is  longer, 
the  feet  (especially  in  T.  ruki)  very  strong,  the  colouration  almost  uniform  brown. 
I  do  not  know  if  Zosterops  cinerea  and  Z.  poiuipensis  belong  to  this  same  group, 
bnt  I  doubt  it,  because  (judging  from  the  figures)  they  have  the  typical  Zosteropine 
bill,  although  in  the  style  of  colouration  they  are  like  Tephras. 

T.  Jinschi  differs  from  T.  ruki  in  its  much  smaller  size  and  lighter  under- 
surface. 

4.  Acrocephalus  (Tatare  of  many  authors')  syrinx  (Kittl.). 
(Wiglesworth  No.  209,  p.  41). 

We  have  received  a  large  number  of  specimens.  Females  do  not  differ  from 
males,  except  in  being  slightly  smaller  :  wings  of  males  average  80 — 81  mm.,  of 
females  76 — 77  mm.  Young  birds  do  not  differ  from  adults,  except  in  being 
somewhat  lighter  and  more  yellowish.  In  November,  especially  in  the  latter 
half  of  this  month,  a  good  many  were  in  moult.  "  Iris  mars-brown  (Ridgway 
III.  13)  ;  upper  bill  brownish  slate-colour,  lower  cream-colour.  Legs  and  toes 
dark  grey.     Length  in  the  flesh  about  6-7  inches." 

Many  nests,  most  of  them  containing  one  fresh  egg,  some  two,  were  found 
from  the  end  of  May  to  the  beginning  of  July.  They  stand  on  bread-fruit, 
cocoanut-palm,  and  ivory-palm  trees,  and  in  bushes,  in  a  lieight  from  about 
7  to  20  feet.  The  nests  are  strongly  woven  together  and  constructed  of  dry 
grass,  fibres  of  cocoannt  palms  and  other  fibres,  dry  leaves  and  similar  material. 


(4) 

and  form  a  very  deep  cnp,  like  nests  of  other  Heed-warblers.  They  are,  however, 
evidently  Dot  hanging  up  on  reeds  or  twigs,  like  those  of  onr  Acrocephali. 
The  eggs  are  white,  covered  with  darker  and  lighter  brown  patches  and  smaller 
spots,  and  underlying  ashy  grey  or  lavender-grey  spots.  These  spots  are  generally 
thicker  near  the  broad  end,  sometimes  forming  a  loose  ring,  and  they  are  some- 
times eqnallv  spread  over  the  whole  surface.  Four  dozens  measure:  24:15-7, 
23:16,  25-2":  18,  21-5:  10-2,  22o  :  lo-9,  21-5: 16-2,  2]-5:10-l,  21-o  :  15-7,  24:15, 
22-5: 16-4,  23:16,  22:15-1,  22-5:15-7,  22:16,  23:16,  225 :  16-5,  22-5:16-6, 
22-5: 15-5,  22:16,  205:17,  21:161,  22:16-1,  20-7:161,  23:15-6,  22:21-5, 
23  :  16,  21-6 :  16.3  mm.,  and  so  on.  Nehrkorn,  Kat.  Eiersamml.,  p.  33,  gives 
21 — 23  :  15  mm.,  and  mentions  the  whitish  (instead  of  greenish)  ground-colour. 

5.  Metabolus  rugensis  Hombr.  &  Jacq. 

(Wiglesworth  No.  71,  p.  19  ;   Cat.  B.  Brit.  Mus.  IV.  p.  238  ;    Finsch, 
P.Z.S.  1880  p.  575.) 

The  extraordinary  sexual  dimorphism  in  the  colouration  of  this  bird,  and  the 
colour  of  their  young  has  not  been  fully  understood.  In  the  Catalogue  of  Birds 
(IV.  p.  238),  the  adult  7nale  is  correctly  described  as  white  with  black  throat 
and  forehead,  and  partly  blackish  shafts  to  the  rectrices  and  remiges.  The  adult 
female,  however,  is  not  correctly  described  in  that  work.  What  is  described  there 
as  the  adult  female  is  evidently  a  young  female  changing  to  the  adult  dress. 

The  admixture  of  white  on  the  abdomen  and  under  tail-coverts  in  that  description 
is  somewhat  peculiar,  but  the  description  is  made  from  Hombron  and  .Jacquinot's 
figure,  in  which  the  white  is  accidental  or  an  addition  of  the  artist.  The  aAwM  female 
is  quite  sooty  black  all  over.  This  was  evidently  known  to  Dr.  Finsch,  for  {P.Z.S. 
1880  p.  575)  he  says  :  "  Young  females  change  from  the  cinnamon  into  the  black 
garb."  This  same  author,  however,  was  of  opinion  that  the  adult  male  changes 
into  a  sooty  black  plumage  in  August,  while  in  July  they  are  still  in  full  white 
dress.  He  says,  after  describing  the  adult  male  :  "  In  August  the  same  birds 
are  of  a  uniform  dull  sooty  black."  Such  is  not  the  case,  but  the  black  birds 
are  the  adult  females  only,  while  young  birds  are  of  a  cinnamon  colour,  paler 
and  almost  white  below.  E.Kamples  changing  from  the  cinnamon  dress  to  both 
the  white  of  the  adult  male  and  the  black  of  the  adult  female,  were  obtained  in 
December,  bnt  some  also  in  November  and  January,  and  one  in  June. 

The  plumages  of  this  bird  may  thus  be  briefly  diagnosed  : 

White  with  black  throat  and  forehead  :   cj  ad. 

Uniform  sooty  black  :    ?  ad. 

Cinnamon  :   S  and  ?  juv. 

Mixed  cinnamon  and  white  :    S  hab.  trans. 

Mixed  cinnamon  and  black  :    ?  hab.  trans. 

The  birds  in  transitional  plumages  are  remarkable  in  many  ways.  Although 
they  are,  of  course,  passing  through  a  moult,  there  are  males  in  evidently  cleanly 
moulted  jilnmage  with  a  great  amount  of  cinnamon  to  the  feathers,  especially  their 
tips  and  outer  webs.  The  question  now  arises,  and  cannot  be  settled  by  me  at 
present,  whether  these  individuals  retain  this  cinnamon  colour  until  the  next 
moult,  or  whether  it  is  lost  before— in  the  latter  case  we  would  have  to  accept 
a  change  of  colouration  without  moult.  I  may  remark  that  the  usual  abrasion 
cannot  produce  this  change,  as  there  is  too  much  cinnamon  in  the  plumage.     In 


(  5  ) 

an  evident  young  female  (though  not  sexed)  the  tail  consists  of  some  abraded  old 
cinnamon  feathers,  and  of  the  fresh  sprouting  feathers  some  are  black,  others 
side  by  side  with  the  black,  cinnamon,  and  some  mixed  black  and  cinnamon.  This 
same  specimen  has  mixed  feathers  on  many  parts  of  its  body  and  wings,  while 
sprouting  remiges  are  sooty  black. 

Some  of  the  adult  males  have  the  black  tips  to  the  wings  more  extended  ^ 
while  in  others  they  are  nearly  quite  absent.  Two  adult  females  have  single 
tail-feathers  pure  white  or  irregularly  marked  with  white,  and  one  has  a  quite 
white  chin,  while  most  examples  have  only  three  to  sis  tiny  chin-feathers  white. 

The  adult  male  and  female  have  the  bill  and  feet  slaty  grey,  the  iris  clove- 
brown.  The  young  have  the  base  of  the  lower  bill  yellowish.  The  local  name 
is  "Ouaf"  or  "  Uaf,"  and  from  the  natives  having  the  same  name  for  all  the 
plumages  it  is  evident  that  they  are  aware  of  their  history. 

The  species  is  apparently  only  to  be  found  on  Ruk  Island.  Its  song  is 
strong  and  pleasant. 

Two  nests  were  found  on  June  1st  and  4th,  both  twenty  feet  high,  on  bread- 
fruit trees.  A  third  was  taken  on  June  12th  on  a  "  Chiiya"  tree.  The  nests  are 
built  of  dry  palms,  of  fibres  and  grass,  with  a  few  decomposed  leaves  and  rootlets, 
and  each  contains  one  single  egg  only.  According  to  Finsch  (Proc.  Zool.  Soc, 
1880,  p.  57.5)  Kubary  found  either  one  or  two  eggs.  The  eggs  are  cream-coloured, 
speckled  with  brownish  red,  more  frequently  and  often  very  thickly  on  the  large 
end,  and  with  some  deeper  lying  pale  purplish  grey  patches,  and  one  has  some 
very  fine  black  lines  on  the  large  end. 

The  eggs  measure  :  256  :  18-4,  26-5  :  18-6,  and  26-i3  :  10-.5  mm.  The  shape 
is  that  of  shrikes'  eggs. 

A  very  good  figure  of  the  egg  is  given  on  pi.  I.,  fig.  5,  in  Nehrkorn's  "  Kataloij 
der  Eiersammluny ^'' 

(j.  Myiagra  oceanica  Jacq.  &  Pach. 
(AViglesworth  No.  101   p.  2:5.)     (Nehrkoru,  Kat.  Eiersamml.  p.  30,  Egg  I) 

Very  numerous  on  Ruk  Island.  The  female  difi"ers  from  the  adult  incile  in 
having  the  crown  not  steel-blue,  but  dark  grey,  with  a  faint  steel-blue  gloss, 
and  in  being  very  little  smaller — the  wing  perhaps  two  or  tliree  millimetres  shorter. 
"  The  iris  is  seal-brown  (Ridgway  pi.  III.  1) ;  the  upper  bill  blue-black,  with  a 
pale  plnmbeous  streak  near  the  cutting-edge  ;  lower  bOl  dark  plumbeous  ;  legs 
and  toes  blackish  slate-colour."     Native  name  on  Ruk  "  Koi-Koi." 

A  good  many  nests  were  found  from  March  to  July,  but  chiefly  in  June. 
They  contained  all  one  egg  only,  but  one  had  two,  of  which,  however,  one  was 
broken  by  the  finder.  The  nests  are  neatly  and  strongly  woven,  beautifully  round 
and  somewhat  flat.  The  bottom  is  thick,  but  the  walls  thiu.  They  are  composed 
of  fibres  and  rootlets,  and  outside  are  more  or  less  ornamented,  with  pale  greyish 
green  lichens  and  cobwebs,  some  very  beautifully.  They  are  placed  on  l)read-frnit 
and  other  trees,  about  seven  to  twenty  feet  from  the  ground.  The  eggs  are  pale 
greenish  or  brownish  white,  not  much  pointed,  generally  marked  with  a  wide  belt 
round  the  middle,  closely  resembling  many  shrikes'  eggs.  The  spotting  is  generally 
reddish  brown,  but  sometimes  of  a  paler  brown,  often  spread  all  over  the  egg,  and 
there  is  nearly  always  some  lavender-grey  or  ashy  grey  colour  in  the  form  ot 
underlying  patches  and  spots.     Some  eggs  are  white  with  only  a  few  small  brown 


(  6  ) 

spots.  The  eggs  measure:  21:16,  •>!  :  15-8,  21:10,  21-5  :  15-G,  22-1  :  163, 
21  :  16,  20  :  15,  2(Jo  :  150,  20  :  15,  21  :  15-5,  21  :  16,  21  :  16-1,  20  :  15-6,  20  :  15-1, 
21-5  :  10-1.  2(i-r)  :  101,  20-5  :  14-8,  20  :  10-2.  2I>1  :  14"),  20  :  15-5,  21  :  10  mm. 

T.  Aplonis  kittlitzi  Fiuscli  &  Hartl. 
(Cf.  Nov.  ZoOL.  V.  p.  58.)     (Wiglesworth  No.  239  p.  44.) 

Common.  "  Iris  deep  yellow ;  bill  aud  feet  black."  The  natives  seem  to 
believe  that  the  striped,  immature  birds  are  belonging  to  a  different  species,  aa 
they  call — according  to  onr  collectors — the  uniform  glossy  black  birds  "  Aga," 
the  striped  ones  "  Boei." 

Numerous  nests  were  found  from  May  to  July  and  one  in  March,  all  in  holes 
of  trees,  in  various  heights  from  four  to  nearly  twenty  feet.  The  clutches  consisted 
of  one,  two,  and  three  eggs.  The  eggs  vary  much  in  size  and  shape,  but  are 
always  similar  to  other  spotted  Starlings'  eggs.  Most  of  them  are  light  bine, 
marked  witli  rufous  brown  and  lavender-grey  or  purplish  grey.  One  is  very  pale, 
almost  white,  aud  is  at  the  same  time  the  smallest,  measuring  only  28'3  :  20-3  mm. 
The  two  largest  eggs  from  Ruk  measure:  31-5:22  and  33-5:22  mm. 

8.  Erjrthrura  trichroa  (Kittl.). 

Fringilla  trichroa,  Kittlitz  in  Mem.  Acad.  Petersb.  1835.  8  pi.  10  ;  Salvadori,  Oni.  Papvas.  e  Moluc. 

n.  p.  442  (1881)  (parlim  !) ;  Sharpe,  Cat.  B.  Brit.  Mus.  XUI.  p.  385  (^partim  !) ;  Wiglesworth 

No.  220  p.  42  (Carolines  only  !). 
Erythrura  glauca  (sjiec.  ix  spirit !),  Finsch  in  J.  M.  Godeffroy  1876,  XII.  p.  35. 

We  have  received  a  large  series  from  Kuk  Island.  The  local  name  is 
"Lugopal."  "Iris  seal-brown  (Ridgway  III.  1);  bill  black;  legs  and  toes  wood- 
brown  ;  claws  paler  brown."     Specimens  shot  in  November  are  mostly  in  moult. 

The  somewhat  remarkable  distribution  attributed  to  Enjthrura  trichroa— •<r\z., 
Carolines,  Northern  Moluccas,  New  Guinea,  and  Solomon  Islands— led  Mr.  Rothschild 
and  me  to  study  this  species  more  closely,  and  wc  found  that  it  is  separable  into 
a  number  of  geographical  forms  : 

a.  Erythrura  trichroa  trichroa  (Kittl.). 

Carolines  :  Kushai,  Ponape,  and  Ruk.  Wc  have  not  been  able  to  examine 
skins  from  Kushai,  but  those  from  Ponape  aud  Ruk  are  perfectly  alike,  aud  the 
description  and  figure  of  the  types  from  Kushai  agree  entirely  with  them. 

These  birds  are  of  a  dark  green,  the  under  wing-coverts  are  generally 
washed  with  greyish-brown,  the  wing  does  not  exceed  60  mm.  in  length,  being 
56 — 60  mm.  long. 

h.  Erythrura  trichroa  modesta  Wall. 

Wallace  in  Froc.  Zool.  Soc.  Loyid.  1802  p.  351. 

Moluccas  :  Batjan,  Ternate,  Halmahera.  Specimens  from  the  three  islands 
iu  the  Tring  Museum.  Generally  of  a  less  deep  and  more  yellowish  green,  especially 
on  the  underside.  The  under  wing-coverts  are  clear  buff,  without  the  greyish 
wash  so  frequent  in  E.  trichroa  trichroa.  The  wing  is  always  over  60  mm.  long, 
reaching  from  62 — 05  mm. 


(7) 

c.  Erythrura  trichroa  papuana  subsp.  nov. 

Differs  chiefly  in  its  larger  size.  The  beak  is  mach  thicker  than  in  the 
allied  forms,  the  wing  iu  one  male  from  Arfak  is  fnlly  07  mm.  long.  The  colour 
is  of  a  deep  green.  The  bine  on  the  head  in  the  one  male  before  us  occupies 
practically  the  entire  crown  of  the  head,  while  in  forms  a  and  b  it  does  not  reach 
beyond  the  hinder  margin  of  the  eyelids  in  the  middle  of  the  crown.  Salvadori, 
Oni.  Papuas.  c  Mol.  II.  p.  442,  has  already  mentioned  the  large  size  of  an 
Arfak  specimen,  and  the  less  intensely  green  colour  of  the  Moluccan  skins. 

tl.  Erythrura  trichroa  woodfordi  subsp.  nov. 

Solomon  Islands:  iVola,  on  Guadalcanar.  Sharpe  (Cat.  B.  Biit.  Mas.  XIII. 
p.  380)  has  remarked  that  the  bine  frontal  band  is  narrower,  and  that  they  are 
"  otherwise  identical  with  those  from  Ternate."  They  are  indeed  as  yellowish 
green  as  Ternate  ones,  and  the  bill  is  not  as  thick  as  in  those  from  Arfak.  The 
wing  of  two  females  in  the  Tring  Museum  is  03—64  mm.  long.  This  form  is 
certainly  not  our  form  c,  bnt  very  near  to  form  h,  from  which  it  seems  merely 
to  difier  in  a  narrower  frontal  band,  and  perhaps  a  somewhat  longer  wing. 

e.  Erythrura  trichroa  cyanifrons  E.  L.  Layard. 

Ann.  and  Mag.  Xat.  Hist.  (5),  I.  p.  374  (l.s78)  ;  Wiglesworth  No.  216  p.  42. 
New  Hebrides  :    Tauna,  Erromango.      Differs  in  its  much   smaller  size  from 
forms  a,  b,  c,  d.     In  colouration  it  is  like  a  ;  wing  54 — 55  mm. 

Kr.  trichroa  was  frequently  found  nesting  on  Ruk  Island  in  March,  May, 
iiud  June.  The  nests  are  large  and  very  loose  structures  with  a  big  opening  on 
the  side,  so  that  the  eggs  are  easily  seen  in  the  nest.  The  nests  are  placed  on 
banana-trees  and  bushes.  The  eggs  are  three  to  five  in  number,  of  a  glossless 
white,  and  measure  :  17  :  13,  17-6  :  13,  15o  :  12,  16-3  :  12-2,  16  :  13-5,  16-8  :  12-3, 
10"1:12-1,  161  :  13-5  mm.,  and  so  on.  Nehrkorn,  Kat.  Eiersammlitng,  gives 
17  :  13  mm. 

0.  Urodynamis  taitiensis  (Sparrm.)  (Wiglesworth  No.  47,  p.  11). 

Ruk,  1.  7.  Is90.  Local  name:  "  Nikiyap."  Only  this  one  specimen  was 
obtained. 

10.  Ptilinopus  ponapensis  Finsch.    (Wiglesworth  No.  261,  p.  50). 

Very  common.  Local  name  :  "  Ute-ute."  "  Colour  of  bill  light  apple-green  ; 
iris  between  cadmium  yellow  and  chrome  yellow  (Ridgway  PI.  VI.  figures 
6  and  8)  ;  feet  light  chrome-yellow  ;  claws  blackish  slate."  The  sexes  of  the 
adult  bird  are  perfectly  alike,  only  the  female  has  the  wing  generally  2  or 
3  mm.  shorter.  In  the  first  plumage  of  the  young  bird  the  feathers  of  the 
upper  and  underside,  and  especially  those  of  the  wing-coverts,  are  tipped  with 
yellow;  head  and  neck  uniform  dark  green.  In  the  next  stage  the  plumage 
is  like  that  of  the  adult  bird,  except  that  the  crown  is  still  green  and  the 
hind-neck  more  greenish. 

I  have  not  seen  sufficient  material   from  Ponape  to  say  with  certainty  that 


(  8  ) 

l)irds  from  Ruk  and  Ponap6  are  entirely  tlie  suuu',  but  Finsch  ami  other  antliorities 
inform  us  that  they  are  the  same. 

Open  nests  on  boughs  of  large  trees  were  found  in  May  and  June.  They 
contained  two  eggs,  measuring  33  :  ^3,  33-5  :  23-5,  33  :  23,  33-3  :  22,  33  :  232  mm- 
They  are  all  remarkably  pointed  on  one  end,  the  narrowed  point  being  very 
short. 

1 1 .  Carpophaga  oceanica  (Less.). 

(Wiglesworth  No.  206  p.  .52  ;  (jlobicera  oceanica,  Salvailori,   (''at.  B. 
Brit.  Mas.  XXI.  p.  170). 

Common  on  Rnk.  Local  name:  "  Muranoniloy."  "Colour  of  bill  blackish 
slate-colour  ;  iris  carmine  ;  feet  light  rose-red,  claws  black."  This  species  differs 
widely  from  C.  pacijica  in  its  chestnut  abdomen  and  thighs.  One  specimen 
(adnlt  male)  has  a  wide  light  chestnut  bar  to  the  tip  of  the  tail,  and  most  of 
the  feathers  of  the  uj)perside  tipped  or  edged  or  overspread  with  chestnut,  some 
others  show  the  same  peculiarity  in  a  lesser  degree.  A  young  bird  {fcmaU)  has 
the  crown  and  hind-neck  much  darker  than  the  adult  ones,  and  the  abdomen 
washed  and  spotted  with  blackish  brown. 

12.  Phlegoenas  kubaryi  Finsch.    (Wiglesworth  No.  28-1  p.  .55.) 

■\Vhile  we  received  a  great  number  of  the  Ptili7ioptis,  only  eight  of  this  fine 
pigeon  were  sent.  The:  female  is  a  little  smaller  than  the  male.  "  Colour  of  bill 
blackish  slate-colour  ;  iris  seal-brown  ;  legs  and  toes  dark  ]>ink  ;  claws  mouse- 
grey."'     The  local  name  is  "  Sleep." 

I  have  no  Ponapfi  specimens  to  compare,  but  specimens  fiom  Rnk  and  Ponape 
are  said  to  be  alike. 

Phlegoenas  hiharyi  differs  at  a  glance  from  P.  xanthonura  (=  pampiisan  = 
tirgo,  cf.  Nov.  Zool.  V.  p.  CO)  in  having  a  slate-coloured  hind-neck  and  posterior 
part  of  the  crown,  but,  as  young  P.  xanthonura  also  have  a  slaty  brown  hind-neck 
and  posterior  part  of  crown,  the  young  of  P.  xanthonura  is  very  near  to  a  dull 
kubaryi,  and  the  two  forms  might  perhaps  better  be  considered  to  be  subspecies 
only. 

13.  Numenius  phaeopus  variegatus  (Scop.).     (Wiglesworth  No.  333  p.  06.) 

One  pair  shot  ou  Jlay  5th.  {N.  phaeopus  of  Finsch  in  Proc.  Zool.  Soc. 
1880  p.  570.) 

14.  Limosa  lapponica  novaezealandiae  (Gray).    (Wiglesworth  No.  332  p.  06). 
One  male,  October  18th. 

15.  Totanus  incanus  (Gm.)    (Wiglesworth  No.  32'J  p.  65). 

Obtained  in  February  and  October.  One  adnlt  female  shot  June  15th,  18'J5, 
with  a  wing  fully  181  mm.  in  length. 

Hi.  Heteropygia  acuminata  (Horsf)     (Wiglesworth  No.  327  p.  64.) 
Not  rare  in  February  and  early  in  March.     Local  name  :  •'  Klyn." 


(  9) 

IT.  Charadrius  Mvus  (Gm.)    (Wiglesworth  No.  322  p.  (33). 
Common  on  February  Otli. 

18.  Aegialitis  mongolus  (Pall.). 
One  female,  February  8th,  18iHi.     Local  name:  "  Klyn."     Not  mentioned  by 
Wiglesworth  and  Finsch. 

19.  Squatarola  squatarola  (L.) 
One /email',  Rnk,  January  20th,  1890.     Not  mentioned  by  Wiglesworth  and 
Finsch. 

20.  Strepsilas  interpres  (L.)     (Wiglesworth  No.  320  p.  G3.) 
Common  in  February  and  March. 

21.  Poliolimnas  cinereus  (Vieill.)     (Wiglesworth  No.  312  p.  01.) 

Five  specimens  sent  from  Rnk.  The  local  name  is  "  Iliilinebon."  (Nov- 
ZoOL.  V.  J).  64). 

Two  nests  were  found  on  the  swampy  ground  among  the  reeds,  one  con- 
taining four,  the  other  three  eggs.  The  eggs  are  pale  buff,  or  cream-colour, 
.speckled  all  over  with  brownish  rufous,  more  frequently  near  the  broad  end.  In 
some  eggs  these  spots  are  larger,  in  others  minute,  and  there  are  often  some 
underlying  pale  purplish  grey  spots.  If  held  against  the  light  the  eggs  shine 
through  very  pale  greenish  yellow.  They  measure  :  32  :22-8,  3M  :  23.1,  33:23.5, 
30-3  :  22-4,  30-2  :  235,   31  :  233  mm. 

22.  Micranous  leucocapillus  (Gould). 

(Wiglesworth  No.  3T0  p.  77,  sub  nomine  sinous  melanogenys .) 

Haifa  dozen  specimens  were  shot  in  November.     Local  name,  "  Pohlicki." 

23.  Anous  stolidus  pileatus  (Scop.)  (.1.  stolklus,  Wiglesworth  No.  375,  p.  76). 

Lepetit  Fouquet  des  Philqqiiiies,  Sonnerat,  Voyage  a  hi  Nouv.  Guinee  p.  125,  pi.  85  (1776). 
Stemct  pileaki,  Scopoli,  Dtl.  Faiiii.  el  Flor.  Insuhr.  II.  p.  92,  no.  73,  ex  Sonnerat  (178G). 
Stermi  philippina,  Latham,  Iiul.  Oni.  II.  p.  805,  ex  Sonnerat  (1790). 
Annus  rotis'ieaui,  Hartl.  Beitr.  Oni,  Madagoiicar,  p.  8*i  (1861). 
Amuxfmtei;  Cones  in  Pmc.  Acad.  Philad.  1862  p.  558  (South  Pacific). 
Anous  stolidus  rousscaui,  Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.S.  Nat.  Mns.  XIX.  pp.  645,  646. 

Messrs.  Cones  and  llidgway  are  perfectly  correct  in  separating  the  Noddy  of 
the  Pacific  from  that  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  The  tail  of  A.  s.  pileatus  is  longer 
and  more  graduated  than  that  of  .1.  3.  stolidus,  the  pileum  more  greyish  and 
never  so  whitish,  the  general  colouration  more  sooty  and  not  so  brown,  the  wing 
generally  longer.  There  is,  however,  no  donbt  that  Sterna  pileata  is  the  oldest 
term  for  this  form,  and  that  also  Sterna  pldlippina  applies  to  it.  Both  these 
names  are  based  on  the  ^' Petit  Fouquet  des  Philippines"  of  Sonnerat,  who 
distinctly  describes  (and  figures  rather  badly)  a  white-crowned  Noddy.  The  facts, 
that  only  Anous  stolidus  and  not  Micranous  leucocapillus  is  known  to  frequent 
the  Philippines,  and  that  Sonnerat  describes  the  size  of  his  bird  as  twice  that 


(   10  ) 

of  Sterna  anaetheta,  and  that  he  calls  the  bill  curved,  force  ns  to  accept  his  name 
for  the  Pacific  form  of  the  Anons  atolidns. 

For  waut  of  better  knowledge  1  follow  Kidgway  iu  uniting  the  form  from 
Madagascar  and  the  southern  Indian  Ocean  with  the  Pacific  one,  but  I  agree  with 
Ridgway  that  a  furtlier  subdivision  may  in  fntnre  be  necessary,  and  I  think  specially 
that  it  is  likely  that  the  Red  Sea  bird  {Anoiia  plumbeigularis  of  Sharpe)  may  be 
found  to  differ,  if  a  large  series  is  studied. 

Oar  collectors  found  Anotis  stolidm  pileatus  frequent  on  Rnk  Island.  Local 
name,  "  Pohlicki."  Nests,  containing  one  egg  each,  were  found  from  March  to 
July  1st  "  on  '  Tako "  trees,  or  on  the  roots  of  Mangrove  bashes."  The  "  Tako  " 
is  described  as  a  "  tall  tree  resembling  the  cocoanut  palm." 

24.  Sterna  bergii  Licht.  (Wiglesworth  No.  304  p.  74). 
Ruk,   December  5th,  1895,  and  May  7th,  1896.     Local  name  "  Nipawalne " 
or  "Nipowalne." 

25.  Sterna  melanauchen  Temm.  (Wiglesworth  No.  367  p.  74). 
One  specimen  (?  ?)  was  obtained  on   February  1890.     It  agrees  fairly  well 
with  Saunders'  description  of  the   immature  bird  iu  Cat.  B.  Brit.  Mus.  XXV. 
p.  128,  but  the  wing-coverts  are  nearly  white,  the  four  outer  pairs  of  rectrices 
are  marked  with  black  on  the  outer  webs. 

26.  Gygis  alba  kittlitzi  Hart.     {Gygis  alba  Wiglesworth  No.  381  p.  78). 

Frequent  and  breeding  on  Ruk  Island.  Cf.  Nov.  ZooL.  V.  p.  67.  Local 
name  :  "  Arakal  "  and  "  Alakal,"  also  "  Ekigah." 

The  single  egg  was  found  in  June  iu  the  fork  of  branches  and  on  the  bare 
ground. 

27.  Phaethon  lepturus  Daud.    (Wiglesworth  No.  361  p.  73). 
J  ad.  14.  0.  1896.     Local  name  :  "  Uhk." 

28.  Puffinus  obscurus  obscurus  (Gm.)  (Wiglesworth  No.  3bS  p.  79). 

Three  males  and  one  of  doubtful  sex  were  obtained  on  June  15th  and  16th. 
Their  local  name  is  "  Niffolo."  "  The  colour  of  the  bill  is  blackish  :  the  iris 
seal-brown."  The  outer  toe  is  blackish  in  skin,  the  inner  and  middle  toe  of  a 
light  colour. 

See  Nov.  Zool.  V.  p.  194,  where  the  subspecies  of  this  species  are  dis- 
criminated. 

A  single  egg,  laid  on  a  small  heap  of  dry  leaves,  was  found  on  June  16th 
in  a  hole  about  four  feet  deep  on  the  side  of  a  cliff.  It  is  white,  and  measures 
42 :  35-5  mm. 

29.  Nycticorax  caledonicus  (Gm.)  (Wiglesworth  No.  134  p.  68). 

One  male  was  shot  on  May  25th,  1896.  Its  local  name  is  given  as  "  Kao-Kao." 
It  has  a  rather  dark  back  and  somewhat  darker  wings  than  other  specimens  of  this 
species  liefore  me. 


( 11 ) 

30.  Demiegretta  sacra  (Gm.)  (Wiglesworth  No.  337  p.  07). 

Rather  common.  Local  uame  "  Soppu "  and  "  Kao-Kao."  There  are  slate- 
coloured  and  white  individuals,  and  many  two-coloured  ones.  These  do  not  change 
from  a  slate-coloured  to  a  white  or  from  a  white  to  a  slate-coloured  dress,  but 
have  white  and  slaty  feathers  at  the  same  time  and  get  them  again  by  moult. 

31.  Ardetta  sinensis  (Gm.)  (VViglesworth  No.  339  p.  68). 

Rather  common   on   Ruk    Island   (Cf.   Nov.   Zool.  V.   p.  65).     Local   name 

"  Lioh." 

The  nests,  containing  one  and  two  eggs,  were  found  in  May  and  June,  among 
reeds.  The  eggs  are  of  the  palest  green,  almost  white,  and  measure  336  :  26, 
38  :  24-8,  38-5  :  34-3,  308  :  245,  31  :  24-2,  35-5  :  25-5,  35  :  245,  34-3  :  24-3  mm. 

Finsch,  in  his  list  of  Ruk  birds  in  the  Froc.  Zool.  Soc.  Lond.,  1880,  pp.  574-77, 
enumerates  twenty-nine  species,  of  which  he  had  examined  specimens  of  fifteen 
species,  the  others  being  inserted  on  the  authority  of  Kubary.  The  following  are 
uot  in  my  list. 

32.  CoUocalia  vanicorensis  (=  faciphaga  Cat.  B.  Brit.  Mas.  XVI.,  p.  500). 
It  is  strange  that  our  collectors  did  not  come  across  this  bird. 

33.  Phaethon  rubricauda  (Bodd.) 

34.  Tachypetes  aquila  (=  Fregata  aquila). 

35.  Dysporus  sula  (=  Sula  sula). 

Thus  we  know  thirty-five  species  of  birds  to  occur  on  Ruk.  We  may  with 
certainty  suppose  that  no  more  land-birds  are  to  be  discovered,  bnt  that  sea-birds 
will  occasionally  visit  the  islands,  which  were  not  hitherto  observed.  The  only  fact 
of  first-rate  interest  yet  to  be  discovered,  is  the  breeding  and  the  eggs  of  Tephras 
ruki,  which  were  uot  found  this  time.  Poor  as  the  ornis  of  Ruk  is,  the  land-birds 
are  of  great  interest.  The  beautiful  Metabolus  ruyensis,  Myiagra  oceanica,  and 
Tephras  ruki,  are,  as  far  as  we  know  at  present,  only  found  on  Ruk  Island. 

The  absence  of  all  Alcer/inic/cir,  of  which  species  are  found  on  all  the  neigh- 
bouring groups  of  islands,  the  Pelew  and  Marianne  Islands,  and  on  the  other 
Carolines,  of  hawks,  owls  and  of  Rhipiditrae  on  Rnk  is  remarkable. 


(  12  ) 


THE    BIRDS   OF   DAMMER    ISLAND   IN   THE   BANDA   SEA. 

By  ERNST  IIARTERT. 

DA3IMER,  Dammar  or  Damiua,  is  a  volcanic  island  in  the  Banda  Sea,  north  of 
the  line  of  the  so-called  '■  Serwatty  Islands,"  which  extend  in  an  east-north- 
easteru  direction  from  Timor.  It  is  about  half-way  between  Timor  and  Timorlaut. 
It  is  less  than  ten  miles  in  length  and  about  live  miles  wide.  The  island  is  one 
of  the  prettiest  in  the  Eastern  Archipelago,  and  almost  entirely  covered  with  dense 
forest  and  vegetation:  only  the  top  of  the  volcanic  peak  in  the  north,  which  is  often 
emitting  a  stream  of  white  smoke,  and  which  rises  to  abont  4000  feet,  is  bare  of 
forest  growth.  The  forest  is  so  dense,  that  it  is  very  difficult  to  penetrate  it  for 
any  distance.  Many  boiling  hot  springs  and  streamlets  are  found,  which  are 
utilized  by  the  natives  for  cooking.  The  island  is  scantily  inhabited  by  two 
races  of  Papuan  and  Malay  type,  who  live  in  separate  villages.  They  are  all 
friendly  and  well  disposed  towards  foreigners.  They  keep  some  pigs  and  fowls, 
and  are  most  expert  iishermen.  Sago  and  cocoa-nut  palms,  enormous  mango 
trees,  jack-frnit  (Artocarpus)  and  bread-fruit  are  found  in  abundance,  as  well  as 
bananas  and  tobacco.  Birds,  lepidoptera  and  coleoptera  are  numerous.  Messrs.  J. 
AValker  and  Bassett-Smith,  who  visited  Dammer  on  H.M.  surveying  ship  Penguin 
in  1891,  brought  home  one  species  of  mammals  (a  form  of  Cuscns  maciilatiis),  ten 
species*  of  birds,  unTaely  M/iipidura  ele.gantula,  Rhipidura  biittikoferi,  Graucalus 
melanops,  Zosterops  bassetti,  Stigmatops  squatnata,  Hirundo  (jutturalis,  Psitteiiteles 
euteles,  Ptilinopus  xantJiogaster,  Carpophuqa  rosacea  and  concinna,  five  species  of 
reptiles,  namely,  Gecko  ceiiicillatus,  Calofes  cristateUus,  l.ijyosom'i  striolatiim  and 
fuscum,  Ablepkarus  boutonii  furcata,  ten  mollusca,  one  hundred  species  of  coleoptera, 
thirty  of  other  insects  and  one  freshwater  crustacean.  Besides  this  interesting, 
but  fragmentary  collection  from  Dammer,  I  am  only  aware  that  A.  B.  Meyer 
enumerates  three  species  of  birds  : — 

Urospizias  torqiiatus  =  Astur  polionoUis  (No.  27). 

Pitta  brachyura  =  Pitta  vigorsi  (No.  20)  and  Carpopliaga  concinna,  which 
were  sent  to  him  by  Mr.  Riedel.t 

The  entire  ornithological  literature  relating  to  Dammer  Island  is  therefore  : — 

1884,  A.  B.  Meyer,  in  Ahl>.  "  7.*/.s,"  Dresden,  p.  7  (three  species). 

1894,  R.  B.  Sharpe,  in  Ami.  <)•  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  ser.  (>,  v.  XIV.  pp.  56-58  (ten 
species). 

In  connection  with  this  last-named  article  a  very  interesting  account  of  a  visit  to 
Dammer  Island  is  given  by  Mr.  .J.  Walker,  from  which  most  of  the  foregoing  notes 
are  taken. 

In  1899  our  esteemed  correspondent  Heinrich  K-iihn,  to  whom  we  owe  already 
several  other  valuable  collections  from  the  Eastern  Archipelago,  made  a  trip  to 
Dammer  and  sent  us  a  large  collection  of  birds  and  lepidoptera.  Here  follows  the 
list  of  the  birds  collected  by  him.  They  are  mostly  collected  at  a  place  called 
Woeloer,  some  at  Bebber  and  Hi. 

•  Mr.  Walker  says  his  party  collected  only  nine,  bnt  Sharpe  enumerates  ten. 

t  Care  must  be  taken  not  to  mistake  Dammer  Island  in  the  Banda  Sea  for  the  island  south  of 
Halmahera  which  is  variously  spelt  D.ama.  Damme,  Dammar  or  Dammer.  It  is  this  latter  island  where 
Bernstein  collected  a  few  birtls  (cf.  Stigmatops  Moris.  Mi/zovi'la  simjilex  and  others),  not  the  Diimmer 
visited  by  Kiihn. 


(  13  ) 

1.  Geocichla  peronii  audacis  Hart. 

{Bull  B.  0.  Club  V.  VIII.  No.  LXII.,  p.  43,  April  1899). 

This  fine  Thrush  differs  from  0.  ]ieronii  of  Timor  in  having  the  upperside  more 
uniform  and  of  a  much  deeper  chestnut-rufous  colour.  The  chest  and  sides  of  the 
bod_v  are  much  darker  and  more  chestnut-rufous.     The  wing  is  shorter. 

"  Iris  brown,  feet  pale  flesh-colour,  bill  pale  greyish-brown,  paler  below." 

Wing  10 — 104  mm.  (at  least  110  in  G.  peronii  peronii),  tail  about  75,  tarsus 
32—33,  bill  19  mm. 

This  bird  is  named  in  honour  of  Mr.  Kilhn  {Imhn  in  German  =  audax  in 
Latin). 

2.  Rhipidura  elegantula  Sharpe. 

Sharpe  in  Notes  Leydai  Mus.  1879  p.  23  ;  Biittikofer  in  Nutes  Leyden  Mus.  1893  (v.  XV.)  p.  76  ; 
Sharpe  in  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  1894,  ser.  6,  v.  14,  p.  56. 

Five  specimens  from  Dammer  seem  to  agree  in  ever}-  respect  with  Rh.  elegan- 
tula, described  from  a  single  specimen  from  Lettie.  The  comparison  of  a  series 
from  Lettie  would  be  desirable. 

"  Iris  very  dark  brown  ;  feet  plumbeous  black  ;  bill  black." 

3.  Rhipidura  setosa  buttikoferi  Sharpe. 

Sharpe  in  Btdl  B.O.  Club  v.  1,  No.  4,  p.  18  (1892)  ;  Ann.  &  Hay.  Nat.   Hist.  1894,  ser.  6,  v.  14, 
p.  56. 

This  interesting  form  belongs  doubtless  to  the  group  oi Rk.  .setosa.  From  typical 
setosa  it  differs  in  being  much  deeper  brown  above,  in  having  sharply  marked  white 
spots  on  the  chest,  and  in  having  much  more  white  on  the  outer  rectrices.  The 
chest  is  marked  with  longitudinal  narrow  white  shaft-stripes.  In  this  respect  it 
resembles  Rh.  setosa  isura,  but  the  spots  are  narrower  and  sharper,  the  chest  and 
upper  surface  darker.  Rh.  hoeclti  from  Lettie  is  evidently  very  closely  allied,  but 
more  greyish  above.     We  know  thus  (cf.  Nov.  Zool.  V.  p.  625)  : 

Rh.  setosa  setosa,  New  Ireland  and  New  Britain. 

Rh.  setosa  gidaris.  New  Guinea. 

Rh.  setosa  nigromentalis,  Louisiade  Islands. 

Rh.  setosa  hoedti,  Lettie. 

Rh.  setosa  biittikoferi,  Dammer. 

Rh.  setosa  isura,  Australia. 

Rh.  setosa  assimilis.  Key  Islands.     More  to  come  ! 

"  The  iris  of  Rh.  s.  biittikoferi  is  deep  brown,  bill  and  feet  blackish." 

This  form  is  common  on  Dammer  Island. 


4.  Myiagra  rufigula  Wall. 
Woeloer,  Bebber  and  Hi  on  Dammer.     Only  a  few  specimens  received. 

5.  Monarcha  trivirgata  (Temm.). 
A  good  series  from  Woeloer. 


(  14  ) 

»'i.  Monarcha  inomatus  kisserensis  A.  B.  Meyer. 

All  thn  specimens  from  Woeloer  agree  with  Dr.  Meyer's  from  Kisser  (Sitzber. 
<f-  Ab/t.  "  Iris,"  Dresden,  1884,  p.  22)  in;beiug  very  light  whitish  grey.  The  study  of 
a  sufficiently  large  material  will  probably  enable  ns  to  separate  several  more  local 
forms.  Specimens  from  the  Snla  Islands  are  almost  equally  pale  as  those  from 
Dammer,  while  J/,  inor/iati/g  commutntm  from  Sangi  is  a  darker  form. 

T.  Heteranax  mundus  (Scl.). 

(For  synonymy  see  Salvadori,  Orn.  Papnas.  e  Molucc.  Ayginn'e  II.,  p.  75.) 
We  have  received  a  good  series  from  Dammer,  and  we  cannot  find  any  differences 
from  specimens  of  Timorlant.  Only  the  adult  male  seems  to  be  described.  Tlie 
adult  female  does  not  differ  from  the  adult  male,  except  that  it  is  a  trifle  smaller, 
the  wings  of  the  males  measuring  80  to  85  mm.,  those  of  the  females  77  to  78  mm. 
The  3-oung,  in  both  sexes,  differs  considerably.  It  is  above  earthy  brown,  forehead 
whitish,  cansed  by  the  white  bases  to  the  feathers.  Remiges  deep  brown,  margined 
outwardly  with  rufous  brown,  inwardly  with  whitish.  Rectriccs  blackisli  brown, 
margined  with  brown,  the  three  outer  pairs  with  wide  buff  tips,  largest  on  the  outer- 
most pair.  Lores,  sides  of  head  and  neck,  and  throat  white,  breast  and  abdomen 
cinnamon-buff,  thighs  grey.  Under  wing-coverts  whitish  buff.  Adult:  ''  Iris  dark 
brown.  Feet  slaty-grey.  Bill  bright  ash-grey  with  blackish  tip  and  whitish  cutting- 
edges." 

8.  Dammeria  henrici  Harf. 

In  Bull.  B.  0.  dull,  V.  VIII.,  jip.  LVII.,  LVIIL,  I  described  this  interesting 
flycatcher  about  as  follows: — 

Dammeria  gen.  uov.  Muscicapidaram. 

Remarkable  for  its  strong,  high,  and  arched  beak,  with  large  nostrils  plainly  to 
be  seen  in  front  of  the  stiff,  short,  frontal  plumes,  which  are  continued  on  the  beak 
to  the  nostril.  In  the  well-developed  wing  the  fifth  primary  is  the  longest,  the 
first  a  little  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  second.  Tail  composed  of  twelve 
feathers,  rather  more  than  two-thirds  of  the  length  of  the  wing;  rectrices  about 
equal  in  length,  slightly  pointed.  Metatarsus  long,  longer  than  the  middle  toe 
with  claw,  covered  in  front  with  a  lamina,  which  shows  some  two  or  three  divisions 
near  the  toes.     Sexes  dissimilar  in  colouration. 

Dammeria  hetirici,  3  ad.  Above  dark  slaty  blue,  lores  and  feathers  of  the 
forehead  darker,  nearly  black.  Above  the  lores,  from  eye  to  middle  of  forehead, 
a  line  of  pure  white  feathers,  similar  to  that  found  in  many  species  of  Brachi/ptcryx. 
Underside  dark  slaty  blue,  chin  darker,  almost  black  ;  in  the  middle  of  the 
throat  a  white,  sometimes  concealed  patch.  Feathers  of  chest  and  breast  with 
narrower  or  wider  longitudinal  white  spots  near  the  tips,  those  of  the  belly  and  sides 
of  the  rump  tipped  with  white,  under  tail-coverts  nearly  black,  with  wliite  patches. 
Remiges  slaty  black,  brownish  grey  towards  the  bases  of  the  inner  webs  ;  under 
wing-coverts  slate-colonr,  partly  tipped  with  white.  "  Iris  brown,  bill  black,  feet 
blackish  plumbeous."  Total  length  about  130  mm.,  wing  68 — fiO,  tail  50,  metatarsus 
20,  culmen  about  15,  bill  from  end  of  nostril  to  tip  7  mm. 

?    ad.  Above  olive-brown  with  a  slaty  wash,  upper  tail-coverts  slaty-brown: 


(  15  ) 

a  buff  superciliary  line  from  the  forehead  to  above  the  eye.  Remiges  olive-brown, 
outer  webs  edged  with  rusty  brown,  pale  brown  towards  the  base  of  the  inner  webs. 
Ear-coverts  with  pale  shaft-lines.  Under  surface  rnsty  buff,  brighter  on  the  throat 
and  chest,  and  washed  with  olive  on  the  sides  and  flanks;  feathers  of  the  chest  with 
olive  patches,  producing  a  somewhat  striped  appearance.  Feet  pale  flesh-colonr. 
Wing  64 — 0.5  mm. 

(?  immat.  Resembles  the  adult  female,  bnt  with  the  upper  surface  darker 
and  the  feathers  with  ferruginous  tips,  chest  more  streaked,  superciliary  stripe  less 
developed. 

Mr.  Heinrich  Kilhn  sent  nine  specimens  of  this  most  interesting  bird.  The 
bird  is  named  in  commemoration  of  Mr.  Kiihn's  Christian  name,  Heinrich  = 
Henricus. 

9.  Gerygone  ktihni  sp.  uov. 

J  ad.  Above  rufous-brown,  the  head  paler  and  more  ashy  brown.  Sides  of 
head  pale  ashy  brown,  lores  with  a  whitish  spot.  Remiges  dark  sepia-brown,  ont- 
wardly  margined  with  olive-rnfous-brown,  the  inner  secondaries  with  the  colonr  of 
the  back,  inwardly  with  whitish  grey.  Rectrices  deep  sepia,  with  a  wide  blackish 
bar  and  an  ill-defined  whitish  auteapical  patch  on  the  margin  of  the  inner  webs. 
Chin,  throat,  chest,  middle  of  breast  and  abdomen  white,  sides  of  breast  and  flanks 
rufous  brown,  almost  chestnut,  a  little  brighter  than  the  back,  and  having  very  little 
white  in  the  middle  of  the  abdomen.  Under  wing-  and  under  tail-coverts  white  with 
a  rusty  wash.  "  Iris  burnt-sienna-red,  feet  plumbeous,  bill  black."  Wing  5.5 — .57, 
tail  about  43,  tarsus  21,  bill  11  mm. 

?  ad.  Like  the  adult  male,  only  a  little  smaller;  wing  53  mm.  Jnv.  underside 
snlphur-yellow  instead  of  white. 

Named  in  honour  of  its  discoverer. 

This  form  is  apparently  nearest  to  G.  keijensis  Biittik  ;  described  from  a  young 
bird  in  the  Leyden  Museum  {Notes  Leyden  Miis.  v.  XV.  1893,  p.  258),  but  it  is  much 
more  rufous  above  and  on  the  flanks,  also  smaller.  It  differs  from  (j.  inormita  and 
G.  everetti  in  the  markings  of  the  tail,  and  the  colour  of  the  upperside.  It  seems 
to  agree  very  nearly  with  G.  kissercnsis  Finsch  {Notes  Leyden  Mas.  v.  XX.,  p.  133, 
1898)  in  the  markings  of  the  tail,  but  it  is  not  at  all  olive-brown,  but  rufous-brown 
on  the  upperside. 

No  doubt  several  of  these  forms  will  in  future  be  treated  merely  as  subspecies, 
but  at  present  a  satisfactory  review  cannot  be  given  from  the  material  in  the  Tring 
Museum. 

10.  Edoliosoma  dispar  Salvad. 

A  fine  series  from  Dammer.  Cumparing  them  with  a  series  from  Key  and 
Banda,  I  found  no  constant  difl"erences.  The  size  is  rather  variable.  S  ad. :  "  Iris 
dark  brown,  feet  and  bill  black."  ?  ad. :  "  Iris  dark  brown,  bill  brownish  black, 
feet  slaty  grey." 

11.  Dicaeum  salvadorii  A.  B.  Meyer. 

One  single  male  from  Woeloer,  Dammcr,  agrees  fully  with  Dr.  Meyer's  descrip- 
tion of  D.  salmdoiii  from  a  single  male  from  Bebber.  It  diff'ers  from  I),  mackloti 
in  having  a  larger  and  wider  bill,  the  red  of  the  throat  being  more  extended  towards 


(   10  ) 

the  breast  ami  a  shade  less  bright,  and  the  abdomen  not  pure  white  but  buffy.     "Its 
iris  is  dark  brown,  bill  and  feet  black." 

Comparison  of  a  good  series  both  from  Bobber   and   Dammer   would  be  of 
interest. 

12.  Anthus  gustavi  Swinh. 

cJ,  Woeloer,  9.  12.  1898.     "  Iris  dark  brown,  feet  pale  flesh-colonr." 

13.  Motacilla  boanila  melanope  Fall. 
Common  in  November  and  December. 

14.  Zosterops  bassetti  Sharpe. 

In  Ann.  f  Mag.  Kat.  Hist.  1894,  ser.  6,  vol.  14,  p.  57,  Dr.  Sharpe  described 
this  form  as  follows  :—"  Similis  Z.  albivenfri,  sed  panllo  major,  loris  et  gatture 
aurantiacis  nee  sulphnreis,  et  corporis  lateribus  cinerascenti-brunneis  nee  isabellinis 
distiugnenda.  Long.  tot.  5-0  poll.,  culm.  I>G,  alae  2"4o,  candae  1-75,  tarsi  0-75." 
There  is  no  donbt  that  this  diagnosis  refers  to  this  Zosterops,  of  which  I  have 
before  me  eight  skins  sent  by  Mr.  Ktihn  from  Dammer,  even  if  I  had  not 
compared  the  typo;  bnt  I  do  not  consider  the  comparison  with  Z.  albirentris  from 
the  Torres  Straits  a  very  lucky  one.  In  my  opinion  the  nearest  ally  is  Z.  citrinella 
from  the  Timor  group,  from  which  Z.  bassetti  differs  in  having  a  larger  beak,  in 
being  less  yellowish  and  more  olive  above,  in  being  much  more  brownish  on  the 
sides  of  the  breast  and  flanks,  and  in  having  a  longer  wing.  From  Z.  qrai/i  of  Key 
it  differs  in  being  much  less  bright  yellowish,  especially  ou  the  wings  and  upper 
tail-coverts,  and  in  being  brownish,  not  ashy  grey  on  the  sides. 

Mr.  Kiihn  describes  the  iris  as  "  brown,  feet  ash-grey,  bill  dull  greyish  brown." 
The  sexes  do  not  differ,  except  that  the  female  is  perhaps  a  trifle  smaller.  There  is 
no  doubt  that  Z.  i-itrinclla,  bassetti,  grayi,  and  others  will  ultimately  be  classified 
as  subspecies  of  one  form,  bnt  without  an  elaborate  study  of  the  whole  group  this 
is  not  to  be  done,  and  I  should  at  present  even  hesitate  to  say  how  the  species 
should  be  named.     Therefore  I  leave  this  to  a  future  time. 

Zo.sterops  lett/ensis  Finsch  in  J^otes  Lei/r/en  Mits.  v.  XX.  p.  13G  (1898)  seems 
fully  to  agree  with  Z.  bassetti,  except  that  it  is  slightly  smaller.  The  comparison 
of  a  series  from  Lettie  is  desirable. 

15.  Stigmatops  squamata  Salvad. 

A  good  series  from  Dammer.  "  Iris  yellowish  grey,  sometimes  more  brownish, 
bill  black,  feet  dark  grey." 

Dr.  Sharpe  {A)i)t.  Mag.  Mat.  Uist.  1804,  ser.  (J,  v.  14,  p.  57)  identifies  the  bird 
from  Dammer  with  St.  kebirensis  A.  B.  Meyer,  bat  it  is  squamata.  Mr.  Rothschild 
and  I  have  carefully  compared  eight  adult  Dammer  skins  with  ten  adult  specimens 
from  Khoor  (or  Koer),  also  collected  by  Herr  Kiihn,  and  wo  found  them  quite  alike. 
Sharpe's  Dammer  bird  is  immature,  and  that  is  the  reason  for  the  less  extended 
scaling  on  the  under  surface.  We  have  no  specimens  from  Bebber  (or  Kebir),  but 
— unless  all  those  examined  from  the  latter  island  are  immature — they  seem  to  differ 
in  several  points,  and  to  be  similar  to  young  squamata.    Sharpe  {I.e.)  says  that 


( 1' ) 

he  fails  to  see  tlie  characters  for  separating  Sf.  salcadorii  from  Tirunrlant  from 
St.  squamata,  but  St.  snlvadoiii  is  apparently  a  distinct  form,  being  very  much 
smaller,  the  wings  abont  1  cm.  shorter.  We  have  fonr  Timorlaut  birds  for 
comparison. 

The  female  of  St.  squamata  is  a  little  smaller  than  the  male;  the  young  bird 
has  the  area  behind  and  below  the  eye,  which  in  the  adult  birds  is  covered  with 
short  scaly  deep  black  feathers  with  silvery  white  tips,  quite  bare  and  of  a  light 
flesh-colour,  and  the  breast  is  pale  greenish  grey  without  scales.  Sharps  {I.e.  p.  57) 
questions  the  correctness  of  the  occurrence  of  St.  ckloris  on  Dammer,  mentioned  by 
Salvadori  (Ora.  Pap.  II.  p.  32G),  but  it  is  Dammer  in  the  Moluccas,  not  our 
Dammer,  where  Bernstein  collected  this  and  other  birds. 

The  nest  of  St.  squamata  is  a  neat  structure,  ornamented  on  the  outside  with 
white  little  cobwebs  and  wool  and  cotton,  with  a  "tail"  hanging  down  from  the 
bottom,  and  an  entrance  hole  on  the  side,  which  is  sometimes  overhung  by 
a  protecting  leaf  and  with  a  little  porch-like  roof.  The  eggs  (two  in  number)  are 
white,  finely  speckled  and  punctated  with  a  light-brownish  red  or  bright  brick-red. 
They  measure  :  17-5  :  13-2,  17-7  :  14,  18-5  :  12-9,  and  18-6  :  12-5  mm. 

16.  Pachycephala  melauura  dammeriana  subsp.  nov. 
I  have  no  doubt,  that  P.  nirlnmirii,  clio,  burueiisis,  iiiacrorhj/ncha,  obiennix, 
everetti  and  several  others  will  be  treated  as  subspecies  of  one  form,  and  I  therefore 
do  not  hesitate  to  call  the  new  form  also  merely  a  subspecies  of  inelanura.  In  the 
distribution  of  colours  it  agrees  with  the  other  forms.  Chin  and  throat  pure  white, 
surrounded  by  a  5  to  10  mm.  wide  black  collar.  The  yellow  collar  above  well 
defined.  The  wing-coverts  are  olive-green  with  small  black  bases.  Primary-coverts 
and  bastard-wing  black  with  olive-grey  borders.  Onter  webs  of  remiges  edged  with 
greenish  olive-grey.  Bectrices  black,  outwardly  edged  with  yellowish  olive-green, 
broader  towards  base,  very  narrow  near  tip.  All  the  rectrices  tipjjed  with  olive  for 
about  4  mm.  The  back  is  olive-green,  less  yellowish  than  in  P.  m.  clio,  breast  and 
abdomen  yellow,  less  bright  and  golden  than  in  clio.  This  latter  form  is  perhaps 
the  most  similar  one  to  dammeriana,  differing,  however,  in  the  much  more  extended 
black  bases  to  the  upper  wing-coverts,  uniform  black  primary-coverts,  more  golden 
upperside,  deeper  yellow  underside,  and  an  almost  pure  black  tail  with  almost 
imperceptibly  narrow  olive  tips.  The  female  of  P.  m.  dammeriana,  of  which, 
however,  only  one  is  received,  seems  not  to  differ  from  that  of  clio.  The  size  is 
about  that  of  clio. 

17.  Pachycephala  arctitorquis  Scl. 
A  series  from  Dammer  agrees  with  Timorlaut  specimens  in  the  British  and 
Tring  Museums. 

18.  Calornis  circumscripta  A.  B.  Meyer. 

Caloniis  gidaris  (errore,  non  Gray),  Cut.  B.  Brit.  Mux.  XIII.  p.  141  ;  C.  circumscripta.  A.  B.  Meyer 
in  Sitzungsher.  u.  Ahh.  Ges.  Jsis  1884,  1  p.  49  (Timorlaut)  ;  C.  cirmmscrijHa,  Salvadori,  Agy.  II. 
Orn.  Pap.  e  Mol.  p.  141. 

A  series  from  Dammer  (Woeloer)  agrees  so  well  with  typical  circumscripta 
from  Timorlaut,  that  I  cannot  separate  them.  In  some,  but  not  in  all,  the  bill  is 
less  high.     The  iris  of  C.  circumscripta  is  vermilion,  feet  and  bill  black. 

The  name  of  gularis  cannot  be  used  for  this  species,  because  the  bird  from 
Morty  is  not  distinguishable  from  C.  metallica. 

2 


(   18  ) 

I'l.  Erythrura  tricolor  forbesi  Sharpe. 

I  Lave  compared  a  series  from  Uamraer  with  the  single  type  of  K.  foiliesi  in 
the  British  Mnsenm,  and  did  not  notice  an\-  ditiVreucos.  The  comparison  of  a  series 
would,  of  course,  he  desirable.  /-'.  tricolor  of  Timor  is,  of  course,  closely  allied, 
differing  merely  in  the  blue  colour  of  the  crown  being  spread  over  the  mantle. 

"  Iris  dark  brown,  feet  pale  flesh-colour,  bill  black.'" 

The  eggs  are  white,  rather  pointed  on  the  narrow  end,  and  measnro  ITo  :  l:i, 
17-0  :  13:2  and  17-8  :  13  mm. 


20.  Pitta  vigorsi  (iuuld. 

A  series  from  Dammer  agrees  iu  every  respect  with  a  series  from  Buuda. 
'•  The  iris  is  brown,  feet  flesh-colour,  bill  black." 

This  beautiful  Pitta  inhabits  Banda,  Dammer  and  Timorlaut,  whili'  on  Flores 
it  is  represented  by  the  black-throated  conciiuid  (ionld,  with  a  bi-culoured  super- 
ciliary stripe,  on  Alor  and  Lomblen  by  the  j)erfectly  similar  eceretti  Hart.,  with  a 
longer  beak,  on  Timor  by  irena  Temm.,  with  a  uniform  superciliary  stripe,  on  Sula 
Mangoli  by  the  perfectly  similar  crassirostrix  Wall.,  with  a  larger  bill,  on  Djampea 
by  virijinalis  Hart.,  with  a  much  broader  stripe,  on  .Suraba  by  murin  Hart.,  without 
black  on  the  abdomen  and  with  a  narrow  imiform  supcreiliary  line,  iti  North 
Queensland  by  the  larger  simillima  Gould,  with  nearly  the  whole  crown  brown,  in 
other  parts  of  Australia  by  the  still  larger  strepitans  Temm.  There  can  be  no 
doubt  that  all  these  forms,  representing  each  other  on  the  various  islands  and 
agreeing  in  the  pattern  and  general  colouration  as  well  as  in  structure,  are  all 
best  treated  as  subspecies  of  one  species,  only  the  last  two  are  more  specialized 
and  might  be  kept  specifically  distinct  from  the  rest.  Also  Pitta  hertue  Salvad., 
which  represents  this  type  iu  Borneo,  is  allied  to  this  group,  while  moluccensis 
P.  L.  8.  Mull,  stands  much  more  apart,  and  occurs  together  with  P.  hertac  on 
Borneo  and  on  other  islands  of  the  Archipelago. 


'i\.  Collocalia  neglecta  Gray. 

Five  specimens   from  Woeloer.     "  Iris  of  the   darkest  brown,  feet   and   bill 
black." 

This  swiftlet  differs  from  (.'.  esculenta  only  in  being  smaller,  duller  and  less 
glossy  above,  and  by  some  of  the  feathers  of  the  mmj)  and  some  of  the  npj)er  tail- 
coverts  having  narrow  whitish  edges.  The  expression  used  in  the  Catalogue  of 
Birds  (v.  Ifi,  p.  .310),  "back,  rump,  and  wing-coverts  dark  j)lumbeons  grey,"  is  far 
too  strong,  but  I  had  then  only  four  old  skins,  which  were  indeed  very  jiale,  and 
might  very  well  be  called  "dark  plumbeous." 


22.  Eurystomus  orientalis  australis  Swain.s. 

Not  rare  on  Dammer. 

Young  individuals  have  a  brownish  black  bill  and  no  blue  ou  the  throat. 


( ly ) 

23.  Eos  recticulata  (S.  Miill.). 

Two  adult  ««/fA-,  Bebbor,  Dammcr,  3(».  12.  189S.  "  Iris  with  an  outer  bnrnt- 
sienna  ring,  followed  by  a  sepia-coloured  and  an  inner  narrow  yellowish  grey  ring. 
Feet  black.     Bill  blood-red." 

This  species  is  only  known  from  Timorlaut  or  Tenimber,  but  Mr.  Kiibu  has 
also  sent  us  one  shot  on  Little  Key  Island. 

24.  Psitteuteles  euteles  (Temm.)  (?  subsp.). 

We  have  a  good  series  of  this  bird  from  Dammer.  Only  one  of  them 
approaches  typical  euteles  from  Timor,  while  most  of  them  have  the  head  much 
more  greenish,  the  abdomen  shaded  with  green.  As,  however,  immature  eutele-n 
from  Timor  are  similar,  I  must  leave  it  to  future  research  whether  such  yellow- 
headed  individuals  as  on  Timor  are  ever  found  on  Dammer.  If  the  characters  stated 
above — which  are  those  of  immature  birds  on  Timor — serve  to  distingnish  the 
Dammer  form  subspeciKcally,  then  the  Wetter-bird  (judging  from  one  example 
received  in  exchange  from  the  Lej'den  Museum)  might  belong  to  it,  and  those  from 
Alor  and  Pantar  would  seem  to  be  intermediate.  '-The  iris  in  the  Dammer  birds 
is  orange,  feet  olive-grey,  bill  yellowish  vermilion." 

I  have  no  doubt  that  Triclioglossus  (dorensi.i,  described  as  a  new  species  from 
Alor  by  Finscli  (yotes  Lojdeii  Museum,  XX.,  p.  220),  is  the  young  of  euteles.  The 
differences  given  are  the  characteristics  of  the  immature  birds.  The  only  peculiarity 
of  them  is  the  dark  brown  bill.  As  our  immature  individuals  have  a  brown  tip  to 
the  bill,  I  must  believe  that  the  very  young  birds  have  totally  brown  bills.  It  is 
most  unlikely  that  two  so  closely  allied  species  of  Psitteuteles  inhabit  the  small 
island  of  Alor. 

25.  Halcyon  australasiae  dammeriana  subsp.  nov. 

Tlie  specimens  from  Dammer,  from  where  I  have  nine  skins  before  me,  differ 
from  those  from  Timor,  Lombok  and  Sumba,  collected  by  Everett  and  Doherty,  in 
having  the  crown  of  the  head  dark  cinnamon  with  a  dusky  green  i)atch  in  the 
middle,  and  some  dusky  green  stripes  on  the  forehead,  wjiile  the  entiri'  crown  is 
green  in  //.  a.  australasiae,  only  striped  with  cinnamon  on  the  forehead.  One  of 
the  specimens  from  Dammer  closely  approaches  the  typical  form,  bnt  there  is  still 
more  cinnamon  on  the  anterior  part  of  the  crown.  The  specimens  with  the  greatest 
iimouut  of  cinnamon  are  females.  In  typical  australasiae  I  find  no  difference  in  the 
sexes  with  regard  to  the  extent  of  cinnamon  on  the  crown.  The  young  bird  has 
cinnamon  edges  to  thr  upper  wing-coverts,  blackish  ones  to  the  feathers  of  the 
underside. 

The  iris  of  7/.  a.  t/ammeriana  is  dark  brown  ;  bill  black,  lower  bill  whitish  with 
<lusky  tip  ;  feet  pale  brownish  black. 

Another  subsjiefies  of  //.  australasiae,  the  minor  of  A.  B.  Meyer,  inhabits 
Timorlaut. 

20.  Halcyon  chloris  (Bodd.)  (?  subsp.). 

In  the  series  from  Dammer  all  the  males  are  remarkably  blue,  the  females 
more  greenish.  The  ear-coverts  are  black  with  a  bluish  wash.  I  do  not  believe  that 
they  can  ultimately  be  classed  with  typical  chloris,  but  at  present  the  time  and 


C  20  ) 

material  at  my  disposal  are  too  limited  to  solve  the  (juestioii.  I  cauiiot  think  that 
.Shavpe  is  riglit  in  separating  //.  fitimii  as  a  species,  nor  am  I  able  to  recognize  all 
his  races,  bnt  1  do  not  either  believe  that  ail  the  forms  can  finally  be  united  as  one 
race.  One  of  the  Dammer  birds  has  the  bill  ciuiousiy  Hat  and  nptnnud,  very  mnch 
like  a  Todirhamphii.i,  and  mnch  like  Shar]je's  meyeri  from  Togian,  whicli,  however, 
is  also  an  individual  aberration. 

27.  Astur  polionotus  Salvud. 

Three /ema^e.'?  of  a  hawk  from  Dammer  seem  to  be  Salvadori's  .1.  /tolioxotus, 
described  from  Timorjaut.  These  birds  are  above  of  a  Cdnsiderably  darker  grey 
than  .1.  albirentris  from  the  Key  Islands,  and  the  rnfous  collar  is  more  developed 
than  in  most  -1.  albicentris.  All  the  females  {males  are  not  in  the  collection) 
have  very  distinct  cross-bars  on  the  breast  and  abdomen,  while  the  chest  is  miiform 
rufons.  This  rnfons  colour  is  darker  than  in  most  albicentris.  The  throat  is  very 
jiale,  wliitish  rnfons,  under  wing-coverts  white  with  narrow  rosy-rnfons  cross-bars, 
thighs  of  a  pale  rufous,  with  or  without  faint  cross-bars.  '-The  iris  is  ochreous, 
feet  ochreous,  bill  black." 

Wing  (?)  240—24.5  mm. 

A  series  from  Great  Banda  seems  to  belong  to  the  same  form,  but  tlie  thighs 
are  quite  white  (as  they  seem  to  be  in  the  type  of  A.  poUonotitx);  only  owe  female  has 
a  faint  red  tinge  and  the  faintest  indication  of  cross-bars  on  the  thighs.  The  male 
from  Banda  has  a  broad  and  distinct  rufous  collar,  and  the  underside  is  uniform, 
only  on  the  abdomen  are  faint  indications  of  liars. 

28.  Baza  subcristata  reinwardti  (Mill!.  &  Schleg.) 
Four  skins  of  B(i:<i  from  Dammer  differ  enormously  from  each  other  in  the 
colouration  of  the  underside,  two  having  dark  rnfons,  one  ashy  brown,  one  (a  young 
example)  narrow  rufous  brown  zigzag  bars. 

I  almost  doubt  the  jiossibility  of  separating  Daza  subcristata  and  reinwardti 
even  subspecifically  !  The  only  diiference  is  in  fact,  as  already  shown  by  Salvadori, 
in  his  great  "  Ornithologia  Papiiasia,"  the  smaller  size  of  B.  reinwardti,  the 
difierences  in  colouration,  which  Sharpe  {Cat.  B.  v.  I.)  and  others  thought  to  be 
of  specific  value,  being  individual  variations.  While  recognizing  the  generally 
smaller  size  of  reinwardti,  I  find  individuals  (Djampea,  Fergusson),  which  differ 
not  from  some  Australian  skins  in  size.  If,  however,  reinwardti  can  be  separated 
subspecifically  (a  specific  separation  is  impossible),  then  7>'.  subcristata  .mbcristata 
should  be  restricted  to  Australia,  the  birds  from  the  Moluccas,  Lesser  Suuda 
Islands  and  New  Guinea  being  all  reinwardti. 

Baza  subcristata  riifa  from  Batjan,  Halmahera  and  Obi  Major  is  a  mere  rufous 
closely  allied  form. 

B.  subcristata  yurneyi  from  the  Solomons  seems  to  be  fairly  distinct,  but 
B.  subcristata  hismarcki  from  New  Britain  and  New  Hanover  does  not  seem 
to  differ  from  gurneyi,  except  in  having  a  longer  bill. 

B.  subcristata  timorhioen.iis  from  Timorlant  is  somewhnt  doubtful,  being  based 
on  a  young  binl,  the  adult  of  which  is  not  yet  known. 

20.  Cuculus  canorus  intermedius  Yahl. 
?,  Kuwray,  Dammei'  Island,  Novemlier  11th,  l;?'.tis. 


f  21   ) 

30.  Chrysococcyx  rufomerus  sp.  nov. 

The  tiilult  male  diiFers  from  Chri/sococcijx  malayanus  as  follows  : — 
The  crown  of  the  head  is  not  brownish  or  purplish  brown,  but  deep  metallic 
green  with  steel-blue  and  bronze  reflections  ;  the  back  is  darker  ;  the  entire 
underside  is  widely  barred  with  deep  ,!j;reenish  bronze,  these  bars  bcinu'  of  a  much 
deeper  colour  than  in  C  malayanus  ;  the  tail  has  no  rufous  colour  whatever  ;  some 
of  tbe  greater  upper  wing-coverts  have  some  edges  and  bars  of  white.  The  wings 
have  very  pale  or  no  rufous  colouration  to  the  inner  webs.  "Iris  dark  vermilion, 
feet  and  bill  blackish."  The  adult  female  seems  to  have  a  well-marked  uniform 
white  patch  in  the  middle  of  the  abdomen.  The  iris  of  the  female  is  described  on 
the  label  as  "  ochreous  grey."     Wing  05 — 99  mm. 

The  young  of  both  sexes  is  above  pale  greyish  bronze,  below  greyish  brown, 
with  more  or  less  dark  brownish  bars  on  the  flanks;  the  iris  is  "  reddish  grey." 
This  new  form  is  perfectly  distinct  from  (\  inahiyamis,  and  all  the  other  species  of 
the  genus  known  to  me.  It  is  probable  that  this  and  several  others  should  only 
be  treated  as  subspecies,  but  as  yet  their  history  and  distribution  are  too  little  known 
to  advance  theories  about  their  relationship.  Future  investigations  will  show, 
whether  C.  rufomerus  is  only  found  on  Dammer  Island,  or  also  on  other  islands. 

31.  Ptilinopus  xanthogaster  (Wagl). 

Not  rare  in  different  parts  of  the  island,  at  Batoe  Merah  and  AVulur.  "  Iris 
orange,  feet  greenish  grey,  bill  sulphureous." 

All  the  specimens  from  Dammer  have  the  neck  more  or  less  washed  with 
green,  the  green  of  the  upi)erside  somewhat  yellowish,  the  foreneck  rather  greenish. 
In  this  they  agree  with  specimens  from  Banda.  Some  specimens  from  the  Key 
Islands  are  perfectly  similar  to  those  from  Dammer,  while  the  perfectly  adult  Key 
birds  have  the  neck  beautifully  greyish-white,  the  breast  and  abdomen  very  bright, 
the  back  pure  green.  As,  however,  our  Key  series  is  selected  from  a  larger 
collection,  and  shot  at  diflerent  times  of  the  year,  while  our  six  or  eight  birds 
from  Banda  and  Dammer  were  all  shot  at  the  same  time  of  the  year,  and  as  we 
know  that  the  greenish  neck  is  a  sign  of  immaturity,  I  am  not  able  to  say  that 
the  Key  birds  are  really  different,  and  I  am  inclined  to  think  that  eiiually  adult 
liirds  from  all  the  islands  are  perfectly  alike.  Meyer  has  separated  the  Timorlaut 
race  as  P.Jlavocirescens,  but  Salvadori  seems  to  think  that  his  characters  are  based 
on  immature  individuals.  We  have,  at  present,  not  suflScient  material  to  decide  this 
question. 

32.  Ptilinopus  lettiensis  Schleg. 

A  fine  series  from  Dammer  agrees  with  an  adult  male  from  Bebber  (April 
1898),  received  in  exchange  from  the  Leyden  Museum.  The  yellow  on  the  neck  is, 
however,  deeper  in  the  Bebber  specimen  than  in  the  eight  from  Dammer,  but  the 
depth  of  the  yellow  colour  on  the  neck  is  not  constantly  alike  in  those  from 
Dammer,  which  were  all  shot  in  November.  Until,  therefore,  a  large  series  from 
Lettie  and  Bebber  are  compared,  the  Dammer  bird  must  stand  as  1'.  lettiensis. 
The  iris  of  the  Dammer  birds  is  "  burnt-sienna  red,  the  bill  yellow,  slaty-green  at 
base,  feet  bluish  carmine." 


(  22  ) 

33.  Carpophaga  rosacea  (Tomm.) 

October  and  November.  "  Iris  carmine.  Bill  dark  grey  with  carminft  no.strils. 
Feet  bright  carmine." 

34.  Carpophaga  concinna  Wall. 

One  male  and  two  females  were  shut  in  November.  Their  iris  was  orange. 
They  are  typical  cowiinia,  and  not  a  bit  like  C  cowinna  aepniata  from  the  Key 
Islands. 

:'>."i.  Columba  metallica  Temm. 

Fonud  frequently  in  November  and  December.  The  specimens  fnlly  agree  with 
those  from  Timor.  The  breast,  neck,  and  mantle  vary  somewhat,  the  metallic  gloss 
being  sometimes  beautifully  i)urplish  red,  sometimes  almost  pure  green.  A  yonng 
bird  has  the  head  and  neck  dull  brown,  the  breast  rufous  brow-n.  Adnlt  birds  have 
the  "iris"  orange,  f<'et  carmine,  bill  bright  carmine,  tip  yellowish  white.  "The 
yotmg  birds  have  the  '■  iris  pale  brown,  feet  brown,  bill  brownish  black." 

oCp.  Chalcophaps  chrysochlora  (Wagl.) 
Both  sexes  and  young  were  shot  in  December. 

37.  Eallina  tricolor  Gray. 

One  female,  'Woeliier,  1.  VI.  1898.  "Iris  brownish  red,  feet  brown  :  bill  light 
green.     Eyelid  ochreous." 

This  specimen-is  rather  small,  measuring  only  as  follows  :  wing  138,  tarsus  43, 
bill  22  mm.  Being  somewhat  out  of  its  generally  known  area  of  distribution,  it  is 
quite  possible  that  it  belongs  to  a  smaller  subspecies,  but  it  is  not  possibli'  to  decide 
about  tliis  from  a  single  specimen. 

38.  Amauromis  phoenicura  (Furst. )  (?  leucomelaena). 

One  (apparently  adnlt)  specimen.  In  this  the  sides  of  the  head  and  iieck  are 
lierfectly  slat}--black,  and  there  is  no  white  on  the  forehead  I  This  bird — a  similar 
one  is  before  me  from  Sumba— differs  very  much  from  young  -I.  phoenu-ura  from 
India.  I  am  therefore  inelined  to  think  that  tliere  is  after  all  a  Timorese  s])ecies  or 
subspecies,  to  be  cviXXqA  leucomelaena.  (Cf.  Sharpe,  Cat.  B.  Brit.  Mus.  v.  XXIII. 
p.  159,  Mey.  &  Wigl.,  Birr/s  of  Celebes  v.  II.  p.  708,  Hart.,  Nov.  ZooL.  V.  p.  47.% 
no.  74.) 

39.  Charadrius  fulvus  Gm. 

9  Hi.  If,.  11.  is'.is. 

40.  Numenius  phaeopus  variegatus  (Scop.) 
9  Woeloer,  9.  12.  1898. 


(  23  ) 

41.  Limosa  lapponica  novaezealandiae  a  my. 

Wocloer,  0.  12.  1808. 

4,'.  Heteractitis  bi-evipes  (Vieill.) 
Woeloer,  November  auJ  December. 

43.  Tringoides  hypoleucus  (L.) 
Not  rare  in  December. 

44.  Glottis  nebularius  (Gunu.) 
?  Woeloer,  Dammer,  9.  12.  1898. 

45.  Tringa  crassirostris  Temm. 
6  juv.  Kiimur,  Dammer,  14.  11.  1898. 

40.  Bubulcus  coromandus  (Bodd.) 
<?,  Woeloer,  12.  11.  1898. 

47.  Demiegretta  sacra  (Gm.) 

<?,  Woeloer,  i».  12.  1898.  Pare  white,  with  a  few  small  slaty-black  spots  ou 
the  neck  and  wiug-coverts. 

48.  Sula  sula  (L.) 

Oue  adult  bird,  .se.x  doubtful,  Woeloer,  Dammer,  5.  11.  1898. 

49.  Megapodius  duperreyi  Less,  et  Garn. 

Common  on  Dammer  Island.  "  Iris  burnt-sienna  rcl,  feet  yellowish  vermilion, 
bill  dirty  yellow." 

Thus  Mr.  Kiihn  sent  forty-nine  species,  of  which  ten  were  previously  known  to 
occur  on  Dammer,  although  three  were  not  quite  correctly  identified  before.  Two 
birds  mentioned  by  Dr.  Sharpe  were  not  procured  by  Kiihn:  ''  Graucalus  melanops  " 
and  "  Hirundo  gutturalis.'"  Of  these  the  Hirundo  is  only  a  winter  visitor,  and  might 
not  be  of  regnlar  and  frequent  occurrence,  but  it  is  strange  that  the  very  conspicuous 
and  large  Gvaid-alas  was  not  obtained.  As  Dammer  is  quite  within  its  range,  1 
have  no  right  to  doubt  its  occurrence  there,  but  it  should  be  noticed  that  Sharpe 
names  ten  species  of  birds  from  Dammer,  while  AValker  says  nine  only  were 
collected. 

It  is  remarkable  that  Dr.  ISbarpe  from  the  scauty  material  before  him  drew 
correct  conclusions  about  the  zoogeographical  relations  of  Dammer,  which  he  said 
were  with  Timorlaut  on  the  one  hand,  and  with  Timor  on  the  other,  "  while  some 
species  may  be  found  peculiar  to  the  Damma,  Lettie,  and  Wetter  groups  of  islands." 
From  our  larger  material  it  is  evident  that  the  relations  with  Timorlaut  are  very 
obvious  (cf  Ileteranax  tniuidi(s,  Faclnjcepluila  arctitorquis,  Eos  reticaluta). 

Some  forms  are  exactly  the  same  as  those  found  on  the  so-called  Serwatty 
Islands  (Lettie,  Moa,  Bebber,  etc.),  and  those  that  are  hitherto  only  known  as  Timor 


(  24  ) 

species  will  probably  all  be  found  to  occur  ou  the  Serwatty  group  as  well,  which  is 
by  no.  means  sufficiently  oxploreil.  It  is  remarkable  that  some  forms  are  common 
to  Timorlanf,  Banila  and  Daramer,  and  apparently  not  to  be  found  elsewhere  (cf. 
Pitta  cigorsi,  Ast'ir  jioUonotus). 

The  butterflies  of  Dammer  seem  to  show  a  close  relationship  to  those  of 
Timorlaut. 

The  number  of  birds  at  present  only  known  from  Dammer  is  small,  and  we 
do  not  doubt  that  many  of  them  may  ultimately  be  found  ou  the  Serwatty  group  of 
islands.  One  might  therefore  suppose  that  Dammer  is  not  a  very  ancient  island; 
and  Mr.  Dolierty,  who  visited  me  when  I  had  just  written  this  note,  tells  me  that, 
on  a  hurried  visit  to  Dammer  some  years  ago,  he  had  the  impression  that  Dammer 
was  such  a  recent  volcanic  island,  that  it  would  not  be  worth  while  for  him  to 
sacrifice  time  and  money  for  a  long  stay  to  collect  lepidoptera.  Until  the  Serwatty 
Islands  are  thoroughly  explored,  all  these  theories,  however,  are  mere  suppositions. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  HITHERTO  UNKNOWN  FEMALE 
OF  OENETUS  MIEABILIS  ROTHSCH. 

By  HON.  WALTER  ROTHSCHILD,  Ph.D. 

?  Wings,  upperside  :  Ground  colour  of  forewiug  gamboge  yellow,  completely 
covered  with  a  network  of  dull  apple-green;  the  meshes  of  the  network  are  hexagonal 
in  shape,  and  at  each  point  of  the  hexagon  is  a  thickened  spot,  and  in  the  centre  of 
each  mesh  is  an  irregular  spot  or  dash  of  the  same  green  colour.  On  the  costal  area 
are  a  number  of  chocolate  brown  patches,  first  a  small  one,  then  three  large  ones 
reaching  to,  and  sometimes  beyond,  the  subcostal  veins.  These  three  large  sjjots  are 
followed  by  one  or  more  smaller  ones. 

The  forewiug  is  crossed  transversely  by  a  band  of  chocolate  brown  almost 
parallel  to  the  outer  margin  and  about  one-third  from  the  ajiex.  This  baud  is  forked 
from  the  costal  margin  to  SC,  and  is  traversed  for  its  whole  length  by  a  chain  of 
dull  purple  spots.  Between  this  band  and  the  outer  margin  is  an  irregular  row  of 
dull  purple  and  brown  spots  each  standing  on  the  edge  of  a  hexagon.  Half  way 
between  the  main  transverse  band  and  the  base  of  the  wing  is  another  irregular 
and  broken  baud  of  spots,  some  chocolate  and  others  dull  purple.  Between  the 
nervures  at  outer  margin  is  a  row  of  dull  purple  spots. 

Basal  half  of  hindwing  a  most  delicate  salmon  pink,  outer  half  chrome  ycljow, 
more  or  less  reticulated  with  pink  spots  standing  mostly  along  the  nervures. 

Undcrsidi'  of  I'oth  wings  chrome  yellow,  heavily  washed  with  pink  ou  basal 
half,  while  outer  half  is  spotted  with  pink;  ou  the  costal  margins  of  both  wings  is  a 
row  of  pinkish  brown  patches. 

Head,  tliorax,  end  of  abdomen  and  legs  greenish  wax  yellow,  metathorax  and 
basal  two-thirds  of  nj)perside  of  abdomen  greenish  pink.  Underside  of  abdomen 
pinkish  white. 

Length  of  forewiug  :  52  to  80  mm. 

Breadth  of  forewiug  :  25  to  38  mm. 

Described  from  several  hied  females  from  Townsville,iNorth  Queensland,  where 
the  collector  obtained  also  a  number  of  nmles. 


(25  ) 


ANOTHER  SMALL  CONTRIBUTION  TO  AFRICAN 

ORNITHOLOGY. 

By  ERNST  HARTEET. 

THE  following  article  is  based  on  collections  made  by  Dr.  W.  J.  Ansorge  during 
his  third  stay  in  the  African  Continent.  A  list  of  the  birds  collected  during 
his  second  stay  in  Africa  is  given  by  me  in  the  ApiJendix  to  Dr.  Ansorge's  book 
"  Under  the  African  Sun,"  to  which  I  have  sometimes  to  refer  in  the  following 
pages.  Occasionally  birds  from  other  collections,  specially  some  collected  by  Dr. 
Felix  Roth  at  Warri,  in  the  Niger  Coast  Protectorate,  have  been  discussed. 

Dr.  Ansorge  has  this  time  crossed  Africa  from  east  to  west,  taking  from 
Uganda  about  the  same  route  as  Mr.  A.  B.  Lloyd.  Most  of  the  localities  mentioned 
are  therefore  to  be  found  in  Lloyd's  book  "  Li  Dwarf  Land  and  Cannibal  Country  " 
(London,  J.  Fisher  Unwin,  1899). 

From  Mombasa  Dr.  Ansorge  travelled  to  Uganda,  collecting  very  interesting 
birds  in  the  sandy  plain  of  the  Athi  River  and  at  Nairobe.  From  Uganda  proper 
he  marched  westwards  to  Toro  (or  Torn,  as  Ansorge  spells  it),  where  a  good  number 
of  birds  were  procured.  Toro  is  the  country  east  of  Mount  Ruweuzori,  and  a 
description  and  a  map,  showing  some  of  the  places  where  Ansorge  collected,  is  given 
in  Lloyd's  book,  p.  159.  At  Fort  George,  on  Lake  Albert  Edward,  the  collector 
seems  to  have  stayed  for  some  time,  then  proceeded  to  "  Karimia  in  Ussongora,* 
Congo  Free  State,"  hence  northwards  to  Fort  Mb(5ni,  or  Beni,  on  the  lower  course 
of  the  Semliki,  or,  as  it  is  here  called,  Kakibi  River  ;  then,  entering  the  "  Great 
African  Forest,"  i.e.,  the  enormous  primeval  forest,  inhabited  by  a  Pygmy  race,  he 
travelled  in  a  north-westerly  direction  to  the  Ituri  River,  which  at  its  lower  portion 
is  called  the  Aruwinii,  and  sailing  down  the  Aruwimi  and  Congo,  reached  the  west 
coast,  where  he  found  a  Belgian  steamer  ready  to  sail.  He  thus  accomplished  the 
journey  in  the  marvellously  short  time  of  seventy-nine  days  from  Fort  George  to 
London.  The  collections  that  conld.be  made  on  snch  a  record  journey  are  of  course 
very  fragmentary,  but  they  contain  some  highly  interesting  specimens.  A  box  with 
probably  some  very  good  birds  from  East  Africa  is  unfortunately  lost,  and  has  not 
been  traced.  A  longer  stay  in  the  Great  Forest  would  doubtlessly  have  yielded  many 
wonderful  things.  On  pp.  299—302  Mr.  Lloyd  has  given  some  notes  on  the 
"  animal  life  in  the  forest,"  but  he  is  not  a  naturalist,  and  his  description  cannot  be 
accurate,  since  "  many  species  of  gazelles,  chimpanzee  and  gorilla "  do  not  live 
there,  or  have  not  yet  been  identified,  and  we  do  not  believe  in  hyaenas  in  the 
middle  of  the  forest,  although  Mr.  Lloyd  mentions  "  leopards,  panthers,  wild  cats, 
civets,  hyaenas,  and  reptiles." 

Of  bird-life  in  the  Great  Forest  Mr.  Lloyd  says  :  "  Birds  of  every  description 
and  varied  hue  abound,  parrots  undoubtedly  predominating,  paraquets,  swifts, 
owls,  guinea-fowl,  kingfishers,  fish  eagles,  divers,  kites,  hornbills  in  great  variety  ; 
pigeons,  doves,  honej'-birds,  and  all  kinds  of  night-birds.  In  the  daytime  it  is 
delightful  to  sit  and  listen  to  the  singing  of  the  birds,  their  songs  being  so  different 
from  the  bird-songs  of  Europe  ;  some  with  deep  musical  sounds  like  the  tolling  of  a 

•  Spelt  Ussogara  by  Dr.  Ansorge,  but  on  the  maps  I  find  Ussongora.  This  place  must  of  course  not 
be  mistaken  for  the  country  of  Usagara,  in  German  East  Africa.  Ansorge's  Karimia  is  the  Karimi  on  the 
Isango,  a  continuation  of  the  Semliki- Kakibi  River,  on  Mr.  Lloyd's  and  other  maps. 


(  26) 

he]].  The  black-;ui<l-wbite  wagtail  is  so  tame  that  ho  will  sit  within  a  few  yards 
and  pour  forth  his  beautiful  notes.  The  tin}-  honey-bird  darts  here,  there,  and 
everywhere,  like  streaks  of  light,  issuing  forth  its  twit,  twit,  as  it  lights  npon  some 
honey-bedewed  blossom.  Overhead  the  ungainly  hornbill  jdoiiglis  its  way  above  the 
tree-tops,  calling  to  its  mate,  and  the  screaming  of  the  parrots  as  in  great  flocks 
they  make  their  flight  along  the  river  banks,  or  throngli  the  tangled  mass  of  vege- 
tation overhead,  is  almost  deafening.  By  the  little  streams  are  countless  numbers 
of  wonderful  butterflies,  some  as  large  as  swifts,  and  all  (x/'r  I)  most  gorgeously 
coloured.  The  insect  life  baffles  description.  .  .  ."  E.xaggerati'd  as  this  statement 
may  perhaps  be,  it  is  of  interest  to  hear  it,  since  it  seems  to  contradict  tlie  reports  of 
the  scarcity  of  bird-life  in  the  Great  Forest. 

The  birds  collected  by  Dr.  Ansorge  belong  to  throe  more  or  less  faunistically 
different  countries.  In  the  Athi  Plain  and  at  Nairobe  ho  collected  in  the  southern 
parts  of  the  North-East  African  desert  and  steppe  fauna,  which  reaches  south  at 
least  to  Masailand  (cf  Drepanoplectes  jacksoni,  MiraJ'ra  africana  o.tM,  Pf/s.'ie/- 
difumis  gongonensis  and  others);  then  the  so-called  East  African  fauna  was  touched; 
while  soon  afterwards,  without  a  very  sharp  line  of  demarkation,  the  West  African 
area  was  entered  (cf  Corythaeala  cristntn,  Cohonba  nnicincla,  and  many  others). 

It  may  here  be  remarked  that  at  present  a  general  account  of  the  birds  of 
Africa  is  one  of  the  greatest,  if  not  the  greatest,  desideratum  of  ornithologists.  The 
publications  on  African  birds  are  so  numerous,  and  especially  in  small  contributions 
—often  descriptions  of  one  or  two  species  or  subspecies — and  nearly  all  nations,  as 
German,  British,  French,  Swedish,  Portuguese,  Italian,  American,  Austrian,  partake 
of  the  ornithological  work  in  Africa,  that  it  is  most  difficult,  I  think  more  difficult 
than  in  any  other  country,  to  be  informed  about  all  the  literatni-e.  It  is  therefore 
to  be  hoped  that  the  works  of  Professor  ISeichenow  and  ( 'aptain  8helley  will 
soon  appear.* 

I  am  obliged  to  my  friends  Professor  Reichenow,  Dr.  Sharpe,  and  Mr.  Grant 
for  comiJaring  some  of  the  specimens  with  the  types  and  other  examples  in  their 
collections,  and  thank  them  for  their  kindness. 

1.  Phalacrocorax  africanus  (Gm.) 
S  ?.  Ituri  ]{iver,  twenty-second  day  from  Fort  Mbeni,  '20.  h.  18'J9. 
"  Iris  golden-brown.     Feet  black.     Upper  jaw  dark   grey  with  yellow  edge, 
lower  yellow." 

2.  Fodiceps  cristatus  L. 
Lake  Varangot,  Fort  Gerry,  Torn,  13.  4.  1899. 

3.  Nettapus  auritus  (Bodd.) 

?  ad.  Near  Ripou  Falls,  Somerset  Nile,  10.  3.  1899. 

"  Iris  dark  brown.  Feet  greenish  black.  Upper  bill  greenish  grey  with  a 
greenish  yellow  patch  on  each  side  near  the  base.  Lower  bill  pinkish  grey  with 
orange-yellow  skin  between  rami." 

4.  Nettion  capense  (Gm.) 
?  ad.  Lake  Varangot,  Torn,  Uganda  Protectorate,  10.  4.  1899. 
"  Iris  dark  brown.     Feet  slate-blue  ;  bill  slate-blnc  witli  dark  central  greenish 
grey  streak." 

*  While  this  jaesed  through  the  press  Part  I.  of  Vol.  II.  of  Shelley's  work  hiis  actually  been  issued. 


(27  ) 

5.  Oedicnemus  vermiculatus  Cab. 
5  ad.  Fort  George,  Lake  Albert  Edward,  Tom,  26.  4.  18f»0. 

0.  Hoplopterus  spinosus  (L.) 
c?  ?.   Fort  George,  Lake  Albert ;  Edward,  26.  4.  1899,  ?,  Salt  lake  Kikorongo, 
one  day's  march  from  Lake  Albert  Edward,  25.  4.  1899. 
"  Iris  blood-red  ;  bill  and  feet  black." 

7.  Chettusia  melanoptera  (Cretzscbm.) 
<?  ?.  Nairobe,  British  East  Africa,  28.  1.  1809. 

"  Iris  lemou-yellow  ;  red  ring  of  bare  skin  round  eyes,  more  developed  in  the 
male.     Feet  brownish-red,  lighter  on  the  thighs.     Bill  black." 

8.  Chettusia  inornata  (Swains.) 
?  ad.  Lake  Kikorongo,  salt  lake  one  day's  march  from  Lake  Albert  Edward 
2.').  4.  1899. 

"  Iris  lemon-yellow,  inwardly  shaded  with  greeuisli  ;  bill  and  feet  black." 

9.  Ochthodromus  asiaticus  (Pall.) 
?  ?.  Athi  Plain,  British  East  Africa,  2.j.  1.  1899. 
One  of  these  shows  beginning  of  moult  on  chest,  the  other  not. 

10.  Glareola  pratincola  (L.) 

Five  males.  Salt  lake  Kikorongo,  Torn,  2.j.  4.  1899. 

Only  one  has  the  throat  qnite  unspotted,  and  in  that  specimen  it  is  rather  deej) 
rusty  buff.  It  would  be  interesting  to  investigate  whether  the  Pratincole  is  really, 
as  it  is  supposed  to  be,  merely  a  migrant  in  Africa,  or  if  a  special  darker  race  is 
resident  in  the  Dark  Continent. 

11.  Gralaclirysea  nuchalis  (Gray). 

<?  ad.  Enguatuara  on  the  Ituri  River,  31.  5.  1899. 

"  Iris  dark  brown.  Feet  copper  red.  Bill  black  with  red  base."  Tliis  bird 
has  the  inner  (not  outer)  webs  of  the  secondaries  white  at  base,  its  wing  measures 
6  inches  I     Cf  Cat.  B.  Brit.  Mus.,  v.  XXIV.  p.  64.     Is  G.  emi/ii  a  different  species  ? 

12.  Otis  melanogaster  RUpp. 
<S  ad.  Nakabimba  in  Toru,  Uganda  Protectorate,  2.   4.  1899.     "Iris  brown  ; 
feet  yellowish  grey,  becoming  brownish  grey  below  the  knee,  dark  grey  on  the  toes, 
especially  the  middle  one.     Bill  :  upper  jaw  dark  grey  with  yellowish  grey  edges, 
lower  yellowish  grey." 

13.  Fulica  cristata  Gm. 
Lake  Varangot  ;(Toru),   Uganda  Protectorate,  16.  4.  1899.     "  Iris  blood-red  ; 
feet  slate-colour,  darker  on  the  joints  and  orange-red  patches  above  the  knees.     Bill 
pale  grey  with  a  bluish  tmge.     Bare  patch  on  forehead  greyish  white,  terminating 
in  two  dark  brown-red  protuberances  with  orange-red  tips." 


(28) 

U.  Grallinula  chloropus  (1^.) 
<??.   in   nuptial    plnmage,   Lake   Varangot    in  .Torn,    Uganda    Protectorate, 
13.  4.  1899. 

IT).  Limnocorax  niger  ((iiu.) 
(f.   Lake  Varangot,  Torn,  13.  4.  1S99. 

Ki.  Pterocles  exustus  Temm. 

cJ?.  Campi-ya-Simba,  British  East  Africa,  14.  1.  1^99.  "In  both  sexes  iris 
dark  brown  :   feet  bluish  grey  ;  bill  greyish  white." 

Temminck  described  his  P.  exusttts  from  West  Africa  and  North-East  Africa. 
The  African  Birds  were  therefore  the  "  typical "  ones,  which  means  that  they  must 
be  called  /'.  exustus  exustus,  if  subspecies  are  distinguished,  and  there  is  no  doubt, 
in  my  opinion,  that  this  can  be  done. 

I  have  not  been  able  to  compare  a  series  of  Abyssinian  skins,  but  as  several 
writers  have  declared  that  they  are  like  those  from  North-Eastern  Africa,  and  in 
view  of  the  close  relationship  of  the  fauna  of  North-Eastern  Africa  and  Senegambia, 
I  must  take  their  similarity  for  granted  at  present.  The  North-East  African  birds 
(Abyssinia,  Egypt)  and  those  from  Eastern  Tropical  Africa  (Kilimanjaro,  Machakos, 
Campi-ya-Simba)  do  not  seem  to  differ  and  are  above  rather  dark  olive-brown,  while 
the  greater  wing-coverts  are  much  more  yellow,  especially  on  the  tips.  This  is 
evidently  pigment,  and  not  at  all  due  to  staining.  Bogdanow's  name  P.  ellioti 
{Bull.  Ac.  Sci.  Petersb.  v.  XXVII.,  p.  167,  1881)  is  based  on  one  (!)  Abyssinian 
example  collected  nearly  seventy  years  ago  by  Riippell.  The  differences  lie  mentions 
are  evidently  dne  to  the  faded  condition  of  this  old  veteran  of  a  mounted  specimen, 
and  the  white  patch  he  describes  is  found  in  all  adult  males.  P.  ellioti  is  therefore, 
for  the  present,  to  be  regarded  as  a  synonym  of  P.  exustus. 

The  wing  of  Central  African  adult  males  measures  about  185  inm. 

From  this  form  differs  the  bird  inhabiting  the  deserts  of  Somaliland,  in  being 
smaller,  paler  and  more  sandy  isabelline  on  the  upperside,  chest  and  breast.  The 
under  tail-coverts  in  the  one  male  at  Tring  are  unspotted.  The  female  is  less 
thickly  spotted  on  the  foreneck,  less  blackish  and  more  reddish  on  the  upperside. 
The  wings  of  two  adult  males  and  two  females  measure  about  170  mm.  This  form 
might  be  termed 

Pterocles  exustus  somalicus  subsp.  nov.  (Type  Donaldson  (Smith  coll.     Milmil, 

30.  T.  1894.) 

A  third  distinct  form  is  the  Indian  bird,  which  is  lighter  above  than  P.  exustus 
exustus,  not  so  dark  olive-brown,  but  not  so  bright  yellowish  isabelline  as  P.  exusttts 
somalicus.  The  larger  wing-coverts  are  paler  and  not  so  yellowish.  The  females 
show  the  same  differences.     This  form  might  be  named 

P.  exustus  orientalis  snbsp.  nov. 

We  have  thus,  for  the  present : — 

P.  exustus  exustus  :  West  and  N.E.  Africa  generally,  south  to  the  Masai- 
steppes,  Kilimanjaro  and  Arnsha. 

P.  exustus  somalicus  :  Somaliland. 

P.  exustus  orientalis  :  India. 


(  20  ) 

IT.  Pterocles  gutturalis  saturatior  subsp.  uov. 

(Type  :  Campi-ya-Simba,  Britisli  E.  Africa,  23.  4.  189s.) 

?  ?.  Athi  Plain,  British  East  Africa,  24.  1.  1899.  "  Iris  chocolate-browii ;  feet 
bluish  grey  ;  bill  bluish  grey." 

Males  of  P.  gutturalis  from  British  East  Africa,  the  Kilimanjaro  district  and 
Bogosland  have  the  rust-coloured  extremities  to  the  greater  series  of  wing-coverts  of 
a  much  deeper  rufous  colour,  while  those  from  Transvaal,  Nyassaland  and  the  Zambesi 
have  them  paler  and  somewhat  more  yellowish.  The  back  and  rump  in  the  nortliern 
birds  is  also  darker  brown  than  in  those  from  Southern  Africa.  The  southern  form 
being  first  described,  the  northern  one  requires  a  new  subspecific  name  :  P. gutturalis 
sataratior. 

The  females  of  the  two  forms  are  perhaps  not  distinguishable,  unless  those  of 
P.  gutturalis  saturatior  are  more  blackish  above. 


18.  Hagedashia  hagedash  (Lath.) 

? .  Bomili  on  the  Ituri  River,  Congo  Free  State,  30.  5.  1899.  "  Iris  blood-red  ; 
feet  black  with  brick-red  down  the  front  of  the  toes  and  lower  Iialf  of  metatarsus  ; 
bill  black  with  reddish  brown  tip,  basal  half  of  culmen  bright  red." 

I  think  that  the  colour  of  the  iris  is  given  wrong,  probably,  the  blood  having 
broken  out  into  the  eyes,  for  the  Hagedash  has  not  red  eyes. 

I  am  inclined  to  believe  that  there  are  two  subspecies  of  Hagedash,  birds  from 
N.E.  and  Eastern  Africa  being  smaller  and  paler  than  those  from  the  West  African 
region,  which  have  longer  bills  and  darker  breasts.  Our  material,  however,  is  not 
sufficient  to  settle  this  question. 


19.  Phoyx  purpurea  (L.) 

?.   Yanga  on  the  Ituri  River,  Congo  Free  State,  29.  5.  1899.     "  Iris  lemon 
yellow." 

211.  Bubulcus  ibis  (L.) 

?   ad.,   twentieth  day  from  Fort  Beni  in  Great   African  Forest,  24.  5.  1899. 
"  Iris  lemon  yellow  ;  bill  lemon  yellow." 


21.  Columba  unicincta  Cass. 

An  adult  ?  of  this  rare  pigeon  was  shot  at  Diapanda,  a  Suaheli  settlement  in 
the  Great  African  Forest,  on  the  sixth  day's  march  from  Fort  Bi^ni.  "  The  iris 
is  blood-red  ;  feet  slate-blue  ;  bill  slaty  blue,  with  paler  tip  :  each  eyelid  with 
narrow  crimson  ring,  followed  by  a  fleshy  brown  area,  and  finally  a  crimson 
outer  patch." 

Columba  unicincta  is  described  from  Gaboon  (Agobai),  and  recorded  also  from 
Liberia  by  Biittikofer,  who  figured  it  in  the  Notes  of  the  Leyden  Museum  v.  VIL  pi.  6. 
The  specimen  from  the  Great  African  Forest  agrees  perfectly  with  the  original 
description  as  well  as  with  Biittikofer's  figure. 

Dr.  Ansorge  says  these  pigeons  are  very  shy  and  diflicult  to  approach. 


(  30  ) 

22.  Tnrtur  semitorquatus  (nuiip.)- 
Nairobe,  5.  2.  1809. 

2?.  Chalcopelia  afra  (T..). 
Dwaiigiri  (Singo),  Uganda,  28.  3.  1800. 

24.  Tympanistria  tympanistria  (Temm.). 

cJ  ?  Kikanja,  Tom,  3.  4.  1899.  "Iris  brown  :  feet  purple-red  ;  bill  black  with 
jinri)le  tinge  ;  gape  purple-red." 

These  specimens  are  darker  on  the  back  and  smaller  (wing  S  11.5,  ?  llii) 
than  Sonth  African  examples.     There  are  probably  two  races. 

2.").  Vinago  calva  nudirostris  (Swains.). 
Kiclinehn,  Torn,  Ti.  4.  1899. 

2f).  Pternistes  cranchi  (Leach). 

Specimens  of  both  sexes  from  the  Mokia  River  in  Torn  agree  jierfectly  with 
typical  y.  craiiclii.  Young  birds  have  a  good  deal  of  white  on  the  abdomen. 
An  adult  male  from  Ngombe  on  the  Congo  has  the  rufous-brown  edges  to  the 
feathers  of  the  abdomen  deeper  rnfons,  but  both  Professor  Reichenow  and 
Mr.  Grant  are  of  opinion  that  this  is  not  a  subspecific  character. 

27.  Numida  reichenowi  Grant. 

c?  ad.  ('ampi-ya-Simba,  British  East  Africa,  13.  1.  1898.  "Iris  dark  grey; 
feet  black  ;  upper  jaw  of  bill  dark  grey-brown,  lower  bluish  grey  ;  wattles  blood- 
red,  and  a  patch  of  similar  colour  on  lower  bill  near  the  base,  extendiuu'  round  the 
nostrils  and  over  two-thirds  of  the  helmet ;  sides  of  throat  bright  blue,  with  black 
mottlings  over  the  throat  and  neck." 

28.  Numida  ptilorhyncha  LicUt. 

?  Nakabimba,  Torn,  2.  4.  1x00.  "  Iris  golden  brown  :  feet  pale  chocolate, 
brown  scaling  in  front  ;  upper  jaw  red-brown,  lower  yellowish  brown  ;  upper  rim 
of  nostrils,  and  a  double  carnncular  ridge  between  them,  orange-red  :  skin  of  chin 
and  throat  pale  lilac  ;  the  bine  wattles  have  no  speck  of  red  ;  skin  round  eyes 
lilac-blaok." 

P  Mokia  River,  Torn,  24.  4.  1809.  "  Iris  dark  brown  :  feet  dark  brown  ; 
bill  reddish  brown,  but  horn-grey  towards  tip  ;  wattles  very  pale  blue  ;  two 
whitish  blue  spots  en  upper  eyelid ;  all  the  blue  marks  are  whitish  blue  or  white  ; 
throat  greyish  black  ;  neck  black  ;  no  red  spot  on  wattles  ;  bristly  wart  between 
nostrils  reddish  brown." 

<^?  IIolulu  River,  tributary  of  Semliki  River,  Congo  Free  (State,  C.  5.  1899. 
"  Iris  dark  brown  ;  feet  chocolate  brown  ;  upper  jaw  dnll  red-brown  near  base, 
rest  of  bill  dull  greenish  grey;  the  bine  marlsings  are  a  mottling  of  dark  and 
light  blue  :  wattles  with  a  dark  edge." 


(31   ) 

All  tbcse  specimens  heave  very  sbort  bristly  tufts  between  the  nostrils,  and  in 
the  last-mentioned  ?  these  tufts  are  entirely  absent,  although  it  doubtless  belongs 
to  this  species.  Probably  all  these  Central  African  birds  belong  to  an  unnamed 
subspecies.  0.  Neumann  has  separated  several  races  of  iV.  ptilor/ii/iic/ni,  but  it 
must  be  said  that  Jesse's  x\byssinian  skins  in  the  British  Museum  do  not  bear 
out  Neumann's  character  of  the  long  tufts  in  the  Abyssinian  form,  as  they  have 
the  bristly  bunches  rather  short.  The  markings  on  the  outer  webs  of  the  primaries 
.seem  to  vary  considerably. 

29.  Buteo  augur  Rupp. 

(S  6  ad.  Fort  Gerry  and  Lake  Varangot  (U  hour  from  Fort  Gerry),  Torn. 
Uganda  Protectorate,  12.  and  Ui.  4.  1699.  "Iris  dark  brown  ;  feet  lemon-yellow  : 
cere  lemon-yellow  ;  bill  dark  grey  with  bluish  tinge  near  base  of  mandible  ;  skin 
round  eyes  greenish  yellow." 

30.  Milvus  aegyptius  (Gm.). 
c?  ad.  Nairobe,  British  East  Africa,  'Z.  2.  1899.     "  Bill  lemun  yellow." 

31.  Falco  cuvieri  Smith. 

<$  ad.  Nairobe,  31.  1.  1899.  "Iris  dark  brown;  feet  and  cere  lemon-yellow; 
bill  dark  grey,  shading  off  into  greenish  grey  near  base." 

32.  Poeocephalus  aubryanus  Souance. 

?  ad.  Sukarumbi,  one  day  from  Fort  Mbeui,  Congo  Free  .State,  5.  o.  1899. 
"  Iris  orange  ;  feet  covered  with  small  black  scales  with  white  edges  ;  upper  jaw 
of  bill  horn-grey  with  black  tip,  lower  black." 

33.  Turacus  hartlaubi  (Fischer  &  Reichen.) 

(S  ad.  Nairobe,  British  East  Africa,  5.  2.  1899.  "  Iris  dark  brown  ;  feet  Idue- 
black  ;  bill  reddish  brown."' 

34.  Corythaeola  cristata  (Vieill.). 
?.    Great  African  Forest,  tn-entieth  day  from  Fort  Mbeni. 

35.  Colius  leucotis  berlepschi  Hart. 

Specimens  from  Fort  George  on  Lake  Albert  Edward  and  Kitagwetoa  in  Torn 
(April),  as  well  as  from  Buaia  (Bnsori),  Uganda  (March  1899),  are  all  referable  to 
C.  I.  berlepschi,  as  separated  from  C.  leucotis  leucof/s  and  ('.  /.  njlnis  in  Apjiendi.x 
p.  333  to  Ausorge's  "  Under  the  African  Sou  "  (London,  1899). 

36.  Coccystes  afer  (Licht.). 

i  ?.  Karimia,  Ussongora,  Congo  Free  State,  1.  5.  1899.  A  uniform  blue  eg^^, 
cat  out  of  the  female's  body,  measures  20  by  20-5  mm. 


(  32  ) 

37.  Centropus  superciliosus  (lleiniir.  &  Elnb.). 
cf .  Karimia,  Ussongora,  1.  5.  1899.     "  Iris  blood-red." 

38.  Chrysococcyx  cupreus  (Bodd.)  ?  ! 

An  evidently  yonng  ?  was  .shot  on  the  second  day's  march  from  Fort  Mbfini. 
"  Its  iris  was  pinkish-brown  ;  the  feet  yellowish-green  ;  bill  black."  It  differs  from 
young  of  C.  cupreus  in  the  very  narrow  barring  of  the  underside,  each  feather  having 
fonr  or  five  distinct  i)ale  whitish  bnff  and  bronzy  green  bars.  I  am  inclined  to 
think  that  this  bird  is  the  yonng  of  an  uudescribed  form  of  Chrysococcyx  nearest 
to  cupreus. 

39.    Indicator  indicator  (Gm.). 

Wemi  River,  Torn,  21.  4.  1899.  "Iris  ochre.  The  song  of  this  bird  is  a 
constant '  wit-purr,  wit-purr.' " 

40.  Tricholaema  lachrymosum  Cab. 

(J  ad.  Kitagwetoa  (Torn),  6.  4.  1899.  "  Iris  orange-gold  ;  feet  greenish  grey; 
bill  black."  The  spots  on  the  sides  of  this  male  are  round,  not  ovate  as  in  the/emale 
recorded  from  Masongoleni  in  British  East  Africa  (Ausorge's  "  Under  the  African 
Snn,"  p.  335). 

41.  Melanobucco  bidentatus  aequatorialis  HheW. 

¥  ad.  Kichuchn,  Torn,  5.  4.  1899.  "  Iris  brown,  bare  ;  skin  around  the  eyes 
greenish  yellow." 

42.  Barbatula  subsulphurea  (Fras.). 

? .  Kitima,  Government  station  on  the  Ituri  River,  twenty-first  day's  march  in 
Great  African  Forest  from  Fort  Beni.     "  Iris  brown  ;  feet  deep  grey  ;  bill  black.j^ 

43.  Melanobucco  leucocephalus  (Defil.). 
<J  ad.  Kikanja,  Torn,  3.  4.  1899.     "  Iris  brown." 

44.  lynx  pectoralis  Vig. 
Nairobe,  British  East  Africa,  5.  2.  and  27.  1.  1899. 

45.  Thripias  namaquus  (Licht.)  (Pan  snbsp.). 

A  7nale  from  Ussongora,  collected  17.  11.  1889  by  Emin  Pasha,  has  the  wing 
longer  than  fonr  South  African  males.  The  wing  in  the  Ussongora  bird  is  fully 
5'5  in.  long.  In  the  Cat.  B.  Brit.  Mas.  v.  XVIII.  p.  307,  52  is  given  as  the  length 
of  the  wing,  those  before  me  measure  52  to  53  inches.  The  bars  on  the  underside 
seem  also  to  be  narrower  in  the  Ussongora  bird. 


(  33  ) 

4(5.  Thripias  namaquus  schoensis  (Hiiiip). 

K  female  shot  at  Nairobe,  3.  1.  1899  by  Dr.  Ansorge.  "Iris  blood-red  ;  feet 
and  bill  greenish  grey." 

47.  Dendropicus  poecilolaemus  Rchw. 

?.  Kinyomozi  (Torn),  4.  4.  1S09.  "  Iris  red-lirnwn  ;  fpft  eireenish-grpy  ;  bill 
greenish  alato." 

48.  Dendropicus  tropicalis  Rchw. 

?.  Kichnchu  (Torn),  5.  4.  1899.  "Iris  red."  ?  Ngombe,  Congo,  Angnst 
Bohndorff  coll. 

49.  Dendromus  permistus  Rchw. 

cJ  ?  jnv.  Sakarnmbi,  one  day's  march  from  Fort  B(5ni,  5.  ;">.  1899.  "  Iris  dark 
brown  ;  feet  pale  green  ;  bill  grey  with  greenish  bine  tinge." 

TiO.  lyngipicus  obsoletus  iugens  snbsp.  nov. 

One  adnlt  male  from  Xairobe  ditiers  from  specimens  from  Senegambia  and 
Gambaga  in  being  considerably  larger  and  darker  brown.  Not  having  specimens 
from  N.E.  Africa  for  comparison,  I  sent  the  bird  to  Prof  Reichenow,  who  kindly 
writes  :  "  Das  Exemplar  ist  wesentlioh  dnnkler  im  Ton  derbrannen  Gefiederfiirbnng, 
als  Stiicke  von  Nordostafrika,  auch  grosser."  Therefore,  although  I  am  not 
generally  inclined  to  describe  subspecies  from  the  evidence  of  single  specimens,  I  do 
not  hesitate  to  separate  tliis  gigantic  specimen  under  the  name  of  ingois.  The 
measurements  of  the  type  are  :  wing  90  mm.  (3ii.j  inches) ;  tail  46  ;  metatarsus  14: 
cnlmen  21  mm.     "  The  iris  is  red-brown,  feet  greenish  grey  ;  bill  slate  grey." 

51.  Coracias  caudatus  L. 

(?.  Nairolie,  British  East  Africa,  2.  '-i.  1899.     Onter  rectrices  sjironting. 

.02.  Eurystomus  afer  (Lath.). 
S  ad.  Kilgnrma  (Bneknlla),  Uganda,  29.  3.  1899. 

r)3.  Eurystomus  gularis  (Vieiil.). 

?  ad.  Kitima,  Government  station  on  tlie  Itnri  River,  twenty-iirst  day  from 
Fort  B6ni  in  Great  African  Forest. 

54.  Lophocerus  erythrorhynchus  (Temm.). 
cJ  ad.  Kinani,  British  East  Africa,  2.  o.  1898.     "  Iris  light  yellow." 

55.  Lophocerus  melanoleucus  (Licht.). 

S  ad.  Kibwezi,  Ukamba,  British  East  Africa,  28.  4.  1898.  "  Iris  wliitish 
yellow  ;  feet  black  ;  bill  red." 


(  :;i  1 

•"'.  Lophocerus  fasciatus  (Sliaw). 

TambiiL',  (i(ivcrijiiient  statimi  uii  the  Itiiri  River,  twenty-second  day  from  Fort 
Hi'-ni,  in  (ireat  African  Forest.  "  Iris  dark  brown  ;  feet  pnrplisli  black  ;  bill  straw- 
yellow,  with  deep  red  tip,  line  on  npper  jaw  and  nnder  surface  of  lower  jaw."  This 
specimen  is  marked  cf,  bnt  according;  to  tlie  Catalogue  of  Birrh  it  is  a  ?. 

",.  Halcyon  chelicuti  (Stanley). 

Kaboa  (Bnckulla),  I'ganda  and  Ilolnhi  Kiver  (tribntary  to  the  Semliki).  Congo 
Free  State. 

(ilanciug  over  onr  series  of  //.  rlnlicuti,  it  seems  to  be  evident  that  Sontli  African 
Birds  (Transvaal  and  Natal)  are  larger  and  have  longer  bills,  while  being  generally 
somewhat  ])aler.  Tlieir  wings  measure  s-.^,  s4,  s."),  sd,  87.  sT  mm.  Specimens  from 
Sencgambia  and  SoiualilaiKl  are  mncli  smaller,  the  wings  measuring  only  7<'i.  ?(!.  T'.i. 
Ml  mm.,  and  their  bills  ;ire  smaller.  The  former  WduM  be  //.  chrliciifi  (li(ii>'iirii.tix 
Sfrickl.,  the  hitter  //.  rlirUi-nti  iheUoiti  (Stanl.)  Is:j4.  The  difficulty  in  separating 
these  two  forms  is  presented  by  the  examples  from  Tropical  Africa,  ^^'est  Africa  to 
East  Africa,  which  are  intermediate,  their  wings  measuring  7."i.  7il,  7^,  sn.  So,  ,sl. 
s2,  83,  S3,  83,  84,  iso  mm.,  but  they  have  always  much  smaller  bills.  Thus  it  would 
seem,  that  all  the  forms  from  North-East  Africa  and  Seuegambia  to  about  the 
Zambesi  cannot  be  separated  at  present,  those  from  South  Africa,  however,  being 
iV.  chelicuti  (lamirensi». 

■■>s.  Alcedo  quadribrachys  guentheri  Sharpe. 

S.  I'anga,  on  the  Aruwimi  Kiver,  1.  6.  1809.  "Iris  dark  brown  ;  bill  black  : 
feet  coral  red."  This  form,  although  easily  distinguisliable  from  true  quadnhmrluj!^. 
can  hardly  be  hioked  upon  more  than  a  subspecies  of  the  latter,  being  only  smaller 
and  of  a  lighter  green  on  the  back,  which  is  more  like  cobalt. 

."^ifi.  Merops  persicus  Pull. 
S  ad.  Kasesi  (Torn),  2-2.  4.  1890. 

110.  Merops  apiaster  li 

Xakabinibii  (Torn),  ■.'.  4.  IsO'.i. 

111.  Melittophagus  gularis  australis  lichw. 

?  ad.  Kitinia,  Government  station  on  ilie  Ituii  liiver,  twenty-first  day  fmni 
Fort  Belli,  in  (Jrent  .\frican  ]''iirest,  '2."i.  -y  l>0'.i.  •■  Iris  lilood-red,  feet  dark  ]iurple- 
Mn,  k  :  bill  lihiek; 

This  specimen  agrees  in  evc^ry  respect  wil;h  another  ( 'ongn  skin,  and  both  differ 
from  twenty  skins  from  Liberia,  Sierra  Leone,  and  (iold  Coast  in  the  following 
(•ll;lracter^  : — • 

There  are  less  bine  featlu^rs  on  the  forehead.  The  snpereiliaiy  [i.ile  cobalt-bine 
snp<'rciliary  streak  is  ipiite  indistinct,  and  no  trace  of  it  is  cnutinned  beyond  the  eyes, 
'riiecobalt-l.lni'  longirndinal  spots  on  the  breast  are  smaller,  .-md  the  bliienn  the  rnm]i 
is  generally  darker. 

.1/. //(//</)•(.? '•('^?^-«//.-!  is  therefore  a  very  distinct  sulis]ieeies.  (Cf  .lotini.f.  i>ni. 
I^s;"),  ]i.  22-2  :   C'lt.  II.  rUit.  .\f„.i.  v.  XVII.  p.  .■>!.) 


(  3.i    ) 

li-.'.  Melittophagus  cyauostictus  (( 'alj.j. 

Mubende  (Bneknlla),  Uganda,  Nakabimba  (Torn)  and  Fort  George  on  Lake 
Albert  Edward. 

This  Bee-eater  lias  been  somewhat  unfortunate  with  regard  to  its  name.  Cabanis 
first  described  it  under  the  name  of  Merops  cyanostictaa,  as  a  donbtful  variety  of 
"Mcrops  enjthropterus"  in  1800  in  v.  d.  Decken's  Reisen  in  Ost-Afriha,  v.  3,  ji.  34, 
and  elevated  it  to  specific  rank  as  Melitta  cyanostictus  in  1875,  in  Jonrn.  f.  (>ni.  v.  2k, 
p.  340.  There  is  not  the  slightest  doubt  from  the  description  and  distribution 
(Natal,  Loango,  and  East  Africa),  given  b}-  Cabauis,  that  liis  Af.  cijnnostictKS  is  the 
bird  which  has  been  mixed  up  with  M.  minutu&=enjthroptenis=pusHlus  by  Finsoh 
and  Hartlaub  {y'dg.  Osf-Aj'ril:as,  pp.  1S8-91),  Dresser  (Moiwf/r.  Mernp.  p.  Ill)  and 
otliers,  while  SJiarpe  (Cat.  B.  Jhit.  Mii.'^.  v.  XVII.  p.  43,  1802),  who  must  have 
misunderstood  ( 'abanis"  description,  renamed  it  M.  mrr/i/ionalts,  applying  attlie  same 
time  the  name  ^f.  cyanost ictus  to  a  bird  found  in  Shoa,  Somaliland  and  the  coast 
districts  of  East  Africa  to  Mombasa,  Dar-es-Salaam,  Lamu,  and  Melindi  southwards. 
This  spi'iies,  whicli  is  charafterized  by  a  broad  bine  frontal  band,  connected  with  an 
I'Unally  broad  blue  superciliary  stripe,  has  apjiarcntly  no  name,  and  I  linvc  named  it 

<i '•   Melittophagus  sharpei, 

in  honour  of  our  friend  Dr.  81iarpc,  who  worked  nut  the  Mi'iapidae  for  vol.  XVII. 
of  the  Cdtnlocim  of  Birds  (Type:  S  w\.  The  Hand,  Somaliland,  'VI.  T.  I'^'.U, 
Donaldson  >Smith  coll.). 

Witii  regard  to  tlie  synonymy  of  the  MrliltOjihiKjux  meiidionalis  in  tlie  CdtiihHjKi- 
of  Birch  (recte  :  J/,  cyanosticus  Cab.),  I  may  add  that  Mrrops  nnyolrnsis  (ex  Brisson, 
(iw'picr  (rAnfiola)  is  rightly  quoted  with  a  ?  as  a  synonym,  the  description  being 
(prite  obscure.  On  the  other  iiand,  Merops  corieijafiis,  Finsch  and  Hartlaub,  Viiq. 
Ost-Afrif(/x,  p.  191 ,  is  not  correctly  quoted  under  this  species,  the  description  leaving 
no  doubt  that  the  autliors  really  described  the  true  ^f.  rririrf/cifi/s  Vieillot's,  wliile 
they  mixed  .]f.  jinsilliis  and  eyavosf ictus  Cab.  under  their  JA.  minntii.t. 

'i4.  Irrisor  jacksoni  iShariie. 

?  ad.  Xairobe  (B.  K.  A.).  2'.i.  1.  l.s'.iii.  "Iris  dark  brown,  feet  dark  copper- 
red,  bill  blood-red,  eyelid  red." 

The  adult  female  dift'ers  fioni  tlie  adult  male  only  in  the  shorter  and  straighter 
bill  (J  411,  ¥  3.3  mm.),  and  considerably  smaller  feet.  The  greater  extension  of 
the  green  on  the  head  is  not  a  character  of  the  female  sex,  but  jirobably  due  to 
immaturity,     ((^f.  '.'at.  B.  Brit.  Mns.  v.  XVI.  p.  ;21). 

Another  specimen,  adult  J,  was  shot  on  the  second  day  in  the  (ireat  African 
Forest  from  Fort  Mbeui,  on  May  0th,  189U.  It  agrees  in  every  detail  with  i. 
Irrisor  jacksoni,  except  that  the  bill  is  much  higher  at  the  base  and  45  mm. 
long.  It  would  be  rash  to  establish  a  new  subspecies  without  further  evidence,  but 
I  hardly  think  that  this  is  typical  I.  jucksoni. 

*■);■).  Hirundo  senegalensis  L. 
?  ad.   Kabuka   (Singo),   Uganda,  '-'T.   3.   1809.     "  Iris   dark    brown."      ?    ad. 
Great  African  Forest,  fourth  day  from  Fort  Beui,  8.  5,  1899.     $  ad.   Itnri  iJiver, 
twentieth  dav  from  Fort  Beni,  24.  5.  1899. 


(  :i'i  ) 

It  wtiuld  111'  woith  wliile  to  measure  a  series  oi'  Senogambiiiu  skins  and  others, 
in  ordei'  to  (iiul  nut  it'  tliere  are  several  snlispccies.  AVe  Lave  only  one  bird  from 
Moshi  (Wagndngn)  from  those  regions.  This  has  a  wing  of  1m  mm.,  althongh  it 
is  a  ?      Oar  other  e.xamples  measure  : 

?  Kabnka  wing  141,  ?  African  Forest  140,  6  Itm-i  River  141,  J  Unyoro  141, 
?  Unyoro  145  mm.  It  also  seems  to  me  that  the  Moslii  specimen  is  somewhat 
jialer  on  tin-  rump. 

CO.  Hirundo  rustica  L. 

Two  specimens,  witli  the  underside  rather  reddish,  were  shot  at  Xakabimba 
(Torn)  on  April  2iu\,  1S99.     They  were  still  both  moulting  their  primaries. 

OT.  Hirundo  nigrita  Gray. 

c?  ad.  and  ?  juv.,  Rafwazabangi,  on  the  Itnri  River,  -IS.  5.  1890.  Tlie  young 
liird  is  dusky  brown,  and  lias  the  white  patch  on  the  throat  larger  than  the  adnlt 
bird. 

6*.  Psalidoprocne  nitens  Cass. 
Kitima,  on  the  Itnri  Rivc^-,  ",;.").  ."i.  IsU'.i. 


Oil.  Melaeuornis  edolioides  (Swains.). 
I'nrt  (ieorgi-  and  Kikanja,  iu  Tom. 

TO.  Cassinia  frazeri  (Strickl.). 

rf  '.'linga  (Siiaheli  settlement  in   thi.'   Great  African   Forest,  eighth  day  from 
Fort  Be'ni),  \2.  5.  18911. 

Tl.  Bradyornis  murinus  F.  &  H. 
Karimia  (Ussongora),  Kichnchn  (Torn),  April  and  'May. 

T2.  Tarsiger  stellatus  orientalis  Fisch.  &  Rchw. 

6  Xairobe,  30.  1.  1899.    (Cf.  App.  to  Ansorge's  "Under  the  African  Snii." 
p.  ;!:1S). 

73.  Platystira  cyanea  (V.  L.  S.  MiilU. 
Kichuchu,  Tom.  :<.  4.  l>'.i'.i. 

T4.  Batis  puella  Rchw. 
Nairobe.  I>v\-angiri  in  Uganda,  Kinibngn  in  Torn. 

:.">.  Bias  musicus  (VieilL). 

J  ail.    (ireat    African    Forest,    Itnri    liiver,   twentietii    day    from    l''ort    Hriii, 
24.  5.  1899.     '■  Iris  and  feet  lemon-vcllow,  bill  black," 


(  •'57  ) 

76.  Elminia  lougicauda  (8wiiius.). 

1  'iaijuuda  ou  the  Ituri,  Uj,'auda  and  Uuyoro.  Elminia  fhcrcsHa  does  uot  beeiu 
to  difi'er  at  all.     Neither  Reicbeiiow  uor  I  can  see  the  supposed  ditVorences. 

T7.  Artomyias  fuliginosa  J.  &  E.  Veneaux. 

S  ?  Diapauda,  Suaheli  settlement  in  the  Great  Forest,  sixth  daj's  march  from 
Fort  Beui,  10.  5.  189U.     "  Iris  greyish  brown." 

78.  Alseonax  pumila  Kcliw. 

?  ad.  and  S  pull.,  Nairobe,  5.  'i.  1899.  "  Iris  dark  brown,  bill  and  feet  black." 
Tlie  pullus  is  above  spotted  (like  all  yonng  flj'catchers)  with  rusty  butf.  and  the 
t'catliers  of  the  underside  are  fringed  with  blackish  browu. 

79.  Muscicapa  infulata  Hartl. 
S  ad.  Lake  Varan  got  in  Torn,  Hi.  4.  1809. 

80.  Muscicapa  lugens  (Hartl.). 

¥  juv.  Yauga  on  the  Ituri  River,  29.  6.  1899.  Tips  of  wing-coverts  rusty 
brown,  edges  of  secondaries  buff. 

81.  Muscicapa  torueusis  sp.  nov. 

?  ad.  Fort  Gerry,  Toru,  9.  4.  1899.  Differs  from  M.  caendescens,  its  nearest 
ally,  in  being  mucli  more  and  uniform  grey,  not  so  whitish  ou  the  throat  and  middle 
of  abdomen,  in  having  grey,  not  white,  nuder  wing-coverts,  and  a  larger  bill. 
Muscicdjja  Mji/u'tisis  .Shelley  from  Nyassaland  is  much  larger,  whiter  lieloA\-,  and 
has  the  lores  and  foreliead  white.  The  latter  is  almost  a  Iiioplrornia.  AVing  of 
.)/.  tonccHsis  Si,  tail  (50,  eulmen  from  forehead  to  tip  17'.5,  from  nostrils  to  tiji 
li-.")  mm.     ••  Iris  dark  brown,  feet  black,  bill  slate-colour  witli  black  tip." 

s2.  "  Dioptroruis  "  fischeri  Kehw. 

Nairobe,  28.  1.  1899.  "Iris  and  feet  chocolate-browu,  bill  bluish  grey  with 
dark  grey  tips."  I  do  not  consider  that  the  genus  Dioptronun  deserves  to  be 
separated  geuerically  from  Mtiscicopa,  there  being  no  structural  ditfereuces  of  any 
importance. 

S3.  LaniariuB  aethiopicus  major  (Hartl.j. 

Kaboa  (Buekulla)  and  Mondo  in  Uganda  Proper,  March  and  April  1899. 
"  Iris  reddish  brown,  feet  slate-blue,  bill  black." 

84.  Laniarius  erythrogaster  (Cretiischm.) 

c?  Dwangiri  (Siugo),  Uganda,  28.  3.  1899.  Lake  Kikorongo  (salt  lake  near 
Lake  Albert  Edward),  2-5.  4.  1809.     '•  Iris  straw-yellow." 


(  ^8  ) 
So.  Dryoscopus  augoleusis  Uiirtl.  cui  siibsp.  ?) 

Ouc  nude   from   Ltiapiuula  in  the  (iieat  Forest,  sixth   dav    IVoiu    Furl    ISciii, 

lU.  5.  IS'.i'.i,  ditl'ers  from  typical  1'.  amjoh  hsU  in  the  V>cv\\n  and  15riti^li  Museums,* 

.in  haviug  the  crown  not  so  black,  but  more  slate-colour,  the  back  and  \viug-covert> 

darker,  the  roots  of  the  rump-feathers  white,  not  greyish.     1  cannot,  from  the  single 

specimen,  venture  to  say  whether  this  is  a  new  form  or  not. 


8(1.  Telephonus  senegalus  (L.). 
Fort  George,  Mukia  liiver,  aud  Kitagwetoa  in  Torn. 

8T.  Telephonus  minutus  llartl. 

LaUe  N'arangol  and  Kinyomuzi  in  Turn.     ••  iiis  pinkish  rod."" 

^>.  Laniiis  excubitorius  l''s  .Ahus. 
Kiclnichu  and  Untili  in  Turn.  April  iMi'.i.     ••  lri>  brown,  feet  and  liill  Idack.'" 

>'■'.  Lanius  coUaris  humeralis  Stanley, 
r;  ad.   Nainibe,  -,'(1.    1.    1>'.HI,   rf?  ?   jnv.  Nairube,    -Jfi,   27,   2'.'.   1.   ISD'.t,    ?    ad. 
Lakp  Varangot,  Hi.  4.  l-'.i'.i. 

/  w.  Corviiltur  albicoUis  (l-aih.). 

li  ad.  Fort  Gerry,  Torn,  14.  4.  18U0.  ••  iris  dark  brown."  The  feathers  on 
head  and  neck  are  liver-brown,  but  some  sprouting  new  feathers  show  that  this 
colouration  is  merely  due  to  the  age  of  plumage 

'■•1.  Dicrurus  afer  (Licht.  sen.). 
i  S'    Kikanja  in  'fni-n.     ••  Iris  bhjod-red.""     The   i   is  much  ^mailer  ihan  l.he  6. 

'•'2.  Oriolus  larvatiis  Lich(. 

J  ad.  and  num.  Kikanja  (Turn),  3.  4.  1899.  "Ins  bloud-red."  These  are 
large  birds  aud  apparently  not  distinguishable  from  iSouth  African  specimens.  The 
wing  is  about  14i)  mm.  long.  ().  rolled  is  evidently  merely  a  smaller  northern  race 
of  0.  larvatus,  with  the  wing  not  more  than  about  125—129  mm.,  bnt  two  Somali- 
land  skins,  collected  by  Dr.  D.  Smith,  have  the  wiug.s  133  mm.  long.  The  distribu- 
tion of  the  two  forms,  0.  larcatus  larcatus  and  O.  larcatas  rolleti,  must  therefore 
be  worked  out  in  greater  detail. 

•  The  former — three  from  I'anicroons — conip.TJvd   for  me  by  I'rof.  liL-ichenow  :    ilif  latter  -one  single 
?>[iecinien  only — Viy  nie. 


( ■>'■> ) 

■^ 00.  Oriolus  laetior  .Shaiiiu. 

f^  ii<l.  (ireiit  African  Foivsl,  tliirtcciitli  ilay's  luarcli  tVoiii  Fort  Huiii,  'i'^.  o.  l.s'j'.i. 
"  Ifis  blood-red,  feet  bluish  grey,  bill  pinkish  red."  This  oriole  has  been  mixed  up 
with  0.  bmchi/rhi/tirhus  for  a  long  time.  It  differs  from  the  latter,  of  wliieh  I  kuow 
K])ecimeus  from  Sierra  Leone  aud  Liberia  ouly,  iu  the  followiu;;-  ejiaraeters  : — The 
back  is  lighter  yellowish  green  ;  the  yellow  collar  wider  and  more  spread  over 
the  back,  the  lesser  upper  wing-coverts  are  golden-yellow,  not  olive-green  as  iu 
O.  bnirlnjHiiinrhus;  the  tail  aud  wings  are  lighter  aud  less  tinged  with  olive.  8harpe 
(in  Hull.  B.  O.  Club,  uo.  4s,  November  1897)  described  this  form  as  dirteriug  from 
().  brarkijilqinchus  "in  being  smaller,  aud  liaving  a  conspicuous  yellow  collar,  the 
yellow  also  being  spread  over  the  mantle."  Tlie  smaller  size,  however,  attributed 
to  this  form,  is  uot  apparent  iu  the  specimens  before  me.  O.  brachjrhi/iirhus  has 
also  a  yellow  collar,  but  it  is  less  clear  aud  narrower.  Oriolus  laetior  differs  from 
<>.  If  r cat K s  a,ud  0.  larmtm  rolU'ti  m  being  smaller,  having  a  smaller  white  alar 
speculum,  the  conspicuous  golden  yellow  shoulder,  and  iu  liaving  the  outer  edges  of 
the  secondaries  and  greater  wing-coverts  grey.  The  presence  of  an  alar  speculum 
(the  tips  of  the  primary  coverts  being  white),  the  yellow  least  wiug-coverts  and 
grey  edges  on  the  wing,  sejmrate  U.  laetior  also  at  once  from  0.  ^/igripenin.'s. 

'J4.  Lamprocolius  glaucovirens  Elliot. 

J  ad.  Great  African  Forest,  seventh  day's  march  from  Fort  Beni,  11.  .j.  ISVt'.i. 
"  Jris  almost  white  with  faint  yellow  tinge  :  bill  and  feet  black."  The  head  in  this 
species  is  not  steel-blue  iu  any  Congo  s])ecimen  before  me,  nor  on  fig.  'Z  ]j1.  Vll 
Vat.  B.  Brit.  Mus.  v.  XIIL  These  figures  are  not  very  accurate,  and  do  uot  fully 
agree  with  nature,  nor  .with  the  descriptions  (pp.  172,  173).  L.  ijlaiwocircns  is  very 
closely  allied  to  the  Senegambian  L.  splendidus,  aud  perhaps  only  snbspecifically 
separable. 

05.  Lamprocolius  chalybeus  Elir. 

J  ad.  Nairobe,  v;s.  ].  ISiil).     "  Iris  light  yellow." 

'Hi.  Lamprotornis  purpiu'opterus  liiipii. 
Ihvaiigiri  (Sinud)  in  Ugand;i,  l\aiinii;i  in  LTssongura.  Congo  Free  Slate. 

'•K.  Pholidauges  verreauxi  Docage. 

■  '~   ad.   Jl.■^arosaro,  U.tiaiulii.,  1  I.  "..  IS'.i'.i. 

'IS.  Bupliaga  crythrorhyncha  Stanley. 

i   ¥  Luba's  (Usoga),  Uganda  rrotoclorale,  '•).  :).  IsljO. 

The  four  skins  before  me  agree  fully  with  the  description,  except  thai  theycwff/'o- 
do  uot  differ  from  the  males  except  in  their  smaller  size,  the  wing  being  aboul 
5  mm.  shorter.  The  birds  described  as  the  females  by  Reicheuow  (with  a  whitish 
belly  and  under  tail-coverts)  may  possibly  be  immature.  Dr.  Ausorge's  birds  are 
l)robably  not  sexed  wrongly,  such  mistakes  occurring  very  seldom  in  his  collections, 
and  their  smaller  size  makes  an  error  iui{)robable. 


(  40) 

00.  Sitagra  ocularia  crocata  (Hartl.) 
S  ad.   Kilagweloa  iii  Torn,  fi.  -t.  1800.     "  Iris:  iuucr  circle  grcyi^h-wLite,  uuter 
pale  yellow.     Feet  pale  slate-blue,  bill  black." 

lM(i.  Melanopteryx  uigerrima  (Vieill.) 
Bafwazabangi,  ou  the  Ituri  River,  :J*.  5.  IbW.    "  Iris  bright  lemon-yellow." 

im.  Hyphantoruis  fischeri  (Ruhw.) 
Fort  George,  2(3.  4.  1800.     "  Iris  dark  browu." 

lux'.  H3rphantornis  xanthops  Hurt  I. 
Kitagwetoa  aud  Kinyomozi  iu  Torn,  April  l^O'.i.     ••  Iris  pale  golden  yellow, 
i'eet  pale  bruwu,  bill  black." 

It  to.  Hyphantoruis  castanops  (Shelley). 

Kichuchu,  Kinyomozi  and  Bntiti  in  Torn,  April  IbO'.i.  "  Iris  golden  yellow, 
bill  black,  t'ect  pale  brown." 

1m4.  Hyphantornis  abyssinicus  (Gm.) 

Typical  males,  not  differing  from  Abyssinian  specimens,  were  procured  at 
Kahungi  in  Torn,  and  near  Fort  George  ou  the  Albert  Edward  Lake.  Une  from 
Kam))ala  in  Uganda  has  the  black  slightly  more  extended  towards  the  nape,  aud 
was  therelbre  recoriled  Ijy  me  as  77.  bohndorJ]l  Rchw.  in  Ausorge's  "  Under  the 
African  Sun,"  p.  343).  However,  I  am  now  of  ojjinion,  that  those  from  Uganda  and 
Unyoro  must  be  called  ahyssinkm,  while  males  from  Stanley  Falls  (type  or  typical 
specimens  before  me)  have  the  black  of  the  crown  extended  iu  the  middle  for  about 
4  to  8  mm.  more  backwards.  They  were  named  bohiulorjfi,  but  are  merely  a  slight 
subspecies  of  77.  ubijssinicus.  JIales  from  Bafwazabangi  and  other  places  on  the 
Ituri  River  are  rather  more  like  typical  abi/ssiitirus,  but  one  or  two  liavc  the  black 
intermediate  in  extension  between  the  two  forms.  This  is,  of  course,  not  very  easy 
to  observe,  if  the  skins  are  uot  first-rate:  and  those  before  me  are  not  so. 

loo.  ■•  Ploceus  anomalus  '  Rchw. 

This  interesting  form  is  described  from  a  single  young  bird  by  Reicheuow 
iu  the  Joarn.  f.  Orn.  1887,  p.  214.  Three  young  birds,  collected  by  the  late  BIr. 
Bonny  in  the  camp  of  the  notorious  "  Rear-column  "  at  Yambuga,  on  the  Aruwimi 
River,  have  been  examined  by  Prof.  Reicheuow  and  found  to  be  the  same  as 
his  Ploceus  anonifdus.  All  three  are  evidently  immature,  two  have  no  black 
feathers  on  the  throat,  while  the  third,  very  mutilated  one,  has  a  black  throat. 
The  first  primary  is  in  length  between  that  of  a  Ihjphanloniis  and  a  Pijromelana, 
and  the  tail  resembles  more  i\x^ioi^  Pip- omelana.  Unfortunately  the  adult  male 
is  not  yet  known. 

lOf'i.  Icteropsis  pelzelni  (Hartl.). 

?.  Fort  George,  27.  4.  18f>9.     "  Iris  brown." 


(  41  ) 

lor.  Drepanoplectes  jacksoni  Sharpe. 

A  good  series  of  this  tine  bird,  described  aud  beantifiili}-  ligiired  in  the  Ibi.^, 
1S91,  p.  246,  pi.  5,  was  obtained  at  Nairobc  on  January  :51st,  IsOO.  The  adult 
malen  have  the  "  iris  dark  brown  ;  ieet  mauve-black  ;  bill  light  greenish  with 
black  near  gape  aud  along  the  edges  of  the  lower  bill."'  ?  "  Iris  dark  brown  ; 
feet  light  brown  ;  lower  brownish  grey." 

\/  los.  Penthetria  eques  (Hartl). 

Holuln  River  (tributary  of  the  «emliki),  Congo  Free  State,  2.  5.  1809.  t?  ad. : 
"  Iris  dark  brown  ;  feet  black  ;  bill  slate-blue." 

ln'.i.  Urobrachya  phoenicea  (Heugl.). 

Bauda  ((Jhagwe),  in  Uganda  Proper:  Kikanjii,  in  Torn:  Hululu  River,  in  the 
Congo  Free  f>tate. 

'^  llii.  Pyromelana  uigrifrons  Bohm. 

SS.  Kasesi,  in  Torn,  and  Fort  George.  ''Iris  dark  brown  :  feet  pale  brown  ; 
bill  black."     In  both  these  specimens  the  chin  shows  irregular  black  spots. 

111.  Plocepasser  melanorhynchus  Riipp. 

S  ad.  and  nestling,  Campi-ya-Simba,  13.  1.  1899.  <?  ad.  :  "Iris  red-brown," 
nestling,  "  Iris  dark  grey."  Colour  and  markings  of  the  nestling  are  exactly  as  in 
the  adult  male  ! 

112.  Philetaerus  arnaudi  Bp. 
t 'ampi-ya-Simba,  IT.  1.  1899.     "  Iris  red-brown." 

113.  Spennestes  stigmatophorus  Kchw. 

Tambuc,  Government  station  on  ferry  across  Ituri  River,  twenty-second  Jay 
m  Great  African  Forest  from  Fort  Be'ni. 


114.  Spei-mestes  friugilloides  (Lafr.). 

From  various  places  on  the  Ituri  River. 

The  difference  in  size  between  various  individuals  is  remarkable,  but  it  does 
not  seem  to  be  geographically  limited.  Some  specimens  from  Liberia  before  me 
look  much  darker  on  the  back,  but  they  have  been  in  spirits,  although  this  is 
not  said  on  the  labels. 

llo.  Lagonostica  brunneiceps  Sharpe. 

Mondo,  in  Uganda  Proper.  (See  Ansorge's  "Under  the  .\frican  Sun," 
Appendix,  p.  345.) 


(    42    ) 

/  lltt.  Pytelia  ansorgei  Hart. 

Oiiu  iii'ilf  ill  a  wretcLt'd  couditiou — the  head  siuasLed — wiis  >hol  ou  tin-  Wouji 
Itiver,  in  Torn,  on  Ajiril  ".'Ist,  I'^'.i'J.  The  bill  is  slate-lilue,  bhickish  grey  towards 
the  tip.  The  crowu  (aud  aiijiareiitly  the  head  all  round;  deep  black.  Jliiid-iieck. 
breast,  abdomen,  thighs,  aud  under  tail-coverts  slatj'  or  ashy  grey  ;  back  riimp 
aud  ujjjier  tail-coverts  golden  olive.  Quills  and  upper  wing-coverts  black  with 
broad  edges  ol"  greenish  olive,  thus  outwardly  appearing  greeuish  olive.  Sides 
of  chest  golden  olive.  Under  wing-coverts  aud  inner  quill-lining  white.  Tail 
black,  outer  rectrices  more  slate-colour.  '•  Iris  and  feet  dark  brown."'  Wing  ol, 
tail  411,  metatarsus  12,  bill  0  mm.  {Bull.  IJ.   0.   Clcb,  December  Is'.i'.i). 


lit.  Nigrita  canicapilla  sparsimgiittata  Kchw. 

Kichuchu,  in  Torn,  o.  4.  IsU'J.     "  Iris  oehro-yellow." 

Tills  form.  ditJ'ering  from  S.cank-apilla  (■ardrai>illii  only  liy  I  lie  lesser  number 
of  spots  on  the  wing,  which  are  restricted  to  the  smaller  series  of  wing-coverts, 
can  only  be  regarded  as  a  geographical  race  of  the  latter. 

11>.  Symplectes  reichenowi  Fisclier. 

i  ?  ad.  Nairobe,  :V\  1.  1809.  "  Iris  in  both  sexes  yellow  :  feet  light  brown  ; 
bill  black." 

V    lift.  Symplectes  stuhlmanui  Reliw.  {Om.  MoifiK^hfr.  v.  1.  p.  :.".•  (Imi:;;. 

Kawelli  (Buekulla),  in  Uganda  ;  Kitagwetoa,  in  Tom  ;  Masiudi,  in  Unyoro. 
"  Iris  in  the  male  ochre,  in  the  female  light  yellow  ;  bill  slaty  black  ;  feet  pale 
brown." 

1'2".  Passer  motitensis  mfocinctus  Fisch.  &  Rchw. 

$  ?.  Nairobe,  ".'T.  I.  IS'.iii.  ''Iris  straw-yellow  :  feet  dark  grey  with  a  slaty 
tinge,  bill  deep  grey,  almost  black." 

It  is  evident  that  /-".  rufocinctcs  aud  shelln'/l  are  only  geographieal  tipnn> 
ol   the  same  group  as  motltetnii'.     They  may  be  coniiiareil  as  follows  : — 


".  Passer  motitensis  motitensis  .\.  Smith. 

1849,  A.  bmitb,  lUristr.  Zool.  8.  Ajr.  pi.  Ill  ;  1888,  SbiU'pu,  Ciii.  A".  /(/■-(,  Mm.  v.  XVl.  p.  Mi. 

Larger,  wing  8n  mm.,  bill   very  thick  and  high,  about    IL'  mm.  Imig,  sides 
of  head  almost  white  (S.  Africa). 

h.  Passer  motitensis  mfocinctus  Fisch.  I'v:  Kchw. 

1884,  Jouin.r.  Oni.  p.  50  ;  1891,  Sharpe,  IbU  p.  256. 

A  little  smaller,  wing  TS  mm.,  bill  ei|iially  Imig.  but   much  less  high,  sides 
of  head  grey  (.Masailaudj. 


(  43  ) 
'•.  Passer  motitensis  shelleyi  Sluiriu'. 

IM'.il,  //.<5  p.  li.ii;  :   /'.  iiwlHeHsis  Heugliii  and  Brehm  (nou  ymitli  !). 

Smaller  and  paler  than  forms  a  aud  6,  wiug  74  mm.  ;  bill  short  aud  thick, 
about  IM  mm.  loug  ;  sides  of  head  white  as  in  /'.  motUcHsis  motiteiiisis.  The 
black  patch  behind  the  ear-coverts  is  present,  more  or  less,  in  all  the  three  forms, 
but  it  is  more  conspicuous  aud  larger  in  F.  m.  shelleyi.  Kordofau  (^lelpesz, 
Brehm.  coU.j  aud  Lado  (Emin  coll.). 

1-1.  Seriuus  ;"/'  //ofn(.s  ('litlifMjvn)  albifrons  Sharpe. 

ISyi.  Ibis  pp.  118,  'IIm. 

i.  Nairobe,  :'>i».  I,  lM)'.i.  "  Iris  aud  feet  light  brown  :  bill  brownish  grey  ; 
lower  bill  greyish  white."  This  specimen  agrees  wiili  Dr.  Sharpe's  description, 
but  it  has  live  white  feathers  on  the  crown. 


l^J.  Fringillaria  tahapisi  (A.  Smith). 
i  ?.  Fort  George,  on  Lake  Albert  Edward,  '.i't.  4.  Isii',).     ••  Iris  dark  bn 


123.  Passer  diflFusus  g'oug'onensis  Onst. 

i^airobe.     "  Iris  sepia  ;  feet  pale  brown  :  bill  black." 

This  is  a  distinct  subspecies  of  Passer  <l(//'usus,  nearest  fo  the  form  to  be  called 
/'.  diffusus  swainsoni.     It  is  best  diagnosed  as  follows  : 

Formae  "  Passer  rliffusus  swainsoiii'''  uomiuaudae  colore  simillimus,  sed  ditfert 
magnitndiue  iugeute,  rostro  altiorc,  alls  longioribus.  Altit.  rostr.  10 — 11  mm., 
al.  00— '.to  mm. 

Hob.  Gongoni,  Witu,  Lamu,  Nairobe,  in  Africa  orieutali.  In  1890  Dr.  Oustalet 
described  this  form  as  the  representative  of  a  new  genus  in  the  XaticrUste,  calling 
it  Pseuilostrutkus  i/o»gonensis.     He  diagnosed  the  genus  and  species  as  follows  : 

'"  Pseuilostratlius,  nocum  (/enus  e.r  finmlia  Ploeeidnrum,  rostro  crassiore  a 
i/eiieri  Plocelpusseniiii  d/ceisum." 

"  Pseiiilostrutlius  yonyoneitsis,  noca.  speeies  Passeri  dijl'iisu  coloriOi'.s  siiiiillhnns, 
srd  rostro  inulto  crassiore  alisquc  lonyiorilms  talde  dicersa." 

A  detailed  des(tri2)tiiin  is  then  added,  which  leaves  no  doulit,  that  this  form 
is  meant. 

While  (Justalct  created  a  new  genus  ol'  the  family  Ploccidae  for  this  sparrow, 
which,  it  must  be  said  again,  does  not  agree  with  Passer  dij'tmis,  but  with 
sicai/iso?ii,  Berlepsch  enumerated  it  as  P.  swainsoni  in  the  list  of  Witu  aud  Lamu 
birds  in  Ahhandl.  Senckenb.  Xat.  Lies.  vol.  XXL  pp.  481,  483,  calling,  however, 
attention  to  the  euormous  size  of  these  specimens,  and  British  ornithologists  have 
not  separated  it  from  P.  d.  swainsoni.  Although  1  am  decidedly  of  the  opinion 
that  this  form  must  be  separated  from  P.  d.  swainsoni,  I  cannot  consider  it  to  be 
more  than  a  subspecies  or  geographical  race  of  the  latter,  and  I  regard  it  as  most 
unfortunate  tliat  in  ornithology  the  larger  size  and  higher  culmen  of  a  bird  is  ever 
thought  to  be  sufficient  for  a  new  genus,  while  the  entire  similarity  in  cidours  is 
deliberateh'  disregarded. 


(  44  ) 

I  am  grateful  to  my  friend  Dr.  SliuriJC,  wbu  called  my  alteutiuu  to  Professor 
Onsitalet's  descrijitiou  of  l'xru(l()i<tr"t/(iis,  or  1  would  most  likely  have  j,'iveii  a  now 
>uljsijecitic  name  to  this  large  form  of  Afrieau  sparrows. 

I  mnst  add  that  I'assi'r  swaiiisoxi,  ditferiug  oul}-  in  its  dark  ashy  grey  sides 
of  the  head  and  crown,  its  rather  grey  underside  and  less  whitish  throat  and 
abdomen  from  (Hjf'itsHs,  mnst  be  united  with  the  (Ujf'ttsius  grouj),  and  kept  as  a 
subspecies  of  the  latter.  For  those  who  make  bold  to  separate  swainsoni  and 
(lifusui  specifically,  I'usser  goMjonemis  will  also  bo  a  species  in  their  sense, 
being  the  most  distinct  of  all  these  forms. 

124.  Passer  diflPusus  ugandae  Kchw. 

i  Kaboa  (iJuekulIa),  Uganda,  6  ?  Fort  George,  Torn,  end  iii  Ai>ril,  Kitima, 
(ioverument  station  on  the  Ituri  River,  twenty-first  day  from  Fort  Bdni,  iu  Great 
African  Forest,  2a.  u.  IsO'.i,  S  Bafwazabangi,  on  the  Ituri  River,  2.j.  5.  \WM.  All 
these  specimens  seem  to  belong  to  exactly  the  same  form,  and,  if  separable  from 
typical  P.  (lijf'iaiis.  mnst  be  called  /'.  (lijf'usus  lujumhie  Rchw.  This  form  lias 
been  separated  by  Professor  Ueicheuow  iu  Om.  Moimtsbcr.,  v.  YII.  \<.  I'.iU  (December 
1899),  on  account  of  its  red-brown  back  wliich  approaches  the  colouration  of  the 
rumj),  and  its  very  long  wings  ;  measurements  of  the  latter  are  not  given.  The 
length  of  the  wing  I  cannot  fully  ajipreciate.  The  wings  of  sixteen  skins  from 
Uganda,  Uuyoro,  Torn,  and  the  Upper  Congo  region  have  the  wings  78  to  8o 
in  length  :  six  from  Natal  about  80  to  82  ;  one  from  Nyassalaud  8(3  mm.  The 
more  reddish  brown  back,  however,  of  the  Central  African  birds  is  distinctly  visible, 
if  eom]iared  with  the  (typical)  South  African  birds. 

On  the  same  page  Professor  lleichenow  names  the  specimens  from  Maugu  in 
the  Togo  Hinterland  Passer  diffnsus  thierr>/i,  in  honour  of  the  energetic  collector, 
Lieutenant  Thierry.  He  informs  us  tliat  they  are  strikingly  pale  on  the  uppersidc. 
This  I  find  to  be  the  case  in  some  Senegambian  skins  in  the  Tring  Museum,  and 
they  seem  also  to  be  smaller,  the  wings  measuring  only  79  to  f>l  mm.  The  fauna 
of  Senegambia  agreeing  with  the  Maugu  fauna,  the  Senegambiau  (and  Manga)  form 
must,  I  think,  bear  the  name  Passer  (Hffa^Ks  i/ida/'/s  Lesson,  1839.  It  remain^ 
to  Ije  found  out  whether  tiiere  is  again  a  darker-coloured  race  iu  (he  forest  region 
of  West  Africa.  I  have  before  me,  in  the  Tring  Museum,  a  imde  brouglit  to 
Jjuglaud  by  a  palm-oU  ship  from  the  West  Coast,  and  one  collected  by  Ussbcr  iu 
Fautee.  Both  have  the  wings  long  (.S3  and  S-t  mm.),  and  the  former  appears  very 
deej)  red  on  the  back.  Perhaps  the  sjiarrow  collected  by  me  at  Loko  on  the  Beiiue, 
and  a  series  of  Niger  skins,  can  throw  a  light  on  this  ijuestion.  if  they  are 
dirt'ereut  they  would  have  to  bear  the  name  occidentalis  of  Shelley,  under  which 
1  recorded  them  in  the  Journ.  f.  Orit.  for  1886  p.  58^. 

We  would  llien  Lave  in  Africa  the  following  forms  of  sjiarrows  of  (hi., 
group  :- 

1.  Passer  (liffusus  dij'usus :  South  Africa.  Back  rather  ashy  brown,  in  sharp 
contrast  to  the  rump.     Generally  large. 

2.  P.diffmii.s  ugandae:  Central  Africa  (Uganda  to  Congo).  Back  rufous,  not 
iu  such  a  sharp  contrast  to  the  rump  (?  smaller  than  No.  1). 

3.  P.  diffuses  occidcHtalis :  West  African  forest  region.  Deep  rufous  brown 
above.  Wings  rather  long.  This  form  is  possibly  not  separable  from  /'.  d. 
•igrindae,  which  then  would  have  to  be  called  on-identalis. 


(45  ) 

4.  F.  (lljf'ii.<:us  (iHlariii :  Senps;am1)iaii  region  to  Niger,  as  far  as  tlie  "  Stejipeu- 
gebiet "  roaches,  and  Lado  (Emiu).  Paler  above,  wiug  rather  short.  (Syuon5'm 
P.  d.  thiernji.) 

5.  P.  (lijfusus  sivainsoni :  North-East  Africa.  Darker  grev  ou  the  underside  ; 
throat  and  abdomen  less  whitish.     Rather  large. 

0.  P.  dijfttsus  gongonenxis :  Gongoni,  Witn,  Lamn,  Xairobe,  in  East  Africa. 
Like  P.  (I.  swninsoni,  bnt  with  enormous  liill  and  long  wings. 

l-'-'i.  Anthus  pyrrhonotus  fVieill.). 
?  ad.  Fort  George,  Torn,  28.  4.  ISOO.     (Cf.  Cut.  B.  Brit.  M>i.-<.  X.  p.  .").")."i.) 

Vl(\.  Anthus  rufulus  cinnamomeus  Rnjip. 

Xairobe  and  Fort  George,  common. 

I  have  named  this  bird  as  above,  since  I  am  not  fully  convinced  that  tlie  Indian 
and  African  forms  are  quite  the  same.  The  latter  seems  to  be  more  brownish  above 
nnd  the  legs  lighter  (yellowish  brown  according  to  Dr.  Ansorge's  labels).  I  am 
convinced  that  Vieillofs  name  rufidtts  refers  to  the  Indian  form  of  this  jiipit,  and 
that  the  name  nifulns  therefore  cannot  stand  for  the  Crrtlnl(ui//,i,  tn  which  it  is 
likewise  ajiplied  in  the  Cat.  B.  Brit.  Mus.  This  latter  will  have  to  be  called 
C-rthilaiida  fdljofaariatK  Lafr.     (Of.  Cat.  B.  X.  p.  .''.74  and  XIII.  p.  .'M.'i.) 

12T.  Motacilla  flava  Ij. 

6  ad.  Luba"s  (Fsoga),  Uganda  Protectorate,  '.i.  3.  l.sOO,  ?  Fort  (Jerrv,  lo.  4. 
ISOO. 

'\-l><.  Mirafra  africana  (A.  Smith). 

This  lark  must  be  divided  into  four  geographical  representative  forms,  accordins; 
to  the  present  state  of  my  knowledge. 

".  Mirafra  africana  africana  (A.  Smith). 

South  Africa,  evidently  soutii  of  the  great  mountain  range.  Wing  in  males 
00 — 102,  females  04  mm.  Colouration  as  described  in  detail  by  Sharpe  in  Cat.  B. 
Brif.  .Wis.  XIII.  p.  008. 

'''.  Mirafra  africana  transvaalensis  subsp.  nov. 

Transvaal.  Wing  in  males  00—08,  females  87  mm.  Bill  and  feet  smaller, 
colouration  more  rufous,  the  rufous  colour  on  the  crown  not  contiiied  to  tlie  nape, 
but  reaching  almost  to  the  forehead.  (Cf.  Cat.  B.  Brit.  Mus.  XIII.  p.  OOS  note.) 
(Ty]ie  from  Rnstenburg). 

'■■  Mirafra  africana  tropicalis  snlisp.  miv. 

Tropical  East  Africa  to  Lake  districts  an<l  Uganda.  Size  of  J/,  u.  q/'rictaiii, 
bnt  the  markings  bolder,  the  black  centres  to  the  feathers  larger  and  moi'c  defined, 
generally  more  rufous  brown  and  less  asliy. 

I  am  unacrinainted  with  specimens  from  tiie  West  Coast,  where  .1/.  ufririiini  is 
said  to  occur  from  Cnnene  River  to  Gaboon. 


C  4fi  ) 

'/.  Mirafi-a  africana  athi  .su1js]i.  imv. 

Athi  Waiu,  Britisli  East  Africa,  ~4.  and  ,'•">.  1.  ISii'.i.  Tbis  luaguiliceiil  ionu  is 
mncli  more  distinct  than  forms  b  and  c,  and  most  ornithologists  would  probably 
call  it  a  "  good  s.i)ecies."  It  difi'crs  at  a  glance  from  the  other  forms  by  its  mnch 
paler  and  more  greyish  general  apj)oarance.  The  wing-coverts  are  not  rufous,  but 
greyish-brown  with  black  ante-apical  patches.  The  feathers  of  the  uppcrside  are 
black  with  wide  whitish-brown  borders,  the  head  much  lighter  than  in  the  allied 
forms,  the  nape  not  conspicuously  rufons,  the  superciliary  stripe  almost  white  and 
very  conspicuous,  the  throat  white,  the  size  perhaps  a  little  smaller  :  wing  in  one 
male  10],  in  the  females  05 — 06  mm.  Under  wing-coverts  and  wing-liuir.g  much 
jialir  than  in  tlie  other  forms,  the  under  tail-coverts  very  pale  isabelliue,  nearly 
white.  "  Iris  orange  golden,  feet  flesh-colour,  upper  bill  dark  grey,  lower  yellowisli 
grey." 

A  young  bird,  Nairobe,  :'>!.  1.  IS'.iii,  evidently  belongs  to  this  same  form.  It  is 
mucli  more  blackish,  the  crown  of  the  head  almost  black,  the  feathers  of  tlie  upper- 
side  and  wing-coverts  are  blackish  brown  with  sharply  limited  whitish  edges.  The 
spots  on  the  cro]i-region  are  larger  tlian  in  the  adult  bird,  the  rectrices,  as  usual  in- 
yonng  larks,  are  narrower  and  somewhat  pointed.  -'Tlie  iris  was  brown,  feet  light 
brown."' 

I-"-'.  Mirafra  fischeri  (Rchw.) 

cJ  ad.  Kitagwetoa  in  Torn,  0.  4.  Is'.i'.i.  "  Iris  dark  brown,  feet  pale  brown, 
upper  bill  dark,  lower  pale  grey."  Specimens  of  this  lark  are  in  the  Tring  Museum 
now  from  Ussambiro,  Fadjuli  (Emin  Pasha  coll.),  Dar-es-Salaam  (collector  un- 
known), Mombasa  (Kretschmer  coll.),  and  Samburu,  four  days  from  ^Mombasa 
(Ansorge  coll.). 

1311.  Mirafra  rufocinnamoinea  (Salvad.)  (an  torrida?) 

J  ad.  L'ampi-ya-Siniba,  11.  1.  1890.  "  Iris  sepia,  feet  liglit  brown.  Ujiper  bill 
dark  grey,  lower  ligiit  grey."' 

Rharpe  has  identified  Shelley's  Mirafrn  torrida  from  Ugogo  with  Salvadori"s 
.1/.  riifocwrtiimomcii  from  Aliyssinia,  and  Professor  Reichenow  has  kindly  named  the 
specimen  in  question  as  .1/.  nifocinnamomea,  thus  evidently  agreeing  with  Dr.  Sliarpc. 
It  is,  of  course,  quite  jiossible  that  both  forms  cannot  be  sejiarated.  but  a  series  from 
the  various  jilaces  shoidd  be  compared.  As  it  is,  the  rufous  foi'in  liefore  me  i> 
.apparently  only  a  rufons  subspecies  of  .1/.  p'schrri,  from  which  it  differs  only  in  the 
very  much  more  rufous  colouration  everywhere.  In  the  description  of  the  type  by 
Henglin  I  do  not  see  the  cross-markings  mentioned  which  are  so  characteristic  to 
the  uppcrside  o^ M.  fischer!  t'xclieri  audits  rufous  subspecies.  The  latter  is  probably 
the  desert  form.  (( T.  P.  Z.  .S.  1sn2  pi.  XVII.  (very  bad  figure),  (>//.  [I.  lirit.  .Uus. 
XIII.  p.  OlMI.) 

131.  Mirafra  intercedens  Rchw. 

Shot  at  ( 'amjji-ya-Simba  on  the  same  day  as  tlie  jireceding  species,  and  was 
therefore  on  the  label  marked  as  the  female  of  the  larter.  This,  however,  is  erro- 
neous, the  two  species  being  jjerfectiy  distinct,  (.'olour  of  iris  sepia,  feet  and  bill  as 
in  the  preceding  species. 


(    47  ) 

l:i-.  Tephrocorys  cinerea  (Gm.). 

1  am  not  a  little  puzzled  by  two  males  of  a  lark  shot  in  tlie  Athi  Plain,  British 
East  Africa,  on  January  25th,  1800,  and  which,  as  far  as  I  can  see,  do  not  differ 
from  Sonth  African  T.  cinerea,  of  which  I  have  a  good  series  to  compare.  It  may 
be  that  the  patch  on  the  sides  of  the  neck  is  rather  dark.  The  wings  measure  03 
and  04  mm. 

This  species  consists,  in  my  opinion,  of  a  number  of  races,  or  geographical 
representatives.* 

".  Tephrocorys  cinerea  cinerea  (Gm.). 

Sonth  Africa.  (Two  from  Athi  Plain  apparently  not  separable  I  ?)  Outer  web 
of  two  onter  rectrices  margined  with  white.     Nape  not  sharply  streaked  witli  black. 

ij.  Tephrocorys  cinerea  spleniata  (Strickl. 
X.  n.'iniaralnnil  U\  Bengnola.     Like  a,  but  paler. 

'•.  Tephrocorys  cinerea  anderssoni  (Tristr.) 

Hamuralaiid.  Like  n,  but  more  rnfons  on  the  sides,  outer  web  of  outermost 
rectrix  fulvcscent,  that  of  second  not  different  from  the  rest. 

<•/.  Tephrocorys  cinerea  ruficeps  (rfiip)).) 

N.E.  Africa.  Spots  on  sides  of  neck  blackish,  sides  and  tail  as  in  c  ;  nape 
sharply  streaked  with  black. 

13P).  Pycnonotus  nigricans  minor  Hengl. 

Kimbugu,  Kinyomozi,  (ireat  African  Forest,  nineteenth  day  from  Fort  Ht'ni, 
23.  r..  1800,  and  P.afwazabangi,  on  tlie  Ituri  Kiver,  28.  o.  1890. 

134.  Andropadus  gracilis  Cab. 

¥  Kitima,  Government  station  on  the  Ituri  liiver,  twenty-first  day's  march 
from  Fort  IVni.  In  tlie  Cat.  B.  Brit.  Jtfi/s.  v.  VI.  p.  11.")  this  species  is  placed 
in  Clilornrteldii  in  Shelley's  list  of  African  birds  under  Criniger.  I  fail  to  see 
generic  differences  from  Andro/tddii^.  and  I  doubt  tlie  generic  distinctness  of  several 
of  these  gonern.     "  Iris  red." 

13.j.  Andropadus  eugenius  Uiliw.  i'i). 

One  iiiiilc,  sjiot  in  (ireat  African  Forest  mi  the  fifth  day's  march  from  Fort 
Beni,  agrees  with  a  specimen  from  Eldoma  Ravine  (  ? ),  e.Kcept  that  the  middle  of 
the  abdomen  is  light  jellow,  the  sides  of  the  throat  still  more  brilliant  yellow,  the 
wing  a  little  shorter  (83  mm.\  The  specimen  has  not  the  appearance  of  a  young 
bird,  but  Dr.  Ansorge  has  marked  it  :  "  c?  young.  Iris  dark  grey  ;  feet  yellowish- 
brown  ;  bill  dark  greenish-brown."  More  specimens  are  necessary  to  decide 
whether  this  bird  is  exactly  the  same  as  -1.  enf/e/tias  or  not. 

•  C't,  Cat.  B.  Brit.  Mm.  XIII.  p.  561  (Sharpe). 


C  48  ) 

l:iU.  Andropadus  virens  ((^ass.) 

$.  Great  African  Forest,  fifth  day's  march  from  Fort  BtJui,  0.  5.  1899. 
(?.  Great  African  Forest,  Kitima,  Government  station  on  the  Itnri  Biver.  "  Iris 
dark  grey." 

137.  Criniger  flavigula  (Cab.) 

6  ?.  Kiclinclin  in  Torn,  Ti.  4.  1899.  t?.  "Iris  old  gold,  feet  greenish  brown, 
bill  black."  ?."lris  lirown-nchre  on  inner  circle,  grey-brown  on  (infer.  Fivt 
"reenish-grey  :  bill  blackisli."     Tlic  ?  is  mncli  smaller  than  tlic  mn/i: 

138.  Criniger  tricolor  (Cass.) 

(S.  Great  African  Forest,  eleventh  day's  march  from  Fort  Beni,  15.  ;").  1899. 
"  Iris  ochre-grey." 

139.  Xenocichla  hypoxantha  Sliaijie. 
J  ad.  Fort  (ierry.  Torn,  U.  4.  1899. 

140.  Phyllostrephus  flaviveutris  monibasae  Shell. 

J  ad.  Makindos  River,  4  11.  1890,  agrees  fnlly  with  typical  momhame,  except 
that  the  wing  is  slightly  longer,  measuring  113  mm. 

141.  Turdinus  albipectiis  Rchw. 

5  ?.  Fourth  and  eighth  day  in  Groat  African  Forest,  Jlay  8th  and  12th,  1899. 
"  Iris  i  red-brown,  ?  greyish-ochre ;  feet  bluish-grey  ;  upper  bill  slate-colour, 
lower  pale  blnish-grey.'"     S  wing  74  mm.,  ?  wing  68  mm. 

142.  Bradypterus  apicalis  (Cab.) 

6  6.  Kaboa  in  Uganda,  Kikanja  in  Torn.     "  Iris  pale  ochre." 

143.  Cisticola  rufopileata  TJchw. 

S-  Warri,  Lower  Niger,  11.  h).  1897.  "  Iris  light  brown  :  feet  whitish  ;  bill 
black."  (Felix  Roth.  coll.).  This  is  the  bird  erroneously  called  ('.  nijicapilld  in 
Cat.  B.  VII.  p.  248.  If,  however,  the  rufons  outer  aspect  of  the  quills  is  the  only 
difference  lietween  C.  cinernscrns  and  «".  rxfopileafa,  and  their  areas  are  not 
separate,  I  cannot  help  doubting  their  specific  distinctness. 

144  Cisticola  chubbi  Sharpe. 
cJ.  Kitagwetoa  in  Torn,  (i.  4.  ISiiO.     "  Iris  pale  ochre  ;  feet  flesh-colour." 

14.").  Cisticola  cinerascens  Hengl. 

Karimia,  1.  5.  1899.  "Iris  gold-brown;  feet  pale  brown;  njiper  bill  dark 
blackish-grey,  lower  light  grey,  darker  towards  the  cntting-edge." 


(  49  ) 

140.  Cisticola  strangei  (Fras.) 
S  ad.  Galabi  in  Uganda,  Kasesi  in  Torn,  March  and  April  1899.     "  Iris  ochre." 

147.  Cisticola  erythrogenys  Riipp. 
Nairobe,  January  1899.     "  Iris  reddish  brown." 

148.  Cisticola  hindei  Sharpe. 

A  series  from  Nairobe,  shot  in  the  last  days  of  January  and  the  first  days  of 
February  1899,  are  much  lighter  and  paler,  and  the  rump  and  npper  tail-coverts 
are  more  heavily  patched  with  black,  than  in  C.  cisticola.  They  agree  fully  with 
the  types  of  C.  hindei.  This  form  is  evidently  a  light  form  of  C.  cisticola.  The 
plate  of  €.  hindei  in  the  Ibis  for  1898  does  not  give  an  idea  of  its  pale  colouration. 

149.  Erythropygia  hai'tlaubi  Rchw. 

Fort  Gerry  and  Nakabimba  in  Torn,  April  1899.  "  Iris  dark  brown;  feet  slate- 
grey."  The  nestling  is  above  deep  brown,  spotted  with  pale  rufous  brown,  each 
feather  being  pale  rufous  brown,  widely  edged  with  blackish  brown. 

159.  Euprinodes  (?  an  potius  Apalis)  flavocincta  Sharpe. 
?  ad.  Nairobe,  5.  2.  1899. 

lul.  Camaroptera  griseoviridis  (v.  Miill.) 

$  ad.  River  Lubilia  (one  day's  march  westward  from  Lake  Albert  Edward), 
Ussongora  30.  4.  1899.  "  Iris  of  the  colour  of  old  gold;  feet 'yellowish-brown  ;  bill 
dark  grey." 

152.  Crateropus  kirki  Sharpe. 

SS  ad.  Karimia  (Ussongora),  1.5.  1899.  "Iris  orange-yellow,  shading  into 
lemon-yellow  towards  inner  edge  ;  feet  steel-grey  ;   bill  black." 

153.  Crateropus  sharpei  Rchw. 

?  ad.  Kitagwetoa  in  Torn,  6.  4.  1890.  "Iris:  inner  circle  whitish-yellow, 
shading  into  whitish-grey  towards  the  outer  circle  ;  feet  dark  grey  with  a  faint 
purple  tinge  ;  bill  black." 

154.  Zosterops  stuhlmanni  Rchw. 

?  ?.  Kikanja  in  Torn,  3.  4.  1899.  "Iris  pale  ochre."  These  two  specimens 
have  been  compared  by  Professor  Reichenow  with  the  type  of  the  species. 

155.  Nectarinia  kilimensis  Shelley. 

Kampala  in  Uganda ;  Butiti,  Lubona,  and  Kahangi  in  Torn,  March  and 
April  1899.  "  Iris  dark  brown  ;  bill  and  feet  black."  2^.  filiola  Hartl.  is  the 
same.  The  supposed  more  reddish  sheen  of  one  of  these  supposed  forms  is  quite 
variable.  Specimens  of  N.  hilimensis  m  the  British  Museum  and  some  named 
for  me  by  Reichenow,  do  not  differ  from  the  typical  series  of  X.  filiola  collected 
by  Emin  Pasha. 

4 


( •'"' ) 

ITiO.  Cinuyris  erythroceria  (^Hniil). 

Fort  George  and  Fort  Gerry,  in  Torn.     '•  Iris  dark  brown."     Adiilt  males  with 
central  rectrices  fnlly  20  mm.  longer. 

157.  Cinnyris  cuprea  (Shaw). 

Kawolli  and  Mnbende  in  BneUnlla  :  Galabi  ia  Singo,  Uganda.  '•  Iris  dark 
browTi." 

158.  Cinnyris  verticalis  viridisplendens  itcliw. 

Kaboa  (BuekuIIa),  I.  4.  ISOO,  Fort  (Jerry,  Torn.  '-K  4.  Ix'.t'.V  The  f.-niale  has 
the  wing  T  mm.  shorter  than  th'.'  adult  male. 

159.  Cinnyris  eboensis  f-Iard.). 

1^4.'?,  N'-cliinnkt  ehnfihtis,  Jardine,  in  Xiilniiilisls  /.ibrari/,  v.  xvi.  Swilinl^'  \t.  244  ;  ibUhm  pi.  iUt 
and  p.  25  f.  under  the  name  of  .V.  udfllifrli :  1889,  Oimn/ris  rasUnieiniiliis.  Madarasz  in  Omit 
T.  V.  p.  149,  pi. 

The  male  diflers  from  ('.  adidbi  rti  as  follows  :  The  wing-eoverts  are  uniform 
deep  olive-browu,  not  rnfons  fawn-colour  ;  the  abdomen  is  choe.olate-brown  or  very 
nearly  "  burnt  umber,"  not  chestnut.  The  hindneck  and  back  are  not  so  l)lack  ;  the 
throat  is  paler  ;  the  crown  is  of  a  slightly  more  bluish,  not  so  yellowish  grten. 

The  type  of  Nertarinia  edoe/isin  is  still  in  the  British  JIusenm,  where  it  was 
apparently  not  noticed  by  the  author  of  vol.  IX.  of  the  Cat.  II  Brit.  .!///.<.  This 
18  the  sole  representative  of  the  S2)ecies  in  the  British  Musenui.  A  friend  of 
mine  suggested  (in  litt.)  that  both  (\  atlrlbi'rti  and  <'.  t'/jor /?.■</'.■<  might  have  been 
found  by  8helley  on  the  Gold  Coast,  as  that  ornithologist  mentions  specimens 
with  light  and  dark  wings;  but  I  have  e.xamined  these  specimens  iind  found 
them  all  to  be  typical  ('.  adelberti  in  more  or  less  faded  and  worn  plumage.  We 
have  thus  two  sj)ecios  of  subspecies  :  ('.  addherti  from  the  Gambia  to  the  Gold 
Ck)ast,  (\  eboen»i.i  from  the  Niger  to  the  Congo.  I  have  e.xamined  forty  specimens  of 
C.  adelberti  and  seven  of  C  eboensis,  sent  by  Dr.  Felix  Hoth  from  Warri  in  the 
Niger  Coast  Protectorate,  while  Prof  Reichenow  tells  me  that  he  has  it  from  the 
Congo.  It  is  strange  that  Dr.  von  Jladarasz  redesrribed  r.  ,•/)w/'.^•/.•^.  without  even 
referring  to  the  name  eboensis. 

100.  Cinnyris  acik  aequatorialis  Kchw. 

According  to  the  measurements  given  by  Reichenow  (in  Om.  Moid/er.  \ii\V.i 
p.  171)  the  specimens  from  Kitagwetoa  (Torn),  Bntiti  (Torn),  Fort  George  (Torn), 
Kahaugi  (Torn),  and  those  recorded  from  Masindi,  in  Unyoro,  in  Ansorge's  Under 
the  African  Sun  p.  351,  would  all  belong  to  the  subspecies  which  he  describes 
as  a  species  (!)  from  Bnkoba  and  the  Sesse  Islands.  This  form  cannot  be  con- 
sidered to  be  more  than  a  subspecies,  the  dilFerenees  in  the  size  of  the  wings, 
tail  and  bill  not  amounting  to  more  than  3  or  4  mm.,  and  other  differences  not 
being  apparent,  and  the  two  forms  rejilaeing  each  other. 

On  the  same  page  (171)  Prof  lieicheuow  also  separates  the  southern  (larger) 

•  It  is  carioaa  that  this  work,  which  should  be  coirectly  cim.ted  as  above,  is  persis-tently  riuole  1  a.i 
Monograph  «/ Svnhiiilx.  a  title  which  iloos  not  exist. 


(  51   ) 

aucl  tie  nortbeni  (smaller — East  African)  forms  of  C.  guttitralis,  calling  that 
from  East  Africa  C.  ;/utt//ralis,  that  from  Damaraland  C.  gutturalis  (/amarensin. 
The  difference  in  the  size  of  these  two  forms  is  apjiarently  larger  than  that  of 
V.  acik  acik  and  ('.  a.  aeqiiatorialis,  the  wing  being  75 — 58  in  the  southern, 
''I — "2  in  the  northern  form.  Prof.  Ileichenow's  name  damarensis,  however, 
cannot  be  nsed,  as  I  have  alread}-  (Ansorge's  Under  the  Afr.  Sun  p.  351)  named  the 
East  African  small  form  ('.  giitttiralis  inaestimata,  restricting  the  name  gutfiiralis 
to  the  large  southern  form.  As  Linnaeus  did  not  give  the  exact  locality,  his  species 
being  taken  from  Bvhsona'Gri.mpereaH  noirastre  de  Bresil,  and  this  name  being 
afterwards  used  for  southern  birds,  I,  as  the  first  author,  who  discussed  the  forms, 
had  the  right  to  restrict  the  first  name  t/'ittitralis  to  any  one  of  them,  and  it  seemed 
to  me  more  natural  to  apply  it  to  the  southern  larger  form. 

A  third  closely  allied  form  is  C.  giitt.  safnrafior  Rchw.  from  Angola. 

Kil.  Cinnyris  chloropygia  orphogaster  Rchw. 

S  ad.  Mohalla  and  Kitima,  Great  African  Forest,  on  the  Ituri  River,  12th 
«nd  21  st  day  from  Fort  Beni. 

In  no.  1-  <if  vol.  VII  (18'.)9)  Orn.  Movber.  Prof.  Reichenow  has  published  the 
results  of  a  careful  study  of  the  forms  of  Cinm/ris  cliloroypgin  auct.,  as  far  as 
material  was  available  to  him.  Mr.  Rothschild  and  I  have  gone  over  the  series  in 
the  Tring  Museum,  and  we  found  that  it  fully  bears  out  the  conclusions  arrived  at 
by  Prof.  Reichenow.  We  have  the  following  specimens  of  the  three  forms 
recognized  by  Prof  Reichenow. 

".  Cinnyris  chloropygia  chloropygia  -Tard. 
Liberia  (Robertsport),  Demery  coll.,  :!   d ,  'i    ?  ;    Warri  in  the  Niger  (_'oast 
Protectorate,  Felix  Roth  coll.,  5  c?,  3  ?  ;  Sierra  Leone  (Clements  and  Hogg  coll.), 
8  i.     Reichenow  says  :  Gold  Coast,  Niger. 

/'.  Cinnyris  chloropygia  orphogaster  Rchw. 

Djanda  and  Uvamba  (Emin  Pasha  coll.),  2  S  ;  Ituri  River  (Ansorge  coll.),  2  S . 
Reichenow  says  :  Mittel-Afriea  (Bnkoba,  Soweh  I.,  Sessc  Is.,  Sotik).  (The  Kitima 
specimen  seems  to  ajiproach  ('.  c.  Inhderi  a  little.) 

'■.  Cinnyris  chloropygia  luhderi  Rchw. 

L6opoldville  and  iStanley  Falls,  C'ongo  (Bohndortlcoll.);  Aruwimi  River  (Camp 
uf  Rear-Column),  Bonny  coll.     Reichenow  says  :  Kamerun,  Gabun,  Loango. 

The  differences  stated  by  Reichenow  are  easily  recognizable,  especially  the 
tyjiical  form  with  its  very  short  wing  and  pale  abdomen  is  very  distinct.  There 
is,  however,  a  mistake  in  Reichenow's  "  key,"  the  measurements  of  the  two  groups 
under  no.  2  being  given  as  over  50  and  under  50  mm.,  while  it  should  clearly 
be — as  evident  from  the  measurements  given  under  no.  3 — over  and  under  5fi  or 
CO  mm. 

1G2.  Farus  niger  Bonn,  k  Vieili. 

Karimia,  1.  5.  1899.     "Iris  dark  l)rown." 


(  52  ) 

1(13.  Cossypha  heuglini  llartl. 

<J  a<l.  Kitagwetoa  in  Torn,  6.  4.  IsnO.  "  Iris  diocolate-brown.  Feet  purplisb 
brown.  Bill  black."  This  s]>ecimen  bas  a  wliite  frontal  band  of  3  to  4  mm.  1  have 
not  found  this  in  any  specimen  in  Triug  and  London. 

1G4.  Cossypha  subrufescens  Boo. 

Nairobe,  5.  2.  1899.  "  Iris  dark  lirown,  feet  and  bill  black."  I  follow  Sharpe, 
Reichenow,  and  Shelley  in  identifying  the  East  African  birds  with  C.  subrufescens 
of  Bocage,  but  I  have  not  been  able  to  compare  specimens. 

1(5.5.  Myrmecocichla  nigra  (Vieill.) 

5  ad.  Kiclinchu  in  Torn,  .").  4.  1>)99.  "Iris  dark  brown."  The  birds  without 
white  on  throat  and  crown — black  all  over  with  only  a  large  white  shoulder-patch — 
mnst  be  called  by  Vieillot's  name  nit/ra,  based  on  Levaillant's  Traquet  f'om- 
mandenr.     J/,  arnofti  is  a  totally  different  species. 

Professor  Reichenow  considers  the  totally  blackish  birds  without  white  shonlder- 
]iatch  also  to  be  ^f.  nigra.  AVe  have  got  some  from  Uganda  and  Karimia.  If  tliey 
really  are  M.  nigra,  then  it  is  cnrious  that  they  are  all  brownish,  not  pure  black, 
while  those  with  the  white  shoulders  are  all  deep  glossy  black.  The  latter  are  in 
fresh  jjlnmage,  while  the  brown  ones — although  shot  in  the  same  month — are  worn, 
but  it  is  strange  that  this  state  of  plumage  is  the  same  in  all  of  tliem,  and  that  in 
our  good  series  there  are  no  transitional  examples. 

1(5(!.  Myrmecocichla  cryptoleuca  Sharpe. 
(?(?  Nairobe,  1.2.  1899.     "  Iris  brown." 

1()T.  Myrmecocichla  subrufipennis  Rihw. 

6  ad.  Kinyomozi  in  Torn,  4.  4.  1899.     "  Iris  brown.     Bill  and  feet  black." 

108.  Saxicola  pleschanka  (Lepech.) 
Nairobe,  27,  29,  30.  1.  1899. 

109.  Saxicola  isabellina  Cretzschm. 
Nairobe,  29.  1.  1899.     Campi-ya-Simba,  11.  1.  1899. 

ITtJ.  Pratincola  rubetra  (L.) 
Uganda  Projier,  JIarch  1899. 

ITl.  Pratincola  axillaris  Shelley. 

From  Kiwalogoma  (Chagwe),  Lake  Varangot  in  Torn,  and  Fort  Gerry  in  Toru, 
we  have  received  specimens  which  fully  agree  with  the  typical  series  of  Pratincola 
emmae  Hartlanb,  bnt  Professor  Reichenow  unites  P.  axillaris  and  P.  e/nmae. 


(  53   ) 

172.  Turdus  pelios  saturatus  (Cab.) 

Saint  Emma  (Bnsiro)  in  Uganda,  23.  3.  1899;  Kabangi  and  Bntiti  in  Torn, 
7  and  8.  4.  1899  ;  Fort  George  on  Lake  Albert  Edward,  29.  4.  1899. 

I  believe  that  tliese  four  TLrnslies  arc  satiirati/s,  and  that  also  the  si)ecimeus 
from  Unyoro  which  I  recorded  as  Tiuy/iik  hocagei  in  the  Appendix  to  Ansorge's 
"  Under  the  African  Sua,"  p.  354,  belong  to  saturatus.  They  seem  to  difl'iT 
very  little  from  typical  T.  pelios  from  North-East  Africa,  but  the  wings  are 
said  to  be  shorter,  and  it  seems  that  the  riist-coJour  on  the  sides  is  less  extended, 
while  the  chest  and  npperside  are  equally  dark  or  darker.  If  tliis  form  is  separable 
it  can  only  stand  as  a  subspecies.    We  have  thus  : — 

1.  2\ir(Ius  jjelios  pelios.  Large,  with  much  rust-colour  on  the  sides,  brownish 
chest  :  N.E.  Africa. 

2.  T.  pelios  saturatus  (Cab.)  A  little  smaller,  the  rnst-colour  less  extended, 
at  least  as  dark  or  darker  above  and  un  the  chest  ;  W.  African  forest-region  to 
Uganda. 

3.  T.  pelios  chiguancoiiles  Seeb.  Without  or  with  very  little  rnst-colour  on 
the  sides,  chest  paler.  Senegambia,  jirobably  to  Niger  district,  but  birds  from  there 
are  perhaps  slightly  intermediate. 

4.  T.  pelios  hocagei  (Cab.).  A  little  larger  than  2  and  3,  as  large  as  1,  chest 
more  or  less  rnfous.  Angola  (cf.  Cah.  J.  f.  0.  1882  p.  320,  Sharpe  in  Seebohm's 
Monagr.  TurcUdae,  part  VII.). 

A  series  of  Thrushes  of  this  grouj)  in  the  Tring  Museum  from  Grand  Cape 
Mount,  Liberia,  labelled  by  Dr.  Biittikofer,  diti'er  remarkably  in  their  deep  coloura- 
tion and  a  very  different  rufous  rust-colour  under  the  wings.  No  one  would  hesitate 
to  separate  this  form  (which  by  the  extent  of  rnst-colour  is  clearly  chiguancoides^, 
on  account  of  its  singular  colouration  as  a  new  subspecies,  if  it  was  not  for  the  fact 
that  they  have  been  in  spirits  and  are  skinned  in  Leyden.  No  remark  to  this  eft'ect, 
however,  is  on  the  labels  !  Unfortunately  many  hundreds  of  such  skins  which  have 
been  in  spirits  have  been  sold  to  various  Museums  in  Europe,  where  they  were 
accepted  in  good  faith,  withont  an  idea  that  they  had  been  in  alcohol.  The  greatest 
caution  must  therefore  be  used  with  regard  to  all  Liberian  skins  in  judging  their 
colour,  and  it  is  to  be  feared  that  Xenoricliln.  hartcrti  lieichenow  (Nov.  Zool.  IS'.i."), 
p.  60)  is  the  first  and  probably  not  the  last  mistake  which  resulted  from  such 
specimens.  It  is  well  that  every  ornithologist  should  be  aware  of  the  historr  of 
these  Liberian  skins. 


( -i-l ) 

THE   LEPIDOPTERA   OF   13URU. 

PART  \.—  i;iior.\T.och:E.\. 

By    W.   J.    J10LLANI1,   Ph.D.,   Lh.D.,    F.Z.S.,    F.E.S.,   etc., 
Clianeellor  of  llie   M'fslrrii   Unhfrsili/  of  Penttsylrama,  unit  Dirfctor  of  the  Cariinjie 

^funeuiii,  Pittslntftjh. 

ri~^)lE  iskuil  of  Biini  (>5ouroii,  Bouro,  Boeroe)  is  situated  .aiijiroximatolv  ii> 
J-  lat.  :r  LV  to  :i  5iJ'  S.  and  loii.i;-.  120°  to  1'..'7  15'  E.,  reckoned  from 
(ireeiiwicb.  According  to  von  Carnbei-  it  lias  an  area  of  348T  square  miles, 
covering  tbereibre  an  area  about  three-lnnrtlis  the  size  of  tlie  state  of  Connecticut. 
It  belongs  to  the  Dutch  Residency  of  Ainl)oyna,  and  is  divided  into  twelve  regencies 
subject  to  tlie  general  control  of  a  deputy  appointed  by  the  Resident  of  Aniboyna. 
The  deputy  has  his  residence  at  Cajeli  (=Kajeli  =  Kayeli)  on  tlie  eastern  coast. 
The  ]iort  of  Cajeli  in  1804  was  declared  free  to  the  shi])s  of  all  nations. 

Tiie  island  is  mountainous  in  the  interior,  the  highest  i)eak,  Tomahoe,  rising 
to  an  elevation  of  8029  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  The  seaboard  districts 
are  alluvial  and  marshy  in  many  jjarts.  The  island  is  traversed  by  a  multitude 
of  small  streams,  having  a  short  but  rapid  course  from  the  interior  to  the  sea> 
very  few  of  them  being  worthy  of  being  designated  as  rivers,  except  the  Cajeli, 
or  AVai  Apoe,  whicli  is  navigable  for  a  short  distance.  In  the  western  portion  of 
the  island  is  a  large  sheet  of  water,  Lake  AVakoholo.  with  a  circumference  of 
thirty-seven  miles  and  a  width  of  two  miles,  which  appears  to  occujiy  the  crater 
of  an  extinct  volcano,  at  an  elevation  of  I'.iUO  feet  above  sea  level.  Jlnch  of 
the  island  is  covered  with  scattering  forests,  and  the  lowlands  with  tall  marsh 
grasses.  The  si)il  where  cleared  is  fertile.  (Joffee  and  cacao  are  extensively 
cultivated.  Trojiical  fruits  abound.  The  principal  artiide  of  export  is  cajeput 
oil,  distilled  iVom  the  leaves  of  Jlejalenca  cajapnti,  which  is  extensively  used 
as  a  ])anacea  throughout  the  lands  of  the  Malays,  and  ])0ssesses  valne  as  an 
anti-spasmodic  and  sudorific,  and  is  reputed  to  be  a  specific  in  rheuraati<; 
affections,  when  a])plied  externally. 

The  flora  of  the  island  is  very  rich.  Tlie  mammalian  fiiuna  is  not  extensive, 
but  interesting.  The  avifauna,  on  the  other  hand,  is  of  considerable  extent^ 
and  includes  a  number  of  sj)ecies  p<'culiar  to  the  island.  Tlie  natural  history  of 
Burn  has  received  attention  from  a  number  of  travellers  and  explorers  ;  Forbes 
and  Wallace  being  the  only  ones  who  have  written  at  any  great  length  npoii 
tiic  subject.  Very  little,  has  been  written  upon  the  \Lfjtit/ojjf<-i(i.  Boisduval  in 
tlie  \'o'/age  <li-  L' Astrolabe  mentions  a  number  of  sjiecies  found  upon  the  i.sland. 
Wallace  in  several  papers  describes  species  of  his  collecting  as  new  to  science, 
and  in  the  jiapers  of  a  number  of  other  authors'  there  are  occasional  references 
t(i  species  found  here.  The  entire  literature  of  the  subject  does  not,  however, 
furnish  a  hundred  references  to  species  distinctly  known  lo  belong  to  the  fauna 
of  Bnni.  Mr.  Wallace  a])])arently  did  not  do  very  well  in  his  collecting  upon 
the  island  excejit  among  the  I'ieridac,  Kiihu  failed  almost  entirely,  and  Forbea 
did  not  accomplish  much.  It  was  left  to  Mr.  William  Doherty,  the  intrepid 
naturalist  explorer  of  the  Malay  Arcliiiielago,  to  make  the  first  considerable 
collection  which  lia^i  ever  been  made  niiou  the  island.  U])on  this  collection, 
which  was  gathered  iu  December  of  18iil  and  January  c;l'  is'.jj,  the  following 
paper  is  based. 


(  5.3  ) 

With  the  exee])tiitii  of  the  Tin-tricidw,  'rin:i<la.<!,  auJ  Pterophorida',  which 
were  sent  to  Lord  A\'alsingham,  the  entire  collection  made  at  this  time  came  into 
iiiv  possession.  At  intervals  of  leisure  I  have  devoted  to  it  my  best  eftbrts,  and 
tliink  that  I  have  sncceeded  in  working  it  out  with  reasonable  certainty.  1  am 
es])ecially  iudobteil  to  Sir  (4eorge  F  Hampsou  for  invaluable  assistanci!  rendered 
me  iu  the  determination  of  the  m)tli:^,  whie'i  formed  a  very  large  part  of  the 
collection. 

A  letter  sent  me  by  Mr.  Doherty  at  the  time  he  sent  me  the  collection  contains 
some  facts  wliicli  are  of  interest  in  regard  to  localities  on  the  island,  which  he 
visited.  He  says  :  "  Bnru  is  assuredly  a  liard  nut  to  crack.  .  .  .  Kajeli,  the  chief 
j>ort,  is  a  hopeless  place  for  insects.  I  collec:ted  a  little  at  Labuan  Barat,  not  far 
from  ^\■allace's  place,  Waipnti.  But  most  of  my  work  was  done  mncli  farther 
iin,  on  both  sides  of  C!ape  Saruma,  the  south-eastern  point  of  the  island,  at  Hat 
(especially),  Kusu-Kusu,  Poli,  and  Wailawa.  We  collected  up  to  about  -Oijit  feet 
on  Mount  Lumara,  at  the  liack  of  Hat.  From  Kajeli  to  Hat,  my  headipiarters, 
it  is  two  nights  by  '  prau.'  We  spent  the  intervening  day  at  Labuan  15arat.  The 
weather  was  stormy,  and  the  voyage  most  dangerous  and  exhausting  :  otherwise 
we  had  a  rather  pleasant  though  fatiguing  time,  and  did  not  lose  a  single  day's 
collecting.  Our  health  was  good  during  the  whole  time.  The  great  objection  to 
this  coast  is  that  it  is  all  high  virgin  forest,  wholly  witliout  paths.  Pieridae  are 
therefore  scarce.  The  long  walks  were  very  hard  on  us.  Generally  in  the  morning 
we  plodded  through  the  loose  sand  of  the  beach,  jnmjiiug  the  streams,  till  wo  came 
to  some  big  one  which  we  ascended  for  miles  (each  taking  his  own).  H  raiued  every 
day  at  ','  p.m.,  so  that  in  coming  back  the  streams  were  generally  in  flood,  and  we 
had  to  cross  them  waist-deep.  Then  the  tide  would  probably  be  up,  and  we  would 
have  to  walk  long  distances  in  the  water.  Ou  the  whole,  I  think,  i)utting  moths 
against  butterflies,  we  did  about  as  well  as  we  could  have  in  the  dry  season.  I  doubt 
whether  any  locality  in  Burn  is  better  than  Hat,  except  the  Wakoholoctuntry,  which 
is  practically  inaccessible,  except  for  a  few  days'  trip  in  light  marching  order,  on 
account  of  the  want  of  coolies.  The  people  of  the  country  I  visited  ar>;  Alfnros — 
lieathen,  very  friendly,  honest  folk.  They  came  down  to  the  coast  only  a  generation 
ago,  and  the  interior  is  now  quite  uninhabited  excejjt  at  Wakoholo  and  on  the  Waijafo 
liiver  (where  there  is  absolutely  no  forest).  At  the  back  of  Hat  is  Jlount  Lumara, 
some  six  thousand  feet  high,  covered  with  unbroken  forests.  Over  much  of  this 
country  there  are  island-like  masses,  ridges  of  metamorphic  limestone,  jiierced  by 
thousand  of  caves,  much  as  in  Timor  or  the  Malay  Peninsula.  Ajiart  from  this  the 
usual  surface  rock  is  micaceous  sandstone,  overlaying  great  beds  of  true  mica-schist 
exactly  like  that  in  the  Alps.  There  is  coal  in  the  west,  and  Mount  Tomahoe  is 
said  to  be  volcanic."  ..."  The  moths  were  all  taken  Viy  beating,  or  at  light. 
Baits  failed.  When  you  thiuk  that  Dr.  Platen  only  got  eighty  odd  species  in 
fourteen  months  in  Palawan,  Hibbe  and  Kiiha  one  hundred  and  fifty  in  Aru  in 
twelve  months,  and  Ribbe  eighty  odd  in  tieram  in  over  four  months,  yon  can  see 
tliat  I  am  sending  yon  something  quite  out  of  the  common  order." 

It  remains  to  be  said  that  the  species  taken  by  Jlr.  Doherty  reveal  a  very  close 
affinity  between  the  fauna  of  Burn  and  Amboyna.  Hi  the  determination  of  species 
much  assistance  has  therefore  been  derived  from  the  very  thorough  and  important 
papers  which  have  ajipeared  from  time  to  time  upon  the  lepidoptera  of  the  latter 
island  from  the  pen  of  Dr.  Arnold  Pagenstecher,  and  also  from  the  various  papers 
of  the  distingnished  Dutch  naturalist,  P.  (".  T.  Snellen  of  Rotterdam. 


(56) 

RHOPALOC'ERA. 

Family  NYMPHALIDAE  Swainson. 

Subfamily  DANAINAE  Bates. 

Genvs  HESTIA  Hiibner. 

1.  Hestia  aza  (Boisduval),   Voyage  de  V Astrolabe,  Lepidoptcra  p.  106  (lbi32). 
The   collection   contains  a  very  large  series  of  this   species,   represented   bj- 
both  sexes. 

Genus  RADENA  Moore. 
2.  Radena  buruensis  sp.  nov. 

This  species  is  veiy  closely  allied  to  R.  luzonica  Moore,  but  may  be  at  once 
distinguished  from  it  by  the  prevalently  small  size  of  the  light  spots  upon  the  wings 
and  the  consequent  enlargement  of  the  black  areas  in  the  discal  and  outer  marginal 
areas  of  both  the  primaries  and  the  secondaries.  Compared  with  a  series  of 
R.  luzonica,  this  feature  is  well  marked  and  constant,  and  permits  of  an  instant 
discrimination  of  the  two  forms. 

The  collection  contains  a  series  of  fifteen  examples,  which  show  almost  no 
variation  whatever  in  the  markings. 

Genus  TIRUMALA  Moore. 

3.  Tirumala  hamata  (Macleay),  in  King's  Australia  II.  p.  4(il  (1827)  ;   Bloore, 
Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Land.  p.  232  (1883). 

This  species  is  represented  by  three  males. 


Genus  NASUMA  Moore. 

4.  Nasuma  ismare  (Cramer),  Pap.  Exot.  III.  t.  279.   f.  E.   F  (1782);    Moore, 
Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Lond.  p.  233  (1883). 

Mr.  Doherty  captured  two  males  and  two/emales  of  this  species  during  his  stay 
ou  the  island. 

Genus  ANOSIA  Hiibner. 

5.  Anosia  plexippus  (L.),  S//st.  j\'at.  ed.  X.  p.  471  (1758). 

(For  synonym}  see  Moore,  Monograph  of  Limnaina  and  Euploeina,  Proc.  Zool. 
Soc.  Lond.  (1883),  and  Scndder,  Butterjties  of  New  England.) 

The  collection  contains  several  specimens  of  this  species  in  nowise  differing 
from  examples  captured  dnring  the  past  autumn  in  Pennsylvania.  The  tendency 
to  melanism  shown  in  the  form  erippus,  which  is  commonly  received  from  the 
tropical  jwrtions  of  the  American  Continent,  is  not  displayed  by  these  specimens. 
They  arc  bright  in  colour,  like  the  form  prevalent  in  the  United  States,  and  this  is 
also  true  of  specimens  which  I  have  received  from  other  islands  of  the  Eastern 
Archipelago  and  from  Australia,  in  which  the  species  has  only  recently  become 
domiciled.     This  fact  seems  to  point  to  the  introduction  of  the  species  into  the 


(  57  ) 

oriental  fauna  by  <a  process  of  emigration  proceeding  from  the  more  northern  portions 
of  the  American  Continent.  If  the  tendency  to  melanism,  which  is  so  apparent  in 
the  great  majority  of  South  American  specimens,  is  due  to  climatic  and  specifically 
thermal  influences,  as  is  probable,  the  conformity  of  the  specimens  from  tlie  hot 
tropical  regions  of  the  Australian  and  Indo-malayan  regions  to  the  nearctic  type 
reveals  that  a  sufficient  length  of  time  has  not  yet  elapsed  to  bring  about  the  dusky 
colouration  found  in  specimens  coining  from  the  tropical  regions  of  the  New  World. 

Genus  LIMNAS  Hiibner. 

().  Limnas  petilia  (Stoll),  Cramer,  Pa}).  Exot.  Snppl.  t.  28.  f.  3  (1790)  ;  Moore, 
Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Loud.  p.  239  (1883). 

Only  two  specimens  of  this  species  are  contained  in  the  collection. 

Genus  SALATURA  Moore. 

T.  Salatura  philene  (Cramer),  Pap.  Exot.  IV.  t.  375.  f.  A.    B  (1782)  ;  Moore, 
Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  LoiuL  p.  242  (1883). 

One  male  and  iwo  femcdes. 

Genus  RAVADEBA  Moore. 

8.  Ravadeba  lutescens  (Butler),  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Lond.  p.  172.  f.  3  (18G6)  ;  Moore, 
Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Land.  p.  245  (1883). 

The  species  seems  to  be  very  common,  and  I  received  an  enormous  series. 
There  is  considerable  variation  in  the  extent  of  the  light  spots  in  the  cell  of  the 
primaries,  and  in  some  specimens  they  tend  to  obsolescence.  This  is  especially  true 
of  the  males,  but  less  so  in  the  case  of  the  females.  The  light  colour  of  the  u])por 
surface  of  the  wings  is  not  so  bright  a  yellow  as  is  found  in  specimens  fromBatchian 
contained  in  my  collection. 

Genus  VADEBRA  Moore. 

9.  V.  dohertjri  sj).  nov. 

(S .  The  wings  on  the  upperside  are  deep  blaelc  shading  on  the  outer  margins 
into  warm  brown,  more  particularly  upon  the  secondaries.  On  the  underside  the 
wings  are  paler,  the  dark  tint  being  ahnost  wholly  confined  to  the  region  of  the 
cell,  and  the  primaries  on  the  inner  margin  being  pale  testaceous,  or  even  white. 
The  primaries  are  marked  by  four  spots  :  one  in  the  cell  near  its  end,  one  just 
beyond  the  cell  between  the  third  median  and  the  radial  nervnles,  and  two  below 
this  in  the  inner  end  of  the  interspaces  on  either  side  of  the  second  median  nervnle. 
Of  these  three  spots  thus  located  beyond  the  end  of  the  cell  the  lower  one  is  oblong 
and  the  largest  of  the  series.  They  are  bluish  white  in  colour.  The  secondaries 
have  a  small  roundish  spot  at  the  end  of  the  cell,  and  just  beyond  the  end  of  the 
cell  a  curved  series  of  tive  or  six  oblong  spots  in  the  interspaces.  There  is  a 
double  marginal  row  of  spots  extending  from  the  outer  angle  toward  the  inner 
angle,  which  they  do  not  however  reach,  generally  terminating  before  the  first 
median  nervule.  The  outermost  series  of  these  spots  shows  a  marked  tendency 
to  obsolescence,  and  in  some  specimens  is  entirely  wanting. 


(  58  ) 

?.  'the/emale  is  like  the  Male  in  colour  niion  the  uppersiJc,  except  that  the 
light  colour  of  the  enter  margins  invades  the  inner  surface  of  the  wing  to  a 
greater  (k'i)lh.  The  ]irimavios  on  tlic  underside  are  marked  as  in  the  malt',  but 
the  spots  are  geuenilly  a  little  larger,  and  there  are  two  white  linear  streaks  near 
the  inner  margin,  below  the  first  median  uervule.  The  secondaries  liave  the  same 
sjwts  as  in  the  male,  but  the  two  submarginal  series  of  spots  in  many  specimens  are 
either  jiartially  or  now  and  then  wholly  obliterated.  The  discal  sjiots  are  always 
found,  tliinigh  sometimes  they  are  ijuite  small,  ami  at  other  times  abnormally  large. 

Expanse  :   6  and  ?  To  to  85  mm.     Descritud  from  29  S  d  and  17  ?  ?. 

This  insect  has  occasioned  me  not  a  little  difficulty,  as  I  natnrally  am  reluctant 
to  iidd  another  to  the  list  of  species  in  this  group.  At  first  I  was  inclined  to 
identify  it  with  Kuplofa  lapfi/roi'iici  Boisd.,  one  or  two  of  the  females  in  my 
possession<-tallyiMg  exactly  witli  the  description  given  by  Boisdnval  in  the  Vo'juge 
de  IJAstrolabi .  1  tlien  discovered  that  Mr.  Moore  has  referred  E.  lape>/rousei 
to  his  genus  t'liirom.  (ine  of  the  characters  of  which  is  a  broad  sericeous  band  on 
the  ni)])erside  of  the  primaries,  and  states  ex])licitly  that  "  the  type  specimen  of 
this  species  is  much  like  C.  jiierveti,  excepting  that  the  sericeons  Mtreah  is  nnrrower 
auil  longer."  As  the  insect  before  me  is  without  the  sexual  brand  on  the  primaries, 
it  cannot  be  therefore  identified  as  the  insect  de.scribed  by  Boisdnval,  whose  types, 
now  in  the  possession  of  Mons.  Charles  Oberthiir,  were  consulted  by  both  Dr. 
Bntler  and  Di'.  Moore  in  their  preparation  of  their  monographs  of  the  Eup/oeiiiae. 
Accepting  the  entire  accuracy  of  the  figure  of  Vadehra  melina  given  by  Dr.  Butler 
in  the  I'loe.  Zool.  8oc.  Lond.  1S66,  p.  282,  the  insect  before  me  cannot  be  well 
referred  to  this  species,  although  Dr.  Boisdnval  states  that  E.  melina  occurs 
in  Burn.  I  likewisn  cannot  bring  myself  to  refer  the  form  before  me  to  the  species 
named  and  figured  as  Eiiploea  dimcAia  by  Cramer,  and  made  tlie  tyjie  of  the  genus 
Vadebro  by  Moore.  While  the  Cramerian  figures  are  none  of  the  best,  tliere  is 
too  great  a  discrejiancy  between  the  figure  and  the  insects  under  consideration  to 
permit  me  to  assume  their  identity.  1  liave  therefore  ventured  to  name  the 
butterfly  after  its  discoverer. 

(^ENus  GAMATOBA  Moore. 
III.  G.  spiculifera  Moore,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Lond.  j).  263  (1883). 
The  collection  contains  a  small  series  of  this  fine  species. 


Genus  BETANGA  Moore. 

11.  CO  B.  duponcheli  (Boisd.),   Toy.  .\strol.,  I.ep.  p.  97  (1832). 

This  is  another  case  in  which  the  exceedingly  brief  description  given  by 
Boisdnval  leaves  us  in  doubt.  Mons.  Oberthiir,  in  his  Ijcpidoptere.t  tManiens, 
]i.  35,  intimates  that  the  insect  ticketed  as  Kaploen  duponekeli  by  Dr.  Boisdnval, 
and  standing  in  his  collection,  does  not  agree  at  all  with  the  published  descrii)tion. 
He  assumes  that  the  insect  labelled  in  the  British  Musenm  as  K.  duponcheli  is 
correctly  determined.  Boisdnval  gives  Burn  as  the  habitat  of  the  insect.  I 
have  before  me  about  eighty  specimens  evidently  belonging  to  the  same  species, 
vnile.<<  &n<\  femakii.  Among  the  females  I  find  several  which  agree  very  well  with 
Boisdnval's  descrij)tion  except  in  one  particular,  which  1  shall  point  out  presently. 


(  ^9  ) 

The  description  given  in  the  Voijage,  <le  L' Astrolabe  is  as  follows  :  '•  Ailes  d'un 
bruu  noir,  pins  pale  a  rextremite,  sans  taehes  ;  dessons  des  quatres  avec  deux 
raiigs  de  points  marginaux  violatres  ;  les  sni)drienres  ayant  en  ontre  qnatre  points, 
et  les  inferieures  six  points  discoidaux  violatres.  Elle  se  tronve  a  Bonrou."  The 
])oint  of  discrepancy  which  most  puzzles  me  is  found  in  the  entire  absence  on 
the  underside  of  the  primaries  of  all  my  specimens,  both  mih'.  xmA  j'i:iii'il>>,  of 
the  outermost  row  of  marginal  spots  (/joints  marglniuu-).  They  are  found  ou  the 
secondaries  according  to  the  description  above  cited,  but  not  on  tlie  primaries, 
where  there  is  but  one  row,  with  only  a  faint  suggestion  in  one  or  two  s])ecimens 
of  the  outer  or  strictly  marginal  scries.  Beginning  witli  specimens  which  thus 
accord  in  the  main  with  the  description  of  Dr.  Boisduval,  I  am  able  to  trace  a 
series  of  forms  regularly  intergrading  until  I  arrive  at  forms  in  which  the 
description  given  by  Boisduval  does  not  at  all  apply.  The  maculation  of  the 
underside  of  the  wings  advances  stej)  by  step  until  we  have  specimens  the  undersides 
of  the  wings  of  which  are  covered  with  small  white  spots  arranged  as  follows  : 
Ou  the  primaries  near  the  outer  angle  a  few  marginal  spots,  a  submarginal  series 
of  s])ots  extending  from  the  first  median  interspace  to  the  costa,  three  spots  before 
the  end  of  the  cell  at  the  inner  end  of  the  interspaces,  the  lowermost  spot  large 
and  oblong,  a  round  spot  in  the  cell  near  its  end,  and  a  moderately  large  costal  spot 
beyond  the  middle  of  the  costa.  On  the  secondaries  there  are  three  curved  series 
of  spots,  a  marginal  and  submarginal  not  reaching  the  inner  angle,  and  a  curved 
series  of  seven  discal  spots  just  beyond  the  cell,  one  on  each  interspace  from  vein  1 
to  vein  8,  a  roundish  spot  in  the  cell  at  its  extremity,  and  four  or  five  minute 
white  spots  at  the  base  of  the  wing.  These  spots  also  reappear  more  or  less 
(especially  those  of  the  submarginal  series)  upon  the  upperside  of  the  wing,  and 
thus  nullify  the  words  of  Dr.  Boisduval's  description,  which  declares  that  the  upper 
surface  is  devoid  of  markings.  In  spite  of  these  numerous  and  apparently  great 
discrepancies  between  the  description  and  some  of  the  specimens,  I  am  inclined 
to  think  that  I  am  right  in  identifying  the  forms  before  me  as  belonging  to 
B.  ilupoiii-heli.  At  all  events  no  other  species  from  Burn  seems  to  accord  more 
nearly  with  Boisduval's  description. 


Genus  EUPLOEA  Fabricius. 

12.  E.  semicirculus  Butler,  Proc.  Znol.  Sac.  Loud.  p.  '-itiO  (l^iiS). 

There  is  a  small  series  of  this  species  in  which  the  specimens  are  considerably 
larger  than  specimens  I  have  received  from  Batchiau  through  Dr.  Staudinger, 
and  in  which  the  submarginal  bine  spots  are  considerably  larger  and  more  con- 
spicuous. Otherwise  there  is  no  difference,  and  the  insects  agree  well  with  the 
figures  and  descriptions  which  have  been  given. 

Genus  CALLIPLOEA  Butler. 

13.  C.  infantilis  Butler,  Proc.  /.ool.  Soc.  Loml  p.  766.  t.  77.  f.  3  (1876). 

There  is  one  male  specimen  of  this   species  which   was  originally  described 

from   New   Guinea.      It   does    not   differ   from   specimens   received   by   me   from 

Batchian,   except   that   the   spots   on    the    underside   of    the   wings   are   a   trifle 

smaller. 


(  fio  ) 

Geni's  salpinx  Hubiier. 

14.  S.  bouruana  Moore,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Lond.  p.  302  (1883). 

This  is  the  local  race! of  S.  nemertes  Hiibner,  which  is  apparently  not  at  all 

niicommon  upon  the  island.     There  is  a  large  series  of  specimens,  both  malt',  and 

J'eiH'ile,  \n  wliich  there  is  yreat  diversity  in  size  as  well  as  in  raaculation.     Some 

small  miles,  apparently  starvelings,  are  one-third  smaller  than  others.     Some  of 

the  females  also  greatly  exceed  others  in  expanse  of  wing.     The  snbmarginal  spots 

on  the  upperside  of  the   wing,  and  the  conspicuous    blue   spot  between   veins    1 

and   2  on  the  primaries,  vary  very  much  in  some  specimens,  revealing  a  strong 

tendency  to  become  snffnsed  with  white  and  to  spread. 

Genus  STICTOPLOEA  Bntler. 

15.  S.  watsoni  Moore,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Loud.  p.  322  (1883). 

There  is  a  small  series  of  this  fine  insect.     The  female  is  much  like  the  male 
in  her  markings,  only  varying  structurally. 

Genus  HAMAURYAS  Boisduval. 

15.  Hamadryas  assarica  (Cramer),  Pap.  Exot.  IV.  t.  363.  f  A.  B  (1781). 
Moore,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Lond.  p.  250  (1883). 

Moore  in  his  monographic  revision  of  the  Enploeina,  which  is  cited  above, 
states  distinctly  tiiat  this  genns  is  without  a  "  sexual  mark,"  or  scent-producing 
organ  on  the  forewing  of  the  male.  With  this  I  am  compelled  to  disagree.  In 
the  species  before  me,  and  in  fact  in  all  the  other  species  accessible  to  me  in 
my  collection,  //.  zoilas  (Fabr.),  //.  aequirincta  Salv.  &  Godm.,  and  //.  nedusia 
(Hiibn.),  the  males  are  cliaracterized  by  the  presence  on  the  inner  half  of  the 
wing  of  a  large  tract  of  a  modified  scales,  having  well-defined  limits  and  visible 
to  the  naked  eye  as  lighter-coloured  areas.  These  patches  of  modified  scales 
extend  from  the  inner  margin  to  below  the  cell,  and  outwardly  towards  the 
external  margin,  which  they  never,  however,  reach.  Under  the  microscope  these 
tracts  reveal  that  the  scales  upon  them  are  elongated,  and  dift'er  from  the  scales 
upon  the  rest  of  the  wing,  which  are  ])revalently  more  or  less  orbicular.  The 
figure  given  by  Cramer  of  this  sjjecies  is  undoubtedly  that  of  a  female.  The 
males  are  not  only  characterized,  as  I  have  just  i)ointod  out,  by  the  broad  patch 
of  androconia  on  the  primaries,  bnt  by  the  much  smaller  size  of  the  snbajiical 
spot  on  the  primaries,  which  is  not  simply  less  in  area  than  in  the  case  of  the 
female,  but  tends  to  translucency,  giving  the  wing  a  duller  colour  than  is  the 
case  in  the  opposite  sex,  in  which  the  clear  white  contrasts  boldly  with  the  deep 
black  of  the  rest  of  the  surface. 

The  collection  contains  a  large  series  of  specimens,  for  tlie  most  part  in  good 
condition. 

"  Hamadryas  turned  out  to  be  an  Ithomiid,  as  I  expected." — Dohcrty  in  lift. 

Subfamily  SATYRINAE  Bates. 
Genus  LETHE  Hiibner. 
i:.  L.  europa  arete  (Cramer),  Pap.  Kx.  IV.  t.  313.  f.  E.  F  (1782). 
This  collection  contains  several  males  and  one  damaged  /ensate. 


(  61   ) 

Genus  MELANITIS  Fabricias. 

18.  M.  leda  bouruana  snbsp.  nov. 

The  si)ecimens  of  this  species  which  lie  before  me  are  remarkable  ou  accouut 
of  the  very  red  cast  of  the  upper  surface  of  the  wings  in  the  male,  and  the  wide 
expanse  of  the  yellow  apical  tract  in  the  female  sex.  The  outer  margin  of  the 
primaries  in  the  case  of  the  male  is  also  peculiar  on  account  of  the  entire  obsoles- 
cence of  the  subapical  tooth-like  projection,  which  is  only  discernible  in  one 
specimen  as  a  very  slight  outward  bend  in  the  otherwise  straight  margin.  Mr. 
Uoherty  tells  me  in  his  letters  that  this  form  extends  to  Timor  and  Flores.  He 
is  inclined  to  think  it  a  distinct  species.  It  is  at  all  events  fairly  entitled  to  a 
snbspecific  name,  and  the  brief  notes  I  have  given  will  easily,  I  think,  enable 
students  to  discriminate  it.  Both  the  ?nales  and  the  females  are  highly  fragrant, 
when  first  taken. 

19.  M.  constantia  (Cramer),  Pap.  Ex.  II.  t.  133.  f.  A.  B  (1779). 

The  figure  given  by  Cramer  is  that  of  a  female  specimen.  The  males  exist 
in  numerous  varietal  forms,  characterized  by  the  greater  or  less  prominence  of  the 
broad  yellow  subapical  band,  which  in  occasional  specimens  is  almost  obliterated. 
The  subajiical  ocelli  are  also  very  variable  in  size,  and  tend  to  become  obsolete.  In 
one  XiiXg^t  female  in  the  collection  they  have  been  replaced  by  small  white  points  on 
the  unusually  broad  yellow  subapical  band.  This  species,  like  the  preceding,  is  very 
fragrant. 

2i).  M.  amabilis  (Boisduval),   Voyage  cle  U Astrolabe,  Lep.  p.  140.  t.  2. 

f  1.  2  (1832). 

There  is  a  good  set  of  this  species.  The  figure  given  by  Boisduval  is  that 
of  a,  female,  in  which  the  subapical  band  is  white.  It  is  yellow  in  the  case  of 
the  males.  Boisduval's  figure  is  also  too  small,  apparently  representing  a  dwarfed 
specimen.  The  examples  in  the  collection  before  me  are  likewise  redder  upon 
the  upper  surface  than  represented  in  the  plate  in  the  Voyage  de  U Astrolabe. 

21.  M.  ribbei  Staudinger,  Iris  I.  p.  192.  f.  1.  2  (1887). 

There  are  a  few  very  large  males  of  this  species,  which  is  probably  merely 
a  variety  of  M.  relutina  Feldor,  cliaracterized  by  its  larger  size,  and  the  darker 
upper  surface  of  the  wings,  which  in  the  examples  before  me  are  black. 

Genus  MYCJALESIS  Hubner. 

22.  M.  perseus  (Fabricias),  Sgst.  Ent.  p.  488  (1775). 

Only  a  single  specimen  of  this  widely  distributed  species  was  contained  in 
the  collection. 

23.  M.  medus  (Fabricius),  Syst.  Ent.  p.  488  (1775). 
There  are  four  specimens  of  this  species  in  the  collection. 


(62) 

24.  M.  remulia  (Cramer),  Pap.  /•>.  III.  t.  237.  f.  V.  G  (ITk^). 
Nnraerons  examiiles. 

25.  M.  sirius  (Fabricins),  I.e. 

Satyrm  manipa  Boisd.,   Vo>/.  AstroL,  Lep.  p.   150  (1832). 

A  good  series  of  this  species,  includiag  two  /finales,  which  are  mnch  larger 
and  brighter  in  colour  than  the  males,  and  in  which  the  ocelli  are  also  laro^er 
and  mnch  more  distinct. 

Subfamily  ELYMNIINAE  Herr.-Schiiff. 
Genus  ELYMNIAS  Hiibner. 
26.  E.  viminalis  Wallace,  Trans.  Enf.  Soc.  Lond.  p.  328  (180!t). 
The  specimens  which  I  refer  to  the  species  named  as  above  by  Mr.  Wallace 
agree  qnite  well  with  his  description,  if  based  upon  a  female  type.     Tlie  luteous 
band  on  the  margins  of  the  wings,  of  which  he  speaks  in  loc.  c/'t.,  are  conspicuous 
features  in  that   se.x,   but   not   so   mnch   so   in   the   case   of  the   male,  which  is 
prevalently  mnch  darker  than  the  female.     The  maculation  on  the  underside  of 
the  wings  is  much  less  than  in  the  case  of  E.  titelliu  (Cramer),  and  is  almost 
wholly  restricted  in  the  case  of  the  males  to  the  spots  at  the  ends  of  the  cell 
on  both  wings,  and  the  curved  discal  series  of  spots,  which  succeed  these. 
There  are  a  number  of  males  and  %ex^X2\  females  in  the  collection. 


Subfamily  MORPHINAE  Butler. 
Genus  TENARIS  Hubner. 
27.  T.  urania  (Linnaeus),  Mm.  Lud.  Ulr.  p.  225  (1764). 
There  are  a  few  jioor  males  and  one  torn  female  belonging  to  this  species. 

28.  T.  buruensis  Forbes,  A  NaUmilist's  Wanderings  in  the  Eastern 
Archipelago  p.  411  (1883). 

There  are  a  number  of  this  species,  mostly  females,  in  the  collection.  The 
description  given  by  Forbes  applies  to  the  female,  and  apparently  was  founded 
upon  a  specimen  of  that  sex.  The  males  have  narrow  wings,  prevalently  light 
fawn-colonr. 

Subfamily  NYMPHALINAE  Bates. 

Genus  CETHOSIA  Fabricins. 

29.  C.  cydippe  (Linnaeus),  Syst.  Nat.  I.  2.  p.  776  (1767). 

Papilio  ino  Cramer,  Pap.  Ex.  I.  t.  62.  f.  A.  B  (1779). 

Apparently  not  very  common.  The  specimens  show  a  tendency  to  melanism, 
and  agree  in  this  more  nearly  with  the  figure  given  by  Cramer  than  with  that 
given  by  Clerck. 


(  63  ) 

30.  C.  buruana  sp.  nov. 

This  is  the  form  of  C.  hihlis  which  appears  to  predomiimte  on  tiie  island 
of  Bum.  It  is  characterized  by  a  marked  tendency  to  mehiiiism.  h\  the  malr 
sex  the  red  on  the  upperside  of  the  primaries  is  restricted  to  a  semicircular  tract 
on  the  inner  margin  of  the  wing  reaching  very  little  if  at  all  iibove  the  first 
median  nervnle  just  at  its  origin.  The  marginal,  submarginal  and  discal  lunules 
are  almost  suppressed  in  the  majority  of  specimens,  with  the  single  exception 
of  the  white  hastate  spot  between  the  second  and  third  median  nervnles,  which 
in  all  specimens  is  large  and  distinct,  standing  out  conspicuously  upon  tlie 
darker  ground  surrounding  it.  The  uj)perside  of  the  secondaries  is  brighter 
red  than  the  primaries.  The  margin  is  broadly  black,  the  interspaces  being 
adorned  with  the  usual  marginal  lunules.  Just  after  the  broad  black  margin 
there  is  a  narrow  dark  submarginal  line.  The  red  area  of  the  primaries  is 
marked  by  three  black  spots,  two  on  the  first  and  one  on  the  second  median 
interspace.  The  underside  is  much  as  in  C.  biblis  (Drury).  The  females  are 
darker  and  larger  than  the  males,  the  red  tint  of  the  npperside  of  the  wings 
being  replaced  in  this  se.x  by  a  dark  shade  of  olivaceous  brown,  having  a  very 
distinct  greenish  cast  in  certain  lights. 

The  species  seems  to  be  quite  constant,  and  is  easily  discriminated  by  its 
facies  from  other  allied  forms,  inasmuch  as  a  specific  name  has  been  given  to 
insular  varieties  of  this  insect  from  numerous  other  localities,  it  has  appeared 
to  me  that  this  form  is  well  worthy  of  being  treated  in  like  manner. 

The  collection  contains  a  couple  of  males  and  several  females,  the  latter  mostly 
in  poor  condition. 

Genus  CYNTHIA  Fabricias. 

">1.  C.  deione  Erichson,  Nov.  Act.  Ac.  Nat.   Car.  XVI.  Sup[il.  t.  .Vi. 

f.  2.  2a  (1833). 

A  large  number  of  specimens,  mostly  males. 

Genus  MESSARAS  Doubleday. 

32.  M.  lampetia  (Linnaeus),  Mtis.  Lad.  Ulr.  p.  2S(i  (17fi4). 

A  large  series  of  specimens  showing  great  variability  in  ^'w.e,  some  examples 
being  only  half  as  great  in  expanse  of  wing  as  others. 


Genus  ATELLA  Doubleday. 
33.  A.  egista  (Cramer),  Pap.  Ex.  Ill,  t.  2S1.  f  C.  D  (ITS2). 
Apparently  q^nite  common. 

Genus  SYMBHENTHIA  Hiibner. 
34.  S.  hippoclus  (Cramer),  Pap.   /•>.  III.  t.  220.  f  C.  D  (i;is2). 
Only  a  couple  of  worn  specimens. 


(   04   ) 

Genus  JUNONIA  Hiibner. 
35.  J.  erigone  (Cramer),  Pap.  Ex.  I.  t.  62.  f.  E.  F  (1779). 
A  few  good  examples. 

3C.  J.  atlites  (Linnaens),  Amoen.  Acad.  VI.  p.  407.  n.  72  (1764). 
Two  specimens. 

Genus  PRECIS  Hiibner. 
37.  P.  hellanis  Felder,  Reise  Noc,  Lep.  III.  ]).  4o2  (\i<(u). 
A  good  series. 

Genus  YOMA  Doberty. 

38.  Y.  sabina  (( 'ramer),  Pap.  Ex.  IV.  t.  2sy.  f.  A— D  (1782). 
A  large  series  of  specimens,  varying  as  nsnal. 

Genus  DOLESCHALLIA  Felder. 

39.  D.  bisaltide  (Cramer),  Pap.  Ex.  II.  t.  102.  f.  C.  D  (1779). 
A  conple  of  specimens  in  poor  case. 


40.  D.  melaua  Staudinger,  Exot.  Schmett.  I.  p.  104  (15 

Tbis  is  a  very  true  species.  The  female  is  somewhat  larger  than  the  male, 
and  the  line  of  demarcation  between  the  red  basal  portion  of  the  primaries  and 
the  dark  outer  part  of  these  wings  is  in  this  sex  not  quite  as  sharply  defined 
as  in  the  male,  in  which  the  dividing  line  is  quite  straight,  as  is  pointed  out 
by  Staudinger  in  his  description.  The  species  is  most  nearly  allied  to  D.  sciron 
Salv.  &  Godm.,  bnt  is  abundantly  distinct. 

There  is  a  small  suite  of  specimens  contained  in  tlie  collection. 


Genus  CYRESTIS  Boisdnval. 
41.  C.  thyonneus  (Cramer),  Pap.  Ex.  III.  t.  220.  f.  E.  F  (1782). 
This  species  appears  to  be  exceedingly  common. 

42.  C.  paulinus  Felder,   Wien  Ent.  Mon.  IV.  p.  247  (1860). 
Only  one  specimen  turned  up. 

Genus  HYPOLIMNAS  Hiibner. 

43.  H.  bolina  (Linnaeus),  Mus.  Lud.  Ulr.  p.  295  (1764). 

The  collection  contains  a  good  series  of  males  and  two  rather  poor  females  of 
the  form  named  iphigenia  by  Cramer  {Pap.  Ex.  1. 1.  67.  f.  D.  E).  De  Nicdville,  in  his 
synonymy  of  the  species,  does  not  quote  this  reference  to  Cramer  among  the  known 
synonyms,  though  it  is  properly  cited  by  Kirby,  immediately  after  the  citation  of 
the  following  species,  which,  however,  I  cannot  bring  myself  to  regard  as  properly 
placed  in  the  synonymy  of  11.  bolina. 


(    f.o   ) 

44.  H.  lasinassa  (Cramer),  Pap.  Ex.  HI.  t.  20.5.  f.  A.  B  (1782). 

There  is  a  set  of  males  and  females  of  this  species,  which,  when  compared  with 
the  large  series  of  //.  holina  captured  at  the  same  time  and  in  the  same  locality, 
leads  me  to  disagree  with  the  view  of  Kirby,  that  //.  lasinassa  is  a  mere  synonym 
for  H.  holina.  In  the  first  place  the  male,  which  superficially  resembles  bolina, 
differs  widely  from  any  specimens  of  bolina  which  1  have  ever  seen  both  in  size  and 
in  markings  of  the  nndersido  of  the  wiugs;  and  the  vastly  larger  size  of  i\\e:  females, 
and  the  corresponding  difference  in  markings,  all  go,  to  my  mind,  to  show  that  we 
are  dealing  with  a  valid  form. 

The  expanse  of  the  females  of  the  form  iphii/enia  of  holina  taken  by  Doherty 
in  Burn  does  not  much  exceed  TD  mm.  ;  the  expanse  of  ih&J'emales  of  //.  lasinas-ia 
is  in  some  cases  loS  mm.  and  never  less  than  95  mm.  The  males  are  all  much 
larger  than  the  largest  male  of  II.  bolina  in  the  collection.  The  markings  are 
diiferent.  In  both  sexes  there  is  an  entire  absence  of  the  white  transverse  median 
band  on  the  underside  of  the  primaries  and  secondaries,  which  is  characteristic  of 
H.  holina.  The  outer  margins  do  not  have  the  white  markings  on  the  fringe,  which 
are  characteristic  of  H.  bolina.  The  marginal  row  of  spots  on  the  underside  of  the 
secondaries,  which  is  geminated  in  //.  bolina,  is  single  in  H.  lasinassa.  The  blue  discal 
spots  on  the  upperside  of  the  wings  of  the  males  are  not  centred  with  white,  as  in 
H.  bolina,  but  are  uniformly  a  deep  purplish  blue.  If  the  two  forms  are  sjjrung  from 
the  same  insects,  and  are  merely  seasonal  or  dimorphic  variations,  we  are  confronted 
with  one  of  the  most  remarkable  facts  in  natural  history.  That  they  spring  from  one 
common  ancestry  I  am  quite  willing  to  believe,  and  an  examination  of  them  must 
convince  of  this,  but  I  cannot  bring  myself  to  believe  that  one  brood  of  eggs  will 
produce  these  two  forms  at  the  same  time.  They  are  as  widely  separate,  for 
instance,  as  any  two  species  of  Arg>jn7iis,  which  are  now  recognized  by  naturalists 
as  valid.  Doubtless  most  existing  species  have  had  at  some  time  a  common 
ancestry,  and  the  student  of  phylogeny  is  able  often  to  tell  where  lie  the  lines  of 
relationship,  but  relationship  is  not  identity  either  in  the  case  of  individuals  or 
species. 

4.J.  H.  alimena  (Linnaeus),  Mas.  Liul.  Ulr.  p.  2'..»1  (1T64). 

There  is  a  very  large  series  of  this  species.  The  males  are  constant,  but  the 
females  vary  considerably.  Some  of  the  females  are  coloured  upon  the  upperside 
like  the  males,  others  have  the  outer  third  of  the  secondaries  laved  with  rufous, 
and  still  others  are  more  or  less  strongly  marked  with  white  upon  the  secondaries. 

40.  H.  pandora  (Wallace;,  Trans.  Ent.  Soc.  bond.  p.  261  (1S69). 
There  is  a  small  set  of  males  a,nd  females  of  this  fine  species. 

47.  H.  antilope  (Cramer),  Faj,.  E.r.  II.  t.  183.  f.  E.  F  (1779). 
A  small  series  of  this  species,  representing  both  se.xes. 

Genus   PARTHENOS  Hiibuer. 

48,  P.  nodrica  (Boisdnval),  Voy.  Astrol.,  Lep.  p.  126  (1832). 
A  good  set  of  this  distinctly  marked  species. 


( «« ) 

(jENVs  >'E1T1S   Faliiiius. 
4'.i.  N.  heliodora  (Cramer),  /'«/'•  ^■•'-  ^^^  '•  -I -'•  t'-  •■-  ^'  (l'*2j. 
A  lew  gootl  speinmeiis. 

."id.  N.  venilia  (Ijiiniacns),  Mux.  Ut.r.  p.  25*0  (i:tJ4). 
A  large  series. 

•M.  N.  neriphoides  «p.  nov. 

Closely  allied  to  .V.  iwriplais  Hew.,  from  which  it  may  be  distinguished  by  its 
mncli  sniiiller  si/.e,  and  by  the  fact  that  the  snbniiirs^inal  brown  line  on  the  j)riniaries 
\%  not  divided,  as  in  iii'rijthnx,  into  two  j)arts  cnrving  inwardly  at  their  npper 
I'Xtreniities,  but  is  continuous,  only  showing  a  little  jag  or  offset  on  the  third  median 
nervnle.  Furthermore,  the  red  linear  band  running  the  length  of  the  cell  is  not 
serrated  on  its  npper  margin  as  in  .V.  neriphun,  and  the  subai)ical  spots  are  not 
divided  by  flie  subeostal  nervures  as  in  Howitson's  species,  but  are  fused  into  a 
curved  subajiie.il  biind,  not  very  much  indented  internally.  The  general  tone  of  the 
underside  of  both  wings  is  decidedly  lighter  than  in  ,V.  Hcriplinif.  There  are  two 
s])ecimens  of  this  species,  both  females.  I  have  another  specimen  in  my  collection 
coming  from  the  sonthern  peninsula  of  Celebes,  a  male,  which  is  also  referable  to 
this  species,  anil  has  long  stood  in  ray  collection  unnamed.      7y/jc  from  Bnru. 

Expanse  4:!  mm. 

Ck.\us  ATHYMA  Westwood. 
•  iJ.  A.  eulimene  (Godart),  Km:.  ifetl<.  IX.  ji.  42!"  (In-,':}). 
l'"our  malf.i. 

(iKNis  SYMFHAEDHA   Hiibner. 
.^:i.  S.  aeropus  (Linnaeus),  .1///.S-.  J.url.  L'lr.  p.  'Joii  (1704). 
Several  mnlix  and  one  fe.iiiale. 


Gekus  DlCHOHRAdlA  Butler. 
•")4.  D.  ninus  (Felder),  Wicn  E„f.  Mn„.  III.  p.  18."i  (ISoO). 
One  damaged  uwlf. 

(iEsrs  AFATUHINA  Herrich-Schaetler. 
•">•).  A.  erminia  (Cramer),  Pap.  Ex.  III.  t.  1!»6.  f.  A.  B  (1780). 
A  fairly  good  series  of  the  malf.i  of  this  species. 

Genus  EULEPIS  Jlocne. 
•  It;.  E.  pyrrhus  buruanus  Rothschild,  Nov.  /ooi..  V.  j).  osv.  f.  ','(;  (I89'.i). 
A  nntubei'  of  ju  lies  and  one  damaged  female. 


(  C7  ) 

Genus  MYNES  Boisduval. 
5:.  M.  dohertyi  Holland,  Enf.  News  IV.  p.  337.  t.  IS.  f.  2.  3  (1894). 
The  collection  contaius  four  specimens,  none  absolutely  perfect,  of  this  species. 

Family  LEMOmiDAE  Kiiby. 

Si'BFAMiLY  LIBYTHAEINAE  Bate.?. 

Genus  LIBYTHEA  Fabricins. 

.")^.  L.  narina  Oodart,  Enc  Metk.  IX.  p.  ITl  (I81U). 

Two  specimens. 

Family  !.)'<  AENfDAE  Stephens. 
Genus  GEHYDUS  Boisduval. 
oi).  G.  leos  ((iueiin),    I '<?//.   CoqaiUe.  t.  18.  f.  8.  (1829). 
A  large  species  of  specimens.     The  species  seems  to  be  very  common. 

')<!.  G.  buruensis  sp.  nov. 

S.  The  male  on  the  ni)persidc  very  closely  resembles  Parayerijdus  horsJldJi 
(Moore).  The  colour  of  the  wings  on  this  side  is  uniform  fuscous,  with  a  narrow 
streak  of  paler  colour  on  the  middle  of  the  jjrimaries.  The  resemblance  in  colour 
and  size  to  this  well-known  Javanese  species  is  so  close  that  at  first  sight  it  is  almost 
impossible  to  distinguish  the  two.  On  the  underside  the  wiugs  are  marked  much 
as  in  G.  chinensis  Felder,  but  the  submarginal  row  of  spots  on  the  pi-imaries  is 
continuous  along  the  border  and  docs  not  merely  extend  from  the  costa  to  the  third 
median  nervule  as  in  that  sjiecies. 

? .  The  female  is  darker  upon  the  upper  surface  thaii  the  male,  and  the  usual 
differences  in  the  form  of  the  wing  are  observable  in  this  sex.  The  streak  of  pale 
ochraceons  found  upon  the  primaries  of  the  male  is  replaced  in  the  ease  of  the 
female  by  a  small  subtriangular  spot  of  jiure  white. 

I  at  first  thought  that  this  insect  might  be  the  form  described  by  Ribbe  as 
cei-d mensis,  Iris  II.  p.  247,  but  I  have  finally  changed  my  opinion,  and  I  am  also 
quite  clear  from  the  figure  given  by  Staudinger,  Iris  II.  t.  1.  f  2,  that  it  is  not  the 
species  named  liy  him  as  Miletus,  /il/llippus.,  though  some  of  the  parts  of  his 
description  might  apply  to  it.  I  have  therefore  ventured  to  describe  it  as  a  new 
species. 

Genus  SPALGIS  Moore. 

(11.  S.  epius  AVestwood,  in  Doubl.  Westw.  k  Hew.,  Gi-n.  Dhtm.,  Le//.  II.  j).  .502. 

r.  70.  f.  .-)  (1852). 
There  are  several  specimens  in  fair  condition,  and  a  number  which  are  very 
poor.  I  cannot  distinguish  them  from  sj)eciraens  coming  from  India  and  Barmah 
and  contained  in  my  collection.  I  confess  that  I  am  somewhat  sceptical  as  to  the 
validity  of  the  species  named  S.  plwrmis  Feld.,  of  which  I  possess  specimens, 
l)elieved  to  be  accurately  determined,  from  Amboyna.  Except  for  the  reduced  size, 
or  occasional  absence  of  the  light  spot  on  the  upperside  of  the  primaries,  this  form 
iloes  not  ai)i)ear  to  me  to  differ  greatly  from  V  epim  Westwood.  The  markings  of 
the  underside  appear  to  me  to  be  identical. 


(  <i8  ) 

Genus  HOLOCHILA  Felder. 

62.  H.  ilias  (Felder),  Sitzber.  Ak.    Wissensc^.   Wien,  Math.  JSat.  CI.  XL. 

p.  454  (1860). 
Apparently  not  common. 

Genus  HYFOC'HRYSOPS  Felder. 
r.3.  H.  anacletus  Felder,  I.e. 
Only  ihre^  females  were  received.  They  were  considerably  smaller  than  the 
figure  given  iiy  Felder  in  the  Novara  Eeise,  and  a  little  larger  than  a  snite  of 
specimens  coming  from  Amboyna,  which  I  purchased  liomc  years  ago  from  Dr. 
Standinger,  and  to  which  I  added  a  series  obtained  from  Messrs.  Watkins  & 
Doncaster. 

Genus  PITHECOPS  Horslield. 
04.  P.  dionisius  (Boisduval),  Voy.  AstroL,  Le.p.  p.  82  (1832). 
Apparently  quite  common.     The  crucial  test  between  the  genus  Pithecops  and 
the  genns  Nefljjithecops  is  said  by  Distant  to  be  furnished  by  the  anastomosis  of  the 
first  subcostal  with  the  costal  uervure.     Tried  by  this  test,  dionisius  comes  very 
plainly  under  Ilorsfield's  genus. 

Genus  MEGISBA  Moore. 
6.5.  M.  malaya  (Horsfield),  Cat.  Lep.  E.I.C.  p.  To  (1828). 

Lycaena  strongi/le  Felder,  Reise  Nocara,  Lep.  j).  278.  t.  34.  f.  32.  33  (1865). 

Apparently  common,  though  few  of  the  specimens  sent  were  in  good  case. 
I  think  there  can  be  no  donbt  of  the  identification  made  by  Dr.  Semper  of  Felder's 
species  with  that  described  by  Horsfield.  I  have  a  large  series  of  M.  malaya 
coming  from  various  parts  of  India  and  the  Malay  Peninsula.  Comparing  these 
closely  with  the  specimens  before  me,  which  agree  absolutely  with  Felder's  figure, 
I  am  certain  that  so  far  as  the  underside  of  the  wings  is  concerned  there  is 
no  difference  whatever.  The  only  difference  discernible  to  me  is  that  specimens 
from  the  Asiatic  mainland  are  all  a  little  larger,  and  the  white  spot  on  the 
disc  of  the  primaries  is  relatively  a  little  smaller,  and  not  quite  so  sharply 
defined  as  in  the  specimens  from  Burn  and  Amboyna  in  my  collection.  There 
is  therefore  a  slight  difference  in  facies,  so  far  as  the  upperside  of  the  wings 
is  concerned.  This  is  all,  and  not  enough  to  warrant  the  specific  separation  of 
the  two  forms. 

Genus  (JYANIUIS  Daliuan. 

6(1.  C.  cagaya  (Felder),  Reise  Nomra,  Lep.  p.  278.  t.  34.  f  11—13  (1805). 

There  are  several  males  and  one  or  two  females,  which,  after  much  delibera- 
tion, I  am  led  to  assign  to  this  sjiecies,  though  the  specimens  do  not  agree  with 
absolute  exactness  with  the  figures  given  by  those  who  have  represented  the 
species.  They  are  very  close  to  C.  puspa  Horsf ,  but  differ  from  that  species 
in  the  absence  in  the  male  sex  of  the  dark  border  of  the  primaries,  which  is 
greatly  reduced,  and  in  some  cases  almost  altogether  wanting.  There  is  also 
very  little,  if  any,  white  npon  the  disc  of  the  primaries  in  this  sex.  Cagaya 
is  evidently  the  more  southern  race  of  C.  puspa. 


(  CO  ) 

67.  C.  philippina  Semper,  Ta,//.  riiiUpp.  p.  168.  t.  32.  f.  14—18  (1889).     ' 

There  is  a  good  suite  of  7Hah's  of  a  species,  which  appears  to  me  to  be 
the  foregoing.  At  all  events,  though  I  could  wish  to  be  a  little  more  certain 
upon  this  point,  I  can  find  no  description  of  any  species  of  Cyaniris  which  applies 
better  to  the  specimens  before  me.  Semper  relies  apparently  more  ivpon  his 
plates  than  upon  the  letterpress  of  his  work,  and  the  few  remarks  he  make^ 
about  this  species  do  not  throw  much  light  upon  certain  points,  upon  which 
his  plates  fail  equally  to  give  information.  The  specimens  before  me  all  have 
a  little  white  upon  the  disc  of  the  primaries  and  on  the  costa  of  the  secondaries. 
Semper  says  nothing  about  this  in  his  description,  which  is,  however,  so  meagre 
as  to  hardly  merit  to  be  called  such  ;  and  the  plates,  which  are  made  by  a 
photographic  process,  also  fail  to  tell  us  anything  about  this  point.  Blue  surfaces 
in  photography  often  take  lighter  than  white  surfaces.  On  the  underside  Semper's 
figures  agree  with  my  specimens,  spot  for  spot,  though  the  markings  in  some 
of  the  examples  before  me  are  heavier  and  more  pronounced  than  they  appear 
in  the  plates  in  the  Butterflies  of  the  Philippine  Islands. 


Genus  ZIZERA  Moore. 

68.  Z.  gaika  (Trimen),   Trans.  Eiit.  Soc.  Loud.  (3).  I.  p.  403  (1862). 

A  large  number  of  specimens  of  both  sexes  of  this  widely  distributed  form. 

69.  Z.  subcoerulea  sp.  uov. 

tj.  The  body  is  fuscous  on  the  upperside,  and  is  clothed  with  bluish  hairs. 
The  underside  of  the  body  is  pale  whitish  grey.  Tlie  legs  are  also  whitish  grey, 
marked  with  darker  grey  upon  the  outer  edges  of  the  tibiae,  and  on  the  tarsi.  The 
palpi  are  white,  edged  below  with  blackish  hairs.  The  antennae  are  black  above, 
and  below  are  ringed  with  white.  The  wings  on  the  upperside  are  pale  purplish 
blue,  almost  of  the  same  tint  as  light-coloured  specimens  of  Cafochri/sops  strabo, 
but  without  the  sheen  of  that  species.  On  the  costa  near  the  base  most  specimens 
in  certain  lights  show  a  white  lustre.  Both  wings  are  marked  by  a  fine  blackish 
marginal  line,  within  which  on  each  interspace  along  the  border  are  small  Innular 
markings,  those  of  the  primaries  diffuse,  and  pale  ashen  greenish,  paler  than  the 
body  of  the  wing,  rarely  fuscous  ;  those  of  the  secondaries  pale  fuscous,  marked 
inwardly  and  outwardly  by  paler  grey.  The  fringes  are  grey,  lighter  on  the 
secondaries  than  on  the  primaries,  and  distinctly  interrupted  at  the  end  of  each 
nervnle  by  darker  fuscous.  On  the  underside  both  wings  are  pale  cool  grey.  Both 
are  ornamented  by  spots  of  pale  brown,  only  a  shade  darker  than  the  body  of  the 
wings,  and  uniformly  surrounded  by  light  whitish  lines  and  markings.  These 
markings  are  as  follows  :  On  the  primaries  there  is  a  longitudinal  transverse  mark 
at  the  end  of  the  cell,  a  discal  series  of  spots  crossing  the  wing  from  the  costa  to 
the  inner  margin  about  two-thirds  of  the  distance  from  the  base,  one  spot  on  each 
interspace,  the  whole  series  being  conformed  in  a  regular  curve  to  the  line  of  the 
outer  margin.  This  series  of  spots  is  succeeded  near  the  margin  by  a  double  series" 
of  Innules,  the  spots  composing  the  inner  series  being  larger  than  those  of  the  outer 
series.  Both  sets  of  lunules  are  margined  on  both  sides  by  pale  grey,  but  in  the 
case  of  the  inner  series  this  pale  grey  colour  is  extended  diffusely  inwardly  almost  as- 


far  m  the  series  of  discal  spots,  jriviui;  to  tiic  wiii<f  tlie  ajipeaiaiice  fit  first  sight 
of  bciug  crossed  liy  a  transverse  whitisli  Imnil.  TLe  margin  is  indicated  by  a  fine 
dark  line.  The  fringes  are  j)aler  tlian  on  tlie  iipperside.  The  same  markings  which 
are  fonud  upon  the  primaries  are  coiitinned  upon  the  secondaries,  and  quite  as 
evenly,  except  that  the  discal  series  above  vein  fl  is  broken,  by  having  the  two  upper 
epots  nearest  the  costa  shoved  inwardly  towai-d  the  base,  being  located  one  above 
the  other  a  little  before  and  above  the  end  of  tlie  cell.  In  addition  to  the  spots 
conijosing  the  three  outer  series  there  is  a  longitudinal  transverse  mark  at  the  end 
of  the  cell,  a  round  spot  aliont  the  middle  of  the  cell,  and  another  small  spot  above 
it  near  the  costa. 

?.  The  /'ei/Ki/i-  on  tlie  underside  is  marked  exactly  like  the  i/'n/f.  but  the 
primaries  on  the  npperside  are  broadly  dark  fuscons  on  the  costal  and  outer  marginal 
areas.  There  is  a  single  /fmn/t'  of  this  sjiecies  in  the  collection  in  which  the  entire 
upper  surface  of  both  wings  is  dark  fuscons. 

Expanse  :   cJ  and  ?  20 — 25  mm. 

When  1  originally  undertook  to  wurk  up  the  collection  1  provisionally  referred 
this  species  to  Z.  otis  (Fabr.),  bnt  a  closer  study  has  revealed  the  incorrectness  of  this 
procednre,  and  after  a  lengthy  study  of  the  entire  subject  I  am  compelled  to  believe 
that  we  are  dealing  here  with  an  nndescribed  species.  It  is  in  size  much  like 
Z.  mafia,  and  suggests  that  species  by  its  colouration,  but  the  markings  of  the  under- 
side are  wholly  diflerent.  The  markings  do  not  agree  with  those  of  any  other  species 
of  the  genus  which  I  have  seen  (and  almost  all  of  them  are  represented  iu  my 
collection),  nor  with  the  descriptions  given  by  authors.  The  pale  whitish  space 
between  the  discal  series  of  spots,  and  the  inner  marginal  row  of  lunules,  and  the 
absence  of  dark  markings  on  the  edge  of  the  primaries  of  the  Male  sex,  are  easily 
seen  characteristics.  The  insect  belongs  to  the  second  group  of  the  genus  indicated 
by  De  Niceville,  which  lack  the  inner  spot  in  the  cell  of  the  primaries. 


Gexus  LYCAENE.STHES  Moore. 

70.  L.  lycaenoides  (Folder),  SiL-ber.  AL  W'issai.ic/t.  M'ie/i,  Math.  Xat.  CI.  XI. 
p.  4.54  (18G')j  ;  'i  Fseudodipsas  Ijcaenoides,  Felder,  lieise  Xocara,  U'.p.  p.  258. 
t.  30.  f  25.  cJ  (1865). 

De  Niceville,  Butt.  India  III.  p.  128,  sinks /yw<';;o/(/('.<  Felder,  as  a  synonym 
of  LycacvcstlH'»  cinolux  (Godt.)  =  tjinigaleiisis  Moore,  following,  with  evident 
reluctance,  the  example  of  Hewitsou.  1  cannot  at  all  concur  in  this  course.  With 
an  abundance  tif  specimens  of  L.  emulu.t  =  beixjdk'ii.v.'i  Moore,  in  both  sexes  before 
me  from  various  parts  of  India  and  Burmah,  and  with  the  figure  of  Felder,  and 
a  large  suite  of  specimens  of  i.  lycaenoules  Felder  coming  from  Amboyna  and  Burn, 
it  is  impossible  to  accord  the  correctness  of  Mr.  Hewitson's  opinion.  I  am  also 
constrained  to  believe  that  the  insect,  which  Hewitsou  figured  as  /-.  lijcaenoidex 
Felder,  evidently  »,  female,  llluitr.  Diuin.,  Lef.  p.  219.  t.  02.  f  3'J,  is  not  Felder's 
insect.  The/onales  in  my  possession  differ  too  widely  from  the  figure  of  Hewitsou 
to  allow  of  their  identification  with  the  butterfly  he  depicts,  though  his  figure  is 
evidently  very  carelessly  executed.  If  it  represents  the /ivwo'^e  of  Felder's  species 
it  must  be  set  down  as  a  rather  unfortunate  attempt  to  follow  nature. 

The  difference  between  L.  b/cacnoidcs  Feld.  and  L.  cmoliis  (Godt.),  accepting 
the  identification  of  L.  bcngalensis  Moore  with  the  latter  species  as  established,  i.s 


(  71  ) 

I'evealed  first  of  all  in  tlu'  character  of  tlio  Iiroad  sut)marjj;iii!i!  baml  on  the  primarifs. 
lu  L.  emoliis  tliis  baml  is  well  (h'scriiied  by  Moore  as  lieing  "  chain-like,"  whereas 
ill  /,.  li/ctienoltli's  FelJ.  the  baml  is  more  continuous,  that  is  to  say,  the  ligiit  lines 
defining  it  on  both  sides  are  straighter,  and  the  baud  consequently  presents  more 
even  margins  both  externally  and  internally,  a  feature  brought  out  in  Felder's 
figure.  Secondly,  the  underside  of  tlic  secondaries  in  Felder's  species  has  tlie  lines 
and  strigae  soniewtiat  differently  arranged,  as  well  as  more  numerous  than  in 
emolus.  They  are,  moreover,  as  well  as  the  whole  outer  margin  of  the  wing,  lighter 
in  colour  than  in  fiiiohm,  so  that  the  wing  has  ipiite  a  different  cast.  The  female  is 
very  different,  and  as  no  full  description  of  this  sex  lias  apparently  been  given  I 
herewitli  append  one  :  — 

?.    The  jiriraaries  on  the  npperside  have  the  costal  and  outer  marginal  arciis 
very  broadly  blackish.     Tlie  middle  and  basal  areas  of  tlie  wing  along  the  inner 
margin  are  blue,  darkest  at  the  ])ase.     The  blue  colour  extends  a  little  upon  the 
lower  edge  i>f  the  cell,  and  becomes  lighter  just  beyond  the  lower  angle  of  the  cell. 
The  secondaries  are  blue  shading  into  brown  at  the  base,  and  with  the  veins  some- 
what broadly  brown.     There  is  a  submarginal  and  a  marginal  row  of  light  lunules, 
the  inner  series  fainter  in  colour  than  the  outer  series.     The  space  between  these 
two  rows  of  lunules  is  fuscous.     The  outer  row  of  lunules  is  accented  externally  by 
a  corresponding   series   of  dark  'triangular  spaces,  which  toward  the   anal   angle 
become  a  deep  black.     The  margin  is  indicated  by  a  fine  white  marginal  line.     The 
fringes  are  bl.ack,  tipj)ed  with  light  brown,  and  at  the  extremities  of  veins  1,  ,,  and  :( 
are  produced  as  short  tails,  tipped  with  wiiite,  tiie  tail  at  the  end  of  vein  2  being  the 
longest.     On  the  underside  both  wings  are  greyish  fawn,  a  trifle  darker  at  tlie  base 
of  the  wings  :  the  primaries  at  tlie  end  of  the  cell  have  a  transverse  short  baud  of 
darker  drab  extending  from  the  costa  to  the  lower  outer  angle  of  the  cell,  and 
defined  inwardly  and  outwardly  by  fine  whitish  lines,  of  which  the  one  on  the  outer 
margin  of  the  spot  is  extended  upward  to  the  costa.     Beyond  this  spot  and  extend- 
ing from  the  costa  to  the  inner  margin  is  a  broad,  rather  even  submarginal  baud 
of  the  same  drab  colonr,  bordered  on  both  sides  by  fine  whitisli  lines.     There  is 
a  marginal  series  of  <'onfluent  dark  lunules,  one  on  each  intersjiace.     These  lunules, 
like  the  inner  bands,  are  marj;ined  on  either  side  by  fine  whitish  lines.     The  margin 
is  indicatiHl  by  an  exceedingly  fine  wliito  line.     The  fringes  are  brown,  as  on  tiie 
upperside.    The  fringes  of  the  secondaries  are  dark  brown  tipped  with  lighter  brown. 
The  margin  is  indicated  on  the  secondaries,  as  on  the  primaries,  by  a  fine  but  very 
distinct  white  line.     The  luarginal  series  of  confluent  lunules  appearing  uiion  the 
primaries  reappears  npou  the  secondaries,  the  triangular  external  spaces  being  darker 
than  upon   the  primaries.     Between  veins  ■,'  and  '^  there  is  a  conspicuous  black 
ocellus,  surmonuted  with  a  lunule  of  orange  nil  and  sprinkled  with  a  few  bluish 
scales.     The  middle  and  liasal  areas  of  the  secondaries  are  marked  by  a  number 
of  short  lines  or  strigae  arranged  in  a  very  intricate  manner,  scarcely  .admitting 
of  accm'ate  description. 

Tl.  L.  pegobates  si'  nov. 
?.  The  body  on  the  upperside  is  fuscous,  clothed  more  or  h-ss  with  l>lue  hairs, 
particularly  upon  tJie  thorax.  The  lowerside  of  tlu'  body  is  yellowish  white.  The 
legs  are  white,  with  the  tibiae  edged  externally  with  grey  and  the  tarsi  ringed 
with  the  same  colour.  The  first  and  second  joints  of  the  palpi  are  white,  tiie  third 
black.      On  the  up])erside  the  primaries  are  broadly  dark  fuscous  on   the  costal 


(   72  ) 

and  outer  marginal  areas.  The  Imsal  aven  from  flic  inner  margin  as  far  as  the 
middle  of  tjie  cell  is  dark  smalt  bine,  jiassing  into  jiale  blnish  white  beyond  the 
lower  outer  angle  of  the  cell.  The  secondaries  are  pale  fnscons,  with  the  basal  area 
in  the  region  of  the  cell  shot  with  smalt  blue.  This  wing  is  crossed  by  a  broad 
rather  regular  fuscous  band  running  from  the  costa  before  tiie  outer  angle  toward 
the  anal  angle,  which  it  does  not  quite  reacli.  The  margin  is  indicated  by  two  fine 
bluish  white  lines,  separated  by  a  narrow  dark  line.  Tiie  fringes  are  dark  fuscous, 
as  on  the  jirimaries,  but  are  edged  with  jialer  fuscous,  and  produced  at  the 
extremities  of  veins  1,  2,  and  3  as  short  tails,  of  which  the  one  at  the  end  of 
Vein  2  is  the  longest.     All  of  these  tails  are  tijiped  narrowly  with  white. 

On  the  underside  both  wings  are  pale  fawn.  There  is  a  short  transverse  band 
of  slightly  ilarker  fown  running  from  the  costa  to  the  lower  angle  of  the  cell 
margined  by  narrow  white  lines.  This  is  succeeded  by  a  broad  dark  band  running 
from  the  costa  and  retracted  a  short  distance  along  the  inner  margin,  and  edged  on 
either  side  with  white  lines.  A  fine  white  line  runs  from  the  costa  toward  the  inner 
margin,  bending  outwardly  about  the  middle  of  the  wing,  and  coalescing  with  the 
white  line  which  defines  the  broad  outer  band  before  the  inner  margin  is  reached. 
Beyond  this  line  we  still  have  two  other  fine  white  lines  along  the  margin, 
separated  by  a  narrow  dark  line.  The  fringes  are  uniformly  fnscous.  The  lines 
and  bands'  of  the  outer  marginal  area  of  the  primaries  are  produced  upon  the 
secondaries.  There  is  a  very  small  and  obscure  ocellns  between  veins  2  and  3, 
having  a  black  centre,  surmounted  by  orange  red.  The  discal  and  basal  portion  of 
this  wing  is  marked  by  numerous  tine  white  lines  arranged  in  intricate'patterus. 

E.Kpanse  :  30  mm. 

Type  unique. 

This  species  is  closely  allied  to  the  preceding,  but  the  pattern  and  direction  of 
the  transverse  lines  and  bands  on  both  sides  of  the  wings  are  very  different.  No 
tendency  to  the  breaking  up  of  the  lines  and  bands  of  the  margins  into  lunnles  is 
revealed,  and  the  entire  facies  is  different.  Unfortunately  there  does  not  appear 
to  be  any  male,  to  which  I  can  refer  this  specimen — a  fact  for  which  I  must  express 
deej)  regret. 

Genus  TALK'ADA  Moore. 

72.  T.  buruana  sp.  nov. 

This  species  is  closely  allied  to  1.  arruanu  Feld.,  from  which  it  is  easily  dis- 
tinguished by  the  fact  that  the  miles  are  very  light  blue  on  the  upperside  of  the 
wings,  and  not  dark  blue  as  in  Felder's  species.  Furthermore,  there  is  an  entire 
absence  in  both  sexes  of  the  dark  red  marking  near  the  anal  angle  of  the  secondaries, 
which  are  characteristic  of  T.  arruanu.  The  fomnli>  is  dark  fnscous  on  the  upper- 
side  of  the  primaries  and  secondaries,  with  the  wings  shot  near  the  base  with 
silvery  binisli  white.  This  may  be  regarded  as  the  Baruan  form  of  Felder's 
species. 

Gesus  EVERES  Httbner. 

73.  E.  argiades  CPallas),  Reise  I.  App.  p.  472(1771).     ( For  synonymy  compare 
De  Niceville,  Butt.  Im/ia  III.  p.  137.) 

There  are  a  few  of  this  species  in  both  se.xes. 


(  73  ) 

Genus  NACADUBA  Mooie. 

T4.  N.  ardates  (Moore),  Proe.  Zool.  Soc.  Load.  p.  574.  t.  67.  f.  1  (1874). 

The  collection  contains  a  number  of  males,  of  which  all  but  one  are  of  the 
tailless  form. 

76.  (?)  N.  aluta  (Druce),  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Lond.  p.  349.  t.  32.  f.  0  (1873)  ; 
id.,  I.e.,  p.  .378.  t.  32.  f.  13.  14  (1895). 

It  is  with  some  donbt  that  I  refer  two  specimens  in  the  collection  to  this 
species.  They  are  smaller  than  they  ought  to  be  to  agree  with  the  account  of  the 
species  given  by  Mr.  H.  H.  Druce,  and  are  darker  bine  on  the  npperside  than 
represented  in  his  figure. 

76.  N.  ancyra  (Felder),  Reise  Nocara,  Lep.  p.  276.  t.  34.  f.  5  (186.5). 
A  few  males  of  this  species. 

77.  N.  beroe  (Felder),  Reise  Nomra,  Lep.  p.  275.  t.  34.  f.  36  (186.")). 

A  large  number  of  7nales  and  three  t^ot  females,  which  I  refer  to  this  species. 

78.  N.  albofasciatus  (liober),  Iris  I.  p.  65.  t.  4.  f.  21.  c?  (1885). 
Rober  describes  and  figures  the  male.  The  collection  before  me  contains  no 
male  specimens,  but  two  females,  which  agree  so  closely  on  the  underside  with  the 
figure  given  by  Ruber  that  I  am  constrained  to  refer  them  to  this  species.  They 
are  unlike  any  other  insect  in  the  genus  known  to  me,  and  I  believe  my  determination 
to  be  correct. 

79.  N.  cladara  sp.  nov. 

cJ.  The  body  is  fuscous,  more  or  less  clothed  with  blue  hairs  on  the  npperside. 
The  thorax  and  legs  are  quite  dark,  the  abdomen  on  the  underside  is  pale  grey. 
The  palpi  are  black.  The  antennae  are  black,  slightly  ringed  with  white  on  the 
underside.  Tiie  wings  on  the  npperside  are  pale  morpho-blue,  somewhat  clouded 
in  certain  lights  with  pale  brown  at  the  base.  Both  are  margined  with  a  fine  black 
line,  and  the  i)rimaries  are  very  lightly  edged  in  addition  with  fuscous  on  the 
margin,  most  noticeably  near  the  apex.  There  is  a  minute  black  spot  near  the  anal 
angle.  On  the  underside  the  wings  are  sordid  brown,  becoming  darker  toward  the 
base,  where  they  are  almost  black.  The  primaries  have  a  transverse  band  on  the 
middle  of  the  cell  produced  beyond  it  as  far  as  the  first  median  nervnle,  another 
similar  band  closing  the  end  of  the  cell,  and  beyond  this  running  from  the  costa  to 
the  submedian  nerve  a  catenulate  band  bent  outwardly  opposite  the  cell.  All  of 
these  bands  are  margined  with  fine  whitish  lines,  and  are  a  shade  darker  than  the 
adjacent  parts  of  the  wing.  In  addition,  there  is  on  the  primaries  a  double  row 
of  marginal  lunules,  also  bordered  on  either  side  by  pale  diffuse  lines.  The 
secondaries  on  the  underside  are  furnished  with  a  subbasal  curved  series  of  spots 
like  those  on  the  primaries,  running  from  the  costa  to  the  inner  margm.  The 
cell  is  closed  by  a  fine  whitish  line,  defined  externally  by  a  darker  band  of  the 
same  length,  which  is  followed  by  an  irregularly  curved  series  of  dark  markings, 
the  spots  opposite  the  end  of  the  cell  being  thrust  outwardly  and  the  pale  lines 


( "+ ) 

(lefiiiiiig  tlieiu  Cdiilesciiig  with  a  >eries  of  lines  runniiii;  from  the  ontor  aagle  tcS 
the  third  median  iiervulo.  The  double  series  of  luaules  appearing  on  the  primaries 
is  produced  upon  the  secondaries,  but  between  veins  2  and  '^  is  interrupted  by  a 
conspicuous  black  ocellns,  suimonutcd  with  a.  red  lunnlo,  and  liaving'  a  few  iridescent 
bluish  green  scales  on  its  outer  margin  ;  there  are  also  two  similar,  but  much 
smaller,  black  sjwts  at  the  anal  angle,  likewise  ornamented  with  bluish  green  scales. 

E.xpanse  :  t.'.")  mm. 

Descrilied  from  three  male  specimens. 

80.  N.  poecilta  sp.  nov. 

cT.  The  npperside  of  the  body  is  dark  fascons,  clothed  with  pale  bine  hairs  ; 
the  lowerside  of  the  body  and  the  legs  are  blackish.  Tlie  abdomen  on  the  lower- 
side  is  narrowly  marked  with  pale  grey.  The  palj)i  are  black.  Tiie  antennae  are 
black,  ringed  with  white  on  the  lowerside.  Both  wings  are  very  pale  violet-blue, 
in  certain  lights  having  a  pale  brown  cast,  especially  about  the  base.  The  margin 
of  both  wings  is  defined  by  a  very  fine  black  line.  The  fringes  are  white,  checked 
with  fuscous  at  the  ends  of  the  nervules.  At  the  end  of  vein  "-'  on  the  secondaries 
there  is  a  short  tail,  fuscous,  tipped  with  white.  On  either  side  of  the  c.Ktremity 
of  the  same  vein  are  two  small  dark  spots,  narrowly  edged  outwardly  by  fine  white 
lines.  On  the  underside  the  wings  have  the  outer  margin  pale  grey,  almost  white, 
with  the  discal  and  basal  areas  broadly  suftused  with  dark  mouse-grey.  The 
primaries  are  marked  by  three  transverse  bands  of  dark  blackish  brown,  defined 
inwardly  and  outwardly  by  light  lines,  which  on  the  <osta  are  represented  by  small 
very  distinct  white  spots.  These  bands  are  :  1st,  a  snbbasal  band  extending  from 
the  costa  across  the  cell  to  the  submedian  nerve ;  2nd,  a  discocellular  baud, 
covering  the  end  of  the  cell  :  and  :^rd,  a  catenulate  discal  band,  running  from  the 
costa  to  the  submedian  nerve.  In  the  latter  band  the  three  spots,  which  are  opposite 
the  cell,  are  somewhat  dislocated,  and  pushed  forth  in  the  direction  of  the  outer 
margin.  There  is  a  double  series  of  pale  grey  lunnles  along  the  margin,  irregnlar 
in  size,  the  upper  one  of  the  outer  series  at  the  ape.x  being  the  largest  and  quite 
conspieuons,  those  about  the  middle  of  the  margin  tend  to  become  obsolete.  The 
secondaries  on  the  nnderside  are  crossed  by  a  basal  ciu'ved  catenulate  band,  by  a 
discocellular  bar,  followed  closely  by  an  irregularly  curved  discal  catenulate  band. 
All  of  these  bands  are  dark  blackish  brown,  and  the  maculae  composing  them  are 
edged  with  lighter  colour.  There  is  a  double  row  of  rather  irregular  marginal 
Innules,  grey  in  colour,  edged  with  white.  Between  veins  2  and  3  there  is  a 
conspicuous  ocellus,  surmounted  with  an  orange-red  lunnle,  its  deeji  velvety  black 
central  spot  marked  externally  by  a  very  fine  lunette  of  bluish  green.  Another 
very  small  ocellus  is  situated  at  the  anal  angle. 
Expanse :  20  mm. 

There  is  a  single  specimen  of  this  species  in  tlie  cnllection,  marked  by  Mr. 
Doherty  "  Nacaduba,  species  incerta."  I  have  another  specimen  in  my  collection 
coming  from  Amboyua,  and  purchased  by  me  several  years  ago  in  a  lot  of 
Amboynese  material.  In  the  Amboynese  example  the  ground  colour  is  somewhat 
paler,  and  the  outer  margins  are  broadly  whitish.  In  consequence  the  transverse 
markings  stand  forth  much  more  conspicuonsly  in  this  specimen.  This  thing  I  at 
one  time  thought  was  the  hitherto  undeseribed  and  unfignred  male  of  N.  palmi/ny 
Feld,  the  words  in  Felder's  description  {Sitrher.  Ah.   Wisx.    Wim,  Math.  Kit.   t'f. 


(  7o) 

XL.  p.  458),  "  ((lis  ca)i(l((tis,  ciliis  albis,  fiisco  intersectis"  seeming  to  furuisli  a 
clue.  So  far  as  my  observation  goes,  the  only  Nacadt'ha  to  whidi  these  wordh 
apply  is  the  species  beft>re  me.  1  do  not  know  N.  palmyra  Feld.,  save  by  his 
description  and  the  figure,  which  is  that  of  a  female,  and  wholly  unlike  the  insect 
aliove  described,  if  the  text  and  plate  are  safe  guides. 

si.  N.  glenis  sp.  nov. 

? .  The  body  ou  the  upperside  is  black,  more  or  less  clothed  with  bluish  hairs  ; 
on  t!ie  underside  the  body  is  pale  grey.  The  legs  are  whitish,  streaked  and  ringed 
with  grey.  The  first  and  second  joints  of  the  palpi  are  white,  the  third  joint  is  black. 
The  front  is  white.  The  antennae  arc  black,  ringed  below  with  white.  The  wings 
on  the  upperside  are  dark  fuscous,  shading  on  the  costa  of  the  primaries  and  the 
outer  margins  of  both  wings  into  black.  Both  wings  at  the  base  arc  shot  with 
ro3-al  purple,  only  vi.sible  in  certain  lights.  On  tlie  underside  both  wings  are 
broadly  yellowish  ochraceous.  The  primaries  have  a  discocellnlar  brown  bar,  edj^ed 
on  both  sides  by  fine  pale  yellow  lines  ;  a  discal  catcnulate  transverse  l)and,  bowed 
out  before  the  end  of  the  cell,  and  running  from  the  costa  to  the  snbmedian  nerve, 
the  spots  composing  it  colom'cd  and  defined  as  the  bar  at  the  end  of  the  cell.  In 
addition  there  is  a  double  series  of  submargivial  fuscous  markings  defined  on  both 
sides  by  light  poorly  defined  lines.  The  inner  row  of  these  markings  is  very 
uniform  in  size,  more  or  less  quadrate,  and  larger  than  those  composing  the  outer 
row,  which  are  small  and  distinctly  lunulate.  The  fringes  are  dark  fuscous.  The 
secondaries  on  the  underside  have  a  snbbasal  series  of  three  subqnadrate  spots,  a 
discocellnlar  bar,  and  a  discal  curved  scries  of  spots,  all  of  which  are  defined  more 
or  less  sharply  on  both  sides  by  pale  yellow  lines.  The  double  series  of  marginal 
markings  of  the  primaries  is  continued  upon  the  secondaries.  The  inner  row  is 
strongly  accentuated  on  the  side  toward  the  base  by  broad,  pale  yellowish  transverse 
lines  or  bands,  the  outer  row  of  lunnles  is  composed  of  spots  gradually  increasing  in 
size  from  the  outer  angle,  until  they  culminate  in  a  large  ocellus,  between  veins 
2  and  3.  The  two  spots  antecedent  to  this  ocellus  are  distinctly  occlliforni.  The 
large  ocellus  is  black,  ringed  with  yellowish,  and  without  any  blue-green  scales. 
There  arc  two  minute  black  lunular  markings  at  the  anal  angle. 

Expanse  25  mm. 

Type  unique. 

There  is  no  male  in  the  collection  corresponding  to  this  insect,  and.  so  far  as  I 
know,  there  is  nothing  jnst  like  it  which  has  hitherto  been  described  or  figured. 
The  broadly  yellowish  ochraceous  tint  of  tlie  underside  is  very  characteristic. 


Genus  JAM  IDES  Hubner. 

8'i.  J.  astraptes  (Felder),  Sitzber.  Ah.    Wissensch.    \Vie»,  Mifh.  Nat.  CI.  XL. 

p.  450  (1860). 

A  large  series  of  males  and/etnales.     Apparently  very  common. 

83.  J.  porphyris  sp.  nov. 

(J.   The  primaries  on  the  upperside  have  the  outer  margin  somewhat  narrowly 
edged  with  black  ;  the  secondaries  have  the  costal,  outer  and  inner  margins  very 


( ■« ) 

broadl.v  margiued  with  black  ;  the  remainder  of  the  upjtcr  surface  of  the  wings  is 
very  deep  ro^val  ])uii)le,  with  little  or  no  sheen.  On  the  underside  I  am  unable  to 
distinguish  the  markings  of  this  s])ecies  from  those  of  J.  astraptes  and  those  of 
./.  boclius,  except  that  the  ground  colour  of  the  wing  is  a  jjaler  whitish  grey. 

?.  The  ye/«n/(' is  marked  on  the  underside  like  the  »(«/<■.  On  the  upperside 
the  wings  are  very  broadly  black-,  being  merely  shot  lightly  at  the  base  with  royal 
purple.  The  secondaries  have  the  outer  margin  defined  more  or  less  distinctly 
toward  the  anal  angle  by  a  fine  white  line,  above  which  are  tliree  or  four  small  spots, 
darker  than  the  adjacent  parts  of  the  wing. 

Expanse  S  18 — 25  mm.,  ?  28  mm. 

Described  from  numerous  males,  onQ/emale. 


Genus  LAMPIDES  Hiibner. 
84.  L.  hylas  (Cramer),  Pap.  Exot.  IV.  t.  3(J3.  f.  E.  F  (1782). 
Apparently  very  common. 

8.j.  L.  celeno  (Cramer),  I.e.  I.  t.  31.  f  C.  D  (1775). 
A  few  specimens. 

8().  L.  aratus  (Cramer),  l.,-.  IV.  t.  3G9.  f  A.  B  (1782). 
Apparently  not  uncommon. 

87.  L.  callinicus  (Ruber),  his  I.  p.  58.  t.  4.  f.  15  (1884). 

What  I  take  to  be  this  species  is  represented  in  the  collection  by  a  few  males 
and  more  nwoi&roxi&  females. 

88.  (?)  L.  nemea  Felder,  Sit^ber.  A/t.  Wiss.  Wien.  XL.  j).  455  (1860). 

It  is  with  some  doubt  that  I  refer  the  two  specimens  before  me  to  this 
species. 

89.  L.  bumana  sp.  nov. 

tJ.  The  ynale  on  the  upperside  has  much  the  appearance  of  L.  aratus  Cram., 
but  the  wings  on  the  upperside  of  the  primaries  in  particular  are  overshot  with 
a  deeper  blue  iridescence,  the  outer  margin  of  the  primaries  is  more  heavily  edged 
with  dark  fuscons,  and  the  subbasal  dark  band  of  the  underside  shows  through 
upon  the  upperside  as  a  pale  dark  band  parallel  to  the  outer  margin.  The  secondaries 
on  the  upperside  have  the  margin  distinctly  defined  by  a  black  line,  followed  by  a 
row  of  marginal  lunules,  surrounded  with  white,  the  one  between  veins  2  and  3 
being  distinctly  ocelliform.  This  row  of  lunules  is  succeeded  inwardly  by  a  sub- 
marginal  row  of  dark  fuscous  spots,  more  or  less  quadrate  in  form.  On  the  under- 
side the  wings  are  pale  fawn  crossed  by  white  lines,  the  arrangement  of  which  is 
simpler  than  in  L.  aratus,  the  most  striking  difference  being  the  fact  that  on  the 
primaries  the  two  lines  at  the  end  of  the  cell  are  continued  directly  as  parallel  lines 
to  the  sabmedian  nerve.    These  lines  are  succeeded  by  two  parallel  curved  subapical 


(  77  ) 

lines,  the  innermost  reaching'  to  the  second  median  nervule  and  the  ontermost  to 
the  third  median  nervule.  There  is  a  broad  submarginal  band  of  quadrate  dark 
spots,  and  a  marginal  series  of  lanules,  both  bordered  inwardly  quite  broadly  with 
white,  the  margin  is  indicated  by  a  fine  white  line  followed  externally  by  a  fine  but 
very  distinct  black  line.  The  fringes  are  fuscous,  tipped  with  white.  The  second- 
aries have  the  marginal  markings  of  the  primaries  continued  upon  them,  the  series 
of  luuules  being  interrupted  by  a  large  ocellus,  between  veins  2  and  3,  deep  black, 
surmounted  by  a  lunule  of  orange-red,  and  irrorated  with  bluish  green  scales.  The 
discal  and  basal  areas  are  crossed  by  five  transverse  lines,  broken  on  vein  0,  and  all 
tending  to  unite  by  their  lower  extremities  at  a  point  about  the  middle  of  vein  2. 
On  the  inner  margin  there  are  three  parallel  short  lines  running  from  vein  2 
upwardly  in  the  direction  of  the  insertion  of  the  wing. 

?  .  Ihejemale  is  much  like  the  )/iale,  but  all  the  markings  are  heavier  and  more 
distinct,  and  the  upper  surface  of  tlie  wings  lacks  the  bluish  sheen  of  the  male,  being 
more  milky  white.  Furthermore  the  apical  area  of  the  primaries  on  the  upperside 
is  somewhat  broadly  laved  with  dark  fuscous. 

Expanse  c?  28 — 32  mm,,  ?  25 — 33  mm.  Described  from  six  males  and  six 
females. 

I  reluct  at  describing  another  species  in  this  genus,  in  which  the  differences 
are  often  found  to  reside  merely  in  a  shade  of  colour,  or  the  arrangement  of  a  few 
lines  in  the  underside  of  the  wing,  but  in  this  case  the  specimens  before  me  are  so 
constant  in  their  markings  and  are  so  totally  distinct  in  their  facies  from  any  other 
species  known  to  me,  that  I  am  compelled  to  regard  them  as,  if  not  a  distinct 
species,  at  least  representing  a  well-defined  local  race.  There  is  nothing  exactly 
like  them  so  far  as  1  can  see  which  has  been  described  or  figured  elsewhere. 

Genus  CATOCHRYSOPS  Boisduval. 

90.  C.  strabo  (Fabricius),  Ent.  S>/st.  III.  1.  p.  287.  n.  101  (1793). 

Apparently  common.  The  specimens  are  all  relatively  small,  much  less  in 
expanse  of  wings,  than  the  specimens  of  the  following  species,  which  I  think  is 
surely  only  a  dimorphic  form  of  the  male,  but  which  I  still  allow  to  stand  until  we 
shall  have  this  surmise  proved  by  the  experiment  of  breeding. 

91.  C.  lithargyria  (Moore),  Ami.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  (4).  XX.  p.  340.  (1877). 

This  is  certainly  not  specifically  distinct  from  the  foregoing  species,  and  will 
no  doubt  turn  mit,  when  the  test  of  breeding  is  applied,  to  be  the  dimorphic  male  of 
C.  strabo. 

Very  common.  The  females  are  not  separable  from  those  of  C.  strabo,  if  the 
females  enclosed  iu  the  same  envelopes  with  Uthargifria  are  certainly  the  females  of 
this  form,  which  I  believe  that  they  are. 

92.  C.  cnejus  (Fabricius),  Ent.  Syst.  Suppl.  p.  430  (1798). 
Not  at  all  scarce. 

Genus  AMBLYPODIA  Horsfield. 
93.  A.  anna  Standinger,'  Exot.  lagf.  I.  p.  282  (1888). 
The  collection  contains  two  males  and  three  females  of  this  species,  not  all 
quite  perfect. 


(  78  ) 

Genis  AHllOFAl.A  Boisdnval. 
'•■1.  A.  Carolina  sp.  uov. 

rT.  This  species  belongs  to  tlie  anthore  group,  and  comes  in  some  respects  quite 
near  A.  politn  Riiber,  but  may  at  once  be  ilistingnished  from  that  species  by  tbe 
arrangement  of  tbe  spots  on  the  underside  of  the  secondaries,  which  instead  of  beinft 
more  or  less  rotund,  as  in  .1.  poUtu,  are  elongated  transversely,  giving  the  wing  a 
barred  appearance. 

S .  The  /t;»««fe  is  like  tlie  iiiale,  but  lacking  much  of  the  purple  gloss  on  tbe 
costal  and  ajiical  tracts  of  tlie  primaries,  which  are  margined  wirli  jilain  black, 
broadly  on  the  margin  at  tlie  apex,  the  black  band  narrowing  gradually  until  it 
vanishes  at  the  outer  angle. 

Expanse  S  and  ?  about  40  miu.     Described  from  five  wiA'.*  aud  ow  J'rmnlr'. 

'■<■>.  A.  fulla  Hewits.in,   I'nf.  l.;/c.  II.  .1/.  p.  lo.  t.  tl.  p,  r,:.  os  (lsC2). 

Hewitsoii  clescribes  and  figures  tlie  M'f/e.  The  femulr  is  exactly  like  it  on  the 
underside,  but  is  distinguished  upon  the  upjierside  by  having  the  costae  of  both 
wings  as  well  as  the  apex  of  the  primaries  broadly  dull  black,  and  the  outer  margins 
of  both  wings  of  the  same  colour. 

The  collection  contains  a  large  number  of  utolr'!^,  but  only  two  J'emales. 

'Mi.  A-  buruensis  sp.  nov. 

<S.  The  upperside  of  both  wings  is  uniformly  dark  jnirplish  blue,  with  tbe 
external  border  of  the  primaries  quite  narrowly  bordered  with  black-fuscous.  On 
the  underside  both  wings  are  ochraceous-fuscous  crossed  with  darker  spots  and 
bands,  which  are  bordered  narrowly,  es])ecially  on  the  secondaries,  with  fine  lighter 
lines.  These  spots  and  bau<ls  are  very  little  darker  than  the  body  of  the  wings,  and 
in  certain  liglits  are  rather  obscure.  Tliey  are  disposed  as  follows  : — Upon  tlie 
jn-imaries  there  is  a  faint  submarginal  band  running  from  the  costa  to  the  inner 
margin:  this  is  followed  by  a  catennlate  discal  band  rather  more  distinct  than  ihe 
first  mentioned,  and  extending  from  the  costa  to  the  submediau  nerve  ;  the  cell  is 
closed  by  a  short  discocellular  bar  ;  there  is  a  circular  sjwt  in  the  middle  of  the  cell 
and  a  small  and  obscure  spot  on  either  side  of  the  first  median  nervule  at  its  origin 
lielow  the  cell.  On  the  secondaries  there  are  three  small  spots  increasing  in  size 
from  the  side  of  the  base  toward  tlie  outer  margin,  aud  eijuidistantly  located  just 
below  vein  8  ;  a  small  spot  in  the  cell  near  the  base,  one  in  its  middle,  aud  a  short 
transverse  bar  at  the  end  of  the  cell;  an  irregular  catennlate  curved  band  of  spots 
marks  the  disc,  below  the  cell  aud  along  the  inner  margin  are  a  few  transverse  ])ale 
lines.  The  outer  third  of  the  wing  is  free  from  maculations,  except  about  the  anal 
angle,  which  is  rather  conspicuously  marked  with  whitish  curved  striae,  and  dark 
lunules,  three  in  number,  irrorated  with  bluish  green  scales. 

"i .  The  J'emdle  on  the  underside  is  marked  exactly  like  the  iii'i/c,  the  chief 
ilifl'erence  between  the  two  sexes  in  the  matter  of  their  markings  being  the  fact  that 
nil  the  primaries  \\\f  /'rm'tlf  has  the  costa  and  the  apical  area  broadly  velvety  black, 
the  line  of  demarcation  between  the  blue  ground  colour  aud  the  black  space  being 
almost  straight  from  a  little  beyond  the  base  to  the  outer  extremity  of  the  third 
median  nervnle.  The  outer  margin  is  also  in  this  sex  somewhat  broadly  black  upon 
the  jirimaries. 


( <y ) 

Expause  S  32 — 3C  mm.,  ?  :}0  mm. 

Described  from  five  itiales  and  one  female. 

This  species  is  very  near  to  A.  koniiga  Drace  from  Borneo,  but  difl'crs  in  Laving 
fhe  i)rimaries  more  acute,  an<l  in  the  entire  absence  of  all  markin;t,'s  from  the  onter 
third  of  the  secondaries  on  the  npperside  before  the  outer  angle.  Tliese  points  will 
serve  among  others  to  discriminate  it  from  Drnce's  species,  as  well  as  from  others. 


(Jests  HYPOLYCAENA  Folder. 

'■»7.  H.  sipylus  (Felder),  Sltzbri:  A/i:  W'isseiisch.  Wii'n,  Motli.  Sat.  CI. 
XL.  p.  4."il  (IS6(»). 
Quite  common. 

Gkkls  DEUDOKIX  Hewitson. 

OS.  D.  epijarbas  (Moore),  in  Horsfield  it  Moore,  Cut.  L,i).  ila.^.  E.  J.  C 

p.  :52  (18.^7). 
A  few  /urih  Specimens. 

(Jknus  KIXDAHARA  Moore. 
!iit.  B.  Isabella  (Felder),  I.e. 
A  numljcr  of  ///nlr.t  and  a  couple  of  \>qov  /'i'/i/'iU'.i. 


(Jenus  HYP()C}IL0K0SI«  Kober. 
100.  H.  buruana  sp.  nov. 

J.  This  species  appears  to  be  an  intermediate  form  between  //.  "/it/ji/m  Hew. 
and  JL  lonjuiiii  Feld.  The  vude  has  tlu'  discal  areas  of  both  wings  on  the  upper.side 
white  margined  more  or  less  witli  pale  diffuse  blue,  passing  over  into  the  deep  black 
of  the  outer  margin  and  the  dark  fuscous  of  the  base.  On  the  underside  there  is 
a  total  absence  of  the  dark  discal  markings  on  the  secondaries  figured  by  Hewitson 
as  occurring  in  the  case  of  //.  (uitiplia. 

? .  'Y\\o  female  is  without  any  bine  on  the  upperside  of  the  wings. 

There  is  a  small  series  of  this  beautiful  insect,  which  can  easily  be  discriminated 
from  tiie  other  two  species  by  the  ])(iints  of  difference  pointed  out  abovr. 

F.\MiLv  PAPILIOXIDAE  Leach. 

tSuHFAMiLY  PIERIXAE  Swainson. 
(Jenus  KLoniNA   Fehler. 
Ml.  E.  bouruensis  Wallace,  Tram.  Ent.  Sx:  J.ond.  (:i).  IV.  p.  :il'J  (1867). 
Two  examples,  one  badly  shattered. 

Genus  TERIAS  Swainson. 
10-.  T.  di-ona  Horsfield,  int.  I.ep.  K.  I.  C.  p.  1:57.  t.  1.  f.  ]:;  (18-'0). 
A  few  specimens 


(  80  .) 

10;i  T.  hecabe  diversa  Wallace,  Trans.  Ent.  Soc.  LonJ.  (3).  IV.  p.  324  (1867). 
Not  nn common. 

104.  T.  tilaha  Horsfield,  Cat.  Lep.  E.  T.   C.  p.  130  (1820). 
A  few  specimens. 

105.  T.  Candida  (Cramer),  Pap.   Exot.  IV.  t.  331.  f.  A  (1782). 
A  good  set  of  specimens  of  both  sexes. 

Genus  APPIAS  Hiibner. 

loG.  A.  bouruensis  (Wallace),   Trans.  Ent.  Soc.  Load.  (3)  IV.  p.  379  (18G7). 

The  collection  contains  a  single  female  answering  exactly  to  the  description 
given  by  Wallace,  and  another  which  is  exactly  like  it,  except  that  the  red 
spaces  on  the  wings  are  replaced  by  yellowish  white,  showing  that  this  sex  is 
distinctly  dimorphic.  The  light-coloured  female  agrees  very  well  with  the  figure 
of  T.  fatima  Vollenhoven,  Tijchchr.  c.  Ent.  p.  59.  t.  2.  f.  1.  2  (1865),  except 
that  the  discal  bands  of  light  colour  on  both  wings  are  much  broader  in  the 
insect  before  me  than  they  are  in  the  figure  of  T.  fatima.  Mr.  Doherty  writes 
as  follows  as  to  this  species  :  "  Of  T.  bouruensis  Wall.  I  unluckily  caught  no 
male  (one  was  seen  just  like  zarinda  in  appearance),  so  that  you  cannot  compare 
it  with  zarinda.  As  it  happened,  I  got  two  females,  one  white,  the  other  red. 
The  white  form  is  probably  T.  fatima  Voll.  lu  the  small  set  1  got  in  the  Celebes 
there  are  two  similar  forms." 

luT.  A.  jacquinoti  (Lucas),  Rer.  ef  May.  Zool.  p.  326  (1852). 
Two  poor  males,  three  fairly  goodfemales. 

108.  A.  ada  (Cramer),  Pap.  Exot.  t.  363.  f  C.  D  (1782). 

A  very  large  series  of  this  species,  composed  of  both  males  and  females,  is 
contained  in  the  collection. 

109.  A.  paulina  (Cramer),  I.e.  II.  t.  110.  f  E.  F  (1779). 
A  large  number  of  males,  only  oue  female. 

110.  A.  albina  (Boisduval),  Spec.    Gen.  I.  p.  480  (1836). 

A  few  tattered  males,  and  several  females  in  better  case.  This  is  quite  distinct 
from  T.  jacquinoti.  I  must  dissent  from  Mr.  Kirby,  who  has  sunk  the  latter 
species  as  a  synonym  of  T.  alhina.  The  females  as  well  as  the  males  differ  widely 
in  the  two  species. 

111.  A.  eliada  (Hewitson),  Ex.  Butt.  II.  Pieris,  t.  4.  f  27.  28  (1861). 
A  few  males  only  were  taken. 


(81  ) 

Genus  HUPHINA  Moore. 

112.  H.  jael  (Wallace),   Tram.  Enf.  Soc.  Lond.  (3).  IV.  p.  33*5  (1867). 

A  very  large  series  of  specimens  of  both  sexes.  There  is  some  variation 
in  size  and  in  the  intensity  of  the  markings  in  the  specimens  before  me.  I  am 
unable  to  see  any  great  difference  between  this  form  and  //.  olija  Esch. 

Genus  DELIAS  Hiibner. 
113.  D.  philotis  (Wallace),  I.e.  p.  357  (1867). 
A  few  males  and  t-vio  females. 

114.  D.  echo  (Wallace),  I.e.  p.  358.  t.  8.  f.  3.  ?   (1867). 
Four  males,  no  females. 

115.  D.  rothschildi  sp.  nov. 

? .  Near  D.  dorimene  fCram.),  from  which  it  differs  by  having  the  spots 
on  the  underside  of  the  primaries  smaller,  and  confined  wholly  to  the  apical 
tract.  The  outer  marginal  band  on  the  secondaries  is  broader  than  in  dorimene, 
and  the  3'ellow  spots  contained  within  it  are  also  much  larger.  They  are  pyramidal 
witli  their  apices  pointing  inwardly,  and  only  the  spot  at  the  anal  angle  is  divided. 
The  ground  colour  of  the  secondaries  on  the  underside  is  bright  yellow,  laved 
somewhat  with  orange.  On  the  upperside  of  the  female  specimen  before  me 
the  primaries  are  black,  except  for  a  short  distance  along  the  inner  margin  at 
the  base,  where  they  are  white  sliading  inwardly  into  bluish  fuscous.  The 
secondaries  are  white,  very  broadly  and  evenly  bordered  with  deep  black,  this 
broad  outer  black  marginal  band  being  accentuated  inwardly  by  a  narrow  band 
of  bluish  fuscous. 

Expanse  :  64  mm. 

The  type,  which  is  unique,  is  not  in  very  good  condition,  but  what  one  wing 
lacks  the  other  supplies. 

Genus  ERONIA  Hiibner. 
116.  E.  iobaea  (Boisduval),   Voy.  AstroL,  Lep.  p.  57.  t.  3.  f  o.  6  (1832). 
A  single  male  specimen. 

Genus  CATOPSILIA  Hiibner. 
117.  C.  catilla  (Cramer),  Pap.  Ex.  III.  t.  229.  f  D.  E  (1782). 
A  single yewa^e. 

118.  C.  crocale  (Cramer),  I.e.  I.  t.  55.  f  C.  D  (1779). 
One  male,  three  females. 

Genus  HEBOMOIA  Hubner. 
119.  H.  leucogynia  (Wallace),  Journ.  Ent.  II.  p.  4.  t.  1.  f  1.  2  (1863). 
There  is  a  good  series  of  the  males,  and  several  female),  only  a  few  of  which 
are  in  quite  perfect  condition. 

6 


(82) 

Subfamily   PAPILIONINAE  Swainsoii. 

Gekis  TROIDES  Hiibner. 

120.  T,  oblongomaculatus  bourueusis  (Wallace),  Ti'ins.  I.hm.  Sor.  I.oml. 

XXV.  ji.  38  (ls(ir>). 

The  collection  coutains  a  dozen  pairs  of  this  insect,  in  which  there  is  con- 
siderable variation  shown  both  bv  the  males  and  the  females,  particularly  by  the 
latter.  The  chief  variation  in  the  male  sex  is  in  the  extent  of  the  lilack  markiiij;  at 
the  base  and  on  the  inner  margin  of  the  secondaries.  In  some  si)ecimens  the  black 
of  the  inner  margin  extends  inwardly  as  far  as  the  lower  edge  of  the  cell  and  to 
vein  2  :  in  others  it  does  not  touch  the  lower  edge  of  the  cell  nor  nearly  reach 
vein  2,  in  one  case  not  extending  much  beyond  vein  1.  In  a  single  specimen 
before  me  the  inner  marginal  black  area  is  pnshed  into  the  body  of  the  wing  almost 
to  vein  i5.  The  black  at  the  base  extends  outwardly  njiou  the  cell  in  the  majority 
of  specimens  only  to  about  half  its  length,  bnt  in  two  cases  it  reaches  almost  to  the 
end  of  the  cell.  The  clear  yellow  discal  i)atch  on  the  disc  of  the  wings  is  thus,  as 
Mr.  Wallace  pointed  out  in  his  description,  "  variable  in  form  and  extent."  One 
i>f  the  specimens  agrees  perfectly  with  Hipjion's  figure  of  7'.  iiajjueuitii^,  recently 
published.  The  females  vary  greatly  in  size  and  in  the  amount  of  the  light  colour 
on  the  primaries,  as  well  as  in  the  form  and  extent  of  the  light  colour  on  the 
secondaries,  and  of  the  black  spots.  The  smallest  female  has  an  expanse  of  wing 
of  140  mm.,  the  largest  of  108  mm.  Some  specimens  have  very  faint  light  line 
on  either  side  of  the  nervuks,  others  liave  the  whole  discal  area  at  the  end  of  the 
cell  pale  buff,  intersected  by  the  black  lines  of  the  veins  alone.  These  constitute 
"  merkwiirdige  Aberrationen,"  for  which  German  dealers  are  in  the  habit  of 
charging  high  prices,  which  I  judge  not  to  be  at  all  uncommon  in  good  sets  of 
specimens  of  this  and  many  of  the  allied  species. 

121.  T.  hypolitus  (Cramer),  /'«/>.  /•->.  I.  t.   In.  f.  A.  B.  and  t.  11.  f.  A.  B  (1775). 

The  collection  contains  a  good  set  of  the  males  and  thvee  females  of  this 
species,  rather  larger  than  specimens  generally  received  from  other  localities,  so  far 
as  my  observation  shows. 

Genis  PAPILIO  Linnaeus. 

122.  P.  polydorus   fjinnafus,  Ainoen.  Acad.  W.  p.  407.  n.  ."lO  (I7ii;{). 
A  large  set  of  specimens. 

12;!.   P.   fuSCUS   Goexe,    Knt.    ISfi/tr.    III.    I.    p.   s?    (I  "Si). 

A  few  good  specimens  of  both  sexes. 

124.  P.  gambrisius  buruanus  Uotiischikl,  Nov.  /ool.  IY.  p.  Isi.u.  4  (1«97). 
A  few  males. 

125.  P.  ulysses  Linnaeus,  Syst.  JS'at.  ed.  X.  p.  4U2.  n.  2t)  (1758). 
A  good  set  of  mules,  and  a  {ew/emales,  not  in  the  best  condition. 


( »■• ) 

l".'f5.  p.  deiphobus  Liiinaens,  l.c.  p.  450.  ii.  (i  (17.3s). 
Oue  male. 

I"^T.  P.  sarpedon  anthedon  Felder,    IV//.  Zoal.  JJot.  Ge-s.  XIV.  p.  r.oa.  u.  217. 

p.  350.  11.  124(1804). 

A  good  set  of  M/ili'.s  ;  no  fern  lies. 

128.  P.  eurypylus  Linuaens,  Si/.-st.  Nat.  ed.  X.  [>.  464.  u.  37  (1758). 
A  few  specimens. 

129.  P.  macfarlainei  Butler,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Lon'h  \:  471.  u.  30  (1877). 
PupUio  ceyi.itii.'i  Cramer (a/o;*  Liniie),  I'aji.  Krof.  III.  p.  si.  t.  241.  f.  C.  D  (17sv;). 

Apparently  iiol  very  common. 

1*1.  P.  ag'amemnon  plisthenes  Folder,  Rei-te  Noo'xra,  Lep.  p.  70.  n.  53  (ISfio). 
Comiuon. 

l;'.l.  P.  codrus  (Irrtmer,  Pap.  Kr.  t.  17'.t.  f.  A.  B  (1779). 
Two  speciiiifiis. 

Family  HrCSPETUI  1>AE  Leach. 

Genus  CASYAPA  Kirby. 

132.  C.  corvus  (Felder),  Sitzher.  Alt.    Wis.iensch.    Wun,  Math.  Nat.  CI. 
XL.  p.  40O  (1860)  :  id,  Unsfl  Korara,  Lrp.  t.  73.  f.  2  (1867). 

ClmetocM'mf  <-erint,lius  Felder,  l.f.   ? . 

This  species  seems  to  be  very  comniou  iu  Burn.  There  is  some  variation 
among  the  nutles  in  the  length  and  distinctness  of  the  pale  yellow  sabapieal  band, 
;ind  in  one  specimen  it  is  almost  obsolete.  The  same  remark  holds  trne  of  the  band 
in  tlie  female,  whicli  in  several  specimens  is  somewhat  reduced,  and  in  one  or  two 
instances  has  the  outer  extremity  near  the  outer  margin  sei)arated  from  the  remainder 
•of  tlie  band,  and  set  off  as  a  triangular  spot. 

Gen-US  TAGIADES  Hiilmer. 
13  ;.  T.  japetus  (Cramer),  Pap.  E.v.  IV.  t.  365.  f.  E.  F  (17S-i). 
A  few  specimens. 

134.  T.  martinus  I'lutz,  Jahrh.  Nass.  Ver.  Nat.  XXXVIl.  p.  47  (1834). 
One  specimen,  whicli  is  a  male. 

Genus  SEPA  Nic6viile. 
135.  S.  noctis  (Staudinger),  [ri-i  II.  p.  143  (1889). 
A  single  imile  specimen. 


(84  ) 

Gents  NOTOCRYPTA  l-'eWi-r. 

1:50.  N.  feisthameli  (Boisduval),  Vo>j.  AstroL,  Lep.  p.  159.  t.  3.  f.  7  (1832). 
Plesioneura  chimaera  PlOtz,  Jh'rl.   Ent.  Zeitch.  p.   202  (1881);  Pagenst.,  Jalirb. 
Nass.  Ver.  ^^at.  XXXVII.  p.  211.  t.  4.  f.  1  (1884). 

This  species  was  originallj'  described  b}'  Boisduval  from  specimens  coming 
from  Amboyna  and  Bnrn,  and  the  form  found  in  this  part  of  the  Indo-malayan 
region  may  be  taken  therefore  as  typical.  The  figure  given  by  Boisdnval  is  quite 
characteristic.  There  is  some  variation  in  the  number  of  the  snbapioal  spots,  the 
ma/t'  specimens  before  me  all  have  these  spots  exceedingly  minute,  the  one  between 
veins  4  and  o  alone  being  distinctly  observable,  though  quite  small,  the  others 
requiring  a  glass  to  bring  them  into  view.  In  the/emales  the  spots  below  the  apex 
are  more  distinct.  I  cannot  separate  y.  /-himaera  Plutz  from  the  tyjiical  form. 
The  tignre  given  by  Pagenstecher  is  that  of  &  foiiMtr.  Specimens  just  like  it  are 
contained  in  the  collection  made  by  Doherty;  and  compared  with  the  long  series  of 
N.feisthameli  in  uiy  collection  from  all  parts  of  the  Indo-malayan  region,  I  see  no 
possible  reason  for  the  separation  of  the  insect  described  and  figured  by  Pliitz  and 
Pagenstecher  from  its  fellows.     Chiiivicra  is  an  absolute  synonym  oi  feistliameli. 

Genus  TELICOTA  Moore. 
137.  T.  aug-ias  (Linnaeus),  Syst.  Xat.  I.  ji.  7'.i4  (1767). 
Three  poor  males. 

13S.  T.  bambusae  (Moore),  Pro,:  Zool.  Soc.  LonJ.  p.  (iOl.  t.  45.  f  11.  12  (1878). 
Apparently  scarce. 

]3lt.  T.  prnsias  (Felder),  Sitzber.  Ak.  Wissensch.  Wien,  Math.  Sat.  CI. 
XLIII.  p.  44  (1861). 

Only  three  specimens,  notably  darker  on  the  underside  than  specimens  coming 
from  Amboyna  and  Batchian  contained  in  my  collection,  agreeing  in  this  with 
specimens  coming  from  New  Guinea  and  Northern  Australia.* 

14(1.  P.  palmarum  (Moore),  P/w.  Zool.  Soc.  Lorn/,  p.  (i'.ii).  t.  45.  f.  6.  7  (1878). 
A  good  series  of  mules,  but  no  females. 

141.  T.  dara  TKollarJ,  in  lingers  Kaschmir  IV.  p.  455  (1848). 
I  accept,  in  the  attitude  of  one  who  desires  more  light,  the  synonymy  of  this 
species  as  recently  worked  out  by  Elwes  in  the  Transactions  of  the  Zoological  Society. 
Perhaps  it  is  correct  to  gather  together  under  the  name  given  by  Kollar  the  various 
forms  described  by  other  writers,  and  I  am  willing  for  the  time  to  let  it  be  so,  but 
my  critical  sense  rebels  in  a  measure  against  the  procednre.  The  specimens  before 
me  as  I  write  were  originally  determined  by  me  as  belonging  to  macsokles  Butler, 
but  are  larger  and  brighter  than  specimens  coming  from  India,  Burmah,  and  other 
more  northern  localities,  and  contained  in  my  collection. 

•  It  is  worth  noting  just  here  that  T.  simplex  Elwes,  Trans.  Xool.  Sop.  Land.  vol.  XIV,  p.  2j3.  t.  IB. 
f.  15,  is  identical  in  every  respect  with  the  insect  described  by  me  in  the  Proc.  Bott.  Sec.  Xat.  Hist. 
XXV.  p.  7i).  t.  4.  f.  4,  as  I'elicota  snhruhrti.  I  do  not  wonder  that  Mr.  Klwes,  with  the  wretohcd 
o.iricftture  ^iven  in  the  plat*^,  which  is  a  reproduction  of  a  photojrraph.  was  unable  to  recognize  it. 


(85) 

It  is  worthy  of  remark  that  Pamj/liila  omalin  Edwards,  =  /«iVi(/o  Edw.,  of  which 
latter  the  type  is  in  my  collection,  is  ai){iarently  identical  with  T.  macsoides  Butler, 
which  Elwes  sinks  as  a  synonym  of  T.  dura  (KoUar).  There  is  some  doubt  as  to 
the  origin  of  the  types  of  P.  omaha.  The  specimens  described  as  P.  omaha  came 
from  the  collection  of  the  late  Mr.  Newman  of  Philadelphia,  and  were  ticketed 
<'  Pike's  Peak,  Colorado."  After  writing  his  descrijitioii,  Mr.  Edwards  returned  the 
specimens  to  their  owner.  Subsequently  he  re-described  the  species  under  the  name 
miitgo,  basing  his  description  upon  a  specimen  said  to  have  been  taken  in  Kanawha 
County,  West  Virginia.  This  is  the  specimen  standing  in  my  collection.  The 
specimens  originally  described  as  P.  omaha  by  Edwards  are  believed  to  be  the 
ones  now  standing  in  the  collection  of  the  American  Entomological  Society  in 
Philadelphia.  They  are  mounted  on  common  pins.  The  type  of  mingo  is  mounted 
on  an  insect  pin.  Mr.  Edwards  writes  me  that  it  was  certainly  collected  in 
Kanawha  (bounty.  West  Virginia.  It  is  very  singular  that,  since  W.  H.  Edwards 
wrote  his  original  descriptions,  not  a  single  specimen  of  this  insect  has  turned  up  iu 
the  United  States,  so  far  as  can  be  ascertained.  I  should  not  hesitate  to  say  that 
by  some  accident  the  insects  in  the  Newman  collection  had  been  mislabelled,  and 
that  this  exceedingly  common  Oriental  butterfly  had  been  inadvertently  allowed  to 
become  mixed  up  with  a  lot  of  "stuff"  from  Colorado.  The  only  difficulty  arises 
from  the  positive  statement  of  Mr.  Edwards  that  the  type  of  7ningo  was  taken  in 
West  Virginia.  I  dislike  to  think  him  mistaken,  but  until  we  obtain  more  specimens 
from  somewhere  within  the  bounds  of  the  United  States  I  shall  be  inclined  to 
believe  that  omaha  {  =  miHgo  =  maesoides)  is  not  an  American  species,  but  belongs 
to  the  Indo-malayan  fauna. 


Genus  PARNARA  Moore. 
142.  P.  mathias  (Fabricius),  E?it.  Syst.,  Snppl.  p.  433  (179.s). 
A  few  specimens. 

143.  P.  philippina  (Herrich-Schaeffer),  Prod.  S;/sf.,  Up.  III.  p.  81   (I86'.i). 
A  good  lot  of  specimens,  mostly  males. 

Genus  HASORA  Moore. 
144.  H.  celaenus  (Cramer),  Pap.  Ex.  IV.  t.  3'J3.  f  A.  B  (1782). 
Numerous  specimens,  principally  males. 

145.  H.  thridas  (Boisduval),    Voj/.  AstroL,  Lcp.  p.  101  (1832). 
This  species  is  very  near  to  //.  celaenus  (Cramer),  and  is  only  distinguished 
from  it  by  the  lighter  blue-green  colour  of  the  underside  of  the  wings,  and  the 
bright  buff  of  the  body  on  the  lowerside. 

146.  H.  doleschalli  (Felder),  Sitzber.  Ah.  Wissensch.  Wien,  Math.  Nat.  CI. 

XL.  p.  4(50  (1800). 
A  few  good  specimens. 


(  86  ) 

147.  H.  chromus  ((."ramer),  Pup.  Ex.  III.  t.  2S4.  f.  E  (1782). 

The  specimens  before  me  are  all  of  the  form  described  by  Folder  midor  the 
name  mila>/(in;i,  with  tho  wliite  line  uv  band  uti  the  underside  of  the  seeondavies 
narrow,  or  obsolescent. 

148.  H.  proximata  (Standinger),  Iiix  II.  \k  137  (1889). 
A  single  jiair. 

Hit.  (?)H.  hiirama  (I'ntler),   Traiin.  Ext.  Soc.  Eoml.  p.  498  (ISTn)  ; 
id.,   L<i>.  Exot.  p.  KiO.  t.  50.  f.  10  (1873). 

It  is  with  some  donbt  that  I  identify  tho  specimens  before  me  with  Dr.  Hiitler's 
spcties.  The  white  baud  on  the  nudorside  of  the  secondaries  is  mucli  narrower  than 
in  the  speoimeus  he  figures,  and  tlie  lilack  spot  at  the  anal  angle  is  almost  entirely 
wanting.     Otherwise  the  sjiecimens  agree  very  well  with  his  description  and  figure. 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    NEW    SPECIES    OF    BUTTERFLIES 

CAPTURED  BY  MR.  A.  S.  MEEK,  AT  MILNE  BAY,  BRITISH  NEW 
GUINEA,  IN  THE  MUSEUM  OF  THE  HOX.  WALTER  ROTHSCHILD, 
AT  TRING. 

By  H.  (JROSE-SMITH,  B.A.,  F.E.S.,  F.Z.S,,  kto. 

1.  Delias  xelianthe  sp.  uov. 

i.  Epperside :  both  wings  white.  Anterior  wings  with  the  costal  margin 
narrowly  black,  and  the  apex  and  outer  margin  more  narrowly  black  than  in 
D.  falUstrute,  Gr.-Sm.,^bnt  not  dusted  with  grey  scales  as  in  that  species  :  two 
subajiical  white  streaks  in  the  black  area.  Posterior  wings,  with  the  outer  margin 
from  the  anal  aiigle;[to  a  little  above  the  discoidal  nervule  black,  rather  more 
narrowly  so  than  in!/>.  at/I/sfiote,  and  the  inner  edge  of  tlie  black  area  mure  sharply 
defined  than  in  that  species. 

Unrlerside  :  anterior  wings,  with  the  costa,  apex  and  outer  margin  mnch  more 
nariowly  black  than  in  /).  caUistrate,  with  a  row  of  spots  in  the  black  area,  of  which 
tho  three  uppermost  are  pale  yellow,  and  the  others  white.  Posterior  wings,  with 
the  basal  tliird  pale  yellow,  the  black  band  as  on  the  uiij)erside,  but  mnch  narrower 
than  the  black  band  of  J),  callistratt'.,  a  row  of  Innular  spots  in  the  bhick  band,  but 
fonr  only  in  number,  and  more  orange  in  colonr. 

?.  Eppi^rside :  both  wings  differ  from  the  same  sex  of  D.  cullixtrate  in  being 
whiter  and  the  dark  areas  blacker  ;  the  ujijier  })art  of  the  black  area  on  the  anterior 
wings  towards  the  apex  does  n(jt  ap]iroach  s<i  closely  to  tlie  cell,  and  on  the  posteriov 
wings  the  inuei'  edge  of  the  dark  area  is  less  cnrved. 

L'Tulerside  :  both  wings  with  tiie  dark  areas  mucli  blacker.  On  the  anterior  winga 
the  subapical  sj)ots  are  yellow  and  white  as  in  tho  inuli',  instead  of  all  yellow  as  in 
/'.  i:alhiitratc,  and  on  t  he  posterior  wings  the  outer  half  is  l)lack  with  a  snbmarginal 
row  of  narrow  orange  bmulos  extending  from  the  apex  to  the  anal  angle,  of  which 
♦  he  second  and  tliird  from  the  apex  are  almost  obsolete;  the  basal  third  is  pale 


(  8"  ) 

yellow.     In  D.  rallixf/-"fi'  only  the  onter  fourth  of  the  posterior  wings  is  greyish 
black,  and  the  submarginal  Innules  are  yellow,  broader  and  nearly  uniform  in  size, 
tlie  basal  three-fourths  of  the  wings  being  yellow. 
E.xpanse  of  wings  :  .'iO  mm. 

-.  Delias  iere  sp.  nov. 

S.  L'jijK'rsii/e  :  closely  resembles  D.  .reliantke,  bnt  tbe  inner  edge  of  the  black 
areas  on  both  wings  is  less  regular,  being  indented  between  the  veins,  especially  on 
the  posterior  wiugs. 

Umlerside :  anterior  wings  as  in  D.  .ci'lianthe,\mi  tinged  with  yellow  towards 
the  base.  Posterior  wings  bright  yellow,  becoming  paler  towards  the  ape.x,  where 
there  are  two  submarginal  orange  spots  forming  a  continuation  of  the  row  of  orange 
Innules  in  the  black  outer-marginal  area. 

? .  Vpperside  rather  yellowish  white,  with  the  outer-marginal  black  areas 
considerably  narrower  than  in  T>.  .reliantki',  and  indented  on  the  inner  edges.  On 
the  uiuleiside  the  outer-marginal  black  areas  are  also  much  naiTower,  ami  on  the 
posterior  wings  the  basal  three-fourths  is  yellow,  shading  to  whitish  towards  the 
apex. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  oO  mm. 

:>.  Delias  zarate  sp-  nov. 

5.  Cj>pcrsi(le  ditfers  from  D.gabiu  Boisd.,  in  both  wings  being  more  yellowish 
white.  On  the  anterior  wings  the  costal  and  apical  areas  are  blacker,  and  the  black 
outer-marginal  area  extends  rather  broadly  to  tlie  inner  margin.  On  the  posterior 
wings  the  outer  black  band  is  wider. 

Underside :  anterior  wings  scarcely  differ  from  those  of  1).  i/'ihia  ;  on  the 
posterior  wiugs  the  marginal  black  baud  is  wider  at  the  apex,  and  in  it  there 
is  a  row  of  narrow  indistinct  orange  Innules  ;  the  basal  three-fourths  of  the  wings  is 
rather  brighter  orange  yellow. 

?.  Uppcrside  with  the  marginal  black  bauds  of  both  wings  wider  than  in 
/'.  yuhiii,  and  there  are  no  pale  s])ots  in  the  black  area  towards  tlie  ajiex  of  the 
anterior  wings. 

Underside  :  ditfers  little  from  tlie  same  sex  of  J),  (jabia,  bnt  the  subaitical 
spots  in  the  black  area  of  the  anterior  wings  are  all  orange,  and  the  row  of  orange 
Innules  in  the  outer-marginal  black  area  of  the  posterior  wings  is  narrower. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  <J,  oO  mm. ;    ?  ,  50  mm. 

The  shape  of  the  wings  of  both  sexes  differs  from  I),  yabtn,  being  less  produced 
at  the  apex  of  the  anterior  wings,  and  broiwler  in  the  posterior  wings. 

4.  Mycalesis  Valeria  sp.  nov. 

6.  I'ppenide:  Ijlackish  brown  :  anterior  wings  with  two  black  spots  on  the 
disc,  centred  by  a  white  dot,  one  before  the  a])ex,  the  other  between  the  two  lowest 
median  nervules;  the  white  band  which  crosses  the  disc,  on  the  underside,  is  faintly 
visible  through  the  wings.  Posterior  wings  with  the  disc  crossed  from  the  middle 
of  the  costal  margin  to  the  lowest  median  nervnle  by  a  broad  transverse  white  band 
which  is  widest  on  the  costa  and  somewhat  narrower  at  its  termination,  below  which 
on  either  side  of  the  lowest  median  nervnle  are  two  black  spots  centred  by  a 
white  dot. 


(88) 

Underside:  closely  resembles  M.  borbui-a  (Jr.-Sm.,  but  on  tlie  anterior  wings 
the  white  liund  across  the  disc  is  rather  narrower,  and  on  the  posterior  wings  is 
rather  broader  ;  on  the  iiosterior  wings  the  spots  in  the  discal  row  of  ocelli  are 
larger,  and  those  on  either  side  of  the  lowest  median  nervule  are  snrronnded  by 
broad  orange  rings. 

?.  U/ijn'rs/dc  :  paler  than  the  /t/alc;  anterior  wings  with  a  broad  white  band 
which  crosses  the  middle  of  the  disc  from  the  npper  median  nervnle,  where  it  is 
narrowest,  to  the  inner  margin  where  it  is  broadest,  dnsted  with  brown  scales 
between  the  median  nervules  ;  the  two  discal  spots  as  in  the  7nale.  Posterior  wings 
■with  the  white  band  as  in  the  7nale,  bnt  wider  and  more  did'nsed  and  extending 
down  to  tlie  spots  on  cither  side  of  the  lowest  median  nervule,  whore  it  becomes 
tawny  and  confluent  with  the  orange  rings  round  the  last-named  spots. 

Underside:  as  in  the  male,  bnt  the  white  bands  arc  broader,  and  the  spots  in 
the  middle  of  the  row  of  ocelli  crossing  the  disc  are  nearly  obsolete. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  (?,  44  mm.  ;   ?  ,  50  mm. 

A  very  beautiful  insect;  on  the  underside  it  closely  resembles  M.  barbara. 

5.  Hypochrysops  alix  sp.  nov. 

(J.  Ujjperside  :  both  wings  resemble  //.  tlicon  Feld.,  but  darker  blue:  on  the 
anterior  wings  the  apical  area  is  less  broadly  black,  and  the  pale  area  along  the  lower 
side  of  the  cell  is  nearly  obsolete  ;  on  the  posterior  wings  the  costal  area  is  grey 
instead  of  white. 

Underside :  anterior  wings  with  the  pale  area  more  restricted  and  more  sordid 
white,  the  outer  margin  more  broadly  brownish  grey  ;  the  metallic  markings  along 
the  coata  nearly  obsolete,  and  restricted  to  two  parallel  metallic  streaks  on  either 
side  of  the  cell,  and  an  indication  of  the  prolongation  of  the  same  as  a  double  row 
from  the  ends  of  the  subcostal  and  median  nervures  to  near  the  outer  margin  ; 
a  snbmarginal  row  of  metallic  spots  along  the  outer  margin.  On  the  posterior 
wings  the  white  horizontal  baud  before  the  middle  is  narrower,  the  black  bars  on 
the  disc  are  broader,  and  the  metallic  scales  which  occupy  the  interspaces  are  green 
instead  of  blue  as  in  JI.  ///eon. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  30  mm. 

i>.  Hypochrysops  rufinus  Gr.-Sm. 

?  .  Ujjperside  :  both  wings  rufous  brown,  e.xcept  the  outer  half  of  the  posterior 
wings,  which  is  bright  fnlvons. 

Underside  :  as  in  the  male. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  23  mm. 

1  may  be  wrong  in  describing  tliis  insect  as  the  female  of  II.  rujinus  Gr-Sm. 
The  specimen  is  much  rubbed  on  the  underside,  and  1  have  had  difficulty  in 
comparing  the  spots  and  markings.  It  may  be  proved  hereafter  to  be  a  distinct 
species. 

7.  Hypochrysops  cleon  sp.  nov. 

?.  Vpperside :  anterior  wings  brownish  grey,  with  the  base,  lower  part  of  the 
cell,  the  area  at  the  base  of  the  median  nervules,  and  below  them  to  the  inner 
margin,  pale  iridescent  blue.  Posterior  wings  duller  brownish  grey,  with  the  basal 
half  pale  iridescent  blue. 


(   89  ) 

Uwlei-Hide  :  anterior  wings  fialc  ciriorcous  brown  witli  u  dark  patch  extending 
over  tlie  middle  of  the  (Jisc  ;  the  cell  costal  area  to  the  ajiex,  and  thence  broadly 
along  the  outer  margin,  and  a  row  of  spots  in  the  dark  patch,  ochreous,  two  streaks 
along  the  costa,  another  in  the  middle  of  tiie  cell  (urviiig  downwards  at  its  outer 
end,  a  l;ar  at  I  he  end  of  tlie  cell,  several  snbcostal  s])otH,  and  a  sidiraarginal  row  of 
spots  all  metallic  bluish  green,  two  dark  spots  below  the  cell  on  cither  side  of  the 
lowest  median  nervule,  the  outer  one  centred  by  ochreous  ;  a  whitish  triangular 
spot  before  the  apex.  Posterior  wings  with  the  shoulder  and  six  bars  crossing  the 
wings  bright  rufous,  a  marginal  band  jialer  rufous,  a  streak  below  the  shoulder,  and 
the  rufous  bars  bordered  by  metallic  hlnisli  green  ;  the  sixth  rufous  Ijar  is  bordered 
broadly  on  either  side  by  metallic  bars,  also  bluish  green  ;  the  disc  is  darker  in 
the  middle  than  the  rest  of  the  wings  ;  two  spots  above  the  fifth  rufous  bar  (which 
is  shorter  than  the  other  bars)  and  a  space  beyond  it  is  pah;  jiinkish  white  ;  the 
cilia  at  the  ends  of  the  veins  are  barred  by  brown,  between  which  they  are  pale  grey. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  U>i  mm. 

8.  Hypochrysops  cleonides  sp.  nov. 

?.  Ujj/Ji'ruifft' :  closely  resembles  //.  rleo/',  but  both  wings  are  duller  grey,  and 
the  basal  blue  is  lik(!wise  duller. 

Underside :  differs  from  //.  clcoi  on  the  anterior  wings  in  being  paler,  and 
there  is  only  one  black  spot  below  the  cell,  situate  above  the  junction  of  the  lowest 
median  nervule.  Posterior  wings  with  markings  similar  to  those  in  //.  cleon,  bat 
the  fifth  bar  is  bordered  outwardly  by  a  metallic  line,  which  is  not  the  case  in 
//.  cleo>i,  while  the  broad  metallic  band  which  borders  inwardly  the  sixth  rufous 
band  of  //.  cleon  is  absent  ;  the  discal  area  is  not  darker  in  the  middle,  as  in 
//.  cleoH,  and  the  area  between  the  fifth  and  sixth  bars,  which  is  jiinkish  white 
in  //.  cleon,  is  the  same  colour  as  the  ground  colour  of  the  rest  of  the  wings.  There 
is  no  trace  of  tlie  cilia  being  crossed  by  brown  at  the  ends  of  the  veins. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  'i'i  mm. 


(  90  ) 


NEW   GENERA   AND   SPECIES   OF    THYBIDIDAE  AND 
GEOMETRIDAE  FROM   AFRICA. 

BY    W.    WARREN,   M.A.,    F.E.S. 

Family   TllYRiniDAE.  , 

1.  Dysodia  fenestratella  sj).  nov. 

Foit'winys :  olive-drab;  the  murkings  olive  fuscous;  the  costa  witli  foar 
(lark  marks,  oue  near  base,  one  before  and  beyond  the  middle,  the  fourth  before 
apox  ;  from  the  inner  side  of  the  last  a  thick  olive  fuscons  band  runs  parallel 
to  the  hiiidmargiu  as  far  as  vein  2,  where  it  is  joined  by  a  shorter  band  from 
the  subcostal  vein,  the  two  forming  a  V-shaped  mark  :  above  and  below  the 
median  vein  on  the  inner  side  of  the  V  are  two  small  round  hyaline  spots,  the 
upper  one  within  the  cell  ;  beyond  the  outer  arm  are  three  similar  spots  in 
the  spaces  between  veins  -  and  o  ;  below  vein  L'  the  V-sbaped  mark  swells  out 
into  an  inverted  funnel-shaped  mark  resting  on  the  inner  margin  ;  beyond  the 
three  outer  hyaline  spots  are  several  smaller  pale  spots  mixed  with  dark  scale 
jiatches  ending  in  a  larger  patch  at  anal  angle  ;  from  the  outer  arm  of  the  V  below 
the  costa  a  curved  dark  streak  runs  to  middle  of  hiiidmargin  :  fringe  olive  fuscous  ; 
all  the  veins  pale. 

Hindwiiign :  with  a  large  anvil-shaped  hyaline  blotch,  round  which  are 
collected  an  irregular  lot  of  small  rouml  hyaline  spots  alternating  with  dark 
olive  patches  ;  marginal  area  paler,  without  spots. 

Underside  mottled  with  greenish  grey  and  olive  fuscous  ;  the  V-shaped  mark 
of  forewings  dark  and  very  conspicuous.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  like  ground 
colour  of  wings. 

Expanse  of  wings  :   >']  mm. 

One  S  from  the  west  side  of  the  Luitpold  ^Mountains,  near  Ikutha,  British 
East  Africa. 

The  costa  of  forewings  is  incurved  in  middle  :  hindmargin  of  both  wings 
bulged  at  vein  '■),  in  the  hindwings  indented  lieyond  cell. 


Family  GEO  Ml-:  TRIDAE. 

SuBKAJiiLV    GEOMETllINAE. 

Lathochlora  gen.  nov. 

Fofewi>iyi<.  :    with   costa   curved  throughout,  more   strongly   arched  at  base  ; 

apex  prominent,  blunt ;   hindmargin  somewhat  irregularly  concave  from  apex  to 

vein  3,  then  sharply  oblique. 

Hindwinyx:  bluntly  angled  at  vein  4,  and  elbowed  at  vein  fj,  concave  between. 
Palpi  moderate,  the  terminal  joint  drooping  :  tongue  present;  frenulum  absent; 
antennae  short  and  thick,  subserrate,  with  close  clavate  teeth,  rasped  above. 

NeuratioH  :  forewings,  cell  broad,  about  one-third  of  wing ;  discocellular  shortly 
concave  above,  then  oblique  and  faint;  first  median  nervnle  at  two-thirds,  second 
and  third  from  lower  angle  of  cell  ;  lower  i-adial  from  the  bend  in  the  discocellnlar, 


( yl ) 

iil)jier  from   iipjjcr  angle   of  cell;   the   five   subcostals   sralkeJ,   11   anastomosing 
Htrongly  witli  12.     Hiudwings  :  with  0,  4,  and  tl,  T  stalked. 

Type  :   Lathocklora  inonmta  sp.  nov. 

The  genns  is  certainly  allied  to  Ilahiili'ines  Warr.  from  India,  but  snfHciently 
distinct. 

■-*.  Lathochlora  inornata  s]i.  nov. 

Foieiri/KjK :  dull  greyisli  green,  witli  an  indistinct  pale  I'urved  space  at  one-third, 
and  another  at  four-tifths,  this  last  becoming  whitish  on  inner  margin  bet'oro  anal 
angle  ;  fringe  somewhat  paler. 

HinihciiKjs :  with  outer  curved  space  only  :  tlie  basal  area  pale,  subhyaline. 

Underside  similar,  but  paler,  the  markings  more  diffuse.  Head,  thorax,  and 
abdomen  ])ale  green  ;  antennae  ochreons. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  25  mm. 

One  ?  from  Warri,  Niger  Coast  Protectorate,  May  18'.»T  (Ur.  R<jth;. 

SuBF.\MiLY  STERRHINAE. 
3.  Craspedia  planipennis  sp.  nov. 

Foreichigs :  bone-colour,  obscurely  jMwdered  or  discoloured  with  ochreous  ; 
the  costal  edge  at  base  brownish  ;  in  certain  lights  three  faintly  darker  waved 
lines  can  he  detected,  inner,  median  and  outer,  the  last  the  plainest ;  slight  brownish 
marginal  dots,  often  effaced  ;  fringe  concolorous  ;  no  cellspot. 

]Jia<licin(js  :  similar  :  with  an  obscure  brownish  cell  dot. 

Underside  pale,  unmarked  ;  the  costa  of  forewings  yellowish.  Face  and  palpi 
above  dark  brown  ;  vertex,  thorax,  and  abdomen  bone-colour. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  20  mm. 

One  S  from  Sierra  Leone. 

Forewings  with  apex  rounded  ;  hindwi(igs  with  hindmargin  well  rounded, 
the  anal  angle  almost  lobed. 

4.  Craspedia  rufinubes  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  bone-colour,  hardly  speckled  ;  first  and  second  lines  indistinct, 
at  one-third  and  one-half  of  costa,  both  angled  outwards,  in  cell  and  on  vein  6, 
then  oblique  inwards  to  one-fonrth  and  beyond  middle  of  inner  margin  respectively  : 
exterior  line  I'ed  brown  and  tine  at  three-fourths,  shaped  as  in  addirtarid  Wlk., 
followed  except  at  costa  by  a  lunnlatc  purplish  grey  band,  which  is  fringed  with 
rufous  and  darker  beyond  cell  and  above  anal  angle  ;  submarginal  line  waved, 
followed  by  a  marginal  rnfons  fuscous  band,  finely  edged  with  white  l)efore  the 
black  festooned  marginal  line;  fringe  bone-colour,  tinged  with  rufous  and  grey; 
apical  iiale  space  with  a  patch  of  black-and-white  scales  ;  cellspot  black,  placed 
in  an  indistinct  grey  annulus,  which  is  sometimes  faint. 

Ilimlwings:  with  the  cellspot  placed  in  a  large  grey  loop  formed  by  the 
median  line ;  outer  line  and  submarginal  shades  rufous  grey,  less  pronounced 
than  in  forewings. 

Underside  with  the  lines  and  markings  grey.  Face  and  palpi  above  black 
briiwn  :  vertex,  thorax,  and  abdomen  concolorous  with  wings. 

Expanse  of  wings  22 — 24  mm. 

Three  S  <S  from  Unyoro  ;  two  from  Warriugo  Hiver,  August  and  Decembei- 
ibS)7,  one  from  Ulumb,  January  1898  (Dr.  Ansorge). 


(  9-^  ) 

.").  Eois  macrostyla  sji.  nov. 

Forewings :  ochreous,  tinged  with  yellowish,  aiul  dusted  with  fuscous;  costa 
brownish  fuscous  at  base  ;  the  lines  brown  ;  first  at  one-fourth,  well  marked  on 
costa,  below  which  it  is  bent ;  outer  line  at  three-fourths,  bluntly  angled  outwards 
ou  vein  0,  then  oblique  to  inner  margin  at  three-fourths  ;  median  shade  indistinct ; 
snbmarginal  line  pale,  betweeu  ochraceous  shades  ;  fringe  glossy  ochreous,  with 
rather  large  dark  spots  at  the  base  beyond  the  edge  of  the  wing. 

Hiiidwinqs  :  with  the  outer  line  sinuous,  and  a  slight  cellspot. 

Underside  more  strongly  tinged  with  yellowish,  and  more  coarsely  speckled 
with  blaikisli  ;  the  Hues  darker.  Thorax  and  abdomen  ochraceous  ;  vertex  pale, 
face  and  i)alpi  dark  brown. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  In  mm. 

One  6  from  tlie  west  side  of  the  Luitpold  Mountains,  near  Ikutha,  British 
East  Africa. 

I  have  not  beeu  able  to  denude  the  unique  specimen,  but  as  far  as  can  be 
made  out,  veins  6,  7  of  the  hiudwings  separate  just  before  the  hindmargiu. 

0.  Eois  sublimbaria  sp.  nov. 

Foreivings :  bone-colour,  roughly  freckled  with  pale  greyish  or  brownish 
scales ;  costa  marked  with  indistinct  purjjlish  grey  dashes,  denoting  the  origin 
of  the  lines  ;  these  are  scarcely  traceable,  but  appear  to  run  all  parallel  to  the 
hindmargin,  which  is  preceded  by  purplish  grey  scales,  most  prominent  beyond  the 
cell ;  fringe  coucolorous,  chequered  with  purplish  grey  ;  no  cellspot. 

Hindtoings  :  with  the  dark  marginal  scales  more  prominent. 

Underside  similar.  Face  purplish  brown  :  vertex,  thorax,  and  abdomen  cou- 
colorous with  wings. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  14  mm. 

One  i  from  South  Africa. 

7.  Induna  curvimargo  sp.  nov. 

Foreivings  :  bone-colour,  faintly  powdered  with  darker  ;  first  and  second  lines 
ochraceous,  diffuse  ;  first  at  one-fifth,  angled  in  cell  ;  second  from  just  beyond 
one-half,  angled  on  vein  (i,  to  middle  of  inner  margin  ;  third  line  brown,  fine 
and  concise,  rounded  at  vein  G,  then  sinuous  to  three-fourths  of  inner  margin, 
followed  by  an  ochraceous  shade  with  lunulate  outer  edge,  stopping  short  at 
vein  0,  below  which  it  is  darkest  ;  shade  beyond  submarginal  line  hardly  expressed; 
marginal  line  brown,  containing  darker  dots  between  the  veins  in  upper  half  of 
wing  ;  fringe  bone-colonr,  tinged  with  ochraceous  ;  cellspot  black. 

llindwings :  withont  first  line  ;  the  shade  beyond  outer  line  fainter. 

Underside  boue-colonr,  speckled  with  pale  brown  ;  cellspots  and  outer  line 
only  plain.     Face  and  palpi  brown  ;  vertex,  thorax,  and  abdomen  like  wings. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  22  mm. 

One  c?  from  Mpeta,  Loangwa  River,  afllnent  of  the  Zambesi,  November  and 
December  1895,  the  begiuuing  of  the  rainy  season  (Coryndon). 

Very  near  to  Induna  albida  AVarr.  from  Usuga  ;  but  the  hindmargin  of  both 
wings  bent  in  the  middle,  in  the  hiudwings  strongly  ;  hind-tibiae  withont  pencil 
of  hairs  and  without  spurs  ;  tarsi  as  long  as  tibiae. 


(  93  ) 

8.  Isoplenia  albivertex  sp.  nov. 

Foi-ewings :  pale  ochreous,  varied  with  rnfons  scales,  as  fai-  as  the  second  line, 
and  densest  at  base ;  lines  rufous  ;  first  at  one-third,  curved;  second  at  two-thirds, 
denticulate  outwards  on  the  veins,  the  teeth  of  veins  3,  4,  and  0  i)rominent  :  third 
line  at  five-sixths,  parallel  throughout  to  second,  followed  by  a  lunulate  reddish 
fascia;  marginal  line  thick,  red,  swollen  along  the  veins,  which  are  also  red  beyond 
third  line;  fringe  reddish;  cellspot  linear,  reddish. 

llirulwinffs  :  similar  ;  the  third  line  not  so  near  the  hindmargin,  and  the  sub- 
marginal  fascia  not  so  distinct. 

Underside  pale  ochreous,  with  the  outer  and  marginal  lines  only. 

Face  and  palpi  reddish;  antennae  and  vertex  pure  white;  thorax  and  abdomen 
ochreous,  much  suffused  with  rufous. 

Expanse  of  wings  :   S  30  mm. 

One  i  from  Anderson  River,  Natal. 

Diifers  from  the  type  species  /.  trisiiiuata  in  having  the  vertex  and  antennae 
pnrc  white  instead  of  red;  and  the  antennae  are  fully  and  obliqnely  pectinated. 

9.  Ptychopoda  basicostalis  sp.  nov. 

Foreicings  :  bone-colour  dusted  with  grey,  and  tinged  in  places  with  ochreous; 
costa  brown  from  base  to  first  line;  first  line  brown,  at  one-third  of  costa,  below 
which  it  is  angulated  and  then  runs  obliquely  to  one-fourth  of  inner  margin;  outer 
line  from  three-fourths  of  costa  to  three-fourths  of  inner  margin,  inwardly  oblique 
and  dark  brown  at  costa,  bent  ontwards  at  vein  6  and  inwards  on  submedian  fold, 
irregularly  waved  between.  Cellspot  large,  black,  with  an  indistinct  ochraceon-s 
middle  shade  through  it ;  two  indistinct  submarginal  ochraceous  shades. 

Hindwings :  with  large  black  cellspot,  and  indistinct  curved  postmedian  and 
submarginal  lines. 

Underside  with  cellspot  and  outer  line  very  distinct. 

Face,  collar,  and  front  of  shoulders  brown;  vertex,  thorax,  and  abdomen  like 
wings. 

Expanse  of  wings  :   13  mm. 

One  cJ  from  South  Africa. 

The  hindmargin  of  hindwings  is  bulged  at  middle;  hindlegs  wanting. 

10.  Ptychopoda  squamulata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings:  brownish-ochreous,  the  speckling  and  lines  purplish  fuscous;  basal 
half  of  costa  fuscous;  inner  line  from  two-fifths  of  costa  and  median  obliquely 
curved  inwards  and  parallel  as  far  as  the  median  vein,  where  the  median  line 
becomes  divergent;  within  the  inner  line  and  near  it  is  another  less  distinct;  outer 
line  sinuous,  at  four-fifths,  followed  by  a  sinuous  purplish  grey  shade,  which  is 
partially  obsolescent  towards  costa  and  is  edged  by  the  submarginal  line  beyond 
which  is  another  grey  shade;  cellspot  fuscous:  fringe  concolorous  with  wings,  with 
a  median  line  formed  of  dots  of  blackish  scales  beyond  the  vein  ends. 

Hindwings :  with  no  inner  lines;  the  purplish  grey  shade  beyond  outer  line 
narrower. 

Underside  with  basal  and  marginal  areas   speckled  with  fuscous,  the   space 


(  9-1  ) 

between  median  and  onter  lines  in  both  wings  clearer.  Face  and  palpi  purplish 
fnscons;  thorax,  vertex,  and  abdomen  concolorons  with  wings. 

Expanse  of  wings  :   14  mm. 

One  6  from  Weenen,  Natal. 

Though  diflerent  in  markings,  it  is  possible  this  may  be  a  form  oi  I'f.  ejilinot'i- 
Warr.,  also  from  Weenen. 

II.  Sterrha  griseolineata  sp.  nov. 

Closely  allied  to  Sterrha  punctilineata  Warr.,  Nov.  Zool.  IV.  p.  0;!,  from 
Weenen,  Natal,  but  with  all  the  lines  and  shading  fuscoas  grey,  not  ochreons.  The 
difference  is  more  particularly  noticeable  on  the  underside. 

E.tpanse  of  wings  :  IT  mm. — 21  mm. 

Two  c?  S  from  Howick,  Natal. 


Subfamily  ASTHKNINAE. 
Leucoxena  gen.  nov. 

Forewings :  narrow  and  elongate;  costii  cnrved  only  at  ba^e  antl  befori'  a])e.x; 
hiudmargin  oblique,  hardly  curved ;  anal  angle  rounded  otl'. 

HiDiliviiiys :  elongate:  hiudmargin  curved  and  s-liglitly  elbowed  nt  vein  4. 
Antennae  of  cJ  bipectinated.  The  pectinations  ciliated;  palpi  porrect,  hairy,  terminal 
joint  short;  hind-tibiae  without  spurs;  tongue  and  frenulum  present. 

Xi'urution  :  forewings,  cell  half  as  long  as  wing:  discocellular  vertical;  first 
median  at  two-thirds,  second  at  seven-eighths:  radials  normal;  T,  8,  9,  stalked 
from  well  before  end  of  cell;  10  and  11  stalked,  10  anastomosing  with  7,  s,  '.I. 
Hind  wings  with  costal  anastomosing  with  snbcostal  for  only  one-third  of  cell;  veins 
7  and  8  stalked;  medians  as  in  forewings :  radial  from  centre  of  discocellular. 

Type  :  Lev.co.cenn  lacterj,  sp.  nov. 

12.  Leucoxena  lactea  sp.  nov. 

I'orewings  :  creamy  white,  finely  dusted  with  fuscons  atoms;  two  faint  ochreous 
streaks  from  inner  margin  parallel  to  hindmargin,  at  one-third,  and  one-half,  both 
obsolescent  above  the  median  vein;  an  oblique  straight  fnscons  line  from  before 
sipex  to  two-thirds  of  inner  margin  and  an  indistinct  submarginal  shade:  marginal 
line  fine,  black,  swollen  into  spots  between  the  veins;  fringe  concolorons. 

Hiiidwings  :  less  dusted,  with  the  two  outer  lines  only. 

Underside  with  costal  area  of  forewings  and  marginal  area  iif  both  wings  beyond 
outer  lines  tinged  with  grey.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  white;  shaft  of  antennae 
white,  the  joints  and  pectinations  fnscons. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  22  mm. 

One  c?  from  the  west  side  of  Luitpold  IMoutitains  near  Ikutha.  British  East 
Africa. 

Subfamily  DEILINIINAE. 

13.  Parasynegia  rufigrisea  sp.  nov. 

Forewings:  dull  lilac  grey,  speckled  and  suffused  with  vinous  red;  the  costa 
strignlated  with  fnscons;  a  diffuse  reddish  patch  at  base,  its  outer  edge  curved  and 


(  9'  ) 

projecting-  iu  cell;  central  fascia  uarrow,  with  sinuous  edges:  iuucr  edge  from  just 
before  middle  of  costa  to  before  middle  of  inner  margin,  outer  edge  at  two-thirds; 
the  edges  parallel,  outcurved  above  and  incurved  below  middle:  dentate-lunnlate, 
the  outer  more  regular  than  the  inner;  the  inner  shaded  outwardly  and  tlie  outer 
Inwardlj-,  with  red,  the  Innules  of  the  outer  finely  margined  with  grey;  submarginal 
line  grey,  Innulate,  preceded  and  followed  by  vinous  red,  and  broadly  interrnpted 
between  veins  4  and  G  by  a  lilac  grey  jiatch  which  extends  to  hindmargin,  the  apex 
also  remaining  grey;  marginal  spots  dark  red  brown;  fringe  reddish-grey. 

Huuhvings  :  similar,  the  central  fascia  more  filled  up  with  red  and  narrowed 
towards  inner  margin,  the  cellspot  linear,  pale  grey,  with  red  edges. 

Underside  dull  grey,  tinged  with  rod,  the  markings  indistinct.  Head,  thorax, 
and  abdomen  lilac-grey  tinged  with  red  ;  tjieface,  paliii,  and  shoulders  red. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  44  mm. 

One  9  from  Old  Calabar.  Differing  in  colouration  and  markings  from  all 
the  Indian  species  of  the  genus,  but  agreeing  in  neuration  except  that  the  cell  is 
shorter. 

Slbfamii.y  ASCOTINAE. 
14.  Alcis  argillacea  sp.  nov. 

I'orewings :  straw  colour,  tinged  iu  places  with  ochraceous,  and  si)ecklei4 
irregularly  with  brown;  the  lines  brownish;  first  from  one-fourth  of  costa  to  cue- 
third  of  inner  margin,  bent  in  cell;  second,  median,  from  costa  beyond  middle  to 
middle  of  inner  margin,  sinuous  and  regularly  dentate;  outer  line  from  three-fourth.s 
of  costa  to  inner  margin  close  lieyond  median  line,  regularly  dentate,  followed  by  a 
dentate-lunulate  shade  which  between  veins  Sand  5  forms  a  large  cloudy  blotch; 
snbmarginal  indistinct,  preceded  by  darker  Innules  of  which  one  below  costa  and 
two  beyond  cell  are  very  conspicuous;  cellsiiot  and  marginal  spots  large  and  browji- 
black;  fringe  concolorous. 

llindwinys  :  similar,  without  first  line. 

Underside  like  uijper.     Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  (damaged)  like  wings. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  52  mm. 

One  <S  from  the  Kassai  country,  Congo  Free  State,  LsIIn. 

The  single  example  is  unluckily  worn.  Guener's  aw.dictariit  from  '•  Aliyssinia  " 
expands  only  40  mm.,  while  Walker's  vicaria  from  South  Africa,  which  corresponds 
in  point  of  size,  is  greyish  fawn-colour.  In  the  fore  wings  veins  10  and  11  are  short- 
stalked;  the  palpi  are  well  develoi)ed.  the  third  joint  being  fine  and  distinct,  half  a.s 
long  as  the  second. 

SriiFAMii.v  SEMIOTHISINAE. 
15.  Gronodela  siennata  sp.  nov. 
Foreicings  :  whitish,  with  coarse  olive  fuscous  spots  and  striae:  costiil  area 
fuscous,  the  costal  edge  itself  rather  deep  ochreous,  marked  with  black  sputs;  the 
three  lines  starting  from  black  spots;  first  at  one-fifth,  second  before  middle,  third 
at  two-thirds;  the  first  angled  iu  cell,  then  oblique  inward;  second  angled  on  vein  (i. 
then  oblique,  touching  lower  end  of  the  oblique  cellspot,  and  preceded  on  inner 
margin  by  a  thick  fuscous  line;  outer  line  fine,  double,  subsinuate,  black  with  a 
lustrous  grey  line  in  the  middle,  followed  by  an  irregnlarly  dentate  pale  sienna 
brown  fascia,  speckled  with  black;  marginal  area  purplisli  grey,  with  slight  whitish 
spot  towards  apex;  marginal  line  dark;  fringe  grey,  with  whitish  base. 


(  96) 

Himhvings :  with  a  black  spot  at  base;  a  diffuse  straight  fuscous  shade  before 
middle,  arched  before  the  black  cellspot;  a  double  black  straight  ])0<tmedian  line 
with  a  lustrous  grey  line  between  ;  marginal  area  as  in  forewings,  with  a  pale 
triangular  patch  below  median. 

Underside  with  costa  of  both  wings  3-ellowish;  the  brown  subraargiual  fascia 
broader;  head  and  collar  yellowish  ochreous  si)ecklcd  with  blackish;  thorax  and 
abdomen  cinereous. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  38  mm. 

One  c?  from  Warri,  Niger  Coast  Protectorate,  May  1897  (Dr.  Eoth). 

Platypepla  geu.  nov. 

Forewings  :  short  and  broad;  costa  straight  for  the  first  half,  then  strongly 
convex;  apex  blunt,  slightly  produced;  hindmargin  faintly  sinuous;  anal  angle 
rounded. 

Himhvings  :  ample;  the  hindmargin  very  fully  rounded. 

Palpi  short,  thick,  not  reaching  beyond  forehead,  terminal  joint  minute; 
antennae  long,  snbserrate-ciliato;  tongue  and  frenulum  present;  legs  rather  stout: 
hind-tibiae  with  four  spurs;  forewings  with  fovea. 

Nenration :  forewings,  cell  fully  half  as  long  as  wing,  the  extremities  con- 
vergent; discocellular  vertical;  first  median  at  five-eighths,  second  at  seven-eighths; 
radials  normal  ;  7,  8,  9,  stalked  from  well  before  end  of  cell ;  10  and  11  coincident, 
anastomosing  with  12;  submedian  vein  slightly  bulged  at  base  beneath  the  fovea. 

Hind  wings  :  costal  approximated  to  subcostal  for  half  of  cell;  vein  7  well  before 
end  of  cell;  medians  as  in  forewings;  no  radial. 

Type  Plati/pepla  nudaria,  sp.  nov. 

Closely  approximating  in  structure  to  Semiothisa. 

16.  Platypepla  nudaria  sp.  nov. 

Fomrings:  pale  fulvous  ochreous,  rather  deeper  tinged  at  base  and  along 
hindmargin;  costa  speckled  with  brownish  fuscous;  a  small  dark  spot  on  costa  near 
base,  and  an  oblique  dark  streak  at  one-third,  suggesting  the  commencement  of 
basal  and  inner  lines;  traces  of  a  postmedian  line;  cellspot  black,  distinct;  fringe 
concolorons. 

Hindwings :  with  black  cellspot  and  traces  of  postmedian  curved  line  on  inner 
margin. 

Underside  yellower  speckled  with  brown;  cellspots  and  postmedian  line  of 
hindwings  only  visible.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  concolorons  with  wings;  palpi 
brown  above. 

Expanse  of  wings:  22  mm. 

One  (J  from  South  Africa,  without  more  precise  locality. 

The  insect  is  not  fresh,  but  does  not  appear  to  have  ever  had  distinct  lines  or 
markings.     It  bears  some  superficial  resemblance  to  tlie  Lithosid  genus  Nudaria. 

Subfamily  FIDONIINAE. 

17.  Fidonia  acuta  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  rufous  ochreous,  with  transverse  brown  striae,  the  costa  dotted 
with  fuscous;  hindmarginal  area  deeper-tinted,  towards  anal  angle  becoming  violet 


(  97  ) 

grey.  Marginal  line  formed  of  black  dashes  between  the  veins  ;  fringe 
coucoloroiis. 

Hindwings  :  with  the  whole  hindmargin  narrowly  violet  grey. 

Underside  paler,  dusted  with  rufons.     Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  concolorons. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  22  mm. 

One  cJ  from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  (Felder  ( 'oll.j. 

The  forewings  Lave  the  apex  produced  and  subacute;  the  palpi  are  long  and 
rostriform. 

Subfamily  ENNOMINAE. 
Pareclipsis  punctata  sp.  nov. 

Foveirimj!s:  piile  reddish  fawn-colour,  densely  but  finely  black  speckled;  the 
lines  marked  by  black  spots  on  the  veins;  first  slightly  curved  at  one-fourth;  second 
from  five-sixths  of  costa  below  which  it  is  slightly  outcnrved,  oblique  to  three- 
fourths  of  inner  margin,  where  it  becomes  obscurely  double  ;  a  slight  oblique  dark 
shade  from  aj)ex  ;  marginal  spots  black  ;  cellspot  large,  black  ;  fringe  concolorous. 

Ili)i(/win(js  :  with  a  double  postmedian  line,  the  outer  one  dotted  on  the  veins  ; 
a  very  faint  trace  of  a  submarginal  line  ;  marginal  spots  scarcely  visible. 

Underside,  with  blackish  cellspots  and  an  outer  line  of  spots  on  veins,  that  in 
the  hindwings  being  submarginal.     Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  concolorons. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  30  mm. 

1  ?  from  Howick,  Natal,  Oct.  1891. 

The  apex  of  fore  wings  minutely  produced  ;  hindmargin  sinuous,  rounded,  not 
elbowed,  in  the  middle.     Veins  7,  8,  9,  stalked  ;  10  and  11  free. 

PHKUDOCHORDA  Warr.,  Nov.  Zool.  V.  p.  2.54. 

The  genus  was  described  from  a  S,  in  which  sex  vein  7  is  missing  ;  but  I 
find  that  in  the  ?  the  neuration  is  complete,  vein  7  being  stalked  with  8,  9.  The 
antennae  of  the  ?  are  bipectinate  as  in  the  S,  the  pectinations  shorter  and  more 
delicate.  The  specimen,  which  belongs  to  the  type  species  /iiscimargo,  was  taken 
at  Howick,  Natal,  in  October  1891. 

Subfamily   PROSOPOLOPHINAE. 
Pachypalpia  gen.  nov. 

Forewings:  elongate;  costa  nearly  straight  ;  apex  blnnt;  hindmargin  obliquely 
curved  ;  anal  angle  slight. 

Iliiulicings:  narrow;  inner  margin  short;  hindmargin  subcreaulate,  strongly 
rounded  above,  nearly  straight  from  anal  angle  to  middle. 

Palpi  porrect,  stout  and  hairy,  first  joint  distinct,  second  broad  and  expanded, 
hiding  the  third  joint ;  antennae  of  i  stoutly  bipectinate,  of  ?  simple  ;  tongue 
slightly  developed  ;  frenulum  present  ;  hind-tibiae  swollen,  with  four  spurs. 

Xeuratioii  :  forewing,  cell  half  of  wing  ;  discocellular,  vertical  ;  first  median  at 
four-fifths,  second  close  to  third  ;  radials  normal  ;  veins  7,  8,  9,  stalked;  lu  and  11 
coincident,  anastomosing  very  strongly  with  8,  0,  and  both  separating  shortly  before 
costa  ;  hiudwiug  :  costal  approximated  to  subcostal  for  half  of  cell ;  vein  7  from 
close  before  angle  ;  no  radial. 

Type  :  PKchijpnlpia  sabalhata  sj).  nov. 

7 


( »« ) 

Pachypalpia  subalbata  sjj.  nov. 

Fore>ri>tijx  :  jiale  ^'ii'v,  ilarkiT  iiloiig  iiiiR-r  and  hiinliiiiivgiiis  ;  lines  ill  lieHned, 
bnt  well  uiarkcil  bv  dark  costal  spots  ;  first  from  one-fourth  of  costa  to  near  base  of 
inner  margin,  with  darker  spots  on  the  veins  :  second,  median,  from  beyond  middle 
of  costa  t(i  liefore  middle  of  inner  margin,  followed  by  a  largish  cellsjiot  :  third 
from  threc-fonrths  of  costa  to  just  beyond  middle  of  inner  margin,  marked  by  dark 
vcinspots,  and  forming  a  sinus  inwards  beyond  cell  and  ou  submedian  fold  ;  no 
spots  on  radial  and  snbmediiin  fold  ;  snbmarginal  pale,  indistinctly  waved,  preceded 
by  a  lunnlatc  oblique  shade  :  marginal  line  dark  :  friu'.'c  whitish,  with  distinct  dark 
marks  beyond  the  veins. 

Itindiriiujx  :  with  distinct  dark  marginal  border  :  dark  iiufcmrdjaii  and  dotted 
postmedian,  nearly  straight,  lines  ;  cellspot  small. 

Underside:  white,  speckled  with  fnscous  ;  both  wings  with  daik  marginal 
border,  interrupted  below  mi<ldle  an<l  more  distinct  in  liindwings  ;  (•i'll>iiors  jireseut, 
bnt  no  lines.  Head,  thora.x,  and  abdomen  whitish,  speckled  with  fuscous  :  face  and 
jialpi  more  varied  with  fuscous. 

E.Npanse  of  wings  :  30  mm. 

A  pair  from  the  west  side  of  l,uitiiolcl  .Mountains,  near  Ikufha,  IJritisli  East 
Africa. 


NEW  GENERA  AND  SPECIES  OF  BREPANULIDAE, 
TJIYRIDIBAE,   EFIPLJiMlDAE,   AND    GEOMETllTDAE. 

FROM  THE  1ND0-AU8THALIAX  AND  P.VL.\EARC'TI( '  l{E(ilONN. 

Bv  W.  WAKREN,  M.A.,  F.K.S. 

I'.vMiLV  DREPANULIDAE. 

I.  Gogana  Integra  sp.  nov. 

J'd/i'/ri/K/x :  pale  mouse-colour,  dusted  with  darker,  with  traces  of  a  dark  central 
and  double  snbnuirginal  tascia,  marked  witli  dark  brown  and  ferrngiuims;  fringe 
with  thirk  spots  beyond  the  veins:  no  hyaline  jiatch  beyond  cell. 

Hiii(//cuii/x  :  without  any  nnirkings. 

Underside  duller:  head,  thonix.  and  iilxlonien  coiu:olorous  ;  t':u-e  and  i)aliii 
dark   brown. 

E.xpanse  of  wings  :  ".'•'i  mm. 

One  i  from  (Government  Hill,  I'enung,  l,tio(i  feel,  .M;iy  Is'.is  (Cnrtis). 

In  forewings  the  costa  is  very  strongly  protuberant  near  base,  and  the 
hindmargin  produced  in  middle  into  a  jirominent  triangle. 

2.  Gonocilix  renifera  sp.  nov. 

I'orrwiiKiii :  wliite,  with  a  large,  sli>;htly  obli((ae,  kidney-shajied  blotch  of 
ochreous  and  grey  scales  just  before  middle  ol'  inner  margin,  reaching  to  upper 
margin  of  cell  and  extending  beyond  it  between  veins  4  and  (i,  its  origin  represented 
by  a  small  irrcy  spot  on  costa  at  :ibour  oni'-third.  and  followeil  lietwcen  veins  ','  and  4 


( "f ) 

by  a  cleai'  Jiyalinc  patcb;  outer  line  from  costa  before  two-tbirds,  oblirjue  ontwavds 
and  ochreons  as  far  as  vein  5,  then  Unin late  inwards  and  grey,  parallel  to  liindmargin, 
the  Innnle  between  veins  4  and  o  filled  up  with  black:  snbniargiual  line  white, 
Innulate-dentate,  preceded  and  followed  by  ochreons  jrrey  bands,  more  or  less  broken 
np  into  patches  by  the  paler  veins  and  not  extending  beyond  vein  0,  the  apical  area 
remaining  pure  wliite;  the  onter  band  shaded  with  brown  and  fulvous  scales, 
especially  between  veins  0  and  :*>:  fringe  wliite  witii  small  black  marginal  dots  at 
the  ends  of  the  veins:  the  discocellnlar  marked  with  briglit  silvery  scales. 

Iliii<lirin(j.< :  with  an  obscure  curved  grey  cloud  near  base:  the  centre  of  wing 
Dccnjiied  by  a  hyaline  space  in  which  the  silvery  discocellular  is  conspicuous;  a 
submarginal  undulating  white  lin(^  with  a  grey  band  preceding  and  following  it; 
marginal  dots  and  fringe  as  in  forewings. 

Underside  with  base  of  costa  of  forewings  smoky  fuscous;  a  broad  smoky 
fuscous  central  fascia  not  i-eacln'ng  costa  and  eonuected  beyond  cell  with  a  darker 
sulnuarginal  funnel-shaped  fascia;  hindwing  with  costa  near  base  and  a  subapic^l 
fascia  grey;  face  brown-black,  with  the  lower  margin  white;  vertex,  thorax,  and 
jtbdiimen  white. 

Expanse  of  wings:  vJS  mm. 

One  ?  from  Gnnong  Ijau,  Perak,  March  1898  (Butler). 

Tiie  single  specimen  is  unfortunately  much  worn.  It  agrees  in  neuration  with 
the  type  sjiecies,  except  that  vein  (i  rises  from  the  upper  end  of  cell  and  not  from  the 
areole,  and  tlie  np|)or  part  of  discocellular  is  concave  merely,  not  inangnlated. 

H.  Oreta  pusilla  sj).  nov. 

rdicwinti.i :  pale  yellow;  a  rufous  spot  in  cell  towards  base,  and  a  rnfons  cloud 
before  lower  end:  a  fine  obli(pie  rufous  line  from  apex  to  three-fourths  of  inner 
margin;  three  wedge-shajieil  red-brown  spots  liefore  middle  of  hindmargin  on  veins 
'^,  :?,  and  4;  fringe  yellow,  slightly  rufous  tinged. 

Hindwinx/s  :  with  the  lufous  line  just  beyond  the  middle,  and  with  an  ante- 
median  rufous  line,  visible  only  towards  inner  margin. 

Underside  :  yellow,  forewings  witli  costa  at  base  rufous  and  a  rufous  clond 
•along  middle  of  liindmargin  iiulnding  the  three  brown  sjwts. 

Face  and  legs  deep  crimson:  vertex,  collar,  and  patagia  rufous  fulvous; 
siioulders  and  abdomen  yellowish. 

Expanse  of  wings  :   "24  mm. 

(jne  tS  from  Yeiipooii,  Queensl;ui<l,  October  1800,  from  the  Barnard  Collection. 

Tlie  apex  of  forewing  is  hardly  produced;  the  hindmargin  oblique  and  straight. 
In  the  forewings  (!,  T,  IS,  9,  10,  are  stalked,  11  free;  9  and  10  long  stalked;  (i  out  of 
7,  s. 

Akin  to  O./iisr/in'OY/o  Warr.,  from  •Queensland. 

4.  Oreta  roseola  s]).  nov. 

Fonitr//i(/g :  uniform  pale  flesh-colour;  a  darker  oblique  line  from  costa  just 
before  apex  to  two-thirds  of  inner  margin;  a  patch  of  whitish,  black-speckled  scales 
in  the  apex,  and  two  blackish,  white-edged  lunules  on  veins  '2  and  3  before  the 
hindmargin ;  fringe  concolorous. 

Hin<in-i»gs :  with  antemedian  jind  postmedian  jiarallel  darker  lines,  neither 
reaching  the  costa. 


(   100  ) 

,.    Underside  paler;  forewiujrs  with  a  grey  clond  along  hindmargiu. 

Face  (lull  deep  red;  tlie  lesrs  rosy;  thorax  and  abdomen  like  wings;  shoulders 
and  antennae  whitish. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  30  mm. 

One  ?  from  Dawson  District,  Queensland,  from  the  Barnard  Collection. 

The  forewings  are  elongate,  the  apex  only  slightly  and  bluntly  produced,  the 
hindmargin  sinnons,  being  faintly  elbowed  above  vein  3.  In  the  forewings  only 
7,  8,  9,  10  are  stalked  together,  (i  rising  from  the  same  point;  9, 10  sliortly  separating 
from  7,  8,  and  coincident  till  near  apex. 

Family  THYHIDIDAE. 
5.  Dysodia  bipuncta  sp.  nov. 

Nearest  to  D.  siculoides  Feld.  in  appearance,  but  the  ground  colour  more 
golden  yellow  and  the  markings  brighter  fulvous;  in  the  hindwings  there  are  two 
small  white  hyaline  dots,  one  at  eacli  end  of  the  discocellular;  in  ignita  Wlk.  there 
is  only  one  dot,  at  the  lower  end,  and  the  ground  colour  is  redder;  in  siculoides 
Feld.  the  hiudwing  is  entirely  without  dots. 

Expanse  of  wings:  35  mm. 

One  S  from  Gunong  Ijau,  Perak,  March  1898  (Butler). 

0.  Dysodia  laevis  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  uniform  smooth  bright  ferruginous,  with  a  ver}'  few  and  obscure 
dark  ramifying  streaks,  and  an  oblique  olive  fuscous  band  at  three-fifths,  widened 
on  inner  margin  and  in  cell  where  it  is  angled  :  fringe  slightly  darker,  with  pale  tips. 

Himhvings  :  similar;  with  a  large  liyaline  white  cellspot,  evenly  carved  towards 
base,  bilobed  externally,  the  upper  lobe  small. 

Underside  duller  and  paler  ;  olive  ochreons,  snffused  with  dull  brownish  :  the 
reticulations  darker  and  more  numerous.  Thorax  and  abdomen  bright  reddish 
ferruginous  :  shoulders  and  head  olive-brown  ;  hair  tul'ts  of  the  legs  reddish  ;  the 
tarsi  fuscous,  witli  pale  joints. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  32  mm. 

Two  cJc?,  1  ?  from  the  Khasia  Hills  and  Sikkim  ;  both  sexes  exactly  alike. 
Distinguished  from  fene strata  Moore  by  the  smoothness  of  the  scaling  and  the 
different  shape  of  the  hyaline  spot. 

Microctenucha  gen.  nov. 

Forewings :  elongate  ;  costa  convex  near  base  and  before  apex,  slightly 
insinuate  between;  apex  prominent  ;  hindmargin  curved. 

JJindwings :  costa  convex  in  basal  half ;  apex  prominent  ;  hindmargin  curved. 
Antennae  short,  stoutly  bipectinate  in  both  sexes,  more  shortly  in  the  ?.  Palpi 
horizontally  porrect,  pointed  ;  forehead  protuberant. 

Neiiration :  forewings,  cell  more  than  half  as  long  as  wing  ;  discocellular 
faint,  nearly  vertical  ;  first  median  nervule  at  one-half,  second  well  before  end ; 
lower  radial  a  little  above  lower  end  of  cell,  upper  from  below  upper  end  ;  vein  7 
shortly  stalked  with  8,  9  :  10  and  11  free. 

Tyjic  :   .)/.  munda  Hmpsn.  (Rhodoneura). 

The  genus  is  related  to  Camptocheilas  Hmpsn.,  and  Oxycophina  Warr., 
agreeing  with  the  latter  in  the  pectinated  antennae. 


(  101   ) 

Family  EPIPLEMIDAE.  .     .  . 

T.  Epiplema  basipuncta  sp.  inn. 

Forewi)it/x  :  (Iv)ll  whitisli,  with  sliglit  grey  si)ecldiiig  and  suffusion  ;  the  two 
liues  dark  grey  ;  first  from  one-third  of  costa,  bhintly  angled  outwards  on  the 
median  vein,  to  inner  margin  before  middle  ;  second  from  three-fifths  of  costa 
obliquely  curved  outwards  to  vein  4,  then  bluntly  angled  and  inflected  to  vein  2, 
whence  it  again  runs  outwards  to  inner  margin  at  two-thirds  ;  preceded  in  cell  and 
on  inner  margin  l)y  a  pale  brown  shading  ;  a  dark  curved  line  from  before  apex  to 
vein  2;  the  hindmargin  darker  grey;  a  dark  interrupted  marginal  line;  fringe 
whitish,  chequered  with  grey  ;  a  tilack  spot  at  base  below  the  submedian  vein. 

Hinduings  :  with  both  lines  ochreons  and  grey,  acutely  angled  at  vein  4  and 
conversely  darker  shaded  ;  marginal  area  pearl  grey,  slightly  lustrous  ;  marginal 
line  finely  black  :  a  minute  black  dot  with  some  shining  pale  scales  before  lower 
tooth. 

Underside  dull  whitish.  Face  and  palpi  dark  brown  ;  vertex,  thorax,  and 
abdomen  whitish. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  17  mm. 

1  6  from  Waterfall  Valley,  Peuang,  March  and  April  1898  (Curtis). 

Forewiugs  with  hindmargin  slightly  incurved  below  apex  and  bulging  below 
middle  ;  hindwings  with  a  sharp  tooth  at  apex  as  well  as  at  veins  4  and  7.  In  the 
hindwings  the  cell  is  very  short,  the  wing-membrane  puckered  and  semihyaline. 

8.  Epiplema  bellissima  sp.  nov. 

For-ewinffs :  pale  lilac  grey,  obscurely  freckled  with  darker;  the  costa  with 
short  dark  grey  striae  ;  an  obli(jue  inner  line  from  one-fourth  of  costa  touching  a 
ferruginous  sjiot  in  cell,  a  dark  obliquely  bent  line  from  just  beyond  middle  of  costa, 
edged  on  each  side  with  ferruginous,  stopping  short  at  vein  4,  and  ending  in  a  double 
upright  dark  mark  on  inner  margin  before  anal  angle  ;  hindmargin  dark  grey  from 
apex  to  vein  3,  limited  inwardly  by  a  straight  brown-lilack  line  with  ferruginous 
edges  ;  fringe  grey  with  darker  base,  and  traces  of  pale  dots  at  the  ends  of  veins. 

Jlindwinys  :  with  a  briglit  chestnut  streak  along  cell  forming  a  wedge-shaped 
mark  with  the  discocellular  line  which  is  also  chestnut ;  outer  line  chestnut, 
bluntly  angled  in  middle,  preceded  by  a  bright  chestnut  suffusion,  and  followed  by 
the  same  colour  above  middle  with  a  lustrous  blue  line  through  it,  the  angle  pale 
with  black  scales  ;  a  dark  grey  curve  between  the  teeth  containing  above  vein  5  a 
pure  white  spot  on  hindmargin  ;  fringe  dark  grey  ;  all  tlie  veins  in  marginal  half 
pale  grey. 

Underside  pale  blue-grey,  with  a  few  dark  frecklings.  Face  and  palpi  black  ; 
vertex,  thorax,  and  abdomen  pale  whitish  grey.  Hindmargin  of  forewings  entire ; 
of  hindwings  with  a  tooth  at  veins  4  and  7. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  23  mm. 

One  S  from  Waterfall  Valley,  Penang,  March  and  April  1898  (Curtis). 

Family   GEOMETRIDAE. 

Subfamily  OENOCHROMINAE. 

y.  Dichromodes  steropias  ab.  nexistriga  nov. 

Differs  from  the  type  form  (as  described),  in  having  a  brown-black,  irregularly 

sinuous  streak  from  costa  close  to  base  to  hindmargin  a  little  below  apex,  passing 


(    1(12   ) 

along  the  median  vein  ami  iijicurved  to  the  spot  at  end  of  cell,  then  straight  to 
siilimurgitial  lini'  and  again  oliliiiue  ii|)\vards  to  margin  ;  the  transverse  lines,  as 
de.M-riliwl  hy  JMevrii-k,  arc  in  this  exaiuph'  more  or  less  faint  or  obsolescent,  whih.^ 
the  veins  beyond  the  middle  are  in  phiecs  marked  witii  blackish  scales.  The  iiind- 
wiugs  are  wholly  whiti>li. 

One  J  from  Roebonrue,  \\'est  Australia. 

Though  I  have  not  seen  an  example  of  typical  t<feiv/'/\it<  Meyr.,  I  liave  little 
doubt  that  this  insect  is  rightly  referable  to  it,  thougli  the  horizontal  dark  streak 
gives  it  a  very  abnormal  appearance.  Meyrick's  three  examples  were  all  from  West 
Anstralia. 

SiDKAMiT.r  (iEOMETIilXAE. 
Dithecodes  gen.  uov. 

Forewinijs  :  costa  faintly  curved  throughout  ;  hindmargin  oblii^uely  curved. 

Hindwingg :  with  a  blunt  but  perceptible  elbow  at  vein  4.  Palpi  short, 
porrect.  Antennae  (?)  lamellate,  sul)dentate,  pubescent:  tongue  and  frenulum 
present  ;  hind-tibiae  with  terminal  spurs  only. 

JS'euratioH :  forewings,  cell  about  half  of  wing  ;  median  and  subcostal  conver- 
gent towards  end  ;  discocellular  vertical  ;  tirst  median  just  beyond  middle,  second 
well  before  end  of  cell  ;  lower  radial  from  a  little  above  middle  of  discocellular  ; 
upper  from  top  end  of  cell ;  T,  S,  0,  stalked  ;  10  and  11  from  cell,  10  anastomosing 
with  11,  and  again  with  8,  9,  forming  a  double  areole.  Hindwiugs  with  costal 
touching  subcostal  near  base  ;  0,  7  very  short-stalked  ;  medians  as  in  forewings  ; 
radial  from  above  middle  of  discocellulai'. 

Type  :  Dithecodes  erasa  sp.  uov. 

The  neuration  is  (jnite  anomalous  for  tiiis  subfamily,  vein  lu  being  usually 
stalked  with  T,  8,  9;  as  it  is  also  in  all  the  genera  oi  Stenlnnaeyi\i\Q.\\  have  a  double 
areole. 

10.  Dithecodes  erasa  sp.  no  v. 

Wmijs  :  dull  pale  yellowish-green,  with  no  visible  markings. 

Underside  paler. 

Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  concolorous  ;  face  and  tips  of  palpi  black-brown. 

Expanse  of  wings  :   30  mm. 

One  ?  from  Japan,  without  further  locality. 

Halophanes  gen.  nov. 

Fm'ewiuy-'i :  with  costa  arched  at  base,  tiien  straight  or  nearly  so  till  closti 
before  apex  ;  apex  blunt,  rectangular  :  hindmargin  somewhat  incurved  below  apex, 
then  strongly  bowed,  and  below  the  middle  very  obliijue  to  anal  angle  :  inner 
margin  very  short,  hardly  more  than  Juilf  the  costa. 

Hindwinys :  irregularly  kite-shaped,  the  costa  short,  as  lung  as  the  inner 
margin  of  forewings  ;  the  inner  margin  longer  ;  hindmargin  with  a  prominent 
blunt  tail  at  end  of  third  median,  and  an  elbow  at  end  of  second  subcostal. 
Frenulum  absent.  Palpi  very  short :  tongue  present  :  antennae  of  <S  pubescent, 
hardly  ciliated  ;  legs  slender. 

Neuration  :  cell  barely  one-third  of  wing  ;  discocellular  coucave  ;  tirst  median 
close  before  angle  of  cell  ;   second  and  third  sliortly  stalked  ;    lower  radial  from 


(  10-  ) 

»bovi!   tlie  centre  of  tliseocelluljir  ;    uiifier  raili;il  and  tbe  five  sulicostaU  stalked, 
the  first  subcostal  anastomosing  with  the  costal.    Hindwing  with  the  two  subco.stals 
jvnd  last  two  medians  shortly  stalked.     Sealing  elose  and  fine  :  stnicture  ihlioate. 
iVjK'  :    lliilujiliUDes  .rn iitliKi-hlnvd  Swinh.  iMd.riiti'n). 


StBiAMiiv  STI'lHUHINAE. 
11.  Arhostia  indecorata  sji.  nov. 

FiireiriiK/.f  :  whitish  oehvcoiis,  diseolonied  with  tine  pale  liitjwn  or  nehreous 
scales,  the  whole  jivesenting  a  somewhat  mealy  apjiearanee  ;  the  lines  very 
indistinctly  marked  with  pale  brownish  scales,  the  first  curved,  the  median  and 
exterior  parallel  to  hindmargin,  the  latter  waved,  all  three  eipiidistant  on  inner 
margin  ;  snbmarginal  line  almost  obsolete  :  an  obscure  pale  brown  marginal  line, 
most  distinct  between  the  veins;  fringe  concolorous  :  cellspot  rather  large,  didl 
grey-brown. 

Hi»<linug.'<:  till' same,  but  without  inner  line,  and  the  submargiual  line  more 
distinct. 

Underside  with  the  cellspots.  outer  and  marginal  lines  marked  :  forewiug 
tinged  with  grey  towards  costa  and  base.  Face  and  palpi  dark  brown  ;  vertex, 
thorax,  and  abdomen  like  wings. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  20  mm. 

One  ?  from  Simla,  N.-AV.  India. 

Hindmargin  of  forewings  very  faintly  bent  at  vein  3,  of  hindwings  slightly 
dentate  at  vein  4,  and  concave  between  4  and  0  ;  veins  0,  T  of  hindwings  stalked. 
Hind-tibiae  of  ?  with  terminal  sptirs  only.  Apparently  related  to  elongarin  Itanib. 
(?  =  iiridatii  Zell.)  recorded  from  Transcaucasia  as  well  as  from  Spain. 

1-'.  Craspedia  compressaria  sji.  nov. 

Foreimny6 :  greyish  ochreous,  with  a  slight  pinkish  tinge,  and  minutely 
speckled  with  black  :  all  the  lines  oblique,  parallel  to  the  hindmargin,  and  slightly 
darker  than  the  ground  colour  :  first  from  one-third  of  costa,  angled  in  cell  close 
before  the  black  cellspot,  then  straight  to  one-fourth  of  inner  margin,  very 
indistinct  except  below  middle  ;  median  shade  from  qnite  two-thirds  of  costa, 
e.xcurved  beyond  cell,  and  faintly  denticulate  to  middle  of  iiuier  margin  ;  outer 
line  waved,  fine,  oliliciue  outwards  to  vein  («,  slightly  incurved  beyond  cell  and 
on  submedian  fold  to  three-fourths  of  inner  margin  ;  the  teeth  basewards  above 
and  below  vein  .">  and  submedian  fold  marked  with  black  points,  those  on  veins 
6  and  T  with  slighter  points;  marginal  area  with  two  narrow  darker  denticulate 
shades  enclosing  the  submargiual  line  ;  uuxrginal  spots  black,  distinct  ;  fringe 
concolorous,  with  indistinct  minute  dark  ilots  at  base  beyond  the  veins. 

Hindwinqs  :  with  the  median  sluide  autemedian;  the  outer  line  minutely 
■waved  and  nearly  straight,  marked  with  black  only  on  abdominal  margin. 

Underside  paler  :  the  cellspots,  outer  and  marginal  lines  distinct,  blackish. 
Face  and  palpi  externally  black-brown  :   vertex,  thorax,  and  abdonn-n  like  wings. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  20  mm. 

Two  ii  from  Bah,  low  country,  March— April  iy.'<i  n>"heriy;. 

Allied  to  annularia  Swinh.,  and  xpilodormfa  AVarr. 


(   104  ) 

ri  Craspedia  cretata  si>.  nov. 

Foreicitigs :  whitish  straw-colour,  with  fine  dark  speckles ;  the  lines  pale 
ochraceons,  all  parallel  to  each  other  and  to  the  hindmargin,  which  is  obliquely 
curved  only  in  the  lower  half,  so  that  the  lines  are  less  oblique  than  usual  ;  first 
at  one-third,  second  in  middle  or  just  beyond,  third  at  two-thirds,  obscur^'ly  dentate, 
sometimes  rather  darker  marked  on  the  veins  ;  snbterminal  and  subinarginal  lines 
undulating,  indistinct;  cellspot  and  marginal  dots  black  and  distinct;  fringe 
concolorons. 

IIindwinq»  :  tlie  same,  without  lirst  line. 

Underside  white  ;  the  outer  lines  and  marginal  dots  indicated.  Face  deep 
browu  ;  vertex,  thorax,  and  abdomen  concolorons  with  wings. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  2C  mm. 

Two  ?  ?  from  Sula  Mangoli,  October  1807  (Doherty). 

Like  ('.  parasira  Meyr.,  but  distinguished  by  the  white  groinid  colour,  and 
more  vertical  lines  ;  reminding  one  of  a  small  pale  immufntu  Hiib. 

14.  Craspedia  furfurata  ab.  subcamea  nov. 

Differs  from  typical  C.  fni-Junda  Warr.  in  being  wholly  suffused  with  a  very 
pale  pinkish  tinge,  instead  of  being  pale  straw-colour  :  the  single  example  is 
also  a  little  smaller,  and  has  the  dark  dusting  finer. 

One  $  from  Calcutta,  February  18!»0. 

There  are  specimens  of  typical  /«/;/'///'«^a  in  the  Triug  Sluscum  from  Ceylon, 
as  well  as  from  the  Kulu  district,  Sabathu,  and  Simla,  so  tliat  the  aberration 
cannot  be  looked  upon  as  a  southern  form.  It  may  be  seasonal,  as  the  only 
dated  sjiecimens  of  the  typical  form  are  recorded  as  taken  in  July  and  November. 

!•").  Craspedia  margaritaria  s)).  nov. 

Voreicinys  :  pale  ochreous  or  bone-colour,  slightly  dusted  with  black  scales  ; 
the  lines  faint,  pale  greyish  ochreous  ;  the  cellspot  a  small  ochreous  ring  ;  very 
much  like  C.  mcuata  Guen.,  but  the  outer  line,  instead  of  being  dentate  and  marked 
with  black  dashes  on  the  veins,  is  very  line  and  waved,  sinuate  inwards  beyond 
cell  and  on  submedian  fold,  and  forming  two  slightly  darker  luuules  tinged  yni\\ 
rufous  ;  a  row  of  black  marginal  spots  ;  fringe  concolorons,  with  black  dots  at  base 
licyond  the  veins. 

llindiriiuin  :  similar,  witli  the  cellsjiot  black  as  in  rai-xatu. 

Underside  whitish  ;  the  forewing  with  outer  line  and  marginal  spots  blackish  ; 
towards  the  costa  slightly  fuscons  tinged,  but  not  nearly  so  strongly  as  in  cacuaiu. 
Face  and  palpi  externally  black:  thorax  and  alidomen  like  wings:  the  latter 
spotted  with  black  on  dorsum. 

Exj)anse  of  wings  :  8n  mm. 

Two  ii  from  South  Celebes,  August— September  1^'.»1  (Doherty). 

Distinguished  from  the  allied  forms  by  the  lower  radial  rising  above  the  centre 
of  discocellular  ;  the  hind-tibiae  of  the  i  are  wholly  bone-colour. 

10.  Craspedia  rufimixtaria  sp.  nov. 

Foreahiys:  dull  flesh-coloured  ochreous,  with  slight  dusting  of  darker  scales  ; 
lines   fuscous   grey  ;   the   inner  line   not   visible  in  the  type  sjiecimeu,  which   is 


(   105  ) 

slightly  worn  near  base  ;  median  obscnre  and  obliqne  from  nearly  three-t'ourths  of 
costa  to  middle  of  inner  margin  ;  outer  line  from  six-sevenths  of  costa  to  four-fifths 
of  inner  margin  fine,  dentate-lnnulate,  followed  by  a  clondy  snbmarginal  shade  ; 
cellspot  small,  black. 

Ilimlwings :  with  curved  anteniediau  and  postmediau  dark  liiie-i,  a  black 
cellspot,  and  two  darker  shades  in  tlie  deeper-coloured  marginal  area. 

Underside  yellowish  ocbreous,  with  a  pink  tinge  ;  the  outer  line  only  shown. 
Face  and  palpi  black-brown  ;  vertex  white  ;  thorax  and  abdomen  like  wings. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  22  mm. 

One  S  from  Selaru,  Teuimber  Islands,  March — April  1897  (Micholitz). 

The  entire  fringes  are  gone  ;  there  ai)pears  to  have  been  no  mari;-inal  line 
or  dots.  Hind-tarsi  of  6  nearly  as  long  as  hind-tibiae,  which  are  scarcely  thickened, 
and  not  aborted,  but  without  spurs. 

17.  Craspedia  imdilinea  sp.  uov. 

Foreiviiigs :  bone-colour,  dusted  with  dark  scales ;  the  lines  greyish  ochreons ; 
the  first  curved,  at  one-third  ;  the  median  shade  from  two-thirds  of  costa  to  middle 
of  inner  margin  slightly  sinuous,  somewhat  diffuse,  sometimes  tinged  with  fulvous  ; 
outer  line  grey,  thick,  denticulate,  i'rom  five-sixths  of  costa  to  four-fifths  of  inner 
margin ;  snbmarginal  line  pale,  waved,  between  two  ochreous  bands  ;  cellspot 
black,  distinct ;  a  row  of  black  marginal  dots  ;  fringe  concolorous. 

Hindwings  :  without  first  line  ;  the  cellspot  larger  and  prominent. 

Underside  with  cellspots,  outer  line,  and  marginal  spots  distinct ;  I'orewings 
towards  liase  and  costa  washed  with  grey.  Face  black-brown  ;  vertex,  thorax, 
and  abdomen  like  wings. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  26  mm. 

Several  specimens  from  Lifu,  Loyalty  Islands. 

Perhaps  a  local  form  of  parasira  Meyr. ;  the  ground  colour  paler,  and  the 
exterior  line  much  more  strongly  expressed  ;  in  the  prominence  of  the  cellspots 
of  hindwings  it  agrees  with  C.  discata  Warr. 


18.  Eois  carneofasciata  sp.  nov. 

Foreivings  :  cream-colour,  more  yellowish  along  costa,  dusted  with  grey  towards 
base,  and  with  traces  of  a  curved  line  at  one-third  ;  outer  line  distinct,  irregularly 
■wavy,  at  three-fourths,  indented  on  submedian  fold  ;  followed  by  a  lilac-grey  fascia 
of  uniform  width,  its  outer  edge  parallel  to  the  outer  line,  and  starting  from  the  anal 
angle,  abruptly  stopping  at  vein  0 ;  beyond  the  pale  snbmarginal  line  which 
succeeds  the  Aiscia,  the  marginal  area  is  pale  lilac-grey  :  fringe  pale,  witli  obscnre 
dark  dots  beyond  the  veins  ;  cellspot  small,  but  distinct. 

JJindwutgs  :  with  the  outer  line  and  darker  marginal  area  less  distinct. 

Underside  the  same  ;  the  basal  half  of  each  wing  greyer. 

Face  and  palpi  dark  brown  :  vertex,  thorax,  and  abdomen  cream-eolnur. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  1.5  mm. 

One  ?  from  Mt.  Arjano,  Java  (W.  Doherty). 

The  forewings  are  elongate,  with  the  apex  produced,  the  hindmargin  oblique 
and  straight  ;  hindwings  small,  with  ronnded  hindmargin  which  is  slightly  incised 
beyond  cell. 


(    106  ) 

19.  Eois  ferrilinea  sp.  nov. 

FofCwi/ii//< :  wliitisb  grey,  rather  loiiiscly  speckled  with  black  and  hoary  scales; 
coi-ta  greyer ;  inner  and  outer  lines  Wack  ;  the  inner,  at  one-third,  sinuous,  curved 
outwards  abovf  and  inwards  below  the  median  vein,  with  dark  spots  on  tlie  veins  ; 
onter  at  three-fonitlis,  iriefrularly  dentate  inwards  on  the  veins,  but  forming  a 
prominent  tooth  outwards  on  vein  C,  and  a  blunter  [irujection  between  veins  3  and  4, 
preceded  by  a  ferruginous  median  line  which  is  sinuate  i)arallel  to  inner  line, 
sprinkled  throughout  with  black  scales,  and  starting  from  a  dark  costal  spot ;  sub- 
marginal  line  waved,  pale,  between  two  dark  grey  shades,  the  inner  of  which  is 
interrupted  beyond  cell  ;  fringe  grey,  with  (latches  of  black  scales  at  base  beyond 
the  vein  ends. 

Hin(lwui(fs  :  similar  ;  the  discocellular  marked  with  irregular  black  scales. 

Underside  grey,  without  speckling  ;  the  outer  lines  marked  by  black  veinspota. 
Face  and  palpi  externally  black:  vertex,  thorax,  and  abdomen  grey,  finely  black- 
speckled  ;  tlie  abdomen  with  sliglit  black  rings. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  14  mm. 

One  d  from  Dawson  district,  N.  Queensland,  March  1887  (Barnard  Collection). 

Nearest  to  Acidalia  halmaea  Meyr.,  from  Sydney  and  Tasmania,  with  which  it 
agrees  in  structure  and  size. 

20.  Eois  fiicosa  sp.  nov. 

Forewinyg  :  pale  glossy  ochreous  ;  the  lines  or  bauds  broad,  yellow  or  fulvous 
ochreous,  waved,  those  beyond  middle  slightly  indented  beyond  cell,  and  more 
strongly  on  submediau  fold  ;  their  edges  waved  :  the  pale  ground  colour  appearing 
as  narrower  bands  between  them  :  the  single  S  has  the  fulvous  tints  darker  than 
the  two  ?  ?  (which  are,  however,  both  more  or  less  worn),  and  the  basal  one-third 
altogether  snflPused  with  fulvous  ;  a  very  faint  darker  cellspot  on  the  median  band  : 
no  marginal  dots  ;  fringe  concolorons  with  the  darker  bands. 

Ilindirimjx :  the  same. 

Underside  with  the  markings  grey  tinged  and  traversetl  by  lighter  veins  ;  the 
forewings  darker  tinged.  Face  and  palpi  externally  black  brown  ;  vertex,  thorax, 
and  abdomen  pale  ochreous,  varied  with  darker. 

E.xpanse  of  wings  :  13  mm. 

One  S,  two  ?  9,  from  .Seahill,  Qncenslatid,  May  1^•^T  (Barnard  Collection). 

Hindlegsof  J  aborted,  without  spuis  ;  hind-tibiae  of  ?  with  terminal  spurs  only. 


2\.  Eois  glabripennis  sp.  nov. 

Forrn-iiiys:  pearl  grey,  with  a  faint  lilac  tinge  ;  the  costa  finely  yellowish 
speckled  with  fuscous  :  no  distinct  markings  ;  but  in  certain  lights  a  pale  curved 
median  and  submarginal  yellowish  line  can  be  made  out,  as  well  as  some  marginal 
spots,  as  in  Eois  cotstiyattatu  Warr.  from  tlie  Khasias,  but  there  are  no  costal  pale 
blotches  ;  fringe  pale  grey. 

Uindwiiiys  :  the  same. 

Underside  silky  whitish  ;  the  costa  of  forewings  ochreous  with  grey  speckles. 
Face  and  ()alpi  brown  ;  vertex,  thorax,  and  abdomen  concolorons  with  wings. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  17  mm. 


(  107  ) 

One  S  from  Mt.  iVrjnuo,  J:cva  (W.  Doliert.y)  ;  four  ?  ?  from  Peuauy,  May 
1807  (Curtis). 

The  hindmargiii  of  liiiidwings  is  rounded,  not  subaiigulate  as  in  i-ostiynffatn. 
The  species  comes  close  to  K.  auricruda  Butl.  =  piiimbeo-'icnptii  Chr. 

22.  Epicosymbia  conspersa  sji.  nov. 

FureiciH(j.-i  :  rufous  ochrcous,  the  ground  colour  almost  liiddeu  by  dense  fascons 
scales  ;  the  lines  greyish  fuscous  ;  first  at  one-third,  curved  ;  median  sinuate  and 
slightly  dentate  ;  these  two  very  obscure  ;  outer  line  at  five-sixths,  more  distinct, 
dentate  ;  cel!s[iot  dark,  not  very  di.stinct  ;  a  fine  marginal  line  of  dark  scales ;  fringe 
concoiorous,  with  small  dark  dots  at  ends  of  veins. 

llimhniKjx :  witli  cellspot  and  outer  line  only. 

Underside  pale  jiinkish  ochreous,  unspeckled,  with  the  outer  and  marginal  lines, 
cellspots,  and  marginal  dots  marked.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  like  wings  ;  face 
and  j)alpi  externally  reddish  ;  vertex  and  shaft  of  antennae  white. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  24  mm. 

One  S  from  Snmba,  February  1800,  below  2,0oi)  feet  (Doherty). 

This  species  agrees  structurally  in  all  points  with  Epicosymbia,  the  type  of 
which  is  a  South  African  species. 

23.  Problepsis  argentea  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  silvery  white,  sprinkled  with  fine  black  scales,  witliont  markings 
of  any  kind. 

Ilinilivinys :  the  same  ;  the  diseucellular  marked  with  brighter  metallic  scales  ; 
fringes  of  both  wings  white. 

Underside  white,  without  any  black  scales.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  white  ; 
palpi  white,  tinged  above  with  rosy  :  forelegs  internally  ros}'. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  32  mm. 

One  ?  from  Dammcr  Island,  Banda  Sea,  Dec.  1898  (H.  Kiihn). 

24.  Ptychopoda  comparanda  si',  nov. 

Forewings  :  pale  greyish  ochreons,  dusted  with  darker  ;  the  lines  much  as  in 
actiosa.ria  Wlk.,  the  inner  and  outer  both  darker  on  costa  and  inner  margin  ;  the 
median  shade  sinuate,  distinct  in  the  ?;  all  three  lines  rather  thick  ;  cellspot  small, 
dark  :  a  marginal  row  of  small  dark  dots,  placed  at  the  edge  of  the  wing,  not,  as  iu 
actiosaria,  at  the  base  of  the  fringe,  which  is  concoiorous. 

Himlwings  :  the  same,  without  first  line  ;  the  antemedian  line  iu  the  ?  plain. 

Underside  whitish  :  forewings  with  distinct  dark  shade  close  to  margin,  making 
the  fringe  appear  paler.  Face  dark  brown  ;  vertex  and  collar  brownish  ;  thorax 
and  abdomen  like  wings. 

Expanse  of  wings  :   16 — 17  mm. 

A  pair  from  Puttalam,  Ceylon. 

The  tuft  of  the  hind-tibiae  is  wholly  ochreous  ;  iu  semiserice'i  Warr.  from  the 
Khasias  the  inside  is  blackish. 

25.  Ptychopoda  decidua  sp.  nov. 

Fm-ewings :  pale  ochreous,  without  the  grey  suffusion  that  occurs  iu 
P.  actiosaria   Wlk.  ;    the  lines  in  the  same  position  but  ninch   less  diffuse,   the 


(   108  ) 

exterior  line  sli-rhtly  curvwl,  but  not  denticulate  ;  tbe  cellsjiot  anil  dots  in  the 
fringe  much  smalloi-  and  fainter. 

Ilimlicim/s:  witli  antemcdian  and  iiostmcdian  Xuw.a  curved,  but  not  crenulate. 

Underside  with  the  two  lines  of  both  wings  concise  and  not  denticulate. 

The  pencU  of  liair  on  the  hind-tibiae  of  tlie  S  yellowish  ochreous  as  in 
Pt.  actiosaria. 

Expanse  of  wings  :   IT  mm. 

A  pair  from  Sabathn,  N.-W.  India,  August  1889, 

Agrees  with  P.  semisericea  Warr.,  from  the  Khasias,  in  being  paler  and 
smaller  than  actiosaria  ;  but  in  xemisericea  the  tuft  of  the  hind-tibiae  is  blackish 
internally. 

26.  Ptychopoda  robusta  sp.  uov. 

Foreicings:  pale  ocbreous,  overlaid  with  yellower  ochreous  scales;  the  costa 
narrowly  ochraceons  ;  cellspot  large,  brownish  ;  the  lines  yellowish  ochreous  ; 
inner  and  median  lines  very  obscure  ;  outer  line  at  four-fifths,  slightly  curved  and 
parallel  to  hiudmargin,  followed  by  a  paler  band  ;  beyond  this  the  marginal  area 
is  again  yellower  ochreous,  traversed  by  a  faintly  discernible  paler  snbmargiual  line  ; 
fringe  ochreous,  with  faint  brownish  dots  at  base  beyond  the  veins. 

J/iml/ciiiffs  :  the  same. 

Underside  paler  ;  the  cellspots  and  outer  lines  discernible.  Face  and  palpi 
brownish  above,  ochreous  below  :  vertex,  thorax,  and  abdomen  like  wings  ;  collar 
ocbraceous,  like  the  costal  edge  ;  antennae  with  the  shaft  pale,  the  cilia  ochraceons. 
Tuft  of  hair  on  hind-tibiae  ochreous  externally,  dark  fuscous  internally. 

Expanse  of  wings  :   .'4  mm. 

One  (J  from  Negros,  Philippines,  March  and  April  isyij  (.J.  AVhitehead). 

The  antennae  are  subserrate  with  very  long  curled  cilia  ;  the  whole  insect  has 
a  much  more  robust  appearance  than  actiosaria  Wlk.  and  its  allies,  to  which  it  is 
evidently  most  related. 

2'.  Ptychopoda  sextinotata  sp.  uov. 

Forewings :  dingy  ]iale  grey,  slightly  tinged  in  parts  with  darker  ;  the  lines 
all  parallel  to  each  other  and  to  tbe  hindmargin  which  is  oblique  ;  the  inner  at 
one-third  curved,  marked  with  three  blackish  spots  on  veins  ;  median  distinct, 
from  two-thirds  of  costa  to  middle  of  inner  margin,  denticulate  and  sinuate, 
incurved  below  middle  ;  outer  line  from  four-fifths  of  costa  to  three-fourths  of 
inner  margin,  denticulate,  sinuate  inwards  beyond  cell,  the  teeth  with  dark  points 
on  the  veins,  that  on  vein  (5  conspicuous  ;  the  shade  preceding  the  submarginal 
line  exactly  parallel  to  tbe  outer  line,  the  outet'  shade  not  sinnate  beyond  cell, 
so  that  the  submarginal  pale  line  is  broader  and  more  distinct  beyond  cell  :  a 
marginal  series  of  distinct  black  dots  ;  fringe  concolorous  :  cellspot  blackish. 

llindwinys :  similar,  the  median  line  becoming  antemedian  ;  the  tooth  on 
Vein  0  of  outer  line  prominent  as  in  forevrings. 

Underside  grey,  without  distinct  markings  except  the  marginal  dots.  Face 
and  palpi  externally  fuscous  brown  ;  collar  dark  grey  ;  vertex  and  antennae 
whitish  ;  thorax  and  abdomen  like  wings. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  1  7  mm. 

A  pair  from  Penang  (Curtis),  the  ?  dated  1896,  the  c?  February  1897. 

Allied  to  Pt.  mundaria  Wlk.,  from  Borneo. 


(   109  ) 

28.  Ptychopoda  squamipimctata  sp.  nov. 

Foi'c/rit'pg  :  flesh-coloured  grey,  slightly  dusted  with  darker  ;  the  lines 
hardly  darker  ;  first  at  one-third,  starting  from  a  small  black  costal  spot ;  outer 
at  three-fourths,  vertical,  a  little  darker  at  costa  and  inner  margin,  followed  by 
two  faint  submargiual  shades  ;  fringe  coucolorous,  with  distinct  donble  specks  of 
black  scales  at  base  beyond  the  veins  ;  cellspot  dark,  indistinct. 

Ilindiciny^  :  similar. 

Underside  paler  ;  the  outer  line  faintly  expressed.  Face  and  palpi  brown  ; 
vertex,  thorax,  and  abdomen  concolorons. 

Expanse  of  wings  :   17  mm. 

One  ?  from  Mount  Avjuuo,  Java  (W.  DohertyJ. 

The  hindmargins  of  both  wings  are  subcrenulate.     Allied  to  actiosaria  Wlk. 

29.  Xenocentris  incolorata  ab.  taeniata  nov. 

The  specimen  here  described  as  an  aberration  differs  considerably  from  either 
of  the  other  ii  seen.  It  is  pale  ochreous  without  any  distinct  lines,  but  this  may 
be  dne  to  its  somewhat  wasted  condition.  The  basal  half  of  costa  is  marked  with 
purplish-fuscous  scales  ;  the  cellspot  is  large  and  distinct ;  before  the  hindmargin 
is  a  waved  purplish  fuscous  fascia,  corresponding  to  what  in  the  typical  <?<?  is  the 
dark  grey  shade  preceding  the  submarginal  line. 

Hindwings :  the  same.  Both  wings  dusted  with  purplish  scales.  The  fringes 
are  quite  obliterated. 

Underside  like  upper.  All  else  as  in  the  type  ;  the  tuft  of  hind-tibiae  long 
and  purjjlish. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  13  mm. 

One  c?  from  the  Kei  Islands,  March  1897  (H.  Kiihn). 

3(1   Xenocentris  mimica  sp.  nov. 

Sujieriicially  exactly  like  Iliinipoyoit  nanata  Warr.,  described  from  the 
Tenimber  Islands,  and  of  which  I  have  since  seen  a  pair  from  Ceylon  ;  differing  in 
having  the  6  antennae  armed  with  long  ciliatious  instead  of  their  being  merely 
pubescent,  and  the  hindwings  beneath  simply  scaled,  not  clothed  with  hairs.  One 
S  from  Penungah,  Borneo,  December  1893,  considerably  worn.  A  ?  from  Mount 
Dulit,  N.  Borneo  (Hose),  perfect  except  for  the  absence  of  abdomen,  may  almost 
certainly  be  referred  to  the  same  species.  This  is  dull  greyish  brown,  darker  than 
typical  H.  nanata,  and  with  the  markings  indistinct  ;  both  inner  and  outer  lines  are 
darker  on  costa  and  inner  margin  in  both  wings  ;  the  cellspots  are  blackish  and 
distinct  ;  and  the  base  of  the  fringe,  which  is  concolorous  with  the  wings,  has 
a  row  of  distinct  but  minute  dark  dots.  The  underside  is  paler,  more  grey,  marked 
only  with  cellspots  and  outer  line. 

"Expanse  of  wings  :  i  10  mm.,  ¥  17  mm. 

One  c?  Penungah,  N.  Borneo,  and  one  ?  Mt.  Dulit,  N.  Borneo,  1000  to  4000  ft. 
(Hose). 

Subfamily  TEPHROCLYSTIINAE. 

31.  Rhinoprora  palpata  ab.  decolorata  nov. 

In  this  form  all  the  green  tints  are  absent,  being  replaced  by  pinkish  grey, 
the  whole  wing  having  a  glossy  appearance ;  tlie  edges  of  the  basal  patch  and 


( llt» ) 

central  fascia  are  coii.spiL'nously  blackish,  the  inside   being    shaded   with   browD. 
Hindwiiigs  grey,  with  a  single  postmediaa  augiilated  line  marked  by  dark  vein- 
dashes.      Head  and  thorax   jiiiikish  grey  ;   abdomen  pinkish  grey  speckled   with 
brown  ;  tlie  crests  lilackish  ;  the  basal  segment  wjiitisli,  t.iie  second  black-brown. 
One  S  from  the  Nilgiris,  S.  India. 

:i-.  Tephroclystia  semicaesia  sp.  uov. 

Foicirinyf :  dnll  purplish  grey  for  basal  two-thirds,  except  a  ]>ale  brownish 
ochreous  streak  from  base  below  median  vein  extending  into  the  base  of  cell  ; 
inner  edge  of  central  fascia  angled  at  the  median  vein  ;  outer  edge  curved,  from 
two-tliirds  of  costa  to  twn-thirds  of  inner  margin,  bluntly  bent  below  costa  :  the 
fascia  itself  crossed  by  several  darker  slightly  waved  lines  and  containing  a  dark 
t-ellsjwt,  succeeded  by  a  broad  \^a^<i  band  with  an  oclireous  central  line  ;  marginal 
area  pale  brown,  becoming  jmrplish  grey  beyond  the  pale  waved  submarginal  line, 
with  a  paler  (iblii|ue  streak  towards  ajjex  :  marginal  line  black,  interrupted  })y 
l)ale  vein-dots,  which  are  more  developed  towards  apex  ;  fringe  ])nrj)lish  grey  with 
a  pale  basal  line. 

llindwirniH :  wholly  purplish  grey,  witii  a  dark  cellsjxit  and  traces  of  pale 
antemedian,  pnstmedian,  and  submarginal  lines. 

Underside  dull  purplisli  grey,  with  all  the  markings  indistinct  :  the  postmediaa 
band  paler.     Head  and  abdomen  grey  ;  patagia  ochreons. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  23  mm. 

One  i  from  Beyrout,  Syria. 

I  cannot  refer  this  insect  to  any  known  si)ecies. 

8uBFA5riLY  HYDRIOMBNINAE. 
Paralygris  gen.  nov. 

A  joint  development  of  Diactinia  and  Li/<jris  ;  superficially  the  typical  sjjecies 
is  marvellously  like  1>.  <leh'cta  :  but  the  forewings  of  the  S  have  a  long  jiencil 
of  yellowish  white  hairs  along  the  subiuedian  vein  beneatli,  which  is  wanting  in 
the  species  of  Diactinia,  and  in  addition  tlie  antennae  of  the  S  are  shortly  and 
stoutly  bipectinated,  whereby  the  genus  is  at  once  separated  from  Lygris.  The 
neuration  does  not  vary  ;  the  areole  of  forewings  is  double  ;  the  discocel hilar  of 
the  liindwings  oblique  and  the  radial  from  its  centre. 

Type  :  Paialijipix  i-ontortK  sp.  nov. 

:i:!.  Paralygris  contorta  s]i.  nov. 

K(tMi-(imn  ilclrcta  Leach,  Aim.  Muy.  -V.  //.  l.S'.iT.  ji.  •">•)•")  (iiei:  l>utler). 

Foreu-inqs :  dark  brown  ;  the  lines  creamy  wliite ;  first  line  from  one-fourth 
of  costa  to  near  middle  of  inner  margin,  bluntly  rounded  in  cell  and  slender  : 
two  antemedian  lines  close  together,  the  outer  one  broader  and  rising  from  one-third 
of  costa,  the  inner  from  below  costa,  both  running  obliquely  to  the  submedian  fold 
at  middle  of  wing,  where  they  are  joined  by  a  tine  line  which,  rising  from  one-third 
of  inner  margin,  crosses  the  tirst  line  and  follows  the  submedian  fold ;  a  similar 
double  line  from  two-thirds  of  costa — the  outer  arm  in  this  case  rising  below  it — 
bent  inwards,  and  lunulate  below  middle  to  inner  margin  before  anal  angle, 
absorbing  the  otlier  tliree  lines  on  the  submedian  fold,  and  emitting  a  sharj)  tooth 


( 111 ) 

inwarJs  ou  veins  1  and  :! ;  ii,  limulate  submargiaal  line  before  apex,  interrupted 
iind  approximated  to  outer  double  line  below  middle :  a  broader  sinuous  line 
from  apex  to  anal  augle  and  an  interrupted  marginal  line,  swollen  at  veins  3  and  4  : 
till'  last  three  lines  are  all  interrupted  below  tiie  middle  by  tlie  broad  jia.le  brown 
veins  ;  extreme  liindmargin  dark  brown  ;  fringe  brown,  varied  with  paler,  and 
with  a  whitish  sjx)t  beyond  vein  4. 

Ilituliriiigg :  with  the  ground  colour  ereamy  white  ;  a  large  grey-brown  cell- 
spot  :  the  inner  margin  at  base  greyish  brown  ;  tliree  sinuated  postmcdian  brown 
lines,  the  ontertuost  the  broadest  ;  two  submarghial  lines,  the  first  narrow,  the 
second  formi'd  of  brown  lunnles ;  the  paler  brown  marginal  area  with  a  small 
i)bli(pie  white  streak  at  ai)ex,  and  two  white  marginal  spots  between  veins  3  and  4  : 
marginal  line  blackish  bniwn  :  fringe  brownish. 

Underside  moi'e  ochreons,  with  the  markings  all  rcpr.jdui'.eil,  and  in  some  cases 
darker  and  more  concise  :  cellspot  of  forewings  blackish,  obliipie,  touching  the 
tirst  double  line.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  whitish  ochrcous  ;  the  patagia  and 
imter  side  of  palpi  brown  ;  forelegs  brown,  sp:)tted  with  ochrcous. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  40  mm. 

One  (J,  one  ?,  marked  simjily  "  China." 

Subfamily  DEILINIINAE. 

34.  Chloroctenis  similis  Warr.,  Xov.  Zool.  V.  p.  42. 

Tlie  6  of  ('.  similis,  which  1  liave  now  seen,  has,  as  was  anticipated,  pectinated 
antennae:  and  the  hind-tibiae  are  like  those  of  Aplocklova,  not  thickened,  with 
two  pairs  of  fine  sliarp  spurs.  The  S  is  sliglitly  smaller  than  tlie  ? ,  -4  mm. 
instead  of  2()  mm. 

3."i.  Heterostegane  semifasciata  sp.  nov. 

I'ori'iriiiijs  :  pale  sti'aw-culour,  witli  fine  brown  speckles  :  first  line  obliipiely 
curved,  at  one-fonrtli  ;  second  from  two-thirds  of  costa  to  middle  of  inner  margin, 
sinuous,  marked  above  middle  only  by  brown  spots  on  the  veins,  below  middle 
defined  by  a  broad  brown  fascia  reaching  to  submarginal  line,  its  outer  edge  being 
continued  to  the  costa  before  apex,  forming  a  bidentate  mark  beyond  cell  and 
another  below  costa  ;  submarginal  line  itself  ill-defined,  and  followed  by  a  few 
brown  clouds  :  marginal  spots  brown  :  fringe  straw-colour. 

Hiudtciiiys  :  similar. 

Underside  wholly  straw-colour,  mottled  witli  dull  lirownisli.  Head,  tliorax, 
and  abdomen  straw-colour. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  3>i  mm. 

One  J  from  Kayeli.  l>uru,  March  ISUT  (Doherty). 

The  single  specimen  has  unfortnnately  been  exposed  to  mould  and  wear,  and 
the  basal  area  of  forewings  and  marginal  area  of  hindwings  are  rendered  therel)y 
obscure.     The  antennae  are  armed  with  very  short  and  fine  fascicles  of  cilia. 

Subfamily  ASCOTINAE. 

:'><i.  Alois  nigricuneata  sp.  nov. 

roreiriiigx :  gri'y,  tinged  with  rufous,  and  finely  striated  witii  black ;  the 
losta  with  lilack  strigulations  ;  the  lines  black,  starting  from  Idack  costal  sjiots ; 


( 11^ ) 

first,  af  iH)i»-lbuitli,  sluii'iily  angled  on  subcostal  vein,  then  oblique  to  one-fifth  of 
inner  margin  ;  second  at  middle,  angled  outwards  in  cell,  then  oblique,  crossing 
tlie  linear  Mack  cellmarlc,  and  irregularly  crenulate  to  inner  margin  close  bej-ond 
first  iJLir  :  third  at  thri-c-funrtlis,  at  first  bidentate  inwards,  then  acutely  angled 
outwards  (ni  vein  'i,  thence  oblique  to  vein  2,  inrming  points  outwards  on  veins, 
and  still  more  oblii[ue  to  middle  of  inner  margin  ;  submarginal  line  j)ale,  acutely 
dentate,  the  teeth  filled  up  with  black  at  costa,  beyond  cell,  and  on  submediau  fold, 
and  outwardly  margined  with  black,  pointing  towards,  and  in  places  joining  the 
black  marginal  spots  :  hindmargin  waved  ;  fringe  concolorous. 

Uiii(liring»  :  the  same,  the  first  line  forming  a  black  basal  spot ;  the  cellspot 
oval,  black-edged  with  pale  centre  ;  the  postmedian  line  followed  by  a  red  shade, 
which  is  less  distinct,  though  present,  in  the  forewings. 

Underside  pale  greyish  ochrcous  in  hindwings,  suffused  with  dark  fuscous  in 
the  forewings  ;  the  apex  remaining  pale  within  a  blackish  shade  ;  casta  ochreous 
yellow,  with  black  striae ;  cellspot  and  outer  line  marked  in  both  wings.  Head, 
thorax,  and  antennae  ochreous  grey,  dusted  with  blackish  ;  collar  white  ;  abdomen 
pale  grey,  with  black  segmental  marks  on  dorsum. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  44  mm. 

One  i  from  Loeboe  Hajah,  W.  Sumatra,  April — May  1897  (Ericsson). 

Veins  10  and  11  of  forewings  coincident. 

37.  Ateloptila  confusa  sp.  nov. 

Forewinga  :  dull  grey,  suffused  with  smoky  fuscous  and  with  numerous  trans- 
verse fuscous  strigae:  the  markings  confused  and  obscure;  first  line  at  about  one- 
third,  dark  fuscous,  obliquely  curved  outwards  to  median  vein,  then  inwardly  to 
submediau.  below  which  it  is  again  oblique  outwards;  a  diffuse  median  shade; 
second  Hue  from  three-fifths  of  costa  to  two-thirds  of  inner  margin,  nearly  vertical, 
sinuous  and  crenulate  ;  submarginal  line  formed  by  dark  lunulate  blotches  between 
the  veins  parallel  and  near  to  hindmargin;  marginal  black  spots;  cellspot  black; 
fringe  concolorous. 

Iliiulwings :  similar,  the  markings  darker  and  more  diffuse. 

Underside  smoky  fuscous;  cellsjwts  black;  costa  of  forewing  dull  ochreous, 
marked  with  blackisli  spots.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  like  wings;  face  dark 
browu. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  44  mm. 

One  J  from  Cedar  Bay,  Cooktown,  North  Queensland  (Meek). 

This  insect  agrees  well  witli  tiie  diagnosis  of  Ateloptila  Meyr.,  both  in  the 
absence  of  a  fovea  and  in  the  nenration,  but  it  seems  to  me  that  11  rises  out  of  12, 
10  anastomosing  with  11  and  afterwards  touching  9.  Both  wings  are  elongate,  the 
hindwings  with  hindmarnin  crenulate. 

:is.  Chogada  perlepidaria  s]i.  nov. 

Forewings :  pearly  grey,  speckled  and  suffused  with  lilac-brown;  first  line 
curved  from  near  one-third  of  costa  to  near  base  of  inner  margin,  preceded  b}- 
a  rufous  shade;  second  line  from  two-thirds  of  costa  to  two-thirds  of  inner  margin, 
sinuate  outwards  beyond  cell  and  on  submediau  fold,  followed  by  a  rufous  shade: 
median  line  rufons,  strongly  zigzag,  touching  the  dull  whitish  cell  blotch;  all  'i 
lines  ^tart  from  reddish  costal  spots;  submarginal  line  strongly  and  acutely  dentate, 


1 


C  113  ) 

tlie  teetli  filled  np  with  rnfous;  a  dark  marginal  line,  swollen  into  spots  between  the 
veins;  fringe  silver)'  white,  marked  with  dark  beyond  veins. 

Uindivings:  similar,  but  the  median  shade  thick  and  straight;  a  dark  spot  at 
base;  the  shade  be3'ond  outer  line  chocolate  brown  and  connected  by  a  spur  with 
the  apex. 

Underside  greyish  ochreous,  tlie  margins  darker;  cellspot  of  forewings  large 
and  black;  fringe  white,  che(|nered  with  dark.  Thorax  and  abdomen  grey,  the  latter 
with  dark  segmental  rings;  shoulders  tinged  with  rufons;  face  fuscous,  paler  above. 

E.xpanse  of  wings  :  3('>  mm. 

One  S  from  Geraldtoii,  near  Cairns,  Queensland  (Meek). 

It  is  i)ossible  that  this  insect  may  be  (luent'e's  cxesnria  described  from  a  ?  ; 
but  in  several  points  it  does  not  agree  with  the  description. 

39.  Duliophyle  agitata  ah.  diluta  nov. 

Ground  colour  pale  olive  ochreoiis,  washed  with  oehraceous,  without  any  fuscous 
brown  suffusion,  so  that  all  the  lines  and  strigae  are  clear  and  distinct,  the  two  dark 
Innnles  before  and  beyond  the  snbmarginal  line  beyond  the  cell  alone  conspicuous; 
there  is  therefore  no  trace  of  a  paler  fascia  or  blotch,  as  in  the  type  form,  beyond 
the  discal  spot. 

Underside  similarly  entirely  |)alo  yellowish  ochreous,  not  fuscous  brown. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  72  mm. 

One  S  marked  simply  Japan:  it  is  not  therefore  certain  whether  the  insect 
represents  an  accidental  paler  and  larger  form,  or  a  local  difference. 

4IJ.  Ectropidia  fimbripedata  sp.  nov. 

Forewinf/s :  whitisli,  jieppered  witli  dark  grey;  the  lines  dark,  marked  by 
black  dots  on  veins,  and  thickened  on  costa;  first  at  one-third,  angled  in  cell,  and 
incurved  below  towards  base,  preceded  by  a  similar,  but  less  distinct  line;  outer  line 
at  two-thirds,  parallel  in  the  main  to  hindmargin,  irregularly  deutate-lunnlate; 
median  liue  not  so  well  defined,  oblique  outwards  from  middle  of  costa  to  near  outer 
line,  then  crenulate  and  running  dose  to  outer  line  throughout,  the  space  between 
being  whiter  than  the  rest  of  the  wing;  hindmarginal  third  more  densely  grey- 
speckled,  witli  an  acutely  dentate  submargiual  line,  internally  black-edged,  and 
between  veins  :5  and  5  preceded  by  a  blackish  blotch  and  followed  by  a  paler  space; 
marginal  spots  and  cellspot  distinct,  black;  fringe  i)aler,  with  distinct  blackish 
mottling  beyond  veins. 

Ilindu-iiigs  :  with  base  pale;  a  thick  diffuse  blackish  antemedian,  an  angled 
and  partly  dentate  median  line,  joining  antemedian  on  inner  margin,  enclosing  the 
black  cellspot;  submarginal  line  as  in  forewings,  but  preceded  on  costa  and  inner 
margin  by  large  blackish  clouds,  tbe  area  beyond  it  paler. 

Underside  of  forewings  pearly  whitish:  marginal  area  dull  blackish;  cellspot 
on  outer  line  black;  a  diffuse  median  shade  joining  outer  line  on  vein  2. 

Hindwings  glistening  whitish,  thickly  clotiied  with  long  hairy  scales;  fringes 
whitish.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  whitish,  speckled  with  grey;  second  and  third 
segments  of  abdomen  dark:  fringes  of  inner  margin  and  of  hind-tibiae  wliitish. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  30  mm. 

One  (?  from  Gunong  Ijau,  Terak,  2n00— 3U(i(J  feet,  March  1808  (Butler). 

Near  thriropliora  Hmpsn.  from  Ceylon. 

8 


(    114   ) 

41.  Myrioblephara  pustulata  sji.  iiov. 

Foretoi)it/.t :  nitons  grey,  tiiu'ly  dusted  witli  diirkor  ;  the  lines  dark  risiug  IVoiu 
dark  costal  spots  ;  first  before  one-third,  curved  ;  onter  at  two-thirds,  parallel  to  hiud- 
margiu,  irregularly  crenulate,  and  toothed  inwards  at  the  veins  :  median  line  lieut 
round  cell  and  approximated  below  to  outer  line  :  submarginal  line  indistinct,  witli 
darker  shades  on  each  side  ;  cellspot  large,  cloudy  ;  marginal  spots  small. 

JUiuhviuqs :  with  straight  antemedian  and  snbdentate  median,  dark  lines  :  sub- 
marginal  line  indistinct,  but  preceded  towards  anal  angle  by  a  blackish  line. 

Underside  pearly  whitish,  with  the  lines  and  cellspots  blackish  ;  marginal  third 
dull  blackish.     Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  rufous  grey  ;  abdomen  below  whitish. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  26  mm. 

One  i  from  Government  Hill,  Peuang,  Umii)  feet,  May  1898  (Curtis). 

In  this  species  the  basal  area  between  the  median  and  submedian  veins  of  fore- 
wing  is  much  puckered  and  distorted,  containing  a  rugose  depression  nearest  base, 
and  a  raised  pustule  below  one-third  of  cell  ;  the  submedian  fold  and  vein  being  both 
thickened  and  curved  downwards  ;  the  first  median  vein  rises  within  the  pustule  at 
one-third  of  cell. 

42.  Ophthalmodes  fasciata  >\i-  nov. 

Foreiriiiiia  :  pale  whitisli  yreen,  with  slight  Ijlack  dusting  ;  the  usual  dentate 
lines  rendered  blurred  and  indistinct  by  a  blackish  suffusion  ;  first  line  forming 
a  vertical  shade  at  one-fourth  ;  space  between  median  and  exterior  line  wholly  filled 
in  with  smoky  blackish,  extending  l)e3oud  exterior  line,  with  the  edge  similarly 
dentate  ;  submarginal  line  ibstiuct,  dentate,  followed  by  a  smoky  black  shade,  and 
preceded  by  a  concise  black  dentate  line  ;  cellspot  oval,  of  the  ground  colour,  edged 
with  black  ;  marginal  spots  black. 

Jliiif/iciiiffs  :  similar,  without  basal  line  ;  cellspot  as  iu  forewiugs,  but  included 
in  the  darker  fascia  between  the  two  lines,  which  is  less  dense  than  in  the  forewiugs. 

Underside  whitish  green,  with  the  markings  blurred  grey  :  viz.,  the  cellspots, 
a  median  shade,  a  bent  onter  shade,  and  abroad  marginal  border,  separated  from  the 
outer  shade  by  a  narrow  bent  band  of  ground  colour.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen 
pale  green  :  the  abdomen  with  two  rows  of  dorsal  black  spots  ;  face  with  two  lilack 
spots 

Expanse  of  wings  :  00  mm. 

One  ?  from  Waterfall  Valley,  Penang,  June— July  1898  ((Inrtis).  Perhajis  a 
local  form  of  the  Javan  claraviii  Wlk.,  but  the  underside  is  different. 


Xenosina  gen.  nov. 

Foreivings  :  triangular  :  costa  straight,  arched  only  at  apex,  which  is  slightly 
prominent  ;  hindmargin  obli(iuely  curved. 

Hindwings  :  with  apex  and  hindmargin  rounded. 

Antennae  of  6  plumose;  palpi  long,  porrect, densely  haired  ;  forehead  rounded, 
protuberant ;  tongue  and  frenulum  present ;  hind-tibiae  thickened,  with  four  spurs. 

yeuratioH  :  forewiugs,  cell  half  as  long  as  wing,  discocellular  vertical  ;  lirst 
median  just  beyond  middle,  second  at  seven-eighths  ;  radials  normal  ;  veins  7,  n,  0, 
stalked  from  close  before  end  of  cell  ;  10  nearer  base  ;  1 1  out  of  12  ;  10  anastomoses 


C  ll.>  ) 

with  1 1  and  agaiu  at  a  poiut  0UI3'  witli  s  aud  '.)  ;  hiudwings  ;  costal  approximated  to 
subcostal  at  middle  of  cell  :  (J  and  7  from  upper  angle  or  7  slightly  before  it ; 
medians  as  in  forewing  ;  no  radial.     Forewinu-  with  distinct  fovea. 

Type  :  Xcrwsina  detrita  sp.  nov. 

Allied  to  the  Medasina  group,  though  much  smaller  than  the  average  species. 
The  type  spncies  superficially  resembles  Ectt-n/jiK. 


43.  Xenosina  detrita  sj).  uov. 

Forewitigs :  jiale  brownish  or  pinkish  grey,  freckled  with  black  scales  ;  traces 
of  a  dark  line  at  one-third  and  an  outer  line  at  two-thirds  ;  submarginal  line 
denticulate,  preceded  by  black  marks  beyond  cell  and  between  veins  2  and  :!  :  cell- 
spot  and  marginal  spots  black  ;  fringe  concolorous. 

Hhulwiiiys :  with  traces  of  central  and  submarginal  lines ;  cellspot  and 
marginal  spots  as  in  forewiugs. 

Underside  jialer,  freckled  with  fuscous  ;  without  markings  except  the  discal  and 
marginal  spots.     Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  concolorous  with  wings. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  20  mm. 

One  c?  from  Strathfield,  N.S.  Wales  (Kerslake). 

The  type  is  worn,  and  the  descri])tion  above  given  is  necessarily  somewiiat 
deficient. 


Subfamily  8EMI0THISINAE. 
44.  Azata  tenuilinea  sp.  nov. 

Forewhifis  :  fiesh-colonred  grey,  sjieckled  with  black  and  reddish  ochraceous  ; 
costa  ochraceous  with  black  striae  :  lii-st  line  very  indistinct,  marked  by  a  black  spot 
at  costa  ;  median  shade  waved,  consisting  of  black  lunnles  between  the  veins  more 
or  less  snrronnded  with  ochraceous,  the  central  area  through  whicli  it  runs  iron  grey 
aud  lustrous  ;  outer  line  fine  and  concise,  nearly  straight  from  two-thirds  of  costa  to 
five-sixths  of  iimer  margin,  placed  in  the  middle  of  a  pale  pure  ochreous  baud  ;  snb- 
mai'ginal  line  jjreceded  from  anal  angle  to  vein  (i  by  a  row  of  black  contiguous 
wedge-shai>ed  blotches,  the  two  beyond  cell  larger  and  approaching  hindmargin  ; 
apical  space  pale  ochreous  ;  anal  area  lustrous  grey  ;  a  marginal  row  of  black 
Innules  ;  fringe  grey,  with  ochraceous  base  ;  cellspot  dark,  within  the  median 
line. 

Hindwhigs  -.  with  central  line  as  in  forewiugs  ;  outer  line  pale,  dentate,  marked 
slightly  with  ochraceous,  and  with  black  dashes  on  veins  ;  submarginal  only  distinct 
towards  anal  angle;  l)lack  marginal  linuiles  enlarged  from  apex  to  vein  4,  thence 
obsolete. 

Underside  ochreous  almost  covered  with  I'onfluent  dark  grey  striae  :  the  pale 
band  containing  the  outer  line  and  the  apical  blotch  alone  remaining  cleai-  ;  costa 
yellowish  with  black  striae.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  like  wings  ;  the  face. 
shoulders,  and  dorsum  much  sprinkled  with  reddish. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  2(.i  mm. 

One  c^  from  Waterfall  Valley,  Tenang,  March— April  1898  ((Jurtis). 

Antennae  short,  subserrate,  and  finely  ciliated  ;  the  hindmargin  of  botli  wings 
crennlate  throughout;  a  very  distinct  species. 


IHi  ) 

SuniAMiiv   KNNOMINAE. 
4r>.  Hyposidra  leucomela  ah.  nigrata  uov. 

Of  three  specimens  of  hiicnmela  AVlk.,  collected  by  "\V.  Dohorty  in  February 
and  March  180S  in  Basilaii.  tlic  two  ^  r?  agvot'  almost  entirely  with  typical  specimens 
from  the  Philippines,  but  in  tlie  ?  the  whiti-  markings  are  much  restricted. 

In  the  forewings  four  out  of  the  five  white  markings  are  much  narrower,  while 
the  basal  mark  on  the  inner  margin  is  qnite  obsolete  :  similarly  in  the  hindwing  the 
onter  fascia  is  narrower,  and  the  broad  basal  fascia  altogether  absent. 

The  ?  is  smaller  than  the  average?  'i—Cil  mm.  instead  of  65  mm.  ;  the  6 S 
are  of  the  usual  size. 


NOVITATES     ZOOLOGICAE. 

Vol.  VII.  AUGUST,   1900.  No.  2. 

NEW   GENERA   AND   SPECIES   OE   AMERICAN   DBEFANV- 
LIDAE,    TEYBIDIDAE,    ETITLEMIBAE  AND 
GEOMETRIBAE. 

By    W.    warren,    M.A.,    F.B.S. 

Family  DREPANULIDAE. 

1.  Platypteryx  obtruncata  sp.  uov. 

Forewings :  rnfons  ochreous,  dappled  with  darker  rufons  and  fine  grey  scales  ; 
the  veins  finely  pale  ochreous  ;  an  irregular  angular-edged  rufous  fascia  from  below 
costa  before  middle  to  one-third  of  inner  margin,  broadest  in  cell  ;  a  fine  pale 
ochreous  snbmarginal  line  from  the  costal  elbow,  angled  outwards  above  vein  6, 
then  nearly  straight  to  three-fourths  of  inner  margin,  the  costal  area  in  front  of  it 
thickly  dappled  with  dark  grey,  the  portion  below  the  angle  preceded  by  very  fine 
grey  scaling  between  the  ochreous  veins  ;  a  row  of  black  snbmarginal  spots 
between  the  veins  ;  apex  pale  ochreous  along  costa,  dusted  with  grey  specks  below  ; 
fringe  red-brown. 

Hindicings  :  with  the  pale  postmedian  line  nearly  straight,  at  three-fifths  ;  the 
basal  area  grey  between  the  veins  ;  costal  area  ochreous  ;  marginal  area  dark 
ochreous,  grey-sjseckled,  paler  towards  apex  ;  in  it  beyond  the  jjostmedian  line  are 
two  large  oval  hyaline  blotches  between  veins  4  and  6 ;  fringe  red-brown,  with  a 
paler  line  at  base  beyond  a  row  of  marginal  dark  spots. 

Underside  of  forewiugs  ochreous,  coarsely  mottled  with  reddish  fuscous  and 
black  ;  the  inner  margin  paler,  without  speckles  :  outer  straight  line  marked  in 
reddish  fuscous  ;  the  snbmarginal  spots  black,  the  extreme  apex  vinous  ;  hiudwings 
speckled  only  along  costa  and  hindmargin,  with  two  broad  diffuse  purplish  fuscous 
fasciae,  one  postmedian,  the  other  snbmarginal.  Thorax  rufous  ochreous,  like 
ground-colour  of  wings. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  44  mm. 

One  ¥  from  Bahia  (Feld.  Coll.). 

The  costa  of  forewings  is  strongly  elbowed  at  two-thirds,  the  apex  triangularly 
produced.  Both  head  and  abdomen  on  this  specimen  are  substitutes  ;  the  head  is 
evidently  that  of  a  ?  Pyralid. 

Family  rilYRTDID^E. 

2.  Aziba  substrigata  sp.  nov. 

Foreivi/iffS :  glossy,  pale  pinkish  ochreous,  thickly  freckled  with  brown-black 

atoms,  which  become  larger  and  irregularly  confluent  towards  inner  margin,  and 

form  indeterminate  oblique  streaks  parallel  to  hindmargin  ;  a  more  distinctly  edged 

9 


(  118  ) 

darker  streak  from  middle  of  iuner  margiu,  bent  and  obsoletely  forked  ou  vein  2, 
and  disajipearing  at  vein  C,  above  which  are  two  black-lirown  dots,  the  npper  close 
to  vein  8  the  larger,  and  connected  by  a  gre3'-brown  streak  with  the  apex  ;  costal 
area  broadly  cream-colour  for  fonr-fifths  from  base,  beyond  which  the  streak 
becomes  narrower  and  cheqnered  with  pinkish  ochreoas  ;  two  submarginal  curved 
rows  of  brown  spots  ;  fringe  deeper  pink. 

llinchvings  :  deeper  ochreons,  strongly  speckled  with  brown,  and  with  three 
brown  fasciae,  distinct  only  on  the  inner  half  of  wing,  the  innermost  broadest  and 
partially  double. 

Underside  paler  :  the  markings  of  the  hindwings  black-brown  and  reticulated  ; 
on  the  forewings  confined  to  the  base  and  inner  margin  as  far  as  vein  2  only.  Face 
and  vertex  deep  brown  ;  palpi  and  antennae  black  ;  thorax  and  abdomen  like  wings, 
the  latter  with  brown  segmental  rings  ;  legs  pale  ochreons,  underlined  with  black  ; 
the  spurs  black. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  5G  mm. 

One  ¥  from  Costa  Kica. 

Allied  to  Aziha  falcata  Feld.  (=  serpula  Guen.)  ;  distinguished  by  the  much 
paler,  more  flesh-coloured  tint,  less  defined  markings,  and,  in  particular,  by  the 
absence  of  the  white  discal  spot  of  hindwings.  The  hiudmargin  of  forewings  is 
more  olilique  and  less  bulged. 

Pagenstecher  {Iris  v.  p.  90)  mentions  an  examjile  most  probably  of  this  species, 
also  a  ? ,  from  Massanari  on  the  Amazons,  in  the  Staudiugcr  Collection,  which  he 
refers  as  a  probable  variety  to  folcata. 

3.  Hypolampnis  parisignata  sj).  nov. 

Extremely  like  S>/7npI)le})S  ochracea  Pag.,  from  Java,  N.  Guinea,  etc.,  but 
rather  paler  and  smaller  ;  the  wings  narrower  ;  instead  of  the  white  cell-spot,  two 
small  black  dots  with  a  few  black  scales  round  them,  on  both  wings  above,  whitish 
surrounded  with  black  scales  below  ;  the  small  black  marginal  dots  on  both  wings 
absent  :  the  costa  of  forewings  slightly  darker  ;  in  all  other  respects  the  markings 
agree.  Though  thus  superficially  resembling  the  species  of  S>/mp/ileps,  in  parisignata, 
however,  instead  of  veins  8,  9,  10  of  the  forewings  being  stalked  together  as  in 
Si/mphleps,  only  8  and  9  are  stalked,  and  10  rises  from  the  cell  as  in  IL/polampnts. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  22  mm. 

One  cJ  one  ?  from  Onoribo,  (Surinam,  Feb.  and  March  1803  (C.  W.  Ellacombe). 

4.  Iza  multifasciata  sp.  nov. 

Fo7-em'?iffS :  creamy  white,  crossed  throughout  by  numerous  pale  ochreons 
fasciae,  running  obliquely,  parallel  to  hiudmargin,  all  becoming  darker  and  more 
definite  below  the  median  vein,  those  beyond  the  middle  between  vein  4  and  the 
submedian  fold  shading  into  grey  and  forming  an  irregular  triangular  blotch  ;  costal 
and  submarginal  areas  ])aler  than  the  rest  of  the  wing ;  marginal  area  more 
ochraceous  and  with  slight  ferruginous  speckles  :  fringe  ochreons. 

lUndivings:  with  six  more  defined  dark  fasciae,  leaving  more  distinct  whitish 
fasciae  between  them  ;  apex  of  both  wings  slenderly  pale  before  fringes. 

Underside  the  same,  the  dark  markings  more  mixed  with  grey.  Head,  ])alpi, 
and  shoulders  brown  ;  thorax  and  abdomen  mixed  ochreons  and  white. 

E.xpanse  of  wings  :  24  mm. 


(   119  ) 

One  c?  from  Cachabi,  Ecuador,  low  conntry,  Dec.  189G  (Roi9enberg). 
The   antennae   are   short,   thick,   and   lamellate  ;    the   insect   bears   a    slight 
resemblance  saperficially  to  a  large  Addaea  striola  Feld. 

5.  Iza  rosenbergi  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  ochreons,  the  costal  area  above  subcostal  vein  and  the  whole  of 
the  wing  below  the  median  vein  and  vein  4  snffused  with  rosy  grey,  which  to  a 
great  extent  hides  the  markings  ;  the  cell  area  only  remaining  ochreous  with  bright 
fulvous  reticulations.  A  fulvous  patch  at  base  ;  a  fulvous  fascia  at  one-third, 'angled 
in  cell,  a  smaller  one  in  middle,  and  a  broad  one  before  apex,  curved  outwards 
below  costa,  then  running  to  anal  angle,  where  it  is  lost  in  a  dull  dark  cloud  ;  the 
apical  area  beyond  it  pale  ochreous  with  grey  streaks  ;  fringe  pale  ochreous,  becoming 
darker  round  anal  angle. 

Hiiuhoings  :  ochreous  suffused  with  rosy  fulvous,  the  base  and  a  central  curved 
fascia  darker  ;  submarginal  fascia,  as  in  forewings,  cutting  off  a  pale  apical  space  to 
middle  of  margin,  then  marginal. 

Underside  ochreous  with  ferruginous  spots  and  reticulations,  the  outer  fascia 
iu  forewings,  and  the  outer  and  central  in  hiudwings  alone  distinct  ;  forewings  with 
brown  cell-spot.  Face  and  palpi  dark  brown  ;  collar  golden  ferruginous  ;  thorax 
and  abdomen  ochreous  much  mixed  with  brown. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  38  mm. 

One  ?  from  Paramba,  Ecuador,  May  1S97,  dry  season,  3500  ft.  (Rosenberg). 

Forewings  with  costa  straight,  but  shouldered  at  base ;  apex  rectangular, 
blunt  ;  hindmargin  in  upper  half  nearly  vertical,  then  strongly  curved.  Hiudwings 
with  anal  angle  rounded  off ;  apical  angle  bluntly  rounded  ;  hindmargin  evenly 
curved  ;  palpi  smooth,  long,  porrect,  third  joint  as  long  as  second. 

Named  in  honour  of  the  collector. 

6.  Iza  rufigrisea  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  dull  brick-red,  crossed  by  dense  crinkled  purplish  grey  lines,  which 
leave  only  the  costal  area  before  and  beyond  the  middle  and  a  space  below  the  end 
of  cell,  of  the  ground-colour  ;  the  grey  lines,  which  are  thickest  near  base,  beyond 
cell,  and  along  the  hindmargin,  embrace  between  them  rows  of  pale  annuli  between 
the  veins  ;  these  annuli  are  all  more  or  less  suffused  with  grey,  but  are  sometimes 
tinged  with  reddish  ;  at  the  base  of  veins  4,  .5,  and  G,  7  are  two  darker  spots ; 
costa  marked  with  pairs  of  grey  lines  ;  fringe  grey  tinged  with  rufous. 

Hindwings:  with  the  coloration  reversed,  the  area  about  anal  angle  being  dull 
red,  and  the  costal  and  apical  areas  overrun  with  the  grey  lines. 

Underside  similar,  but  clearer;  the  annuli  paler.  Head  (worn),  rufous  grey; 
thorax  and  patagia  dark  jjurple-grey  ;  abdomen  wanting  ;  palpi  long,  upcurved, 
second  joint  purple-grey,  terminal  joint  rufous. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  20  mm. 

One  c?  from  Palma  Sola,  Venezuela. 

Stenocopsis  geu.  nov. 
Agrees  in  structure  and  ueuration  with  Mathoris  Wlk.,  veins  9,  lu  of  forewings 
being  stalked,  but  ditfers  entirely  in  shajje  of  wings.     These,  instead  of  being  broad, 
with  rounded,  even  margins,  are  narrow  and  elongated. 


(  120  ) 

Forewings  :  with  costa  straight,  becoming  convex  jnst  before  apex,  which  is 
slight!)-  prodnced  ;  liiudmargin  obliijue  and  sintions. 

Jlindiciiigs  :  with  apes  acntely  prodnced,  hindmargin  distinctly  concave  from 
apex  to  vein  2,  thence  straight  to  anal  angle ;  inner  margin  short.  Palpi  short, 
porrect  ;  antennae  thick. 

Type  :  Stenocopsis  albiapicata  sp.  nov. 

7.  Stenocopsis  albiapicata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  ochreous  bone-colour,  slightly  black-speckled,  with  the  markings 
dull  fulvous  :  costal  area  and  inner  margin  below  snbmedian  vein  dull  fulvous  ; 
a  narrow  baud  at  one-fourth,  a  second  before  middle,  a  broader  oblique  funnel- 
shaped  mark  beyond  middle,  and  a  narrow  sinuous  submarginal  band  all  fiilvons  ; 
a  small  oval  white  spot  at  apex  with  a  minute  black  dot  in  the  middle  ;  from  the 
outside  of  this  spot  a  fine  black  line  runs  before  the  margin,  the  extreme  hindmargin 
being  left  pale  ;  marginal  line  itself  blackish  and  thick,  interrupted  above  anal 
angle  be3'0nd  a  paler  blotch  ;  fringe  ochreous,  broadly  chequered  with  black  beyond 
the  vein  ends,  but  wholly  ochreous  above  anal  angle. 

Ilindwings :  partially  suffused  with  dark  grey  ;  with  traces  of  three  i)arallel 
diffuse  bands,  one  near  base,  of  black  scales,  a  sinuous  brownish  one  in  middle,  and 
a  finer  more  obscure  submarginal  shade  ;  marginal  line  thick,  black  from  apex  to 
vein  2  ;  fringe  as  in  forewings  to  vein  2,  thence  to  anal  angle  wholly  ochreous. 

Underside  the  same,  the  markings  rather  plainer.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen 
ochreous. 

Expanse  of  wings  :   17  mm. 

One  ?  from  Caicara,  Orinoco,  April  1898  (Cherrie). 

8.  Striglina  nifitibia. 

Orthogramma  riijitihki  Feld  Reise  Nov.  PI.  117,  fig.  2. 
Strigli)ia  rujitibia  Guen.  Ann.  S.  E.  Fr.  1877,  p.  286. 
„  „  Pag.  Iris.  V.  1892,  p.  43. 

A  c?  from  Ourem,  near  Para,  dated  February  2nd,  1894,  evidently  belongs  to 
this  species,  of  which  a  fuller  description  than  Guen^e's  is  here  appended. 

Forewings :  greenish  ochreous,  with  numerous  curved  rufous  strigae  ;  traces 
of  an  inner  line  oblique  from  one-fourth  of  inner  margin  ;  cell-spot  formed  of  a  few 
white  scales  surrounded  with  rufous  ;  the  oblique  outer  line  aj)pears  to  be  angled 
below  costa,  the  whole  marginal  sjiace  beyond  being  darker  rufous  ;  fringe  rather 
deeper. 

Hindwings :  with  a  broad  straight  rnfous  shade  before  middle,  followed  by  a 
series  of  irregularly  crenulate  and  interrupted  rufous  lines  ;  the  whole  wing  paler, 
like  the  basal  part  of  forewings. 

Underside  of  forewings  deep  reddish  fulvous  with  darker  striae,  of  hindwings 
dull  orange  with  lines  of  rufous  striae.  Face,  ujjper  surface  of  palpi,  and  vertex 
dark  brown  ;  thorax  and  abdomen  like  wings  ;  lateral  edge  of  shoulders,  underside 
of  i^alpi,  and  legs  vermilion  ;  the  forelegs  externally  dark  fuscous.  Antennae 
(of  cJ)  subserrate  and  strongly  ciliated. 

The  ?,  of  which  I  have  seen  an  example  from  British  Guiana,  is  much  larger 
(.56  mm.)  and  redder,  with  the  markings  and  cell-spots  better  defined. 


(  121  ) 

9.  Zeuzerodes  argentistriata  sp.  nov. 

Foreivings :  pale  wood-colonr,  slightly  reddish  tinged  ;  costa  and  hindmargia 
paler,  passing  into  ochreons ;  these  latter  areas  with  coarse  black  atoms  ;  the  daller 
redder  portion  with  obscnre  and  irregnlar  blackish  striae ;  the  dark  markings 
forming  an  oblique  cloud  from  be3-ond  middle  of  inner  margin  to  beyond  cell ;  an 
apical  spot  with  black  centre  ;  fringe  with  basal  half  darker  than  apical  half,  which 
is  chequered  with  black  scales. 

Hindwings :  with  the  reticulations  and  markings  much  blacker,  forming  a 
central  blackish  baud  angled  externally  ;  apical  area  dark ;  a  slight  rufous  streak 
along  hindmargin  between  the  middle  and  anal  lobes. 

Underside  of  forewings  with  the  subcostal  and  submedian  areas  dull  reddish  ; 
the  costal  and  hiudmargins  ochreons,  all  alike  speckled  with  black,  the  ajncal 
spot  whitish  ;  all  the  veins  beyond  cell  finely  marked  with  silvery  scales  ;  hindwings 
as  above.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  like  wings  ;  face  below  pale  ochreons  with  a 
black  bar  in  middle  ;  shoulders  and  front  of  thorax  brown-black  ;  anal  segments  of 
abdomen  with  brown-black  dorsal  and  lateral  lines. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  30  mm. 

One  ?  from  Ciadad  Bolivar,  Venezuela,  November  1898  (S.  Klages). 

The  hindwings  in  this  ?  may  be  called  three-lobed :  the  apex  forming  a  blunt 
prominence,  the  hindmargin  below  middle  being  produced  into  a  broad  almost 
angular  tooth,  and  the  inner  margin  which  is  quite  short  forming  a  smaller  lobe  ; 
the  hindmargin  between  the  middle  projection  and  apex  being  concave  and  crenulate. 

Whether  these  ?  ?  of  Zeuzerodes  with  more  or  less  sinuous  hindwings  have  in 
all  cases  c?<?  with  straight  hiudmargins  does  not  seem  as  yet  by  any  means  certain. 

In  the  Proceedings  of  the  Zoological  Society  for  1897,  p.  631,  a  figure  with  the 
venation  of  Meskea  dijsjjteraria  Grote  is  given  by  Sir  G.  Hampson  ;  from  this  it  is 
evident  that  my  suggestion  in  Nov.  Zool.  IV.,  p.  410,  as  regards  the  identity  of 
Pagenstecher's  genus  Zeuzerodes  aud  Grote's  Meskea,  was  wrong,  and  the  two 
genera  must  be  kept  separate. 

Family  EPIPLEMIDAE. 
Antiplecta  gen.  nov. 

Forewings  :  shaped  as  in  Dirades  Wlk. 

Hindivings  :  with  hindmargin  bluntly  bent  at  veins  0  and  7,  without  any 
tooth  ;  the  costa  strongly  convex,  without  emargination  or  tufts  of  hair. 

Palpi  shortly  jsorrect,  jiointed.     Antennae  flattened,  lamellate. 

JSeuration  :  forewings  much  as  in  Dirades  ;  but  vein  11  anastomoses  with  12  ; 
veins  6  and  7  are  short-stalked,  and  5  rises  nearly  from  centre  of  discocellnlar. 
In  hindwings  the  costal  is  strongly  curved  away  from  subcostal  from  base,  0  and  7 
from  top  angle  of  cell  ;  the  median  and  all  its  branches  hidden  beneath  the  fold  ; 
the  wing  is  folded  over  beneath  with  a  tuft  of  hair  on  the  under  surface. 

Type  :  Antiplecta  jnisilla  sp.  nov. 

10.  Antiplecta  pusilla  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  greyish  brown  ;  the  costa  darker  ;  basal  two-thirds,  as  far  as  outer 
line,  darker  than  marginal  area  beyond  ;  outer  line  strongly  outcnrved  above  middle, 
incurved   to   vem  2,  then  vertical  to  inner  margin  ;   inner  line  very  obscure,  at 


(  l-'2  ) 

one-third,  bluntly  inangnlated  in  midwing  ;  a  row  of  small  black  snbmarginal  dots 
between  the  veins ;  fringe  glossy,  beyond  a  brown  marginal  line. 

Ilinclwings :  with  onter  line  ferrngiuons,  enrved  from  middle  of  costa  to  the 
the  margin  of  fold,  three-fourths  from  base,  and  there  much  dilated  ;  the  fold  grey, 
with  a  black  spot  at  one-third  from  base ;  a  brown  marginal  line  with  a  black  dot 
at  end  of  vein  4. 

Underside  speckled,  cinereous  ;  the  tuft  in  fold  blackish.  Thorax  and  abdomen 
like  wings  ;  vertex  white  ;  face  and  palpi  brown-black. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  10  mm. 

One  <S  from  Dominica,  June  1S97. 

Coeluromima  gen.  nov. 

Like  Coelura  Warr.,  but  distingnished  by  the  antennae.  In  Coelura  these  are 
uniserrate  in  both  sexes.  In  the  present  genus  the  antennae  of  the  ?  arc  simple, 
those  of  the  c?  shortly  bipectinated. 

Type  :   C.  subfasciata  sp.  nov. 

11.  Coeluromima  subfasciata  sp.  nov. 

Foreicings :  ochreous  grey,  striated  and  in  parts  washed  with  leaden  grey 
and  ochreous  ;  two  dark  brown  oblique  lines  from  inner  margin  at  one-fourth  and 
two-thirds,  the  former  edged  inwardly,  the  latter  outwardly  with  pale,  the  one 
running  to  the  difluse  cell-spot  and  there  angled  and  retracted  obscurely  to  costa, 
the  other  acutely  angled  shortly  before  apes  ;  costa  obscurely  spotted  with  blackish  ; 
a  narrow  blackish  streak  along  hindmargin  ;  fringe  dark  grey. 

Tlindwinys  :  with  faint  antemedian  and  more  distinct  postmedian  dark  line, 
the  latter  followed  by  a  dark  band  ;  area  round  anal  angle  with  blackish  streaks. 

Underside  ochreous  whitish,  unspeckled,  except  towards  hindmargin,  which  is 
marked  with  black  strigae  ;  a  broad  snbmarginal  blackish  fascia,  often  irregular. 
Face  and  palpi  dark  brown  ;  thorax  and  abdomen  like  wings. 

Expanse  of  wings  :^  30  mm. 

One  ?,  one  6  from  Chimbo,  Ecuador,  1000  ft.,  August  1897  (Rosenberg). 

The  S  is  much  more  clouded  with  grey  than  the  ? ,  but  this  is  probably  not 
always  the  case. 

12.  Dirades  infans  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  lilac-grey,  dusted  with  darker  ;  central  fascia  darker,  tinged  with 
brownish,  and  edged  by  thick  dark  brown  lines  ;  first  well  curved  at  one-third  ; 
second  from  three-fourths  of  costa  to  four-fifths  of  inner  margin,  oblique  outwards 
to  vein  6,  then  vertical  to  below  vein  4,  then  incurved  to  submedian  fold  and  again 
oblique  outwards  to  margin  ;  this  eelge  is  slightly  creuulate,  and  margined  by  a 
tine  pale  lino  ;  marginal  area  with  a  dark  cloud  at  costa  and  a  more  conspicuous 
one  at  anal  angle  ;  a  snbmarginal  row  of  minute  dark  dots  ;  fringe  brownish  grey  ; 
veins  across  central  fascia  partially  pale. 

Hindioings  :  similar,  both  the  lines  curved  :  marginal  area  silvery  grey,  with 
a  brown  line  before  fringe,  containing  a  black  spot  witli  a  whitish  dash  before 
lower  tooth. 

Underside  brownish  grey.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  grey ;  the  abdomen 
with  a  dark  patch  on  dorsum  in  middle  and  a  d.irk  band  before  anal  segment. 


(   123  ) 

Expanse  of  wings  :  1 3  mm. 

One  ?  from  Newcastle,  Jamaica,  September  1893. 

Inner  margin  of  forewings  sinuate,  convex  in  basal,  concave  in  outer  half ; 
hindwings  with  a  distinct  tooth  at  vein  4,  and  slighter  ones  at  G  and  7.  In 
forewings  vein  11  anastomoses  with  12. 

13.  Epiplema  nifula  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  greyish  brown  or  rnfous  brown,  irregularly  speckled  with  darker  ; 
two  diffnse  dark  brown  lines,  limiting  a  central  fascia,  which  is  deeper  colonred 
than  the  rest  of  the  wing  ;  the  first  from  one-third  of  costa  to  one-third  of  inner 
margin,  inbent  on  the  median  vein,  the  second  from  two-thirds  of  costa  to  middle 
of  inner  margin,  somewhat  bent  outwards  on  median  vein  ;  traces  of  a  snbmarginal 
line,  forming  two  dark  brown  spots  beyond  cell. 

Hindwings  :  with  an  indistinct  dark  brown  central  fascia,  edged  by  darker  lines. 

Underside  rufous  ochreous,  without  markings.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen 
concolorous  with  wings  ;  face  and  palpi  brown-black. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  26  mm. 

Two  ?  ¥  from  Paramba,  Ecuador,  January  to  May  1897. 

Forewings  falcate,  the  apex  acute  ;  a  blnntly  rounded  projection  bej-ond  vein  3, 
below  which  the  hiudmargin  is  straight  and  oblique,  above  it  concave.  Hindwings 
with  slight  blunt  tooth  at  vein  4,  and  a  more  acute  one  at  vein  7. 

Neither  of  the  two  examples  is  in  perfect  condition  ;  there  appears  to  be 
a  dark  basal  patch  on  the  forewings,  edged  by  a  deep  brown  line. 

14.  Leuconotha  subfumida  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  smoky  white,  with  the  costa  and  all  the  veins  brown  ;  fringe 
whitish. 

Him/wings  :  the  same,  but  the  veins  hardly  marked  ;  costal  area  whiter. 

Underside  similar  ;  the  hindwings  paler. 

Thorax  and  abdomen  like  wings  ;  face  and  vertex  white  ;  collar  yellow. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  24  mm. 

One  c?  from  Palma  Sola,  Venezuela. 

15.  Psamathia  subangulata  sp.  nov. 

Differs  from  P.  placidaria  Wlk.,  in  having  the  hindmargin  of  forewings  with 
a  very  distinct  angle  at  vein  4,  and  the  apex  acutely  produced  and  shortly  subfalcate, 
instead  of,  as  in  typical  Psamathia,  having  the  margin  straight  from  apex  to 
anal   angle. 

Forewings  :  uniform  pale  lilac-grey,  thickly  rippled  with  brown-black,  especially 
towards  the  hindmargin  ;  a  small  coal-black  sjjot  at  middle  of  base ;  first  line  at 
one-third,  angled  and  with  a  dark  brown  spot  a*  the  subcostal  vein,  then  nearly 
straight  and  very  slender  to  inner  margin  at  one-third  ;  second  at  two-thirds, 
oblique  and  slightly  sinuous  outwards  to  vein  4,  then  strongly  incurved  and  vertical 
to  inner  margin  beyond  two-thirds,  geminated  in  its  lower  half ;  a  dark  blotch 
towards  hiudmargin  between  veins  G  and  7. 

Hindwings  :  with  an  acutely  angled  outer  line,  dark  brown  and  double  from 
costa  to  the  angle,  slender  and  indistinct  below  ;  a  thick  brown  marginal  shade  from 
apex  to  the  tooth,  which  contains  a  large  chocolate-brown  spot. 


(  124  ) 

Uuderside  paler,  witliont  speckling.    Vertex,  thorax  and  abdomen  coueolorons  ; 
face,  palpi,  and  antennal  pectinations  dark  brown  ;  fringes  worn. 
Expanse  of  wings  :  30  rum. 
One  iS  from  St.  Vincent,  March  18i»:  (Dr.  P.  Reudall). 

1>>.  Syngria(?)  cinerea  sp.  uov. 

Foreirinz/s  :  dark  ashy  trrey,  with  dense  black  speckling  :  traces  of  diflfnse  black 
shades  near  base,  before  middle,  and  at  two-thirds,  this  last  more  distinct,  angled 
outwards  in  middle,  then  concave  to  near  before  anal  angle  ;  costa  marked  with 
narrow  black  spots  ;  veins  towards  hindmargin  finely  paler  ;  fringe  brownish  grey. 

Ilindwinfis :  with  some  black  scales  near  base,  and  diffuse  central  and  snb- 
marginal  shades  :  inner  marginal  area  paler  grey  ;  the  veins  pale  ochreoas  ;  fringe 
brownish,  beyond  a  pale  marginal  line,  which  towards  anal  angle  is  preceded  by 
black  marginal  dots. 

Uuderside  dnll  brownish  cinereous,  faintly  mottled  with  darker  ;  forewings 
with  a  snbmargiual,  hindwings  with  a  submarginal  and  marginal  obscurely  marked 
darker  fascia.      Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  cinereous  :  face  and  palpi  brown. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  28  mm. 

One  ?  from  Palma  Sola,  Venezuela. 

Family  GEoMETlillJAE. 
Subfamily  OENOC'HROMINAE. 

IT.  Leptoctenista  subrufa  sp.  uov. 

Foretoings  :  olive-brown  with  a  reddish  tinge,  thickly  strigalated  with  darker  ; 
the  extreme  hindmargin  simply  rnfins  ;  an  obscure  dark  cell-spot,  and  two  dark 
costal  marks,  one  at  three-fonrths,  the  other  shortly  before  apex,  the  latter  indicating 
the  beginning  of  an  obscure  dark  dentate  snbmargiual  line,  which  on  the  veins  below 
the  costa  is  followed  by  three  or  four  pearly  grey  wedge-shaped  streaks  ;  fringe 
rufous. 

Ilindivincjs  :  with  the  outer  half  darker  ;  traces  of  a  curved  central  paler  line, 
marked  with  black  dashes  on  the  veins,  and  a  fainter  .submarginal  line  ;  costal 
area  pink. 

Underside  uniform  coppery  red,  with  dark  cell-spots,  that  in  the  hindwings 
larger  and  more  conspicuous.  Face,  palpi,  antennae,  and  vertex  deep  red  ;  thorax 
and  abdomen  like  wings. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  44  mm. 

Two  ?  ?  from  Cachabi,  Ecuador,  low  cnuntry,  January  189"  (Rosenberg). 

Subfamily  MECOC 'ERATIXAE. 
18.  Hyphedyle  albimacula  sp.  nov. 

Foretoings :  rufons  grey  in  the  basal  half,  becoming  altogether  deep  dull  red  in 
the  outer  third  of  the  wing  ;  the  costal  area  olive-ochreous  with  darker  striatious  ; 
a  faint  dark  cell-spot  ;  beyond  it  a  large  tadpole-shaped  snow-white  blotch,  the  tail 
pointing  towards  the  costa  ;  fringe  dull  red. 

Ilinrlwhigs :  with  the  marginal  area  more  narrowly  red,  the  fringe  paler. 

Underside  redder  ;  inner  marginal  area  of  forewings  pale  and  lilurred  ;  some 


(  125  ) 

pearly  grey  scales  in  the  red  before  the  hiadmargiu  ;  hindwiugs  more  mottled, 
the  inner  as  well  as  the  enter  margin  with  grey  scales.  Head,  thorax,  and 
abdomen  grey. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  36  mm. 

One  S  from  Paramba,  Ecuador,  April  1897,  dry  season  :  3500'  (Rosenberg). 

Much  like  rubedinaria  Wlk.,  but  distinguished  by  the  white  blotch. 

None  of  the  veins  of  forewiugs  are  distorted. 

Subfamily  CYLLOPODINAE. 

19.  Atyria?  mamillifera  sp.  nov. 

Foreivings :  shaped  as  in  ^1.  isis,  and  with  the  band  abbreviated  as  in  the 
aberration  ops  Druce  ;  but  the  costal  projection  mamillate,  and  rounded  below 
vein  3,  instead  of  being  diffusely  pointed. 

Hindioings  :  with  the  black  border  not  narrowed,  as  in  ops,  but  of  equal  width 
with  typical  isis. 

Underside  the  same.     Head  and  abdomen  as  in  isis. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  41  mm. 

One  ?  from  Cachabi,  Ecuador,  low  country,  January  ls07  (Rosenberg). 

20.  Cyllopoda  attenuata  sp.  nov. 

Like  C.  claudicula  Dalm.  and  dichroa  Perty,  but  very  much  smaller  ;  the 
oblique  yellow  fascia  much  narrower  and  with  straighter  edges.  In  the  hind- 
wings  the  black  streak  that  separates  the  two  yellow  portions  is  narrowed  and 
wedge-shaped  towards  the  hindmargin  which  it  sometimes  does  not  reach. 

Expanse  of  wiugs  :  26-28  mm. 

Two  4  S  from  Sao  Paulo. 

21.  Cyllopoda  nanipennis  sp.  nov. 

Foreicim/s:  dark  brown-black,  slightly  powdered  with  paler  scales  ;  an 
elongated  semi-oval  yellow  blotch  from  base  to  near  anal  angle,  lying  between  the 
submedian  vein  and  the  median  ;  a  narrow  oval  blotch  from  below  costa  at  three- 
fifths  to  before  hindmargin  above  the  anal  angle,  vein  3  marked  across  it  with  black 
scales  which  are  thickened  basewards. 

Ilindivings :  with  a  small  curved  yellow  blotch  towards  apex,  and  a  narrower 
dark-sufiused  one  above  anal  angle. 

Underside  the  same  ;  the  forewings  browner,  the  hindwings  shot  with  bine. 
Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  like  wings  ;  top  of  face  with  a  yellow  bar  :  pectus,  legs, 
and  undersurface  of  abdomen  yellowish,  with  some  fuscous  scales  intermixed. 

Expanse  of  wiugs  :  30  mm. 

One  4  from  Rio  C'achiaco,  and  another  from  Sarayaco. 

Distinguished  from  C.  matutina  Wlk.,  which  it  most  resembles,  by  the  small 
size  of  the  hindwings  ;  the  pectinations  of  the  antennae  are  short. 

Cyphopora  gen.  nov. 

Foreivings  :  with  costa  curved  and  towards  apex  strongly  convex  :  apex  and 
hindmargin  rounded. 

Hindicings  :  with  both  angles  and  the  hindmargin  rounded. 


(   12'i  ) 

Antennae  of  ?  !<hortly  pectinated  ;  palpi  porrect,  reaching  well  in  front  of  face, 
the  second  joint  hairy,  the  third  slender,  as  long  as  second  ;  tongue  and  frenulnm 
present. 

Xeuration  :  forewings,  cell  three-fifths  of  wing  ;  discocellular  biangnlated, 
vertical  above  and  again  shortly  below,  obliqne  between  ;  median  vein  bent  upwards 
towards  end  ;  first  median  nervnle  at  five-eighths,  second  at  seven-eighths  ;  lower 
radial  from  lower  angle  of  discocellular,  and  therefore  not  far  above  third  median, 
strongly  curved  at  origin  ;  upper  radial  straight  from  upper  angle  of  cell  ;  7,  8,  '•>, 
10,  stalked  ;  11  anastomosing  for  some  distance  with  12  ;  hindwings,  with  6  and  7 
short  stalked  ;  the  medians  and  radial  as  in  forewings  ;  costal  closely  ajiproximated 
to  subcostal  near  base,  but  apparently  not  connected  by  any  bar. 

Scaling  sparse  ;  wings  semihyaline. 

Type  C'jphopora  ch.ihia  sp.  nov. 

Notwithstanding  the  anomalous  nenration,  I  shall  refer  this  genus  for  the 
present  to  the  geometrid  subfamily  C'jllopodinae. 

22.  Cyphopora  dubia  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  hyaline  white,  with  the  veins  dark  grey  ;  costal  area  narrowly  dark 
grey  ;  hindmargin  more  broadly  grey,  the  dark  area  thinning  out  to  a  point  above 
anal  angle ;  a  faint  grey  cloud  from  three-fourths  of  inner  margin  to  vein  2. 

Hindwings :  with  narrower  grey  hindmargin,  ending,  as  in  forewings,  before 
anal  angle. 

Underside  as  above  ;  the  costa  of  hindwings  also  greyish  ;  retinaculum  (  ? ),  a 
small  round  patch  of  grey  scales.  Face,  palpi,  and  legs  blackish,  speckled  with 
white  :  thorax  whitish  ;  vertex,  shoulders,  and  base  of  patagia  yellowish  ;  abdomen 
grey  ;  anal  segment,  especially  beneath,  bright  orange. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  35  mm. 

One  ?  from  Paramba,  Ecuador,  April  1897,  dry  season,  3.300  ft.  (Rosenberg). 

23.  Darna  marginata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  pale  yellow,  with  the  base,  the  costa  narrowly,  and  the  hindmargin 
broadly  black,  the  latter  narrowing  off  to  a  point  at  anal  angle. 
Hindwings :  witli  hindmargin  black  from  apex  to  anal  angle. 
Underside  like  upper.     Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  black. 
Expanse  of  wings  :  35-38  mm. 
Two  ?  ?  from  Cucuta,  Venezuela. 

Hadesina  gen.  nov. 

Forewings  :  costa  nearly  straight ;  apex  blunt  ;  hindmargin  obliquely  curved. 

Hindwings :  with  both  angles  and  hindmargin  rounded. 

Antennae  (?)  shortly  pectinated  ;  palpi? 

^'euratiOH  :  forewings,  cell  only  one-third  of  wing  ;  discocellular  obli(pie ;  first 
median  nervnle  close  before  end  of  cell,  second  and  third  stalked  ;  radials  near 
together  from  centre  of  discocellular  ;  10,  7,  8,  0,  stalked  ;  11  free  ;  hindwings,  cell 
below  reaching  beyond  half  of  wing  ;  discocellular  twice  bent,  elongate  ;  first  median 
at  three-fourths,  second  and  third  stalked  ;  radial  from  lower  angle  of  discocellular  : 
6  and  7  long  stalked  ;  costal  well  separated  from  subcostal. 

Wings  hyaline. 

Type  Hadesina  lindiaria  sp.  nov. 


(  127  ) 

24.  Hadesiua  limbaria  sp.  uov. 

Forewings :  hyaline,  with  the  veins  black ;  costal,  hind,  and  inner  margins 
black  ;  a  small  black  blotch  at  one-third  of  costa  embracing  the  discal  sisot ;  a  Inroad 
black  oblique  band  from  two-thirds  of  costa  to  hindmargin  above  anal  angle. 

Ilimlwinys  :  with  costal  and  hindmargins  black  ;  the  veins  black  ;  a  blackish 
clond  towards  base  along  snbmedian  fold. 

Underside  like  upper.     Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  all  black. 

E.xpanse  of  wings  :  .39  mm. 

Two  ?  ?  from  Chimbo,  Ecuador,  1000  ft.,  August  1897  (Rosenberg). 

Macroueiu'odes  gen.  nov. 

Forewings :  with  costa  slightly  curved  throughout ;  apex  blunt  ;  hindmargin 
curved. 

Iliiidwings :  with  apes  rounded  ;  hindmargin  slightly  bent  at  veins  3  and  1  b  ; 
the  true  iunermargin  short. 

Antennae  of  S  pectinated  for  four-fifths  ;  palpi  laxly  haired,  upcurved  in  front 
of  face;  tongue  and  frenulum  well-developed  ;  hindtibiae  with  2  jjairs  of  short 
stout  spurs. 

Neuration :  forewings  ;  cell  reduced,  about  one-sixth  of  wing  ;  discocellular 
concave  in  middle,  shortly  oblique  above  and  below  ;  median  vein  much  thickened 
and  sinuate,  curved  downwards  beyond  cell  ;  the  first  median  nervule  rising  just 
before  middle  of  wing,  second  and  third  separating  at  two-thirds  ;  the  two  radials 
from  the  ends  of  the  concavity  of  the  discocellular,  both  thickened  for  nearly  one- 
third  of  their  length,  and  forming  a  strong  ridge  on  the  undersurface  ;  the  wing- 
membrane  beyond  cell  between  the  subcostal  and  median  veins  bladdery  and 
distorted  ;  subcostal  vein  swollen  and  sinuate  like  the  median,  but  curved  upwards 
beyond  cell ;  10,  7,  8,  9,  stalked  from  before  upper  angle,  7  running  near  and  jiarallel 
to  the  upper  radial  ;  11  from  near  base  ;  submedian  fold,  approximated  to  median 
vein,  and  like  it  thickened  and  subsiuuate  in  the  basal  half. 

Ilnxhcings:  discocellular  with  short  upper  and  lower  arms,  the  upper  vertical, 
the  lower  oblique,  and  with  the  long  central  portion  running  parallel  to  subcostal ; 
costal  divergent  from  subcostal ;   veins  3,  4,  and  6,  7  stalked ;  vein  2  at  five-sixths. 

Type  :  M.  alhimacula  sp.  uov. 

25.  Macroneurodes  albimacula  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  white  in  basal  half,  smoky  Ijlack  beyond  ;  costal  area  above 
subcostal  vein,  exceirt  a  basal  streak,  and  inner  margin  below  submedian  vein, 
smoky  blackish  ;  the  veins  slightly  marked  with  black,  the  submedian  fold  strongly 
and  thickly  blackened  ;  the  edge  of  the  apical  black  portion  starts  from  the  costal 
streak  at  two-fifths  and  runs  obliquely  towards  anal  angle,  forming  a  sharp  tooth 
basewards  at  the  separation  of  veins  3  and  4  ;  in  the  apical  portion  is  an  oblique 
elongate  white  blotch  reaching  from  below  costa  to  vein  4  ;  fringe  smoky  black. 

Hindicings  :  white,  with  the  costa  narrowly,  the  apex  and  hindmargin  broadly, 
smoky  blackish,  the  tint  apparently  running  up  along  the  inner  margin  also  ;  in  the 
black  border  at  the  apex  is  a  large  oval  white  spot  :  fringe  smoky  black  ;  the  veins 
finely  dark. 


(  128  ) 

Underside  the  same  :  face  white  ;  palpi,  thorax,  aud  abdomeu  blackish  mixed 
with  white  ;  shoulders  yellow  ;  le<,'s  black  and  white. 
Expanse  of  wings  :  3S  mm. 
One  (J  from  Bogota,  Colombia. 

20.  Momonipta?  semilugens  sp.  uov. 

Forewinqs  :  dnll  smoky  black  ;  at  one-third  of  costa  a  white  fasciaform  blotch 
begins  qnite  narrow,  widens  ont  to  below  the  median  vein,  aud  occnpies  the  second 
third  of  inner  margin  ;  two  white  oval  snbapical  spots,  separated  by  vein  7  ;  a 
faint  pale  oval  space  bej-ond  cell  ;  fringe  black. 

Hindicings  :  white,  with  a  broad  smoky  black  border  from  two-thirds  of  costa 
to  two-thirds  of  inner  margin,  narrowest  at  the  middle  of  the  wing. 

Underside  similar.  Face,  legs,  and  underside  of  abdomen  bluish  white  ;  palpi, 
head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  smoky  black. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  26  mm. 

Two  (?cJ  from  R.  Tanampaya,  Bolivia,  1504  (Garlepp). 

27.  Phaeochlaena  basalis  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  black,  towards  the  base  somewhat  hyaline  ;  a  pale  hyaline  streak 
from  base  beneath  median  vein  to  just  before  origin  of  first  median  nervule  :  two 
shining  white  spots  beyond  the  middle,  placed  obliquely  aud  nearly  touching,  the 
npper,  above  the  median,  twice  as  large  as  the  lower,  which  is  placed  between 
veins  2  and  3  ;  two  slight  white  dashes  on  veins  5  and  6  towards  hindmargin  : 
fringe  black. 

Ilindwings  :  black,  with  a  hyaline  whitish  central  streak  from  base  to  two- 
thirds  of  wing,  lying  mainly  below  median  vein,  but  partly  extending  along  the  cell. 

Underside  the  same.  Face  and  palpi  black  above,  white  at  sides  ;  thorax  and 
abdomen  cinereous  ;  base  of  shoulders  broadly  orange 

Expanse  of  wings  :  35  mm. 

One  ?  from  San  Pedro  Sula,  Honduras. 

28.  Phaeoclilaena  nubilosa  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  dnll  greyish  brown,  all  the  veins  finely  yellow  ;  a  pale  whitish 
patch  at  base  of  cell,  a  slighter  one  beyond  cell  and  a  small  yellow  spot  before  apex 
at  the  origin  of  veins  7,  &,  0  ;  fringe  concolorous. 

Hindicings  :  whitish,  with  a  broad  hindmarginal  black  border,  scarcely  reaching 
the  anal  angle  ;  costal  border  narrow. 

Underside  paler  brown  ;  the  veins  not  yellow  :  no  subapical  pale  spot  in  fore- 
wings. Face,  vertex,  and  jialpi  yellow  ;  shoulders  ochreous  aud  fuscous  ;  patagia 
orange  edged  with  fuscous  ;  thorax  ochreous  ;  abdomeu  cinereous. 

Expanse  of  wings  :   30  mm. 

One  (?  from  Chimbo,  Ecuador,  July  l.sl»7,  lOnii  ft.  (Rosenberg). 

20.  Scaea  caesiopicta  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  basal  two-thirds  orange  ;  costal  edge  and  inner  margin  to  sub- 
median  vein  deep  purple-black  ;  the  veins  and  folds  black  ;  marginal  third  blue- 
grey,  shading  into  blue-green  in  certain  lights,  separated  from  the  orange  area  by  a 


(   129  ) 

sinnons  velvety  black  shade  from  two-thirds  of  costa  to  before  anal  angle  ;  fringe 
blue-grey. 

Hvuhvings :  with  the  inner  marginal  half  greyish  bine,  the  costal  half  smoky 
pnrplish  black  ;  the  veins  black  ;  the  fringe  bine-grey. 

Underside  like  upper,  bnt  the  dark  tints  all  paler  ;  veins  of  the  yellow  area  of 
forewing  not  black  ;  costal  edge  only  finely  black  ;  the  dark  shade  between  the 
tints  diffuse  and  broad.  Head  and  thorax  brownish  cinereous  ;  abdomen  bluish 
grey  ;  abdomen  beneath  and  legs  brownish  grey. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  .52  mm. 

One  ?  from  between  R  Songo  and  R.  Snapi,  Bolivia,  llUO  m.,  March  to 
June  (Garlepp). 

30.  Scaea  discinota  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  with  basal  half  orange,  the  veins  and  costa  narrowly,  the  inner 
margin  broadly  black  ;  outer  half  dark  pnrplish  grey,  with  a  vertical  black  bar 
limiting  the  orange  half;  fringe  coucolorous  with  outer  half. 

IJi/id/rinffs :  with  more  than  the  basal  half  orange ;  hindmargin  purplish  black, 
starting  from  three-fifths  of  costa,  curved  outwards  and  much  narrowed  to  anal 
angle,  touching  a  black  spot  on  upper  arm  of  discocellular ;  costa  very  narrowly, 
inner  margin  more  broadly  black  ;  veins  finely  black. 

Underside  similar  ;  the  veins  less  broadly  black.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen 
black. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  48  mm. 

One  ?  from  Pedregosa,  Merida,  3000  m.,  October  1897  (Briceno). 

31.  Tanaostyla  conjunctiva  sp.  nov. 

Forewings:  hyaline  whitish,  the  veins  and  folds  smoky  black;  costal  area  above 
the  subcostal  vein  and  inner  margin  below  the  submedian  black  ;  apex  and  hind- 
margin  more  broadly  black  ;  an  oblique  pure  white  blotch  beyond  the  cell  from 
below  costa  to  vein  3,  its  inner  edge  fairly  straight,  its  outer  somewhat  rounded  and 
lobed  between  the  veins  ;  the  median  vein,  the  two  lower  median  uervules,  and  the 
discocellular  more  thickly  black  than  the  other. 

Hindwings  :  similar  ;  the  costal  and  hindmargins  diffusely  black. 

Underside  like  upper.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  smoky  cinereous  ;  abdomen 
below  whitish. 

Expanse  of  wings  :   <S  37  mm.  ;   ?  47  mm. 

One  c?,  one  ?  ,  from  Bogota. 

Differs  from  typical  Tanaosti/la  in  having  in  both  sexes  veins  6  and  7  of  hind- 
wings  coincident  throughout,  not  stalked  and  furcate. 

32.  Tithraustes  impleta  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  smoky  hyaline  ;  all  the  veins  thickly  and  coarsely  black  ;  costal 
and  inner  margins  black,  above  the  subcostal  and  below  the  submedian  veins 
respectively  ;  ajjical  third  black,  containing  in  it  beyond  cell  a  flattened  oval  pure 
white  blotch  ;  the  space  immediately  beyond  cell  between  veins  6  and  7  and  the 
marginal  end  of  that  between  veins  2  and  3  is  also  clothed  with  white  scales. 

Hindwings :    with  veins  black  ;    the  costal,  hind,  and  inner  margins  black  ; 


(  130  ) 

marginal  ends  of  spaces  above  and  below  vein  5  whitish  ;  the  fork  between  veins 
3  and  4  on  both  wings  is  filled  np  with  black  scales. 

Underside  like  upper.  Face  and  palpi  black;  cheeks  white;  thorax  and  abdomen 
cinereous  ;  an  orange  spot  on  side  of  each  shoulder  in  front ;  abdomen  beneath  pale. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  4U  mm. 

One  ?  from  Colombia. 

33.  Tithraustes  moerens  sp.  uov.  and  ab.  coudensata  uov. 

Foj-eivings :  smoky  blackish,  the  basal  area  semihyaline,  with  the  veins  black ; 
a  large  irregularl)-  oblong  white  blotch  beyond  cell,  and  a  smaller  round  one  at  anal 
angle  ;  two  small  white  spots  before  hindmargin  beyond  cell. 

Hindwings  :  with  the  hindmargin  broadly  black  ;  the  veins  black  ;  a  white 
blotch  beyond  cell,  with  a  fainter  one  below  it. 

Underside  similar  ;  the  hindwings  with  a  whitish  streak  on  submedian  fold  and 
at  base  of  cell.  Face  whitish,  with  the  centre  vertically  grey  ;  palpi  externally 
blackish  ;  thorax  and  abdomen  blackish  ;  base  of  patagia  yellow  ;  underside  of 
abdomen  white. 

Expanse  of  wiug.s  :   c?  35  mm. ;    ?  37  mm. 

One  (?,  one  ?,  from  Cachabi,  Ecuador,  low  country,  Jan.  7th,  1S97  (Rosenberg) 
Three  <?  J,  two  ?  ?  from  Paramba,  dated  Blay  1SU7,  dry  season,  are  much  more 
suffused  with  smoky,  all  the  white  blotches  being  reduced  in  size  ;  to  this  aberration 
the  name  condensata  may  by  given. 

34.  Tithraustes  picata  sp.  nov.  and  ab.  intersecta  nov. 

c?  Foretvings :  white  ;  costal,  inner,  and  hindmargins  narrowly  blackish  :  an 
oblique  blackish  streak  from  middle  of  costa,  including  the  discoeellnlar,  along  vein 
3  to  the  hindmargin  above  aual  angle  ;  vein  2  thickened  towards  the  margin  and 
connected  with  3  by  a  transverse  streak  ;  apical  area  black,  with  two,  sometimes 
three,  oval  white  spots  ;  the  veins  and  folds  often  black. 

Ilindwinqs  :  with  costal  and  hindmargins  black  and  all  the  veins  black. 

Underside  duller.  Face,  palpi,  and  vertex  white  ;  thorax  blackish  ;  base  of 
patagia  yellow  ;  abdomen  blackish  above,  white  beneath. 

?  with  the  white  spaces  purplish  hyaline,  the  large  postmedian  blotch  alone 
whiter  and  larger  ;  the  two  apical  spots  much  reduced. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  30-35  mm. 

Many  of  both  sexes  from  Cachabi,  Ecuador,  low  country,  January  1897 
(Rosenberg),  also  one  S  from  above  Chimbo,  August  1807  (Rosenberg). 

ab.  intersecta  uov.  One  ?  has  the  large  white  blotch  much  reduced,  the  black 
from  the  apical  area  encroaching  upon  it,  and  the  veins  across  it  blackish,  so  that  it 
forms  a  narrow  quadrilobate  fascia ;  the  two  apical  spots,  on  the  contrary,  are  as 
large  and  as  white  as  in  the  tj  6- 

Subfamily  DYSPHANIINAE. 
Xanthoxena  gen.  uov. 
Foretvinqs:  with  costa  uniformly  curved;  apex  rounded:  hindmargin  strongly 
curved,  more  oblique  below;  aual  angle  distinct. 

Ilindivings  :  with  hindmargin  well-rounded  and  faintly  protuberant  in  middle; 
anal  ansrle  rectangular. 


(   131  ) 

Antennae  (  ? )  well  pectinated;  palpi  slender,  short,  porrect;  frenulum  apparently 
absent. 

Neuration  :  forewings  ;  cell  not  half  as  long  as  wing  ;  discocellular  oblique  ; 
first  median  nervnle  at  two-thirds,  second  and  third  stalked;  lower  radial  from  near 
the  top  end  of  discocellular;  upper  radial  stalked  with  the  5  subcostals;  11  anasto- 
mosing for  a  considerable  distance  with  12  ;  hindwiugs  with  costal  only  shortly 
approximated  to  subcostal;  3,  4,  and  0,  7,  stalked;  radial  from  near  top  end  of 
discocellular. 

Type:  Xanthoxena  imitans  sp.  nov. 

The  type  species,  except  that  the  wings  are  shorter  and  broader,  strongly 
resembles  those  of  the  genus  Smieropus  in  the  Cijllopodinae.  But,  coloration  apart, 
there  really  seems  to  be  no  affinity  between  them.  I  cannot  detect  any  trace  of 
a  bar  between  costal  and  subcostal  of  hindwiugs,  nor  of  a  frenulum;  and  as  the 
neuration  is  identical  with  that  of  the  subfamilies  Dysphaniinae  and  Geometrinae,  I 
see  nothing  for  it  but  to  refer  it  to  the  former,  incongruous  as  its  position  may 
appear.  The  pectination  of  the  ¥  antennae  in  these  subfamilies  is  nothing  unusual. 
It  may  be  placed  next  the  Papuan  genus  D>jsschema,  Warr.,  with  which  in  fact  it 
has  several  points  in  common. 

35.  Xanthoxena  imitans  sp.  nov. 

Foreioings  :  bright  yellow;  fringe  and  hindmargin  black,  more  broadly  at  apex; 
costa  diffusely  black,  the  black  narrowing  at  base  and  l)eyond  middle. 

Ilind/ciiujs :  bright  yellow,  with  black  margin  from  before  apex,  where  it  starts 
narrow,  to  anal  angle,  where  it  is  broadest. 

Underside  the  same.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  all  yellow;  antennae  and 
tips  of  jialpi  black;  body  beneath  and  legs  yellow;  the  tarsi  fuscous  grey. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  32  mm. 

Two  ?  ?  from  Cachabi,  Ecuador,  low  countr}-,  January  1897  (Rosenberg). 

;  Subfamily  GEOMETEINAE. 
30.  Aplodes  pallida  sp.  nov. 

Forewings:  jjale  A-ellowish  green,  without  any  markings;  costa  white,  tinged 
with  red  at  base. 

Hindwings  :  paler;  fringes  of  both  wings  concolorous. 

Underside  similar.  Face  and  palpi  ochreous  green;  thorax  and  abdomen 
green;  vertex  and  shaft  of  antennae  white. 

Expanse  of  wings  :   14  mm. 

One  cJ  from  the  island  of  Bonaire,  July  1892  (E.  Hartertj. 

37.  Auophylla  ambusta  sp.  nov. 

Forewings:  deep  green;  costal  area  above  subcostal  vein  yellowish  ochreous, 
speckled  with  brown;  a  pale  ochreous  unspeckled  cell-spot  touching  it  just  before 
the  middle,  which  reaches  only  half  across  the  cell;  marginal  area  yellowish  ochreous, 
filled  with  brown  striae,  which  in  places  are  confluent;  the  inner  edge  of  this 
marginal  border  is  sinuous,  forming  two  outward  curves,  one  l)Ctwcen  veins  G  and 
7,  the  other  between  veins  2  and  4:  the  edge  itself  is  ochreous,  unspeckled;  a  small 
brown  blotch  before  apex;  fringe  dark  brown. 


(  132  ) 

lliiul icings:  without  eell-mavk;  the  marginal  border  starts  from  two-thirds  of 
costa  and  forms  a  sinns  between  veins  2  and  4,  and  another  on  submedian  fold, 
rnnuino-  m  inner  margin  for  one-fourth;  a  brown-black  sliade  runs  from  apex  to 
ana]  an<'le,  strongly  marked  at  apex;  brown  striae  as  in  forewings;  fringe  brown. 

Underside  vellow-green;  costa  of  forewings  tinged  with  reddish;  a  black-brown 
marginal  streak  from  anal  angle  towards  apex;  a  black-browii  apical  spot  on 
hindwincs.    Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  greenish;  abdomen  with  black-brown  crests. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  26  mm. 

One  <S  from  Palma  Sola,  Venezuela,  1890  (Whyman)  ;  near  to  A.  sarptaria 
Moeschl.,  bnt  that  has  yellow  fringes. 

38.  Auophylla  invasata  al).  pernipta  uov. 

Differs  from  the  type  form  in  the  lower  portion  of  the  pale  marginal  border  of 
forewiug  being  much  narrower,  the  green  of  the  central  area  reaching  to  two-thirds 
of  inner  margin  and  becoming  confluent  with  the  apical  area,  the  pale  streak  from 
the  costa  reaching  only  as  far  as  the  median  vein.     All  else  as  in  the  type. 

Three  ?  ?  from  Palma  Sola,  Venezuela,  where  also  the  type  form  occurs. 

It  may  be  noticed  that  this  species  does  not  agree  with  the  type  of  the  genus 
in  neuration,  6,  7,  8,0,  10,  11  being  all  stalked  together,  11  anastomosing,  some- 
times more  strongly  than  at  others,  with  12,  and  lU  rising  after  7;  veins  3  and  4 
are  short-stalked  in  both  wings. 

Dichorda  gen.  nov. 

Foreivings:  broad;  costa  slightly  curved;  hindmargin  curved,  more  obliquely 
below. 

Hindwings  :  broad;  hindmargin  rounded;  innermargin  long;  anal  angle  sijnare. 

Antennae  of  6  with  delicate  pectinations  to  three-fourths:  i)alpi  porrect,  rough- 
haired,  terminal  joint  short;  frenuhun  extremely  fine. 

Neuration :  forewings,  cell  less  than  half  the  length  of  wing;  discocellular 
concave,  more  oblique  below;  first  median  nervule  at  three-fourths,  second  shortly 
before  third;  lower  radial  from  above  middle  of  discocellular,  upper  from  the 
deflexed  end  of  cell;  7,  lii,  S,  0,  stalked  from  close  before  end;  11  anastomosing  with 
12;  hindwings,  costal  apjjroximated  to  subcostal  near  base  only;  G  and  7  hardly 
stalked;  medians  as  in  forewings. 

Type:  Dichorda  iridaria  Guen.  {Geometra). 

39.  Dichorda  allineata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings:  greyish  green,  with  two  whitish  lines,  the  first  very  fine  and 
indistinct,  slightly  waved,  at  one-third,  the  second,  faintly  curved,  from  apes  to  two- 
thirds  of  inner  margin;  cell-spot  small  but  distinct,  black;  fringe  concolorons. 

Hindwings :  with  a  straight  white  median  line  and  black  cell-spot. 

Underside  mealy  whitish  green,  with  the  cell-spots  black.  Thorax  and  abdomen 
green;  vertex  white;  antennae  ochreous;  face  whitish  green;  palpi  speckled  with 
fuscous. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  22  mm. 

One  cJ  from  Pabna  Sola,  Venezuela. 


(  133  ) 

Forewings  with  costa  curved;  apex  slightly  produced;  hindmargin  faintly 
sinuons;  hindwings  triangular  with  inncrmargin  very  long;  hindmargin  nearly 
straight  till  towards  anal  angle,  then  curved;  scaling  fine;  the  scales  pale  with 
dark  tips,  arranged  so  that  they  form  numerous  pale  and  dark  green  transverse 
wrinkled  lines. 

Dnicia  gen.  nov. 

Forewings:  with  costa  slightly  curved;  apex  produced;  hindmargin  oblique, 
hardly  curved,  slightly  indented  above  anal  angle  which  is  well-marked. 

Hindwings  :  with  ajiex  rounded  and  anal  angle  rectangular;  a  decided  tooth 
at  vein  4,  the  hindmargin  sinuate  above,  straight  below  to  anal  angle. 

Antennae  pectinated  in  both  sexes;  palpi  porrect,  the  terminal  joint  slender, 
much  longer  in  ?  than  in  i;  tongue  and  frenulum  present;  abdomen  with  tufts  of 
red  scales. 

Neuration :  forewings,  cell  half  as  long  as  wing ;  discocellnlar  vertical  above, 
strongly  concave  below;  first  median  at  two-thirds,  second  close  to  third;  lower 
radial  from  the  bend  in  discocellnlar,  upper  from  top  angle  of  cell;  veins  10,  7,  8,  9, 
stalked  from  the  angle;  11  free,  osculating  or  anastomosing  with  12;  hindwings, 
discocellnlar  with  lower  half  oblique;  veins  0,  7,  and  3,  4  stalked. 

Type  :  Drucia  delpkinata  sp.  nov. 

Rackeospila  asmura  Druce  also  belongs  here. 

The  genus  agrees  both  in  structure  and  shape  of  wings  with  Progonodes  Warr., 
but  the  scaling  and  markings  are  quite  dissimilar. 

40.  Drucia  delphinata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  green ;  the  costa  pale  ochreous  with  brown  freckles ;  cell-spot 
black;  a  horseshoe-shaped  mark  on  hindmargin  from  apex  to  vein  4,  cream-colonr 
washed  with  flesh  pink,  edged  with  red-brown,  with  red-brown  specks  in  it,  and  with 
a  faint  shade  across  middle;  a  similar  smaller  blotch  before  anal  angle,  narrowed  to 
hindmargin  ;  marginal  line  red-brown,  darker  brown  and  forming  triangles  beyond 
the  subapical  blotch;  fringe  cream-colour  chequered  with  pink. 

Hindwings :  with  a  large  oblong  blotch  at  apex  reaching  to  the  tooth  at 
middle;  a  square  blotch  at  anal  angle,  narrowing  above  at  middle  of  inner  margin, 
then  swelling  into  a  semi-oval  shape  to  near  base;  no  cell-spot. 

Underside  pale  sea-green,  with  the  blotches  showing  dull  white.  Head,  palpi, 
and  antennae  dull  red;  thorax  green;  abdomen  ochreous,  with  reddish  dorsal  crests. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  28  mm. 

One  c?  from  Sao  Paulo.  Allied  to  D.  asmura  Druce  {Rackeospila)  from 
Panama. 

41.  Gelasma  hemithearia  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  dull  grey-green,  or  olive-green  ;  the  lines  slightly  paler,  the  teeth 
marked  by  whitish  points  on  the  veins  ;  first  from  one-fourth  of  costa  to  one-third 
of  inner  margin,  angled  outwards  in  cell  and  on  submedian  fold,  followed  by  a 
deeper  green  tinge  ;  the  second  from  three-fourtiis  of  costa  to  three-fourths  of  inner 
margin,  incurved  beyond  cell  and  on  submedian  fold,  projecting  on  veins  3  and  4, 
preceded   by  deeper  green  ;   costa   ochraceous,   with   purplish   speckles  ;   cell-spot 

10 


(   13-1   ) 

obscure,  diffuse,  deeper  greea  ;  marginal  line  iiui-jjlisU,  iiitenapted  by  ])alo  spots  at 
the  ends  of  the  veins  ;  fringe  whitish,  broadly  chequered  with  purplish  grey  spots 
beyond  veins. 

Hinclwings  :  without  first  line. 

Underside  greenish  white  ;  the  forewings  more  or  less  suffused  witli  ochraceous, 
the  costa  broadly  ochraceous  ;  marginal  sjiots  purplish  ;  cell-spots  in  the  ?  some- 
what rufous  tinged.  Face  and  palpi  reddish  brown  above  ;  vertex  white  ;  thorax 
and  abdomen  greenish  ;  the  abdomen  dorsally  marked  with  reddish  grey  scales. 

Expanse  of  wings  :   c?  19  mm.  ;   ?  25  mm. 

One  c?  from  Santos  ;  one  ?  from  Sao  Paulo  ;  the  c?  yellower  green,  the  ? 
greyer.  Neuration  :  forewings,  cell  less  than  one-half  of  wing  ;  first  median  close 
before  end,  second  and  third  loug-stalked  ;  lower  radial  from  above  centre  of 
discocellular  ;  upper  stalked  with  7,  8,  9,  10,  from  upper  angle  ;  11  close  before  end, 
anastomosing  with  12.     Hindwings :  with  3,  4,  and  0,  T  stalked. 

Except  for  the  S  antennae,  the  sjiecies  might  easily  be  mistaken  for  a 
Hemitliea. 

42.  Hydata  malina. 
Aplodes  malina  Butler  Tr.  E.  S.  1881,  p.  33U.    <S. 

In  a  ?  from  Paramba  which  answers  well  to  the  original  description  of  this 
insect,  the  palpi  are  very  slender  and  porrect,  the  third  joint  twice  the  length  of  the 
second  ;  the  antennae  are  laterally  flattened  with  thick  close  clavate  teeth,  the  shaft 
white,  the  teeth  themselves  ochreous.  The  neuration  is  the  same  as  in  suhfenestraria 
Wlk.  =  safisfacta  Wlk. — the  type  of  the  genus  Ilijdata.  The  chief  characteristics 
of  this  genus  are  the  anastomosis  of  the  costal  and  subcostal  of  hindwings,  exactly 
as  in  the  Ih/driomeniiiae  and  in  many  African  genera  of  Gcometririae  ;  veins  (5  and  7 
are  on  a  very  long  stalk,  separating  only  a  little  before  the;  hindmargin.  In  the 
forewings  vein  11  becomes  coincident  with  12. 

43.  lodis  (?)  longipalpis  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  dull  sea-green  ;  the  costa  ochraceous,  marked  with  purplish  flecks  ; 
the  lines  marked  merely  by  white  dots  on  the  veins  ;  first  at  one-third,  second  at 
two-thirds,  outcurved  be)-ond  cell  ;  cell-spot  whitish,  obscure  ;  a  dark  purplish 
marginal  line,  interrupted  by  white  dots  at  the  end  of  the  veins  ;  fringe  green  (?). 

Hindwings :  similar,  bnt  without  first  line,  and  the  cell-spot  more  conspicuous. 

Underside  uniform  whitish  green,  in  the  forewings  faintly  rosy  tinged.  Face 
and  palpi  red-brown  ;  vertex  whitish ;  thorax  and  abdomen  green. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  23  mm. 

One  ?  from  Palma  Sola,  VenezAiela. 

Remarkable  for  the  very  long  pal])i,  even  for  a  ? . 

In  the  absence  of  a  cJ,  I  have  queried  the  genus.  The  ?  shows  no  trace  of  a 
frenulum. 

Lissochlora  gen.  nov. 

Forewings :  triangular  ;  costa  nearly  straight,  curved  before  apex ;  apex  pro- 
minent ;  hindmargin  oblique,  but  little  curved. 

Hindwings :  kite-shaped,  both  angles  well  marked  ;  hindmargin  hardly  curved, 
with  a  very  faint  elbow  in  middle. 


(   135  ) 

Antennae  of  S  bipectinate,  of  ?  simple  ;  palpi  porrect,  long  ;  second  joint 
squamose,  third  as  long  as  second,  smooth,  spatulate  ;  tongue  and  frenulum  present. 

Neuration  :  forewings,  cell  two-fifths  of  wing ;  discocellular  oblique  below  ; 
first  median  at  two-thirds,  second  at  nine-tenths  ;  lower  radial  from  upper  two- 
thirds,  upper  from  top  of  discocellular  ;  7,  8,  9,  10  stalked,  11  free  ;  10  rising  close 
to  origin  of8,;0.  Hindwiugs  with  costal  approximated  to  subcostal  for  a  perceptible 
distance  ;  6  and  7  stalked. 

Type :  Lissochlorajlavijimbria  Warr.  {Aplodes). 

Aplodes  nortia  of  Drnce  probably  belongs  here. 


44.  Lissochlora  incognita  sp.  uov. 

Forewings  :  apple-green  ;  costa  white,  tinged  with  red  at  base  ;  an  outer  curved 
line  at  two-thirds,  indicated  merely  by  white  dashes  on  the  veins  ;  fringe  yellowish, 
the  basal  half  deeper  than  the  apical ;  a  pink  spot  at  the  apex  of  wing. 

Hindwings :  with  a  minute  dark  cell-dot,  and  some  reddish  scales  at  base  of 
fringe. 

Underside  more  whitish  green,  the  outer  line  appearing  as  a  dark  green  shade  ; 
costa  of  forewings  yellowish.  Face  pale  ochreous,  fillet  and  antennae  white;  vertex 
and  thorax  green  ;  abdomeu  ochreous. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  30  mm. 

One  ?  from  the  Felder  collection,  without  locality,  but  almost  certainly  from 
S.  America. 


45.  Microloxia  dilucida  sp.  nov. 

Forewitigs  :  pale  green,  thinly  scaled  ;  costal  edge  white  ;  two  oblique  white 
lines,  first  from  two-fifths  of  costa  to  one-third  of  inner  margin,  acutely  angled  on 
the  subcostal  vein ;  second  from  close  before  apex  to  four-fifths  of  inner  margin  ; 
fringe  white  ;  cell-sj)ot  absent. 

Hindwings  :  with  the  two  lines  and  fringe  white. 

Underside  pale  green,  the  lines  showing  through ;  forewings  yellowish  green 
towards  costa,  the  base  of  which  is  tinged  with  reddish.  Face  green  above,  whitish 
below  ;  palpi  pale,  externally  tinged  with  reddish  ;  fillet  and  antennae  white  ;  vertex, 
thorax,  and  basal  half  of  abdomen  green;  terminal  half  of  abdomen  whitish. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  17  mm. 

One  (?  from  S.  Paulo. 

As  the  five  species  of  Microloxia  from  >S.  America  at  present  described  bear 
considerable  superficial  resemblance  to  each  other,  a  tabular  arrangement  is  here 
given  for  their  discrimination  :  — 

A.  outer  line  of  forewings  curved  :  fringillata  Schaus. 

B.  both  lines  straight  and  parallel. 

a.  face  green  :  dilucida  Warr. 

b.  face  reddish. 

a',  forewing  with  red  apical  spot :  apicata  Warr. 
b'.  forewing  without  red  apical  spot :  bistriata  Warr. 

C.  first  line  oblique  outwards  :  moUissima  Uogn. 


(  136  ) 

46.  Microloxia  apicata  sp.  no  v. 

Forewinqs :  bright  apple-green ;  costal  streak,  two  obliqne  straight  transverse 
lines,  veins  towards  hindmargin,  and  fringe  white  ;  basal  half  of  fringe  ivory-white; 
a  small  brownish  cell-spot  and  a  brown-red  spot  at  apex  in  the  fringe  ;  first  line 
from  two-fifths  of  costa  to  one-third  of  inner  margin  ;  outer  line  near  margin. 

Ilindicings  :  with  the  two  lines  and  fringe  white. 

Underside  shining  greenish  white,  the  lines  showing  through;  costal  half  of 
forewings  yellowish  green  ;  costal  fringe  white  ;  costa  at  base  brown-red  ;  apical 
fringe  brown-red.  Face  and  palpi  deep  bright  red  ;  palpi  below  and  two  spots  on 
lower  half  of  face  whitish  ;  fillet,  upper  part  of  face,  and  antenna;  snow-white  ; 
vertex  and  thorax  green  ;  abdomen  discoloured,  probably  greenish  white. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  20  mm. 

One  4  from  Nova  Friborgo,  Brazil. 

Closely  allied  to  M.  bistriata  Warr.,  from  S.  Paulo. 


47.  Oospila  concinna  sp.  nov. 

Differs  from  0.  alhicoma  Feld.  in  the  following  points  :  the  apical  and  anal 
blotches  arc  not  separate,  but  united  by  a  pale  space  along  the  marginal  line  ; 
the  anal  blotch  does  not  reach  to  the  lower  radial  and  is  more  rounded,  having  no 
angular  projection  towards  the  apical  blotch  ;  the  edges  of  the  blotches  and  the 
striae  within  them  are  dull  purple.  In  the  hindwings  the  oval  blotch  on  inner 
margin  is  reduced  to  a  mere  shallow  streak,  and  the  course  of  the  subcostal  vein 
is  marked  by  silvery  white  scales  as  well  as  the  upper  part  of  the  discocellular  ;  the 
hindmargin  is  somewhat  abruptly  elbowed  at  vein  6;  thorax  purplish  grey  ;  patagia 
green  with  the  tips  violet. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  50  mm. 

Nine  Si,  one  ?  from  Merida,  November  1898,  April  1899  (Briceno). 

48.  Oospila  congener  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  semi-transparent  sea-green,  with  purple-grey  markings  :  viz.  au 
oblique  cell-patch,  and  apical  and  anal  blotches  ;  the  apical  blotch  rises  finely  from 
ajiex  and  swells  out  between  veins  7  and  4,  as  in  0.  hjalimi,  AVarr. 

Hindwings  :  with  a  sinuous  apical  blotch  and  a  rounded  one  at  anal  angle  ;  a 
purplish  grey  spot  at  lower  end  of  cell,  and  a  white  raised  spot  at  top  of  dis- 
cocellular ;  the  fringe  in  both  wings  is  entirely  wanting. 

Underside  uniform  opaline. 

Face  worn,  apparently  pale  green  with  purplish  scales  at  top ;  palpi  and 
forelegs  whitish,  with  dark  external  scales  ;  vertex  and  shaft  of  antennae  white  ; 
antennal  pectinations  ochrcous  ;  collar,  shoulders,  and  base  of  patagia  green  ;  rest 
of  patagia,  thorax,  and  base  of  abdomen  purple-grey;  abdomen  green  with  five 
purple-grey  metallic  dorsal  crests;  anal  tuft  pale. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  32  mm. 

One  S  from  Rio  Demcrara,  British  Guiana,  July  1897. 

Differs  from  0.  hyalina  in  having  the  markings  purple-grey  instead  of  red- 
brown  ;  and  from  violacea  Warr.  in  the  markings  of  the  hindwings. 


(  137  ) 

Racheolopha  gen.  nov. 
In  liis  genns  Racheospila  Gnenee  included  species  having  white  red- edged  spots 
on  the  dorsum  and  those  bearing  crests  of  scales.  The  majority  of  his  species  belong 
to  the  first  of  these  groups,  and  in  these  the  antennae  of  the  ?  ?  are  simple.  la 
his  description  of  R.  aggravaria,  made  from  a  ? ,  he  remarks  on  the  pectination 
of  the  antennae,  and  suggests  that  it  maj'  form  an  exception  in  the  genus.  The 
abdomen  of  this  species  he  makes  to  have  three  white  crests.  Of  the  only  other 
species  described  by  him  as  possessing  crests,  Micctdaria,  he  knew  the  S  only  ; 
the  ?  has,  like  aggravaria,  pectinated  antennae.  For  these  species  I  propose  the 
name  Racheolopha,  with  miccularia  as  type.  The  two  species  described  by  me 
(Nov.  ZooL.  IV.  pp.  430  431)  as  Racheospila  jaspklata  (?)  and  rosipara  {S) 
having  crested  abdomens  {jaspidata  having  pectinated  antennae  as  well)  should  be 
transferred  to  Racheolopha.  The  cell  is  shorter  than  in  Racheospila  ;  veins  3,  4 
of  forewings  are  shortly  stalked,  and  the  upper  radial  generally  stalked  with 
10,  7,  8,  9. 

49.  Racheolopha  flavicincta  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  pale  green  ;  tlie  costa  towards  base  reddish  ochreous  ;  a  small 
black  cell-spot  ;  on  the  hindmargin  below,  apex  extending  from  above  vein  7  to 
below  vein  4  is  a  large  horseshoe-shaped  red-brown  blotch  edged  with  yellow  ; 
marginal  line  and  fringe  rufous,  the  line  slightly  swollen  at  anal  angle. 

Hindwings:  with  a  jjear-shaped  apical  red-brown  blotch  extending  to  vein  4, 
and  a  semi-elliptical  one  at  base  of  inner  margin,  both  edged  with  yellow  ;  cell-spot 
and  fringe  as  in  forewings. 

Underside  whitish  green  with  the  apical  blotches  showing  through  detached 
from  the  margin.  Head  and  antennae  red  ;  thorax  green  ;  abdomen  above  greenish 
speckled  with  red,  with  five  red  crests  of  hair,  the  first  three  also  with  metallic 
scales. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  30  mm. 

One  ?  from  Palma  Sola,  Venezuela. 

Antennae  of  ¥  pectinated  ;  hindmargin  of  hindwings  bent  at  veins  4  and  G, 
straight  between. 

50.  Racheolopha  similiplaga  sp.  nov. 

?  Foreivings :  apple-green,  with  a  small  black  cell-spot  ;  a  brown  marginal 
line,  swelling  ont  into  a  small  brown  blotch  beyond  cell  and  a  larger  one  at  anal 
angle,  both  edged  with  yellow  ;  fringe  pale,  chequered  with  brown. 

Hindwings:  with  a  red-brown  semicircnlar  blotch  at  apex  and  a  smaller 
triangular  one  at  anal  angle  ;  a  red-brown  marginal  line  ;  fringe  as  in  forewings  ; 
cell-spot  obsolete. 

Underside  pale  glossy  green,  with  the  large  brown  patches  showing  through. 
Palpi  greenish,  with  apex  reddish ;  face  dull  red ;  vertex  and  thorax  green  ; 
abdomen  ochreous,  vnih.  red-brown  metallic  dorsal  crests. 

c?  with  no  marginal  blotch  iu  forewings  opposite  the  cell  and  none  in  hindwings 
at  anal  angle  ;  cell-spot  of  hindwings  minute. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  26  mm. 

One  ?  from  N.  Friborgo  ;  one  <?  without  locality. 

In  the  forewings  vein  11  is  stalked  with  0,  10,  7,  8,  9. 


(   138  ) 

51.  Racheospila  alboseriata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  delicate  greeu,  semi-trausparent  ;  costa  finely  white,  with  a  rod 
streak  beneath  it  near  base;  inner  and  outer  lines  represented  by  white  dashes  on 
the  veins  ;  fringe  white  with  a  slight  red  line  at  base  ;  cell-spot  red-brown. 

Iliiidicings :  the  same. 

Underside  whitish  green  ;  costal  area  of  forewiugs  deeper  green  ;  the  costa 
itself  rather  broadly  reddish  at  base.  Face  red-browu,  mixed  with  white  below  ; 
paljii  red-brown  above,  whitish  underneath  ;  vertex  and  shaft  of  antennae  snow- 
white  ;  collar  red  ;  shoulders  and  patagia  green  ;  abdomen  ochreous  white,  tinged 
with  green,  especially  towards  base  ;  dorsum  with  three  white  red-edged  blotches. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  30  mm. 

Five  examples,  including  both   sexes,  from  Merida,  Venezuela  (Briceno). 

A  more  delicate  insect  than  R.  albociliaria  H.  S. 

52.  Racheospila  isolata  sp.  nov. 

Foreu'ings :  pale  semi-transparent  green  with  a  bluish  tinge  ;  costa  narrowly 
white  with  a  red-brown  streak  at  base  ;  a  small  red-brown  cell-spot,  and  rod-brown 
marginal  line,  running  round  along  costa  for  a  short  distance,  swelling  out  into  a 
horseshoe-shaped  spot  between  veins  4  and  5,  and  into  a  shallow  blotch  at  anal 
angle  ;  fringe  white,  chequered  witli  red-brown ;  very  faint  antemedian  and  post- 
median  denticulated  white  lines. 

Ilindwings  :  similar,  with  a  shallow  blotch  at  apex  also. 

Underside  pale  silvery  green.  Face,  palpi,  and  collar  reddish  ;  vertex  and 
thorax  green  ;  abdomen  ochreous  dusted  with  reddish,  with  red-edged  white  dorsal 
spots. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  20  mm. 

Two  ?  ?  from  New  Grenada. 

The  antennae  are  not  pectinated,  but  serrate.  In  the  forewings  the  first  median 
rises  at  four-fifths,  the  second  and  tliird  are  short-stalked  :  veins  T,  8,  9  rise  mnch 
further  than  usual,  S  and  9  separating  quite  close  to  costa. 

53.  Racheospila  parvipuncta  sp.  uov. 

Forewings :  very  pale  green,  the  costa  whitish ;  two  fine  pale  lines  ;  the  first 
before  one-third,  bent  on  the  median  vein  ;  the  second  beyond  two-thirds,  slightly 
curved  outwards  in  upper  half,  denticulate  on  the  veins;  cell-spot  minute,  ferruginous; 
fringe  yellowish. 

Ilindwings  :  the  same,  without  first  line. 

Underside  pale  whitish  green.  Vertex  and  thorax  pale  green  ;  abdomen 
whiter  with  slight  red  dorsal  spots  ;  face  and  paljii  abuve  and  externally  dull  red. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  28  mm. 

Two  ?  ?  from  Kio  Demerara,  East  Coast. 

Like  R.  carbina  Druce,  from  Mexico,  but  smaller. 

54.  Racheospila  purpureotincta  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  semi-transparent  delicate  green  ;  the  lines  marked  by  violet  dashes 
on  the  veins,  the  lines  themselves  faintly  darker  green,  lunulate  ;  first  at  one-third, 
slightly  curved  ;  second  at  about  two-thirds,  excnrved  round  cell,  incurved  below 


(  139  ) 

the  median  and  approaching  first  line  on  inner  margin  ;  both  linos  with  the  costal 
and  inner  marginal  spots  blurred  violet,  the  intermediate  dashes  each  concisely- 
tipped  with  white  ;  cell-spot  large  and  blurred,  with  a  deeper  violet  centre  ;  costa 
at  base  violet ;  a  very  fine  violet  marginal  line  ;  fringe  white  with  faint  violet  dots 
beyond  veins. 

Hindtvings  :  without  first  line. 

Underside  pale  green,  slightly  yellowish  tinged  ;  costa  and  cell-spot  of  fore- 
wings  dull  violet.  Face  and  palpi  white  beneath,  brown  above  ;  vertex  white  ; 
thorax  and  abdomen  green,  abdomen  with  snow-white  dorsal  spots. 

Expanse  of  wings  :   i  24  mm.  ;    ?  30  mm. 

Two  Jc?    1   ?  from  Palma  Sola,  Venezuela.     Also  1  cJ  from  Paramba,  Ecuador. 


55.  Racheospila  remota  sp.  nov. 

Of  the  same  size  and  shape  as  R.  dcntilinea  Warr.,  but  the  fringe  yellowish 
green,  without  red  basal  line  or  brown  flecks  ;  the  exterior  white  line  forther  from 
the  hindmargin,  straighter  and  scarcely  crenulate,  not  denticulate,  the  inner  line 
also  white  ;  no  trace  of  olive  shading  ;  the  cell-spots  of  both  wings  black. 

One  6  from  Azahar  de  Carthago,  Costa  Rica,  5000  to  6000  ft.  (Underwood). 

56.  Racheospila  rufiguttata  sp.  nov. 

Foreivings  :  yellowish  green,  the  costa  finely  white,  tinged  at  base  with  red- 
brown  ;  the  two  lines  marked  by  rather  large  brownish  red  sjwts,  those  on  costa, 
subcostal  vein,  and  vein  7  forming  a  small  blotch  ;  cell-spot  large,  brown-red  ; 
marginal  line  finely  red,  interrupted  at  the  vein-ends  ;  fringe  yellowish  white. 

Hindwings  :  without  first  line  of  spots. 

Underside  whitish  green,  with  a  yellowish  tinge.  Face  brown,  mixed  with 
white  scales  in  middle  ;  palpi  whitish,  brown  above,  the  terminal  joint  brown  ; 
vertex  and  thorax  worn  ;  abdomen  ochreous,  green-tinged  towards  base,  with  three 
white,  red-edged  blotches  on  dorsum. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  37  mm. 

One  ¥  from  Merida,  Venezuela  (Briceno). 

Distinguished  from  albociliaria  H.  S.  by  the  wholly  pale  fringes,  not  intersected 
with  red ;  larger  and  coarser  than  alboseriata  Warr.,  the  cell  in  both  wings 
decidedly  shorter. 


57.  Racheospila  sigillaria  Gueu.  ab.(?)  intensa  nov. 

Like  typical  sigillaria,  but  the  vinous-purple  line  which  in-ecedes  the  marginal 
white  festoon  swollen  into  a  purple  shade,  which  at  anal  angle  of  both  wings  and 
towards  apex  of  hindwings  becomes  a  blotch  ;  the  purple  streak  below  the  white 
costal  edge  also  broader  ;  the  abdomen  much  more  broadly  and  deeply  red,  this 
colour  also  embracing  the  whole  of  the  metathorax,  which  is  usually  grocn. 

The  example  described  was  sent  along  with  a  cJ  of  the  ordinary  form  from 
Palma  Sola,  Venezuela,  1896,  and  is  probably  only  an  aberration.  As  a  rule  the  ? 
does  not  differ  from  the  cJ. 

Neuration:  as  in  R.  isolata,  but  the  upper  radial  is  stalked  with  10,  7,  8,  9. 


(  140  ) 

58.  Rhodochlora  discipuncta  sp.  nov. 

Forewings:  very  pale  yellowish  green,  without  any  markings,  except  a  bright 
red  cell-spot ;  fringe  concolorons. 

llindivings  :  the  same. 

Underside  the  same,  withont  cell-spots  ;  antennae  ochreons,  shortly  pectinated. 
Face  and  palpi  whitish  brown ;  vertex  white ;  thorax  and  abdomen  concolorons  with 
wings. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  32  mm. 

One  S  from  La  Paz,  Bolivia,  October  1895  (M.  Stnart). 

59.  Tachyphyle  undilineata  sp.  nov. 

Foreicings:  rather  deep  green,  with  nnmerons  olive-brown  transverse  strigae  ; 
the  lines  of  the  same  colour  ;  first  at  one-fourth,  waved,  convex  outwards  above  and 
below  the  median  ;  outer  line  from  three-fourths  of  costa  to  two-thirds  of  inner 
margin,  irregularly  waved  ;  cell-spot  brown. 

Hindwings  :  as  forewings,  with  one  central  line  waved. 

Underside  whitish  green  ;  forewing  with  dark  cell-spot. 

Face  and  palpi  ochreons  (probably  faded  from  green),  terminal  joint  of  palpi 
fuscous ;  vertex  and  antennae  white  ;  thorax  and  abdomen  green. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  37  mm. 

One  c?  from  Rio  Demerara,  British  Guiana. 

Telotheta  gen.  nov. 

Forewings:  triangular;  costa  nearly  straight;  apex  prominent;  hindmargin 
obliquely  curved  ;  costa  at  base  with  rough  hairs. 

Hindwings :  with  apex  rounded,  and  anal  angle  rectangular ;  hindmargin 
rounded,  with  a  slight  bend  at  middle. 

Antennae  of  c?  pectinated,  of  ?  serrate,  pubescent,  short  ;  palpi  of  J  short, 
porrect,  of  ?  very  long  ;  second  joint  sparsely  haired  above,  third  slender  and  smooth, 
quite  as  long  as  second.    Tongue  present ;  frenulum  of  c?  fine,  of  ?  invisible. 

Neiiration  :  forewings ;  cell  two-fifths  of  wing  ;  discocellular  vertical  ;  first 
median  nervule  at  three-fourths,  second  and  third  stalked  ;  vein  5  from  upper  half 
of  the  discocellular  ;  veins  II,  6,  lO,  7,  8,  9,  stalked  together  and  rising  in  the  order 
given,  6  in  the  usual  jdace  of  7,  and  7  close  to  8  and  9  ;  hindwings,  with  the  two 
subcostals  on  a  very  long  stalk,  separating  shortly  before  hindmargin  ;  radial  and 
medians  as  in  forewings  ;  scaling  and  structure  generally  very  delicate. 

Type  :    Telotheta  chlorostignm  sp.  nov. 

60.  Telotheta  chlorostigma  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  green,  covered  with  very  fine  whitish  striations  ;  cell-spot  diffuse, 
darker  green  ;  fringe  concolorons  ;  costa  yellow. 

Hindwings  :  simOar  ;  both  wings  rather  darker  green  along  hindmargin. 

Underside  whitish  green  ;  base  of  costa  of  forewings  bright  rosy.  Fare,  third 
joint  of  palpi,  and  forelegs  bright  red  ;  antennae  and  vertex  white,  the  latter  tinged 
with  pale  green  ;  thorax  green  ;  abdomen  ochreons  green  with  dorsal  and  lateral 
red  lines. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  24  mm. 


(141  ) 

One  ?  from  (Jliimho,  Ecuador,  August  1897,  1000  ft.  (Rosenberg)  ;  one  cJ  from 
Merida,  Veneiouela,  October  1808  (Briceno). 

This  insect  must  be  very  close  to  Geome.tra  muacipiuictata  Dogn.  from  Loja, 
which  I  have  not  seen  ;  but  Dognin  speaks  of  the  face  as  "  jaune-ochrace,"  Tlie 
peculiar  neuration  separates  it  from  all  other  species. 

Subfamily  STERRHINAE. 
01.  Anisodes  albipupillata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings:  dark  fawn-colonr,  with  a  slight  reddish  tinge;  the  markings 
precisely  the  same  as  in  A.  gloharia  Guen.,  ordiiiata  Wlk.,  and  mctasjiilata  Wlk., 
but  the  discal  spots  different,  being  round  and  pure  white,  without  a  trace  of 
darker  edging. 

Ilindwings :  with  the  cell-spot  much  larger,  pure  white,  with  a  narrow 
dark  edging. 

Underside  rosy  with  the  white  spots  strongly  showing  through. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  33  mm. 

One  ?  from  S.  America,  without  more  precise  locality. 

This  is  very  j^robably  the  form  recorded  by  Gnen^e  as  globnri'a  rar.  A. 

It  is  extremely  likely  that  this  and  the  three  species  above  mentioned  are  all 
four  variant  local  forms  of  one  and  the  same  species,  differing,  as  they  do,  only  in 
the  character  of  the  cell-spots. 

62.  Anisodes  bipartita  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  grey  with  a  slight  flesh-coloured  tinge  and  finely  dark-speckled  ; 
basal  line  at  one-fourth,  very  indistinct,  angled  in  cell,  and  marked  by  dark  dots  on 
veins  ;  median  shade  dark  grey,  oblique,  slightly  sinuous,  and  towards  costa  sub- 
dentate,  parallel  to  hindmargin,  from  two-thirds  of  costa  to  beyond  middle  of  inner 
margin  ;  cell-spot  ocelloid,  indistinct,  its  centre  of  the  ground  colour  ;  exterior  lino 
marked  by  dark  vein-dots,  at  five-sixths  ;  submarginal  very  indistinct ;  a  marginal 
row  of  black  dots  between  the  veins,  and  minute  ones  at  the  vein  ends  ;  fringe 
concolorous. 

Hindwings :  like  forewings,  but  with  no  basal  line  ;  the  cell-spot  large,  round, 
blackish,  lying  in  the  median  shade,  which  is  difi'use. 

In  both  wings  the  area  from  base  to  median  shade  is  paler  than  the  marginal 
area,  except  a  narrow  band  on  which  lie  the  dots  of  the  outer  line. 

Underside  rather  darker  ;  the  cell-spots  of  both  wings  large,  round,  and  black. 
Face  and  palpi  .bove  dark  brown,  beneath  pinkish  ochreous  ;  vertex  and  fillet 
white  ;  collar  reddish  grey  ;  thorax  and  abdomen  i)aler  grey. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  35  mm. 

One  c?  from  Popayan,  Colombia  (Lehmann). 

The  forewings  are  narrow  and  elongate,  with  the  hindmargin  more  oblique  ; 
hindmargin  of  both  wings  subcrenulate,  hardly  projecting  at  vein  4. 

03.  Anisodes  conferta  sp.  nov. 
Foreivings :    yellow,   so  thickly  covered    with    rnfous,   fuscous   and   blackish 
transverse  striae  as  only  to  sliow  a  small  yellow  si)ace  before  and  behind  the  black 
cell-spot,  and  a  yellow  luunlate  submarginal   line  ;    the  usual  three  lines  thick, 


(   1^2  ) 

parallel  to  Liiidmargiu,  but  almost  lost  in  the  ilark  striae  ;  small  dark  marginal 
spots  between  the  veins  ;  base  of  costa  rosy  ;  fringe  rosy. 

Ilindwings :  with  costa  broadly  rosy,  and  the  whole  wing  slightly  suffused  with 
the  same  hue  ;  five  waved  and  curved  dark  transverse  lines,  the  antemedian  fine,  the 
median  thickest ;  the  other  three  indistinctly  lunnlate  and  separated  by  the  pale 
yellow  ground-colour  ;  cell-spot  black. 

Underside  bright  rosy,  with  only  the  marginal  and  inner  areas  yellow,  the 
former  traversed  by  a  rosy  line.  Face  and  palpi  yellow  beneath,  bright  rosy  above  ; 
vertex,  collar,  and  antennae  yellow ;  thorax  and  base  of  abdnmen  fuscous  ;  the 
shoulders  tinged  with  rosy  ;  abdomen  yellow  with  a  rosy  patch  on  the  anal  half. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  48  mm. 

One  c?  from  Jamaica. 

The  fringes  are  quite  worn,  but  appear  to  have  lieen  yellow  and  rosy. 

64.  Anisodes  costinotata  sp.  nov. 

Foreivings  :  fawn-colour,  dusted  and  tinged  with  vinous-red,  most  thickly  along 
the  costa  ;  the  lines  reddish  tinged,  all  starting  from  dark  fuscous  marks  on  costa  ; 
first  at  one-fourth,  curved,  marked  by  spots  on  veins  and  a  darker  spot  in  cell  ; 
second  at  middle,  somewhat  squarely  bent  outwards  round  cell-spot  which  is  vinous 
brown  and  distinct,  then  incurved  to  middle  of  inner  margin  ;  outer  line  at  three- 
fourths,  oblique  to  vein  6,  concave  to  vein  4,  and  denticulate  to  three-fourths  of  inner 
margin,  marked  by  reddish  dots  on  veins  ;  snbmarginal  line  itself  indistinct,  but 
starting  from  a  larger  irregular  dark  blotch  on  costa ;  marginal  spots  reddish. 

Hindicim/s :  with  an  oval  white  ccll-sijot  edged  with  vinous  brown,  and 
succeeded  by  an  obscure  reddish  central  shade  ;  a  i)Ostmedian  curved  line  marked  by 
brown-red  dots  on  the  veins. 

Underside  paler  ;  cell-spots  and  outer  lines  marked  ;  costa  of  forewings  darker, 
with  all  the  costal  blotches  dark.  Face  and  palpi  above,  and  collar  reddish  fawn- 
colour  ;  face  and  palpi  below,  vertex,  thorax,  and  abdomen  paler  fawn-colour. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  34  mm. 

One  c?  from  Popayan,  Colombia  (Lehmann). 

Hindmargin  of  hindwings  distinctly  dentate,  with  a  deeper  excision  between 
veins  4  and  6. 

65.  Anisodes  ferruginata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  deep  ferruginous-orauge,  densely  striated  with  darker ;  costa 
brown  ;  the  lines  diffuse,  darker  ferruginous  deepening  into  brown ;  first  at  one- 
fourth,  curved;  second,  median,  including  the  small  round  white  dark-edged  cell-si)ot; 
outer  line  distinctly  dentate  exteriorly  on  the  veins  ;  the  submargiiial  cloudy  ;  a  row 
of  blackish  marginal  dots  :  fringe  concolorous. 

Ilindwings  :  similar  ;  the  space  between  veins  3  and  4  on  both  wings  some- 
what darker. 

Underside  dull  reddish  ochreons,  with  the  outer  lines  dull  red.  Face  and  palpi 
above  deep  ferruginous,  paler  below  ;  vertex  and  collar  still  darker  ;  thorax  bright 
ferruginous  like  wings  ;  abdomen  wanting. 

Expanse  of  wings  ;  40  mm. 

One  S  from  Paramba,  Ecuador,  April  1897,  dry  season,  3500  ft.  (Rosenberg). 

Distinguished  from  all  other  species  by  its  coloration. 


(  143) 

60.  Anisodes  insigniata  sp.  nov. 

Forewiiigi :  yellowish  ocbreous,  thickly  dusted  with  dark  ferrngiuous,  more 
especially  along  costa  ;  the  lines  all  ferruginous  ;  first  from  costa  at  one-fifth,  oblique 
outwards  to  median  vein  and  apparently  stopping  short,  its  lower  half  running  from 
median  to  inner  margin  much  nearer  the  base ;  a  strong  thick  ferrngiuous  straight 
line  from  middle  of  costa  to  middle  of  inner  margin,  touching  the  oblitpe  linear  cell- 
mark  ;  outer  liue  from  costa  at  two-thirds,  oblique  outwards  to  vein  6,  then  lunulate, 
vertical  to  vein  4,  and  strongly  incurved  below  to  inner  margin  just  beyond  middle 
line ;  submarginal  line  thick,  curved  parallel  to  hiudmargin,  interrupted  below 
middle,  and  forming  two  lunulate  ferruginous  blotches  above  anal  angle  ;  marginal 
space  traversed  by  an  acutely  zigzag  line,  the  teeth  on  either  side  touching  sub- 
marginal  liue  and  hiudmargin,  blotched  in  middle  and  at  anal  angle  ;  veins  all 
ferrngiuous  ;  marginal  line  ferruginous  ;  fringe  ochreous. 

Hindicings :  the  same,  but  the  cell-spot  represented  by  a  large  tridentate 
ferruginous-edged  silvery  patch. 

Underside  simply  ochreous,  with  all  the  markings  restricted.  Face  and  palpi 
yellowish  ochreous  below,  ferruginous  above  ;  vertex,  thorax,  and  abdomen  yellowish, 
speckled  with  ferruginous. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  38  mm. 

One  ?    rom  British  Guiana. 

67.  Anisodes  lichenea  sp.  nov. 

Form  ngs :  pale  lichen-grey,  speckled  witli  dark  atoms,  and  tinged  with  olive  ; 
costa  much  speckled  with  fuscous,  towards  apex  whitish,  with  tliree  purple  flecks  ; 
the  lines  obscure,  marked  only  by  vein-dots,  and  a  little  darker  on  costa  ;  median 
shade  olive,  subdentate  ;  cell-spot  black-edged,  with  a  minute  pale  centre  ;  sub- 
marginal  line  pale,  preceded  and  followed  by  darker-dusted  shades,  the  former,  as 
usual,  slightly  greyer  below  costa,  beyond  cell,  aud  above  anal  angle  ;  marginal  dots 
dark  pur2)le  between  the  veins  ;  fringe  whitish,  with  rosy  flecks  at  end  of  veins. 

Hbuhdnys :  similar ;  outer  line  of  dots  plainer,  with  a  larger  blotch  at  inner 
margin. 

Underside  deep  dull  rosy  ;  the  cell-spots  dark  ;  marginal  line  red  ;  fringes 
yellowish.  Face  and  palpi  browu  above,  ochreous  below  ;  vertex  white  ;  thorax  and 
abdomen  grey  like  the  wings  ;  second  segment  of  abdomen  with  a  ring  of  purple 
specks. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  26  mm. 

One  ?  from  Jamaica. 

Inner  margin  of  lundwiugs  shorter,  anal  angle  more  truncate,  as  in  illinaria 
Guen.,  with  which  it  corresponds  generally  in  shape. 

08.  Anisodes  nigropustulata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  ochreous,  faintly  tinged  witli  darker  ochreous  or  rufous,  and  with 
slight  blackish  dusting  along  the  costal  area  ;  first  line  indicated  by  three  rather 
large  black  spots  placed  in  an  oblicjue  line,  that  on  the  subcostal  at  one-third,  that 
on  the  submedian  at  one-fifth  ;  preceded  by  three  smaller  spots,  in  a  parallel  line  ; 
one  near  base  below  median,  the  second  above  the  subcostal,  the  third  on  costa  ;  a 
minute  dark  spot  in  cell  and  on  submedian  fold  beyond  the  first  line  ;  cell-spot 


( l-l-t ) 

round,  black,  with  grey  centre  ;  followed  by  a  diffuse  greyish  somewhat  denticulate 
median  shade ;  outer  "line  marked  only  by  small  vein-dots  ;  submarginal  line  pre- 
ceded by  six  black  blotches,  a  single  one  beneath  costa  and  on  vein  3,  a  double  one 
beyond  cell  and  in  snbmedian  interval,  and  followed  by  a  darker  ochreous  shade, 
which  is  blackish  beyond  cell ;  fringe  ochreous,  with  a  row  of  rather  large  black 
spots  at  base. 

Hind  icings  :  similar,  but  with  the  inner  and  outer  lines  of  spots  ending  on  inner 

margin  in  a  black  blotch. 

Underside  much  paler,  tinged  with  pale  rosy  ;  the  cell-spots  and  those  preceding 
the  submarginal  line  showing  through.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  all  ochreons  ; 
the  palpi  externally  fuscous. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  26  mm. 

One  (?  from  Tijuco,  BrazU. 

Related  to  A.  urcearia  Gaeii. 

69.  Anisodes  ocularis  sp.  nov. 

Foreicings :  greyish  straw-colour,  very  finely  dusted  with  fuscous  grey  atoms  ; 
the  lines  rather  obscure,  dark  grey  tinged  with  rufous,  most  distinct  towards  costa ; 
first  at  nne-fourth,  twice  slightly  curved  outwards  ;  second  at  two-thirds,  denticulate, 
starting  from  a  dark  costal  spot,  excurved  round  cell,  then  vertical  to  inner  margin 
just  beyond  middle  ;  third,  submarginal,  at  five-sixths,  obliquely  curved  outwards  to 
vein  7,  vertical  to  vein  6,  curved  to  vein  4,  then  oblique  and  straight  to  inner  margin 
before  anal  angle,  marked  below  middle  only  by  vein-dots  ;  a  double  red  apical  blotch 
surronnded  by  grey  scales  ;  cell-mark  a  large  grey  oval,  with  pale  central  point ;  a 
marginal  series  of  small  black  dots  ;  fringe  concolorous. 

Himhrings  :  with  middle  and  outer  line  grey,  the  latter  marked  throughout  by 
vein-dots  ;  cell-mark  as  in  forewings,  but  with  a  deep  black  spot  on  the  upper  edge  ; 
a  small  dark  dot  on  median  vein  near  base. 

Underside  very  pale  straw-colour,  with  only  the  outer  line  and  marginal  dots 
marked  ;  cell-marks  linear,  dark  grey,  that  in  the  forewings  with  a  pale  central  line. 
Face  and  i)alpi  dull  reddish  ;  vertex,  thorax,  and  abdomen  straw-colour. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  32  mm. 

One  S  from  Palma  Sola,  Venezuela. 

Hind  wings  with  hindmargin  distinctly  toothed  at  middle. 

70.  Anisodes  spissata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  dark  ochreous,  snfinsed  and  very  finely  striated  with  dull  ferruginous ; 
the  lines  also  dull  ferruginous  ;  the  first  curved  and  inbent  on  the  snbmedian  fold, 
from  one-sixth  of  costa  to  one-fourth  of  inner  margin  ;  median  shade  thick,  from 
two-thirds  of  costa  to  two-thirds  of  inner  margin,  outwardly  toothed  on  veins  3 
and  C,  and  inwardly  on  vein  2  ;  exterior  line  from  three-fourths  of  costa  to  inner 
margin  a  little  before  the  anal  angle,  lunulate,  the  teeth  marked  slightly  darker  on 
the  veins  ;  submarginal  thicker  and  interrupted,  toothed  at  veins  5  and  2,  the  teeth 
touching  the  hindmargin  ;  dark  marginal  spots  between  the  veins  ;  the  fringe  paler ; 
cell-spot  linear,  ferruginous  ;  costa  ferrnginous. 

IJindwings  :  similar,  but  the  cell-spot  oval,  brown-edged,  with  a  white  centre. 

Underside  suftnsed  with  dull  rosy,  except  along  inner  margins.  Head,  thorax 
aud  abdomen  concolorous. 


(  145  ) 

Expanse  of  wings  :  32  mm. 

Two    ?  ?  from  Rio  Demerara,  British  Guiana. 

Allied  to  nebuligera  Butler  and  nodigera  Butler. 

71.  Anisodes  stramineata  sp.  no  v. 

Forewings  :  pale  straw-colour,  densely  sprinkled  witli  brick-red  andgreyisii  olive 
atoms ;  the  lines  thickened  with  a  greyish  olive  tint ;  first  line  at  one-fourth,  grey- 
tinted  outwardly,  preceded  by  a  slight  space  free  from  speckles  ;  median  shade  from 
just  beyond  middle  of  costa  to  middle  of  inner  margin  ;  outer  line  from  four-fifths 
of  costa  to  four-fifths  of  inner  margin  ;  both  these  dentate-lunulate  and  grey-edged 
inwardly,  the  outer  line  with  the  teeth  prominently  marked  with  blackish  and 
followed  by  a  narrow  unspeckled  space  ;  a  greyish  marginal  shade  containing  the 
very  obscure  pale  submarginal  line  ;  cell-spot  a  flattened  ring  ;  marginal  dots  dark 
reddish  black  ;  fringe  straw-colour. 

Hindioings :  the  same,  but  the  cell-spot  larger,  white,  with  a  black  edge ; 
fringe  with  small  reddish  dots  beyond  the  ends  of  veins  as  well  as  the  spots 
on  margin. 

Underside  duller  ;  marginal  spots  and  outer  line  represented  on  both  wings,  the 
forewings  also  with  cell-spot  and  median  shade,  and  the  costa  s^jeckled ;  the  markings 
all  dull  pinkish  grey.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  straw-colour  ;  palpi  above  rosy  ; 
face  at  top  brownish. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  20  mm. 

One  ?  from  Paramba,  Ecuador,  3.500  ft.,  dry  season,  April  1897  (Rosenberg). 

72.  Anisodes  subcarnearia  sp.  nov.  and  ab.  grisea  nov. 

Forewings :  deep  flesh-colour,  much  suff'used  and  dusted  with  olive  ;  all  the 
lines  olive  ;  the  inner  and  outer  marked  with  the  usual  series  of  black  vein-dots  ; 
median  shade  rather  thick,  externally  snbdentate  ;  cell-spot  round,  black-edged,  with 
grey  or  whitish  centre  ;  marginal  dots  black,  small  ;  fringe  concolorous. 

Hindicitigs  :  the  same  ;  the  cell-spot  large  and  black,  with  a  minute  white 
centre  and  ring  of  white  scales  round  it  within  the  black  disc. 

Underside  deep  dull  rosy ;  the  cell-spots  blackish,  linear ;  fringe  rosy.  Face 
dull  red-brown  ;  palpi  brighter  red  ;  vertex,  thorax,  and  abdomen  concolorous 
with  wings. 

Expanse  of  wings :  26  to  28  mm. 

Two  ?  ?  from  Sao  Paulo  (type)  and  Maraval ;  the  latter  brighter  and  paler  red, 
with  less  olive  suffusion. 

A  second  ?  from  S.  Paulo  I  shall  for  the  present  refer  here  as  ab.  grisca.  Instead 
of  being  red,  it  is  dull  grey,  with  a  slight  pink  tinge  ;  cell-spots  of  both  wings  round 
aud  black,  with  a  minute  white  central  speck  ;  abdomen  grey,  with  a  dorsal  row  of 
red  dashes  ;  underside  pale  whitish,  with  a  rosy  flush. 

73.  Anisodes  subpallida  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  pale  stone-grey,  darker  grey  along  the  costa  ;  inner  and  outer  lines 
indicated  by  small  vein-dots  ;  central  shade  obscurely  darker,  slightly  curved  round 
the  cell-spot,  which  is  white,  somewhat  shining,  without  darker  edging  ;  submarginal 
line  indistinctly  paler,  lunnlatc,  preceded  and  followed  by  a  darker  shade,  that  which 


(  146  ) 

precedes  it  being  marked  by  dull  blotches  between  the  veins  ;  a  row  of  small  dark 
marginal  dots  ;  fringe  concolorons. 

Ilindwings :  like  forewings. 

Underside  glossv,  whitish  ;  the  forewings  towards  costa  slightly  flushed  ;  cell- 
spots  and  onter  lines  indistinctly  expressed.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  all  grey  ; 
the  abdomen  tinged  with  reddish  on  back  ;  palpi  and  forelegs  rosy  above  ;  face 
rather  darker  at  top. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  28  mm. 

A  pair  from  Petropolis,  Brazil. 

A  rather  dull  and  inconspicuous-looking  insect. 

74.  Anisodes  tenera  sp.  uov. 

Forewings  :  pale  fawn-colour,  with  delicate  darker  strignlae  ;  the  inner  and 
outer  lines  marked  by  vein-dots  only,  at  one-fifth  and  fonr-fifths  respectively  ;  cell- 
spot  distinct,  blackish,  with  a  minute  white  speck  in  centre  ;  central  shade  dark 
fawn,  irregularly  dentate  externally,  the  space  between  it  and  basal  line  filled  in 
with  the  same  colour  ;  a  marginal  row  of  dark  spots,  but  no  submarginal  line ; 
fringe  concolorous. 

Himhcings  :  exactly  the  same. 

Underside  much  paler,  almost  whitish  ;  costal  region  of  forewings  tinged  with 
rufous  ;  the  cell-spots  large  and  dark,  elongated.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  all 
concolorous. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  2(3  mm. 

One  tS  from  Corcovado,  Rio  Janeiro. 

The  dark  suffusion  between  inner  and  median  line  is  fainter  towards  inner 
margin  of  forewings  and  costal  margin  of  hindwings. 

75.  Anisodes  urcearia  ab.  diflPusa  nov. 

In  Guenee's  type  form  the  transverse  lines  are  fine,  and  the  vein-dots  by  which 
they  are  marked  decidedly  darker  than  the  lines  themselves  ;  Guenee,  indeed,  calls 
them  black,  but  they  are  really  a  very  deep  red.  In  the  form  before  me  the  whole 
surface  of  both  wings  is  much  more  densely  dusted  with  red  scales  than  in  the  usual 
paler  examples  ;  the  cross  lines  are  much  thicker  and  more  ditiuse,  and,  instead  of 
the  darker  vein-dots,  the  edges  of  the  lines  are  merely  marked  with  deeper  red  ;  and 
similarly  the  dark  blotches  below  the  costa,  opposite  the  cell,  and  above  the  anal 
angle,  which  precede  the  pale  submarginal  line,  as  well  as  the  marginal  spots,  are 
in  this  case  deep  rosy.  The  underside  of  both  wings  is  proportionally  more  deejily 
suffused  with  red. 

One  ?  from  Rio  Demerara,  British  Guiana,  of  the  same  size  as  those  of  the 
type-form  from  the  same  and  other  localities. 

Genus  ANTEOIS  nom.  nov. 

At  page  308  of  his  Verzeichniss,  Hilbuer  placed  four  species  under  J-Jois, 
viz.,  auroraria,  ostrina,  russcaria,  and  politariu  ;  of  these  the  first,  second,  and 
fourth  had  been  previously  figured  by  him  under  the  head  of  Gcometm,  while  the 
third  had  not  only  been  figured  but  described  by  him  in  the  Zutrage  (p.  27.  n.  78 
[1818])  as  Eois  russearia.    It  follows,  I  think,  that  russearia  is  the  type  of  Eois  ; 


(  147  ) 

and  that  this  name  mnst  supersede  Gnenee's  Camboyia,  at  all  events  for  those 
species  which,  like  russearia,  have  antennae  in  the  S  not  pectinated,  but  ciliated 
only.     For  those  with  pectinated  antennae  the  name  Camboijin,  will  stand. 

The  generic  term  Eois,  therefore,  cannot  be  applied  to  any  group  of  Stcrrldnae. 
The  group  to  which  it  has  hitherto  been  referred  is  a  large  one,  and  will  ultimately 
have  to  be  subdivided.  1  am  not  at  present  prepared  to  say  whether  any  or  which 
of  the  other  generic  terms  applied  to  species  of  the  grouj)  should  be  used  instead  of 
Eois  ;  but  as  some  name  must  be  employed  I  propose  that  oi  Antcois  provisionally 
(type  of  genus  :  A.  muricata  Hfn.). 

76.  Anteois  mellea  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  deep  yellow  ;  costa  for  two-thirds  purple-brown  ;  a  slightly  marked 
pur]ile  line  near  base  ;  an  indistinct  sinuous  median  line  ;  a  distinct  sinuous  outer 
line,  followed  by  an  interrupted  submarginal  line,  containing  two  more  strongly 
marked  spots  below  middle  and  another  at  anal  angle  ;  fringe  yellow,  not  separated 
from  wing  by  any  line. 

Hindwings :  the  same,  without  basal  line. . 

Underside  paler.  Face,  palpi,  and  thorax  purple-brown,  glossy  ;  vertex  and 
antennae  white ;  abdomen  yellow  ringed  with  red. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  15  mm. 

Several  from  Sao  Paulo,  Brazil. 

77.  Anteois  obliquaria  sp.  uov. 

Forewings :  dull  whitish,  slightly  tinged  with  rufous  and  dusted  with  grey 
atoms  ;  the  lines  grey,  all  oblicjue  and  parallel  to  the  very  obliixue  hiudmargiu  ;  the 
first  thick,  from  before  middle  of  inner  margin,  the  second  from  the  middle,  third 
and  fourth  finer,  the  third  snbdenticulate  ;  all  four  lines  are  more  or  less  obliterated 
before  reaching  the  costa  ;  fringe  pale  grey,  with  darker  base. 

Hinihcings  :  whiter,  with  traces  of  four  lines,  most  distinct  on  inner  margin. 

Underside  like  npper.     Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  concolorous  with  wings. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  16  mm. 

Five  ?  ?  from  Caicara,  Orinoco,  April  1898  (fjhcrrie). 

The  costa  and  hiudmargin  of  forewings  are  both  straight,  the  apex  acute  ;  the 
insect  reminds  one  of  Anteois  triangularis  Warr.  iPtychopoda),  but  that  species  has 
the  wings  still  more  elongate,  and  grey  not  whitish  in  colour,  the  lines  still  more 
oblique. 

78.  Anteois  sulphuraria  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  very  jiale  sulphur-yellow,  faintly  and  irregularly  sprinkled  with 
brownish ;  the  costal  area  especially  marked  with  brownish  scales  ;  no  lines  visible  ; 
fringe  yellowish. 

Hindwings  :  with  very  obscure  traces  of  antemedian  and  postmedian  lines. 

Underside  glossy,  pale  yellow,  with  the  costa  of  forewings  broadly  rufous. 
Face  black-brown  ;  vertex,  thorax,  and  abdomen  like  wings. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  15 — 16  mm. 

One  S,  one  ?fr6m  Chimbo,  Ecuador,  August  1807  (Rosenberg). 

The   antennae   of  the    i    are   subserrate,  with   very  long  cnrling  cilia.     The 


(  148  ) 

hindwings   have  the  hiudmargin  strongly  excised  beyond  cell  and  snbcrennlate  to 
anal  angle  ;  veins  6,  7,  and  3,  4  stalked  ;  the  cell  short. 

The  species  bears  a  striking  resemblance  to  Craspedia  ra<sa  Warr.  described 
further  on. 

Genus:  ASELLODES  Gnen. 

The  species  of  this  genns  must  be  referred  to  the  snbfamily  Sterrhinae.  In 
both  sexes  vein  8  of  the  hindwings  tonches  7  near  base  and  tlicn  diverges  to  the 
costal  margin.  Cell  about  half  as  long  as  wing ;  discocellular  with  a  short  vertical 
upper  area,  and  obliquely  curved  lower  portion  ;  the  lower  radial  from  the  angle 
at  their  junction  and  therefore  much  nearer  G  than  .4.  First  median  nervulc  at 
two-thirds,  second  at  eight-ninths  ;  upper  radial  from  upper  angle  of  cell  ;  7,  8,  0 
stalked  from  three-fourths  ;  10  and  11  stalked  from  one-half,  10  anastomosing  with 
8,  9.  In  the  hindwings  of  ?  veins  6,  7  are  stalked,  the  rest  as  iu  forewings.  In 
the  6  the  subcostal  vein  is  nearly  in  the  middle  of  the  wing  ;  the  two  subcostal 
nervules  stalked  and  very  divergent;  the  radial  runs  obliijuely  into  the  excision 
before  anal  angle,  and  the  three  median  nervules  are  obscured,  the  submedian  fold 
forming  a  strong  furrow  on  the  upper  side,  projecting  and  fringed  with  hairs  below. 
The  hindtibiae  and  tarsi  in  the  ^J  are  quite  aborted  and  hidden  by  dense  hairs. 
(Guenee  must  have  mistaken  the  middle  tibiae  for  the  hind  ones). 

Calyptocome  gen.  nov. 

Forewings :  with  costa  nearly  straight  ;  apex  prominent,  bluntly  rounded  ; 
hindmargin  oblique,  curved  towards  anal  angle. 

Ilitidwintjs  :  with  hiudmargin  well  rounded,  inner  margin  long  ;  anal  angle 
squared. 

Antennae  of  <S  with  the  joints  triangular,  subserrate  beneath,  with  long 
ciliations.  Pal])i  quite  short,  not  reaching  front  of  face  ;  hindtibiae  of  6  aborted, 
without  spurs,  and  with  a  pencil  of  hairs  ;  of  ?  with  three  spurs. 

Xeiifation  :  forewings,  cell  one-half  of  wing  ;  discocellular  vertical,  very  faint  ; 
first  median  uervule  at  three-fourths,  second  at  seven-eighths  ;  radials  normal  ; 
7,  8,  9  stalked  from  a  little  before  end  ;  10  shortly  before  them,  11  at  one-half;  10 
anastomosing  with  11  and  again  with  7,  8,  9.  Hindwings  with  3,  4,  and  (i,  7 
short-stalked. 

Type  :  C.  pamiaria  Gueu.  (Acidulia). 

The  underside  of  the  hindwings  iu  the  6  is  roughened  and  sometimes  beset 
with  long  hair-like  scales. 

79.  Calyptocome  roseoliva  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  dull  rosy,  with  sinuous  olive-ochreous  transverse  bands  ;  the  costa 
rosy,  with  a  subcostal  olive-ochreous  stripe  ;  the  bands  are  obscurely  marked  and 
difficult  of  exact  observation  ;  antemedian,  median,  postmedian,  and  submargiual, 
with  traces  of  yet  anotlier  below  apex  ;  fringe  rosy  and  ochreous. 

Hindwings  :  without  iirst  line ;  both  wings  with  dark  linear  cell-spot. 

Underside  of  forewings  glossy  rosy  ;  of  hindwings  yellowish.  Vertex,  antennae, 
face,  and  palpi  brown ;  thorax  and  patagia  olive-ochreous  ;  abdomen  rosy. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  18  mm. 

One  d  from  St.  Vincent,  March  1897  (llendall). 


(  149) 

80.  Cnemodes  dentilinea  ^i.  nov. 

ForeiciiiflS  :  greyish  flesh-colonr,  fiuely  dusted  with  darlc  atoms  ;  the  lines 
fuscous  ;  first  vertical  at  one-fonrth,  curved  below  costa  and  indistinct  ;  second  from 
two-thirds  of  costa  to  tliree-fifths  of  inner  margin,  slightly  iiibent  below  middle,  and 
obscure  at  costa  ;  third  at  five-sixths,  irregularly  dentate  and  fine  ;  marginal  line 
very  fine,  interrupted  by  jmle  spots  at  the  ends  of  the  veins  ;  cell-spot  blackish, 
distinct. 

Ilimluungs  :  like  forewings,  but  without  first  line. 

Underside  j)aler,  the  ground-colour  othraceous  tinged  and  suffused  with  rosy  ; 
the  two  outer  lines  and  the  cell-spots  indicated.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  like 
wings  ;  abdomen,  face,  and  palpi  whitish  below  ;  fillet  between  antennae  black. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  37  mm. 

One  ?  from  Paramba,  Ecuador. 

Distinguished  from  the  other  species  of  the  genns  by  the  submarginal  line 
being  denticulated  instead  of  undulating. 

81.  Craspedia  approbata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  pale  ochreons  with  slight  blackish  dusting ;  lines  yellowish 
ochreons,  parallel  to  hindmargin  ;  first  from  one-third  of  costa  to  one-fourth  of  inner 
margin,  bent  in  cell  ;  median  from  be3-ond  middle  of  costa  to  middle  of  inner  margin, 
excurved  round  cell ;  outer  line  very  fine  and  denticulate  at  three-fourths  ;  sub- 
marginal  line  broad  between  two  ochraeeous  shades  ;  a  marginal  row  of  small  black 
dots  ;  fringe  ochreous  ;  cell-spot  round,  black,  and  distinct ;  the  exterior  line  at 
costa  is  slightly  marked  with  brownish. 

Ilindwings :  without  first  line  ;  the  hindmargin  slightly  prominent  in  middle. 

Underside  whitish  ochreons,  the  forewings  suflfused  with  greyish  ;  cell-spot  and 
outer  lines  indicated.  Palpi  ochreons,  second  joint  externally  dark  fuscous  ;  face 
ochreous,  with  slight  fuscous  bar  at  top  ;  vertex  white  ;  thorax  and  abdomen  pale 
ochreons. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  1 7  mm. 

One  (?  from  Carupano,  December  1891  (C.  W.  EUacombe). 

Distinguished  especially  by  the  pale  face.  It  comes  very  close  to  C.  aiomaria 
"Warr.  from  Jamaica,  which  also  has  the  face  ochreons,  but  the  present  species  is 
much  less  speckled  with  dark  scales ;  the  fringe  is  pure  ochreons  without  the  basal 
dots  that  occnr  in  aiomaria,  and  the  hindmargins  of  wings  are  not  crenulate. 


82.  Craspedia  chlorochrea  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  cream-white,  thickly  dusted  with  pale  greenish  ochreous  ;  the  lines 
very  indistinct;  the  first  at  one-fourth,  curved  ;  the  outer  at  five-sixths,  denticulate, 
parallel  to  hindmargin  ;  submarginal  waved,  pale  ;  a  dark,  greenish  cell-spot  ;  costa 
narrowly  ochreous  ;  a  marginal  row  of  dull  greenish  spots  ;  fringe  coucolorous  ;  a 
diffuse  oblique  median  shade. 

Hindwings :  similar. 

Underside  paler,  without  dusting  ;  costa  of  forewings  fuscous  ;  cell-spots,  outer 
and  marginal  lines  expressed.  Face  and  palpi  brown,  collar  ochraeeous  ;  vertex 
and  shoulders  white  ;  thorax  and  abdomen  like  wings. 

U 


(  150  ) 

Expanse  of  wings  :  20  ram. 

One  S,  two  ?  ?  from  ('astro,  Parami,  .Tannary  180,5  (E.  D.  Jones) 

In  the  d  the  lines  are  hardly  visiljle. 

83.  Craspedia  consobrinata  sp.  nov. 

Foreicings :  greyish  ochrcons,  densely  dusted  with  fine  rnfons  and  fuscous 
scales  ;  the  lines  as  in  C.  ambagifera,  Warr.,  but  with  slight  differences  ;  first  line 
at  one-fourth,  bent  in  cell,  then  vertical,  not  outcurted ;  second  lino  at  two-thirds, 
obliciucly  concave  to  vein  (i,  then  sinuous  to  beyond  middle  of  inner  margin,  the 
angle  at  vein  4  very  slight ;  outer  line  at  four-fifths,  fine,  formed  of  small  lunules  ; 
a  slight  blackish  marginal  line,  interrupted  at  veins,  fringe  concolorons  ;  cell-spot 
white  with  brown  edge  ;  the  space  between  second  and  third  lines,  which  in 
ambagifera  is  prominently  pale,  is  here  only  slightly  so,  and  very  often,  especially 
in  the  ?  ?  ,  of  the  same  tint  as  the  rest  of  the  wing. 

Ilindwinga  :  similar  ;  the  space  before  second  line  with  slightly  darker  scaling, 
especially  on  each  side  of  the  cell-spot  which  is  insignificant. 

Underside  less  dusted,  with  the  two  outer  lines  distinct.  Head,  thorax,  and 
abdomen  concolorous  with  wings  ;  face  and  palpi  brown,  paler  beneath. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  24  to  26  mm. 

Three  SS,  four  ?  ?  from  Cindad  Bolivar,  Venezuela,  June  1898  (Klages),  and 
a  pair  from  Caicara,  Orinoco,  1898  (Cherrie). 

The  abdomen  of  the  S  beneath  has  a  double  tuft  of  ochreous  and  blackish  hairs 
on  basal  segment. 

84.  Craspedia  flexistrigata  sp.  nov. 

Foreicings  :  dull  ochreous  suffused  with  brown  ;  the  lines  concise,  dark  brown  ; 
first  at  one-third,  sharply  angled  in  cell,  then  obliqne  inwards,  parallel  to  hind- 
margin  ;  second  from  costa  beyond  middle,  acutely  angled  on  vein  6,  then  flexuous 
and  oblique  inwards  to  before  middle,  approximating  to  first  line  ;  third  line  at 
five-sixths,  bluntly  bent  at  vein  7,  then  flexuous  parallel  to  hindmargin  ;  the 
second  and  third  lines  are  each  followed  by  a  less  distinct  brown  line  and  a  deeper 
brown  shade  ;  apex  of  the  wing  paler,  limited  below  by  an  obliquo  line  from  apex 
to  angle  of  second  line ;  an  interrupted  black  marginal  line  ;  fringe  paler  brown, 
with  dark  dots  at  base  in  the  fringe  beyond  the  pale  dots  at  the  ends  of  the  veins, 
cell-spot  black. 

Ilindicings :  paler ;  the  cell-spot  larger  ;  submarginal  line  waved,  between 
brown  shades. 

Underside  ochreous,  with  the  markings  brown.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen 
concolorons  ;  face  brown  ;  abdomen  with  brown  rings. 

Expanse  of  wings  :   19  mm. 

Several  of  both  sexes  from  Santos,  Brazil. 

The  forewings  are  elongate,  with  obliipie  and  slightly  sinuous  hindmargin  ; 
hindwiugs  short,  with  hindmargin  toothed  at  vein  4  ;  tarsi  of  the  6  invisible. 

8.5.  Craspedia  rasa  sp.  nov. 

Forewings:  very  pale  sulphur-yellow,  slightly  greenish-tinged;  without  any 
distinct  markings,  but  in  certain  lights  two  or  three  faint  paler  and  darker  lines  can 
be  seen  running  panillel  to  the  hindmargin  ;  fringe  concolorous, 

IHndwivys :  like  forewings. 


(  151  ) 

Underside  less  yellow  ;  costa  of  forewiiigs  broadly  reddisli  from  base  to  apex. 
Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  coucolorons  ;  face  and  palpi  abcjve  pale  reddish. 
Expanse  of  wings  :   17  mm. 
One  <S  from  Ciudad  Bolivar,  Venezuela,  November  18S)8  (S.  Klages). 

80.  Craspedia  rostrilinea  sp.  nov. 

Foreicings :  dull  white,  irrorated  with  fine  ochreons  and  grey  scales  ;  costa 
finely  ochreous,  more  broadly  in  the  apical  half;  lines  ochreons  and  grey,  creaulate; 
all  parallel,  except  towards  costa,  to  the  rather  obliqne  hindraargin  ;  the  two  outer 
lines,  postmedian  and  submarginal,  are  recurved  to  costa,  and  the  tooth  on  vein  6, 
at  the  angulation  in  each,  projects  beaklike  outwards  :  cell-spot  and  linear  marginal 
spots  blackish  ;  fringe  concolorous,  dusted  with  dark  scales,  and  with  indications  of 
an  interrupted  darker  middle  line. 

Hindwinys :  similar,  but  without  first  line  ;  cell-spot  beyond  central  line. 

Underside  glossy  white,  with  the  lines  showing  through;  forewings  tinged  with 
ochreous  fuscous,  becoming  fuscous  along  the  costa. 

Face  and  palpi  dark  brown  above,  paler  below  ;  vertex  and  antennae  brown  ; 
collar  ochreous  ;  thorax  and  abdomen  like  wings. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  26  mm. 

One  S  from  Popayan,  Colombia  (Lehmannj. 

Vein  7  of  hindwings  from  well  before  angle  of  cell. 

87.  Craspedia  unicomata  sp.  nov. 

Foreicings :  milk-white,  thickly  speckled  with  fine  black  atoms  ;  the  lines 
ochreous  ;  costal  edge  ochreous  ;  antemedian  line  indistinct,  sometimes  marked  with 
a  few  black  scales  on  median  vein  ;  median  line  sinuous  and  dentate  ;  outer  line 
fine,  denticulate,  the  teeth  clearly  marked  with  blackish  points,  that  on  vein  0  at 
the  end  of  a  larger  tooth  projecting  prominently  towards  hindmargin,  l3nng  in  the 
ochreous  submarginal  shade  ;  subtermiual  ochreous  shade  partially  interrupted  into 
blotches  ;  a  series  of  blackish  marginal  triangles  ;  fringe  whitish  ochreous,  thickly 
speckled  with  black  atoms  ;  cell-spot  black,  distinct. 

Hiiuhcirigs :  without  first  line  ;  the  teeth  of  outer  line  hardly  marked  with 
darker. 

Underside  pale  ochreous,  unspeckled;  forewings  washed  with  greyish  ochreous; 
all  the  markings  distinctly  reproduced.  Face  and  palpi  brown-black  ;  vertex  and 
collar  ochreous,  like  the  costal  edge  of  forewings  ;  thorax  and  abdomen  white, 
speckled  with  black  ;  shoulders  white,  unspeckled. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  17  mm. 

One  c?  from  Santos,  one  ?  from  S.  Paulo,  Brazil. 

88.  Craspedia  uniformata  sp.  nov. 

Foreicings :  dull  greyish  ochreons,  slightly  rufous-tinged  and  thickly  covered 
with  grey  atoms  ;  the  lines  dark  grey,  but  indistinct ;  an  antemedian  at  one-third, 
bent  below  costa;  a  thick  median  line  from  beyond  middle  of  costa  to  beyond  middle 
of  inner  margin,  much  excurved  round  cell  ;  an  outer  line  at  five-sixths,  regularly 
dentate-lunulate,  somewhat  incurved  beyond  cell  and  on  submedian  fold ;  a  marginal 
row  of  blackish  dashes  ;  fringe  concolorous,  minutely  speckled  with  grey  ;  cell-spot 
dark,  indistinct, 


(  1^>2  ) 

Hindwings  :  similar  ;  no  first  line. 

Underside  odireons  ;  the  forewings  suffused  tlironf;liont  witli  dull  rosy  ;  the 
iiiar<rinal  dashes  of  both  wings  dark  red.  Face  and  palpi  deep  red  ;  vertex  and 
antennae  oehreous  ;  thorax  and  .abdomen  pinkish  ochreous  ;  antennae  with  long 
ciliations. 

Expanse  of  wiugs  :  21  mm. 

One  cJ  from  St.  George's,  Trinidad,  November  1891  (C.  W.  Ellacorabe). 


89.  Craspedia  viridipunctata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  pale  stone-oolour,  thickl}-  sprinkled  with  olive  and  pinkish  scales  ; 
the  lines  dentate,  marked  with  olive-green  points  on  the  veins  ;  first  at  one-fourth, 
stron^'ly  angled  in  cell;  a  median  line  also  aus'led  and  touching  the  green  discal-spot, 
followed  by  a  diffuse  olive-green  shade;  exterior  and  submargiual  lines  approximated; 
hindmargin  festooned,  with  small  greenish  spots  between  the  veins  ;  fringe 
concolorous. 

Ilinduiiigs  :  similar,  without  first  line  ;  the  hindmargin  conspicuously  toothed 
at  middle. 

Underside  paler,  suftused  with  pnriilish  grey ;  the  lines  of  the  same  colour  ; 
head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  like  wings ;  face  pale  brown. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  32  mm. 

One  ?  from  I'etrojiolis,  Brazil. 

Crypsityla  gen.  nov. 

Forewings :  with  costa  straight,  curved  before  apes  ;  hindmargin  obliquely 
curved. 

Hindwings  :  with  well  rounded  hindmargin. 

Antennae  of  (S  finely  ciliated  ;  palpi  shortly  porrect ;  hindlegs  of  c?  aborted. 
Hindwings  of  c?  with  an  oval  thickening  near  base  of  submodian  vein,  bearing 
beneath  a  tuft  of  curled  scales. 

Neuration :  forewings,  cell  two-fifths  of  wings  ;  discocellular  vertical  ;  first 
median  nervnle  at  three-fourths,  second  at  seven-eighths  ;  lower  radial  from  above 
centre  of  discocellnlar  ;  upper  normal;  T,  8,  9  stalked;  10  and  11  free,  11  rising 
far  back  towards  base  ;  111  anastomosing  with  11  and  again  with  S,  9.  Hindwings 
with  vein  7  from  before  upper  end  of  cell  ;  3  and  4  stalked. 

Type  :   Cri/j/sifgla  quinqurlineata  Dogn.  {Acidalia). 

9(J.  Dichromatopodia  deflexa  sp.  uov. 

Forewings :  dark  chocolate-brown  ;  the  lines  ochreous  ;  first  curved  at  one- 
third  ;  second  from  two-thirds  of  costa  to  two-thirds  of  inner  margin,  excnrved 
beyond  cell  ;  a  pale  angulated  cell-mark  ;  marginal  dark  line  witii  distinct  pale 
s]i()ts  on  the  veins;  fringe  concolorous. 

Hindwings  :  with  the  outer  bent  line  only  distinct. 

Underside  dull  ochreous  suffused  with  red  ;  the  outer  linos  of  both  wings  only 
marked.     Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  all  concolorous. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  22  mm. 

One  (?  from  Palma  Sola,  Vene;^ucla,  1890  (Whyman). 


(  153  ) 

91.  Euacidalia  germaua  sp.  nov.  and  ali.  obscura  nov. 

Forewimjs :  ochreous  with  a  slight  reddish  tiuge,  minutely  sjicckled  in  parts 
with  blackish  ;  first  line  at  one-fonrth,  blackish,  obscure,  bent  in  cell,  then  obli(iue  ; 
median  shade  just  beyond  middle,  beut  round  cell,  diffuse,  to  middle  of  inner 
margin  ;  outer  line  at  fivc-sixtlis,  minutely  angled  outwarc^s  on  vein  (!,  then  sinuate, 
parallel  to  hindmargiu,  marked  by  distinct  black  spots  on  veins  ;  submarginal  line 
obscure,  between  two  darker  greyish  shades,  the  inner  one  witli  darker  lunulate 
blotches  between  the  veins  ;  fringe  pale  ochreous  with  distinct  blackish  spots  at  base 
beyond  the  veins  ;  cell-spot  small,  dark. 

Ilinchvings  :  similar,  without  first  line. 

Underside  the  same,  the  forewings  greyer  ;  outer  line  and  cell-spots  distinct. 
Face  and  palpi  dark  brown  ;  vertex,  thorax,  and  abdomen  concolorous  with  wings. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  19  to  22  mm. 

Two  (?c?,  1  ?  from  Newcastle,  Jamaica. 

A  second  ?  expands  26  mm.  and  is  wholly  smoky  greyish  fuscous,  the  markings 
more  or  less  hidden  ;  it  may  be  distinguished  as  ab.  obscura. 

This  darker  form  must  be  something  like  E.  sericeata  Pack.,  from  N.  America. 

Both  wings  have  the  hindmargiu  indented  opposite  the  cell,  the  hindwings 
slightly  crenulate  throughout. 

92.  Euephyra  subsimilis  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  whitish  ochreous,  thickly  dnsted  with  rufous-olive,  more  fuscous 
above  costa  ;  first  line  from  before  one-third  of  costa  to  oae-fourth  of  inner  margin ; 
bluntly  angled  in  cell,  then  oblique  and  sinuous  inwards  ;  outer  line  from  three- 
fourths  of  costa  to  three-fourths  of  inner  margin,  oblicjue  outwards  to  vein  6,  then 
less  oblique  to  vein  4,  thence  sinuous  inwards  ;  cell-spot  oval,  whitish,  edged  with 
brown,  lying  in  a  very  slight  and  diffuse  median  shade  ;  a  fine  dark  marginal  line 
interrupted  at  the  veins  ;  fringe  concolorous. 

Hindwiiigs  :  the  same. 

Underside  paler,  less  speckled  ;  the  first  line  not  expressed.  Head,  thorax, 
and  abdomen  like  wings  ;  face  and  paljii  browner,  like  the  lines. 

Exjianse  of  wings  :  21  mm. 

One  ?  from  Paramba,  Ecuador,  35t)0  ft.,  Blay  1897,  dry  season  (Rosenberg). 

Like  conspicillaria  Snell.  in  shape  and  colour  of  wings,  but  the  lines  not 
denticulate  ;  the  discal  white  spot  smaller. 

93.  Haemalea  circumducta  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  greyish  ochreous,  with  a  faint  greenisli  tint,  dusted  and  suffused 
with  grey  ;  the  lines  very  indistinct ;  a  waved  inner  line,  diffuse  median  shade, 
and  waved  outer  line  are  obscurely  traceable  ;  a  row  of  smoky  black  marginal  spots 
before  the  fringe,  which  is  concolorous  ;  cell-spot  small  and  dark. 

Hindwings  :  similar. 

Underside  paler,  in  the  forewings  suffused  witli  rosy.  Face  and  paljii  rccl- 
brown  ;  thorax  and  abdomen  like  wings. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  22  mm. 

One  ?  from  Palma  Sola,  Venezuela. 


(   1^4  ) 

04.  Haemalea  minuta  «p.  uov. 

Foir/n'/if/s  :  bone-colour,  vei\v  faintly  dusted  with  darker  ;  the  costa  and  fringe 
dark  vinous  ;  marginal  line  dark  purple-black,  preceded  by  some  jjurplish  brown 
clouds  ;  three  curved,  slightly  waved,  very  pale  brown  lines,  at  even  distances 
apart  :  the  basal  less  curved  than  the  two  outer  ;  cell-spot  minute. 

Jliiuhciiuis :  similar,  without  the  basal  line  ;  the  middle  line  before  the  small 
black  cell-dot. 

Underside  white  with  the  fringes  vinous ;  forewings,  except  along  inner  margin, 
washed  with  rosy.  Face,  paliji,  and  forelegs  deep  rosy ;  thorax  and  abdomen  like 
wings  ;  vertex  and  antennae  fuscous. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  15  mm. 

One  t?  from  S.  America,  exact  locality  not  stated. 


0-5.  Haemalea  penumbrata  sji.  uov. 

Forewi/igs :  pinkish  ochreous,  dusted  with  grey  ;  lines  very  obscure,  slightly 
waved  ;  a  median,  exterior,  and  submarginal  can  be  faintly  traced  ;  cell-spot  difl'nse, 
dark  ;  a  dull  purplish  marginal  shade,  oblitjuely  edged  from  ajiex  to  beyond  cell, 
tlien  narrowed,  and  ending  on  submediau  fold  ;  a  deeper  marginal  line  ;  fringe 
pinkish  ochreous. 

Hiiidivlngs :  the  same,  without  any  marginal  shade. 

Underside  paler  ochreous,  pinkish  tinged.  Face  and  palpi  red-brown  ;  thorax 
and  abdomen  like  wings. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  22  mm. 

One  ?  from  Dominica,  June  1897. 


00.  Haemalea  perlata  sp.  nov. 

Forciriiigs  :  glossy,  semi-hyaline  white,  very  finely  dusted  with  dark  ;  the  costa 
bronzy  brown-black  ;  marginal  line  of  similar  coloured  lunules,  separated  by  a 
white  dot  at  the  end  of  each  vein  ;  the  lines,  represented  by  dark  dots,  indistinctly 
connected  ;  the  first,  near  base,  slightly  curved  ;  the  second  at  two-thirds,  oblique 
and  nearly  straight ;  the  exterior,  near  hindmargin,  sinuous ;  submarginal  line 
obscurely  dentate ;  cell-spot  bronzy  brown  ;  fringe  white  with  slight  bronzy 
reflection. 

Ilinilwings :  the  same,  without  first  line;  hindmargin  slightly  produced  in 
middle. 

Underside  like  npjier,  with  the  cell-spots,  outer,  and  marginal  lines  brown  ; 
costa  of  forewings  likewise  brown.  Face,  vertex,  and  front  of  thorax  bronzy  brown; 
lower  third  of  face  white  ;  thorax  and  abdomen  white. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  20  ram. 

One  ?  from  8t.  George's,  October  1891  (('.  W.  Ellacombe). 

Nearest  to  //.  rujicinctata  Gnen.  bnt  smaller,  much  more  transparent  ;  the 
fringes  white,  not  red  ;  the  middle  line  of  forewings  well  beyond  cell-spot,  instead 
of  over  it. 


(  155  ) 

07.  Haemalea  straminea  sp.  uov. 

Porewings :  bright  straw-yellow,  thickly  flecked  with  orauge  ;  an  orange  spot 
at  base  ;  the  lines  dark  brown  ;  first  at  one-third,  vertical,  faintly  bent  outwards 
just  below  the  median  vein  ;  second  at  two-thirds,  oblique  outwards  to  vein  4,  bent 
inwards  and  subobsolete  to  vein  2,  then  parallel  to  the  upper  arm  to  inner  margin 
shortly  before  anal  angle  ;  traces  of  an  interrupted  submarginal  line  ;  marginal  line 
deep  brown  ;  fringe  concolorons. 

Uindwings :  with  outer  line  only,  and  that  very  faint  and  interrupted. 

Underside  jialer,  with  the  lines  showing  through  ;  hindwings  with  an  obscure 
broa,dish  dark  margin.     Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  like  wings. 

Expanse  of  wings  :   19  mm. 

One  ?  from  Cachabi,  Ecuador,  low  country,  November  1896  (Rosenberg). 

98.  Heterephyra  distinctata  sp.  nov. 

Forcwings :  dull  brick-red,  finely  dusted  with  fuscous  ;  the  lines  fuscous  ;  first 
from  one-fifth  of  costa  to  one-fourth  of  inner  margin,  curved,  and  slightly  projecting 
in  cell  and  on  snbmedian  fold  ;  second  from  two-thirds  of  costa  to  two-thirds  of 
inner  margin,  slightly  angled  outwards  at  veins  0  and  4,  then  incurved ;  third  at 
four-fifths,  fine  and  distinct,  somewhat  irregularly  dentate,  oblique  outwards  to 
vein  6,  incurved  to  vein  4,  vertical  to  vein  3,  then  strongly  oblique  inwards  to  above 
vein  3,  thence  vertical  to  inner  margin  ;  a  very  faint  cloudy  submarginal  shade  ; 
marginal  line  distinct,  black,  interrupted  at  the  veins  ;  fringe  briclc-red  ;  cell-spot 
oval,  whitish,  with  dark  edge. 

Hindwings :  precisely  similar. 

Underside  dull  rosy  with  the  inner  margins  whitish  ;  the  lines  faint.  Thorax 
and  abdomen  like  wings  ;  fillet  and  base  of  antennae  white  ;  rest  of  antennae,  face, 
and  palpi  deep  red. 

Expanse  of  wings  ;    c?  3lJ  mm. ;    ¥  32  mm. 

One  c?  from  Dominica,  August  1895  (Elliott),  type  ;  one  ? ,  St.  Vincent,  March 
1897  (Rendall). 

The  <?  is  darker,  with  more  obscure  markings. 

99.  Heterephyra  fuscicosta  sp.  nov. 

Foreivings :  dull  brick-red,  dusted  with  fine  fuscous  scales;  the  costa  dark 
fuscous  throughout ;  the  lines  diffuse  and  indistinct  ;  first  from  one-third  of  costa  to 
one-fourth  of  inner  margin,  vertical  below  the  median ;  second  at  two-thirds,  faintly 
dentate,  strongly  incurved  below  middle  ;  third  at  five-sixths,  sinuous,  regularly 
and  bluntly  dentate,  the  teeth  filled  up  with  fuscous  scales  ;  marginal  line  reddish, 
indistinct ;  fringe  whitish  with  reddish  base  ;  cell-spot  round,  white,  black-edged. 

Hindwings  :  similar,  the  lines  very  indistinct  ;  the  cell-spot  round  and  black. 

Underside  pale  pinkish.  Thorax  and  abdomen  like  wings  ;  vertex,  antennae, 
face,  and  palpi,  dull  dark  red. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  34  mm. 

One  ?  from  Cachabi,  Ecuador,  low  country,  January  1897  (Rosenberg). 

Distinguished  from  H.  distinctata  by  the  dark  costa,  reddish  vertex,  and  pale 
fringes. 


(   15fi  ) 

ion.  Heterephyra  fuscidiscaria. 

Foren-inqs  :  dull  brownish  testaceous,  with  a  slight  olive  tint,  darker,  somewhat 
pnrplish,  towards  hiiidmargin  :  the  lines  purplish,  obscure  ;  first  at  one-fourth, 
vertical,  bent  below  costa  ;  median  shade  bent  slightly  round  the  cell-spot,  which  is 
round  and  large,  diflfusely  filled  with  pnrplish  scales  and  with  a  purplish  crescent  on 
its  inner  edge ;  outer  line  denticulate,  at  three-fourths  ;  a  dark  purplish  marginal 
line  ;  fringe  brownish. 

llimlicings  :  similar  ;  the  cell-blotch  larger  ;  the  ground-colour  more  rufous. 

Underside  gilded  yellowish,  or  yellow  flushed  with  red  :  the  lines  and  cell-spots 
and  costa  of  forewings  brick-red.  Palpi  yellowish,  externally  bright  red  ;  face 
brown-red  above,  ochreons  below;  vertex  brown-red;  shoulders  and  patagia  ochreons ; 
thorax  and  abdomen  much  tinged  with  red-brown. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  2s  mm. 

Several  ?  ?  from  Santos  (type)  and  Petropolis,  Brazil. 

Near  //.  pcrspcctaria  Wlk.,  with  which  it  agrees  in  the  markings,  but  the  cell- 
spots  are  wholly  difi'ereut 

101.  Hetereph3rra  illimitata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  dull  bnck-rcd,  very  finely  dusted  with  grey,  with  three  grey 
lunulate-dentate  lines,  as  in  pcrsjvctaria  "Wlk.  :  the  first,  at  one-third,  vertical  ; 
the  second  and  third  parallel  to  each  other  and  incurved  below  middle ;  marginal 
area  darker  ;  fringe  coucolorous,  without  any  trace  whatever  of  marginal  line  or 
spots  ;  cell-spot  round,  varying  in  size,  pure  white  with  a  dark  grey  edge  and  some 
blackish  scales  at  centre. 

llini/icinyii :  the  same,  without  first  line  ;  cell-spot  always  larger  than  that  of 
forewings. 

Underside  uniform  dull  flesh-colour,  with  a  slight  bronzy  yellow  tinge.  Face 
and  paljii  above  dark  red-l)rown,  pale>ochreous  below;  vertex,  antennae,  thorax,  and 
abdomen  coucolorous  with  wings. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  40  mm. 

Two  c?  c?  from  Paramba,  Ecuador. 

Akin  to  (liscopiinctaria  H.  S.,  and  perspectaria  Wlk.  ;  distinguished  from  the 
former  by  the  total  absence  of  marginal  line  or  spots,  and  by  the  dark  vertex  ; 
from  the  latter  by  the  large  round  white  discal  spots  ;  and  from  both  by  the  much 
larger  size. 

Hyriogona  gen.  nov. 

c?  Fofcir/iifls  :  elongate,  with  curved  costa;  apex  pnidnced;  hindmargin  oblique, 
long,  hardly  curved  ;  inner  margin  heavily  fringed. 

Hindwings  :  narrow,  more  or  less  elongated  ;  inner  margin  generally  long,  and 
the  anal  angle  produced,  the  hindmargin  well  rounded. 

Antennae  of  cf  lamellate,  shortly  pubescent,  tlie  joints  minutely  angled  and 
spiked  ;  jialjii  short,  hairy  beneath ;  tongue  and  frennlnm  present  ;  hindtibiae 
thickened  and  tufted,  without  spurs  ;  the  tarsi  quite  short. 

Xeuration:  forewings,  cell  more  than  half  as  long  as  wing;  first  median  at 
three-fourths,  second  shortly  before  end  of  cell  ;  radials  normal  ;  veins  7,  8,  9,  10 


(  157  ) 

stalked,  11  free  ;  snbiuedian  fold  strong-Iy  siuuous  ;  hiudwiags  with  n  and  7  long- 
stalked;  vein  3  from  before  end  of  cell;  vein  2  at  one-half,  strongly  curved  downwards 
at  origin  and  recurved  again  towards  3  at  hindmargin  ;  inner  margin  thickened,  witii 
a  long  fringe  and  tuft  of  hair  ;  the  submedian  vein  also  fringed  with  hair  beneath. 
Type  :  Ilijriogona,  capitata,  sp.  nov. 

102.  Hyriogona  capitata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings:  lemon-yellow,  the  basal  two-thirds  wholly  suffused  with  pinkish 
lilac,  dusted  with  grey  ;  first  line  darker  lilac  at  one-third,  angled  in  cell,  then 
oblique  to  inner  margin  before  middle  ;  outer  line  from  costa  at  two-thirds  to  anal 
angle,  irregular  above  middle,  with  a  sinus  inwards  beyond  cell,  and  a  beak  out- 
wards between  veins  3  and  4,  vertical  below  ;  apical  area  with  two  pale  lilac  clouds 
from  costa  to  vein  4  ;  veins  with  a  dark  lilac  dot  at  their  ends  ;  fringe  lemon-yellow 
with  no  trace  of  basal  line  ;  cell-spot  large,  dark. 

Ilindwings :  lilac,  leaving  only  a  narrow  yellow  margin,  widest  at  costa  and 
vanishing  before  anal  angle  ;  exterior  line  of  forewings  reproduced,  with  some  yellow 
luiiulate  patches  in  the  angles  ;  fringe  yellow  ;  cell-mark  lilac. 

Underside  duller.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  concolorons  with  the  lilac  of 
the  wings. 

Exjjanse  of  wings  :  17  mm. 

One  c?  from  S.  Paulo,  Brazil. 

103.  Hyriogona  fimbriata  sp.  uov. 

Resembles  //.  caj>/fala,  but  in  the  forewings  there  is  a  long  tooth  of  scales  from 
the  anal  angle  ;  the  hindwings  are  shorter,  the  hindmargin  more  rounded  ;  vein  2 
of  hindwings  is  straight,  not  curved ;  and  there  is  a  fringe  of  long  hairs  on  upper 
side  along  cell  and  vein  5  to  margin. 

Forewings  :  greyish  pink,  with  no  first  line  ;  the  edge  of  the  yellow  triangular 
space  at  margin  is  oblique  into  anal  angle,  instead  of  reaching  the  inner  margin 
before  it ;  apical  region  filled  up  with  dull  pink. 

Expanse  of  wings :  16  mm. 

One  <S  from  Chimbo,  Ecuador,  August  1897,  1000  ft.  (Rosenberg),  type  ;  and 
three  S6  from  Paramba,  Ecuador,  June  1S97,  dry  season,  3.j0U  ft.  (Rosenberg). 

Neochrysa,  gen.  nov. 

c?  Forewings :  elongate  ;  costa  slightly  curved  ;  apex  produced  ;  hindmargin 
carved,  more  obliquely  below  the  middle. 

Ilindwings  :  lanceolate,  the  inner  margin  very  short,  fringed  and  tnfted  with 
long  hairs  ;  hindmargin  i)rodnced  iu  middle  to  a  blnnt  point. 

Antennae  of  i  ciliated ;  palpi  quite  short,  smooth  ;  tongue  and  frenulum 
present  ;  hindtibiae  without  spnrs,  but  with  a  pencil  of  hairs. 

N'euration  :  forewings,  cell  half  the  length  of  wing  ;  first  median  ncrvule  at 
four-fifths  ;  second  close  before  end  of  cell  ;  radials  normal  ;  7,  8,  9  stalked  ;  in  and 
11  stalked,  K)  anastomosing  with  7,  <S,  9,  forming  a  single  areole ;  hindwings  with  6 
and  7  short-stalked,  6  running  into  the  point  ;  vein  3  from  well  before  4  ;  vein  2 
from  much  nearer  the  base. 

Type  :  Scochrysa  comosa  sp.  uov. 


(   158  ) 

104.  Neochrysa  comosa  sp.  uov. 

Forewings  :  deep  yellow  ;  the  costa  and  lines  j)nrj)le-ro.sy  ;  the  first  lino  at 
one-third,  and  the  median,  which  is  incurved  below  middle,  both  diffuse,  the  area 
from  base  to  median  more  or  less  wholly  suffused  with  purple-rosy  ;  outer  line  waved, 
from  three-fonrths  of  costa  to  anal  angle  ;  marginal  area  beyond  it  suffused  with 
purple-rosy,  containing  an  obscure  pale  submarginal  line  ;  fringe  yellow. 

Iliruhvings  :  with  a  straight  median  rosy  shade,  the  basal  area  within  it  suffused 
with  rosy  ;  the  rest  as  in  forewings. 

Underside  similar  to  upper.  Thorax,  vertex,  and  face  deep  purple-red  ;  fillet, 
antennae,  and  abdomen  yellow ;  the  last  red-spotted. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  12  mm. 

One  cJ  from  Sao  Paulo,  Brazil. 

Neosterrha,  gen.  nov. 

Forewings  :  with  costa  straight,  convex  before  ape.x,  which  is  bluntly  subfalcate; 
hindmargin  oblique,  faintly  sinuous. 

Hindicings  :  kite-shaped  ;  apical  and  anal  angles  S(iuared  ;  hindmargin  angled 
at  vein  4. 

Antennae  of  tj  subserrate,  with  very  long  fascicles  of  cilia;  palpi  short,  thick, 
not  reaching  front  of  face  ;  second  joint  rough-scaled,  third  minute  ;  tongue  and 
frenulum  present ;  hindtibiae  and  tarsi  in  cj  of  equal  length,  not  aborted,  the  tibiae 
with  terminal  spurs  only. 

Neuration  of  Cra&pedm  ;  in  colour  and  markings  recalling  Mnesitlietis. 

Type  :  N.  thetis  sp.  nov. 

105.  Neosterrha  thetis  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  dull  olive-green  with  three  darker  green  lines  ;  first  curved  at  one- 
fourth  ;  second  oblique  and  excurved  round  cell,  from  two-thirds  of  costa  to  beyond 
middle  of  inner  margin  ;  third  submarginal,  more  strongly  denticulate ;  marginal 
line  darker  green,  interrupted  by  pale  spots  at  the  vein-ends  ;  fringe  green  varied 
with  paler  ;  cell-spot  black,  distinct  ;  traces  of  a  median  dark  shade  visible  on 
the  costa. 

Iliiidicings  :  with  two  lines  ;  cell-spot  a  double  white  dot. 

Underside  paler  ;  costa  of  forewings  tinged  with  rufous  ;  marginal  line  dark 
green.     Face  and  palpi  reddish  ;  vertex,  thorax,  and  abdomen  green,  like  the  wings. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  19—26  mm. 

Three  ?  ?  from  Azalar  de  Carthago,  Costa  Rica,  5-6U00  ft.  (Underwood),  type  ; 
one  ?  from  Chimbo,  August  1897  (Rosenberg)  ;  one  S  from  Raramba,  Ecuador, 
and  one  6  from  R.  Dagua,  Colombia  (Rosenberg). 

Sometimes  the  whole  of  the  forewings  beneath,  and  the  marginal  and  outer  lines 
of  hindwings  are  deep  rosy. 

Pogonogya  gen.  nov. 

Forewings  :  triangular  ;  costa  straight,  convex  before  apex,  which  is  produced, 
especially  in  the  c?  ;  hindmargin  oblique,  slightly  prominent  at  vein  3. 

Hindwings  :  with  hindmargin  rounded  and  slightly  prominent  in  the  middle, 
more  strongly  in  the  S  ;  inner  margin  in  the  S  thickened  and  furrowed,  the  furrows 
beneath  and  the  marginal  edge  with  expansible  tuft  of  long  hairs. 


(   159  ) 

Aiiteunac  filiform,  in  S  pubescent  ;  palpi  ipiite  short  ;  hind  legs  of  c?  aborted, 
of  ?  long,  the  tibiae  with  a  pair  of  very  short  apical  spurs  ;  abdomen  of  J  long, 
with  the  anal  segments  well  developed. 

Neuration  :  forewings,  cell  about  half  as  long  as  wing  ;  first  median  nervule  at 
two-thirds,  second  at  eight-ninths  ;  radials  normal ;  7,  8,  9,  10  stalked  from  before 
end  of  cell  ;  11  from  one-half,  bent  down  towards  but  not  anastomosing  with  the 
stalk  of  the  others  :  hindwings,  in  the  cJ,  with  0,  7  and  3,  4  loug-stalked  ;  in  the 
?  3,  4  hardly  stalked  ;  6  and  7  coiucideDt  throughout. 

Type  :  Pogonogya  rufulata  sp.  nov. 

The  coincidence  of  veins  G  and  7  in  the  hindwings  of  the  ?  is  curious  ;  I  have 
seen  only  this  one  ?  ;  and  further  examination  may  prove  it  to  be  merely  an  accidental 
peculiarity,  but  I  do  not  expect  so  ;  the  two  6  S  have  identical  neuration  throughout. 


10(3.  Pogonogya  rufulata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  reddish  ochreous,  dusted  with  reddish,  especially  along  the  hind- 
margin  beyond  the  outer  line  ;  costa  narrowly  red  ;  cell-spot  indistinct,  reddish  ;  only 
the  outer  line  distinct,  from  five-sixths  of  costa  to  inner  margin  just  before  anal 
angle,  above  which  it  is  curved  outwards  ;  fringe  red.  In  one  S  there  are  traces  ou 
the  inner  margin  of  an  inner  and  a  median  line.  In  the  ?  the  marginal  area  is  not 
more  tinged  with  red  than  the  rest  of  wing. 

Iliiulwings  :  with  the  fringe  and  a  short  line  close  to  the  apex  red;  the  rest 
of  the  wing  in  the  ?  like  forewiug  ;  in  the  S  wholly  suffused  with  red,  and  with 
a  sinuous  postmedian  red  line  ;  the  furrow  above  and  the  hairs  of  inner  margin  deep 
red  ;  the  hairs  in  the  furrow  beneath  pale  ochreous. 

Underside  i)aler,  tinged  with  red  towards  the  hindmargin  ;  thorax  and  abdomen 
like  wings  ;  head,  collar,  palpi,  and  antennae  all  red. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  1 7  mm. 

Two  i  S,  one  ?  from  Ciudad  Bolivar,  Venezuela,  May  and  June  1S9S  (Klages). 


lu7.  Polygraphodes  denticulata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings:  whitish,  finely  grey-speckled  ;  the  lines  blackish,  rising  from  black 
costal  spots  ;  first  line  at  one-fourth,  bent  in  cell,  then  oblique  and  fine  ;  median 
line  thick,  dentato-lunulate,  stroJigly  ontcurvod  round  the  black  cell-spot  to  beyond 
middle  of  inner  margin  ;  outer  line  fine,  black,  from  two-thirds  of  costa  to  three- 
fom-ths  of  inner  margin,  marked  with  black  points  on  veins  and  forming  an  acute 
prominent  angle  outwards  on  vein  0,  followed  by  a  dark  luunlate  shade  (reduced  to 
a  line  be3-ond  cell  and  on  snbmedian  fold),  which  forms  the  inner  edge  of  the  very 
obscure  snbmarginal  line  ;  marginal  spots  deep  black  ;  fringe  white,  cherjuercd  with 
grey  between  the  veins,  and  with  a  grey  spot  in  the  middle  of  each  whitish  interval. 

Hindwings  :  similar,  without  first  line. 

Underside  dull  whitish,  with  the  markings  grey  and  very  indistinct.  Face  and 
palpi  above  brown,  whitish  below  ;  vertex  and  antennae  white  ;  thorax  and  abdomen 
whitish,  with  grey  dusting. 

Expanse  of  wings  :   J  18  to  22  mm  ;    ?  24  to  26  mm. 

A  good  series  from  Parana,  Entre  liios,  Argentina. 


(   IGO  ) 

Prasinochrysa  gen.  nov. 

Few/rings  :  with  costa  straight  for  two-thirds,  then  convex  ;  apex  rectangular  ; 
hinilmargiu  curved. 

Ilindwings :  with  apex  rounded  ;  hindmargin  curved,  somewhat  indented  before 
anal  angle,  which  is  square  and  prominent. 

Antennae  of  cJ  subdeutate,  ciliated  ;  palpi  porrected  upwards,  slender,  smoothly 
scaled  ;  tongue  and  frenulum  present ;  hindtibiae  thickened  and  flattened,  covered 
with  a  tnft  of  hair,  hiudtarsi  very  short  and  aborted. 

Neuratmi :  forewings,  cell  half  the  length  of  wing  ;  discocellular  vertical ; 
first  median  nervnle  at  tliree-fonrths,  second  sliortly  before  third  ;  lower  radial  from, 
above  the  centre  of  discocellular,  upper  from  top  end  of  cell  ;  7,  8,  9  stalked  ;  1(J 
from  the  same  point,  anastomosing  with  11  high  up  and  again  shortly  afterwards 
with  7,  8,  9  ;  7  rising  from  the  end  of  areole  ;  the  second  areole  very  small  ;  hind- 
wings  with  the  two  subcostals  from  end  of  cell  ;  medians  and  radial  as  in  forewings. 

Type  :  P.  eucharis  Drury  (=  Chri/sange  detracta  Wlk.). 

It  seems  im^wssible  to  locate  this  species  iu  any  of  the  existing  genera  of 
Sterrkinae. 


Prospasta  gen.  nov. 

A  development  of  Ptgchopoda  Stph.,  on  the  lines  of  ^1.  amplipennis  Butl. 
from  India. 

(?  Forewings  ;  with  the  inner  margin  very  short,  not  more  than  half  as  long  as 
the  costal  margin  ;  the  hindmargin  almost  equalling  the  costal  in  length,  distinctly 
sinuous,  bulging  outwards  between  veins  2  and  4,  the  anal  angle  appearing  lobed 
and  jirojecting  over  the  hindwing. 

Ilindwings :  of  ordinary  shape,  the  ajicx  rounded,  the  anal  angle  squared  ; 
a  long  pencil  of  hairs  from  the  base  lying  along  the  fold  within  the  inner  margin. 
Hindtibae  thickened  and  flattened,  without  spurs  ;  tarsi  quite  short. 

Antennae  ciliated  ;  mouth  parts  damaged. 

Type  :  Prospasta  data  sp.  nov. 


108.  Prospasta  elata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  pale  ochreous,  the  markings  chestnut-brown  ;  a  spot  at  base  of  cell  ; 
one  on  costa  at  one-third,  representing  first  liite,  which  is  slightly  curved  outwards 
and  runs  to  the  middle  of  inner  margin  ;  a  small  cell-spot  ;  a  sinuous  double  outer 
line  from  two-thirds  of  costa  to  inner  margin  close  before  the  anal  angle,  wliere  it  is 
most  distinctly  marked  ;  fringe  apparently  concolorous  with  ground-colour. 

Ilindwings :  with  a  broad  central  chestnut  fascia,  commencing  narrow  before 
middle  of  costa,  bnt  on  inner  margin  extending  from  anal  angle  to  one-third  from 
base  ;  tlic  area  beyond  it  dusted  with  brown. 

Underside  wholly  ochreous  ;  the  pencil  of  hairs  along  inner  margin  of  hindwings 
brownish.    Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  ochreous  ;  middle  segments  of  abdomen  brown. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  17  mm. 

One  J  from  Paramba,  Ecuador. 


( Ifil ) 


Hi'j.  Ptychopoda  atriseriata  sp.  uov. 

Foreiriiigs  :  bone-colour,  sparsely  dusted  with  black  atoms  ;  tUe  Hues  marked 
witli  greyish  ochreous  scales  ;  first  at  one-third,  curved,  ofteu  indistinct,  marked  also 
by  three  black  vein-dots  ;  median  shade  broad,  parallel  to  hindmargin,  situate  at 
two-thirds  ;  outer  line  at  five-sixths,  slightly  waved,  and  marked  by  a  very  distinct 
series  of  black  vein-dots  ;  snbmarginal  line  pale,  traversing  a  somewhat  darker 
marginal  area  ;  fringe  ochreous,  with  small  black  spots  at  the  base,  on  the  fringe  at 
the  vein  ends,  not  on  the  hindmargin  ;  cell-spot  black  and  distinct. 

Ilirul icings :  similar,  but  without  first  line  ;  median  shade  embracing  the  black 
cell-dot ;  marginal  shades  darker  grey  than  on  forewiugs.  In  both  wings  the  space 
between  median  shade  and  exterior  line  is  paler  and  nndusted. 

Underside  very  similar,  with  the  outer  markings  distinct. 

Face  and  palpi  brown-black  ;  vertex  whitish  ;  thorax  and  abdomen  ochreous. 

Expanse  of  wings  :   S  16  mm.  ;  ¥  18  mm. 

Two  S  c?  from  Onoribo,  February — March  1893  ;  another  from  the  interior 
of  Surinam,  August  1892,  and  three  6  <?  from  Paramaribo,  December  1892 
(C.    W.  Ellacombe). 


110.  Ptychopoda  flexicosta  sp.  uov. 

Fore/rings :  greyish  ochreous,  dusted  and  suffused  with  darker  ochreous,  or 
with  dark  grey;  in  the  latter  case  the  lines  and  markings  are  more  distinct  ;  these 
are  all  parallel  more  or  less  to  one  another  and  to  the  hindmargin  ;  first  from  two- 
fifths  of  costa  to  one-fourth  of  inner  margin  ;  median  shade  from  two-thirds  of  costa 
to  middle  of  inner  margin  ;  outer  line  irregularly  dentate-lunulate,  from  five-sixths 
of  costa  to  three-fourths  of  inner  margin,  followed  by  a  narrow  pale  space  ;  snb- 
marginal line  pale  and  waved  between  two  narrow  waved  darker  bauds  ;  a  slight 
row  of  marginal  dark  spots  ;  fringe  concolorous,  dusted  and  lined  with  grey  ;  cell- 
spot  dark,  distinct. 

Uindwinga  :  similar,  without  first  line. 

Underside  coarsely  dusted  with  fuscous  atoms  ;  cell-spots  and  outer  lines 
distinct ;  the  marginal  spots  larger  and  plainer,  at  the  ends  of  the  veins  as  well  as 
between  them.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  like  wings.  Antennae  thick,  subserrate, 
with  bristly  cilia. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  17  mm. 

Five  Si  from  Parana,  Eutre  Rios,  Argentina,  two  of  the  darker  form,  the  other 
three  more  ochreous  ;  the  description  is  made  from  the  darker  specimens,  as  the 
markings  are  apt  to  become  lost  in  the  paler  ones.  The  costa  of  forewings  is  convex 
near  base  and  before  apex,  inflected  between  ;  in  perfect  specimens  the  wings 
present  a  mealy  appearance. 

In  the  forewings  the  cell  is  more  than  half  as  long  as  the  wing  ;  the  discocellular 
short,  the  subcostal  and  median  veins  being  both  bent  inwards  towards  extremity  ; 
the  lower  radial  rises  from  above  the  centre,  the  upper  radial  is  somewhat  curved 
upwards  at  origin  ;  veins  7,  8,  9  stalked  ;  10  anastomosing  with  11  and  again  with 
8,  9.  In  the  hindwings  (5,  7  are  on  a  long  stalk.  Superficially  the  insect  much 
resembles  some  species  of  the  Pyralid  genus  Mcfasia. 


(   102  ) 

111.  Ptychopoda  gibbosa  sp.  nov. 
Foreivings :  pale  brownish  oclireons,  sprinkled  with  dark  scales  ;  the  lines 
obscure,  slightly  darker  than  the  gronud-ioluar  ;  tirst  line  hardly  traceable  ;  median 
thick,  subdeutate,  very  oblique  below  middle,  from  two-thirds  of  costa  to  middle  of 
inner  margin  ;  outer  line  at  five-sixths,  denticulate,  the  teeth  indicated  by  black 
dots  on  veins  ;  a  pale  submarginal  band  between  two  darker  bands  ;  fringe 
concolorous,  with  small  black  dots  in  it  beyond  the  veins  ;  cell-spot  small. 
Iliwhoings :  similar. 

Underside  silky,  brownish  ochreous,  with  cell-sj)ots  and  outer  line  distinct. 
Face,  palpi,  and  forelegs  brown-black  ;  collar  ferruginous  ;  thorax  and  abdomen 
like  wings  :    vertex  paler  ochreous. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  (?  18  mm. ;    ?  21  mm. 
One  <?,  one  ?  from  St.  Andrew's,  Grenada,  April  1890. 

The  markings  in  the  t?  are  less  distinct  than  in  the  ?.  In  both  sexes  the 
hindmargin  of  hindwings  is  slightly  indented  beyond  cell  ;  but  whereas  the  shape 
of  the  hindwing  in  the  ?  is  normal,  and  the  anal  iingle  well  marked,  the  hindwing 
in  the  d  is  short  and  nearly  round,  both  angles  being  rounded  off;  the  abdomen  (tj) 
is  nnnsually  elongated,  with  spreading  anal  tuft ;  the  antennae  of  c?  with  short 
ciliations  ;  in  both  sexes  veins  6,  7,  of  hindwings  are  on  a  short  stalk.  In  the  ? 
the  middle  spurs  of  the  hind-tibiae  are  almost  obsolete. 

112.  Ptychopoda  indecora  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  dingy  ochreous  grey,  speckled  with  fuscous  ;  the  lines  marked  by 
rather  large  blackish  spots  ;  first  at  one-third,  the  spots  generally  obsolete  ;  median 
shade  from  qnitc  two-thirds  of  costa  to  middle  of  inner  margin,  slightly  rufous-tinged 
and  thicker  below  ;  cell-spot  blackish,  variable  in  size  and  distinctness  ;  outer  line 
at  five-sixths,  the  spot  on  vein  6  displaced  towards  hindmargin  ;  fringe  concolorons, 
with  a  row  of  dark  dots  at  base  beyond  veins. 

Hindwings :  similar,  with  a  paler  submarginal  line  indicated,  between  two 
submarginal  darker  shades. 

Underside  mnch  paler  and  clearer,  without  dingy  dusting  ;  cell-spots  and  outer 
line  very  distinct.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  concolorons  ;  tips  and  outside  of 
palpi  blackish. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  23  mm. 

Two  d  S,  four  ?  ?  from  Dominica,  March  (4),  June  (1),  and  November(l)  1897. 

The  (S  (S  are  paler  than  the  ?  ?,  and  in  consequence  the  markings  more  clearly- 
traceable. 

113.  Ptychopoda  infantula  sp.  nov. 

Forewings:  bone-colour,  tinged  with  ochreous  ;  first  line  blackish,  at  one-fourth, 
angled  below  the  snbcostal,  then  oblique  ;  a  similar  line,  blacker  on  costa,  just 
beyond  middle;  traces  of  a  submarginal  line;  cell-spot  large  and  black  at  two-thirds; 
fringe  concolorons. 

Ilinrlwings :  with  a  blackish  antemedian  line,  a  large  black  cell-spot,  and  traces 
of  a  submarginal  line. 

Underside  much  suffused  with  dull  ochreous  and  grey  ;  both  cell-spots  very 
large,  black.  Fare  and  jialpi  blaik-brown  ;  vortex,  tliorax,  and  abdomen  concolorous 
with  wings  ;  abdomen  with  traces  of  a  bhu'lc  band  in  niidille. 


(  163  ) 

Expanse  of  wings  :   1 1  mm. 

One  ?  from  the  island  of  Bonaire,  Jnly  1892  (E.  Hartert). 
Forewings   narrow,   elongate ;    costa   straight  ;    apex   produced ;    hindmargiii 
obliqne.     Hindwings  with  inner  margin  short. 

114.  Ptychopoda  (?)  long'ipedata  sp.  uov. 

Foreirmgs  :  dnll  greyish  ochreons,  thickly  sprinkled  with  dark-grey  scales  ; 
the  costa  dark  grey  at  base  ;  Hues  parallel  to  hindmargin,  which  is  very  oblique  ; 
first  line  indistinct  ;  median  from  two-thirds  of  costa  to  beyond  middle  of  inner 
margin,  touching  the  black  cell-spot  ;  onter  line  from  four-fifths  of  costa,  below 
which  it  is  faintly  curved,  to  inner  margin  before  anal  angle,  denticulate,  marked 
with  black  veiu-dashes  ;  snbmarginal  line  very  indistinct ;  fringe  grey,  with  a  row 
of  black  dots  in  it  beyond  the  veins. 

Hindwings :  the  same. 

Underside  darker,  the  lines  and  spots  more  distinct.  Head,  thorax,  and 
abdomen  like  wings  ;  face  and  palpi  brown-black. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  26  mm. 

One  c?  from  Parana,  Eutre  Rios,  Argentina. 

The  fore  and  middle  legs  are  very  long  and  slender  ;  the  hind-femora  are  also 
long,  the  hindtibiae  and  tarsi  are  wholly  hidden  in  a  tuft  of  greyish  ochreons  hairs. 
The  forewings  are  elongate,  with  the  apex  produced  and  the  hindmargin  oblique. 

115.  Ptychopoda  oedipus  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  pale  olive-ochreons,  the  veins  rather  paler  ;  traces  of  an  inner  line 
at  one-third,  marked  by  black  scales  ;  at  two-thirds  a  curved  slightly  sinuous  fascia 
of  black  scales,  becoming  thickened  below  the  middle,  edged  by  a  paler  line  ; 
snbmarginal  line  faintly  paler. 

Hindwings :  similar. 

Underside  ochreons,  speckled  with  deeper  ochreons.  Face  and  palpi  dark 
brown  ;  thorax  and  abdomen  like  wings. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  11  mm. 

One  c?  from  Cachabi,  low  country,  November  1890  (Rosenberg). 

The  hindtibiae  of  the  t?  are  swollen  into  a  flat  pad  or  cushion. 

The  species  somewhat  resembles  Pt.  monogrammata  Guen.  in  miniature. 

110.  Ptychopoda  pedissequa  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  chalk-white,  thickly  powdered  with  greyish  ochreons  ;  the  lines  of 
the  same  colour  ;  antemedian  curved,  at  one-third  ;  an  oblique  cloudy  postmedian 
shade  from  two-thirds  of  costa  to  middle  of  inner  margin;  exterior  line  at  five-sixths, 
subdentate;  a  snbmarginal  line;  a  marginal  line  of  dark  dashes;  fringe  concolorons; 
cell-spot  grey. 

Jlindwings  :  with  the  three  outer  lines  curved. 

Underside  washed  with  grey  ;  the  marginal  dashes  distinct ;  head,  thorax,  and 
abdomen  like  wings  ;  face  above  dark  brown. 

E.xpanse  of  wings  :   12  mm. 

Three  ¥  ?  from  Bonaire,  July  1892  (E.  Hartert),  type  ;  and  three  ?  ?  from 
Cliuilad  Bolivar,  Venezuela,  May  to  August  1808  (Khiges). 


(   104  ) 

11 :.  Ptychopoda  substrigata  sp.  nov. 

Foivir/m/s  :  chalk-white,  sparingly  dusted  with  gi'i'vish  ochreous  scales  ;  the 
liues  grey  ;  first  curved  at  one-third,  second  at  five-sixths,  dentate-luuulate  ;  the 
dusting  thicker  in  the  central  area  towards  the  lines  ;  a  small  black  cell-spot  ; 
a  greyish  ochreons  band  before  hiudmargin,  separated  from  the  cater  line  by  a 
white  band  without  darker  dusting  ;  marginal  .dots  small,  dark  ;  fringe  white, 
dusted  with  grey. 

Ilinduings :  whiter,  less  dusted  ;  outer  line  browner  ;  cell-spot  and  marginal 
dots  as  in  forewings. 

Underside  white,  slightly  dusted  ;  both  wings  with  a  broad  diffuse  straight 
brownish  submarginal  baud  ;  cell-spots  and  marginal  spots  distinct.  Head,  thorax, 
and  abdomen  white. 

E.xpause  of  wings  :  10  mm. 

One  ?  from  faraua,  Entre  Rios,  Argentina. 


118.  Rhodostrophia  obscura  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  pale  grey,  thickly  covered  with  dark-grey  scales  ;  no  first  line 
visible  ;  a  very  indistinct  darker  median  shade,  parallel  to  hindmargin,  passing  jnst 
beyond  a  cloudy  dark  cell-spot ;  onter  line  fine,  blackish,  from  four-fifths  of  costa  to 
three-fonrths  of  inner  margin,  irregularly  waved  and  obscurely  subcrenulate,  edged 
by  a  slightly  paler  space,  beyond  which  the  marginal  area  is  darker  grey :  marginal 
spots  linear,  blackish  ;  fringe  grey. 

Hind/rings :  paler  grey,  with  traces  only  of  two  submarginal  lines  above 
anal  angle. 

Underside  pale  glossy  grey,  with  onter  line  of  forewings  darker.  Head,  thorax, 
and  abdomen  pale  grc)',  speckled  with  darker  ;  vertex,  top  of  face,  and  base  of 
antennae  whitish  ;  face  and  palpi  dark  brown. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  28  mm. 

One  <?  from  Chili. 

Of  the  same  size  and  shape  as  7?.  chih'nnria  Blanch.  {Acidalia),  but  more 
sombre  in  colour. 


Tricentra  gen.  nov. 

Forewings:  with  costa  shouldered  at  base  and  curved  just  before  apex  whicli 
is  slightly  produced  ;  hindmargin  decidedly  bent  at  vein  3. 

lUndwings  :  with  hindmargin  irregular,  bent  at  vein  6  and  again  at  vein  3, 
subcrenulate  :  the  anal  angle  strongly  marked. 

Antennae  of  S  thick,  ciliated  ;  palpi  short,  porrcct  ;  hindlcgs  of  J  not 
aborted,  the  tibiae  with  three  spurs. 

Neuration:  forewings,  cell  about  one-half :  discocellnlar  vertical ;  first  median 
at  two-thirds,  second  at  seven-eighths  ;  radials  normal ;  7,  8,  U  stalked ;  10 
anastomosing  with  1 1  and  again  with  8,  9  ;  hindwings  with  G  and  7  from  upper  end 
of  cell. 

Type  :    Tricentra  Jliti-imaiyiiutta  sj).  nov. 


(  165  ) 

119.  Tricentra  flavimarginata  sp.  no  v. 

Forewings  :  deep  vinous  red,  dusted  with,  darker  ;  blackish  along  basal  half  of 
costal  area  and  along  hindmargiu  ;  a  blackish  line  at  one-fourth  of  costa  to  oue- 
fourth  of  inner  margin,  angnlated  outwards  in  cell ;  a  blackish  crenulated  line 
outcurved  from  two-thirds  of  costa  to  snbmedian  fold,  then  vertical  to  inner  margin 
at  three-fourths  ;  a  subdentate  blackish  submarginal  line  parallel  to  the  last ;  hind- 
margin  with  the  fringe  bright  j'ellow,  except  at  extreme  apex  and  at  the  bend  at 
vein  3,  where  the  blackish  scales  extend  across  the  fringe  ;  two  small  white  cell-dots 
on  the  discocellular. 

Hindwings  :  simOar,  but  the  yellow  margin  hardly  interrupted,  the  edge  of  the 
dark  marginal  area  irregularly  creunlate  ;  cell-dots  as  in  forewings. 

Underside  paler  and  duller ;  a  i)ale  streak  on  discocellular.  Thorax  and 
abdomen  duU  vinous  red  ;  shoulders  blackish  ;  head  damaged,  but  apparently  black  ; 
antennae  red. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  19  mm. 

One  <?  from  Paramba,  Ecuador,  Jan.  to  May  1897. 

Superficially  somewhat  recalling  a  Chrysocraspeda. 

Xenostigma  gen  nov. 

Like  Anisodes  in  shape  and  markings  of  wings,  but  the  palpi  more  like  those 
of  Hetcrephgra  ;  second  joint  long,  squamous,  obli({nely  porrect  in  front  of  face, 
third  joint  minute,  hardly  visible  ;  antennae  of  S  subserrate,  with  regular  cilia  ; 
hind-tibiae  and  tarsi  of  S  aborted,  a  long  pencil  of  hair  from  the  femoro-tibial  joint. 

Neuration  :  forewings,  cell  abont  half  as  long  as  wing  ;  discocellular  somewhat 
inangulated  ;  first  median  nervnle  at  four-fifths,  second  at  seven-eighths  ;  radials 
normal  ;  7,  8,  9  stalked  from  well  before  end  of  cell,  10  a  little  before  them,  1 1  from 
one-half;  10  anastomosing  with  11,  and  again  with  8,  9,  forming  a  double  areole. 
Hindwings  with  veins  3  and  7  close  before  angles  of  cell. 

Type  :  A',  peiftisaria  Wlk.  {Ephyra,  ?'). 

120.  Xenostigma  perfusaria. 

Ephgra  ?  perfusaria  Wlk.  xxii.,  p.  634. 

Walker's  type  is  without  head,  and  otherwise  not  in  perfect  condition.  I  have 
therefore  thought  it  useful  to  redescribe  the  species  shortly  from  a  fresh  i ,  from 
Ciudad  Bolivar,  Venezuela,  May  18!I8  (Klages). 

Forewings :  pale  wood-colour,  dusted  with  darker,  and  suffused  towards  hind- 
margin  with  rufous  ;  first  line  at  one-fourth,  much  outcurved,  indicated  by  three 
blackish  dots  on  subcostal,  median,  and  snbmedian  veins  respectively  ;  second  line 
from  just  beyond  middle  of  costa  to  beyond  middle  of  inner  margin,  also  strongly 
outcurved,  jiarallel  to  first  line,  lunulate  outwards  ;  third  line  at  three-fourths, 
marked  by  distinct  black  vein-spots,  which  represent  the  teeth  of  the  deuticulations  ; 
submarginal  line  very  obscure,  preceded  by  a  dark  clond  on  costa,  three  confluent 
blackish  blotches  between  veins  4  and  7,  and  another  at  anal  angle;  an  oblique 
blackish  triangular  streak  from  apex  to  the  subcostal  blotches  ;  marginal  lunules 
distinct,  black,  with  slightly  paler  edging;  fringe  concolorous,  with  black  dots 
beyond  the  veins  ;  cell-spot  small,  whitish,  edged  with  rufous. 

Hindwings :  cell-spot  largo,  oval,  black-brown,  with  a  few  pale  scales  at  centre, 

12 


(  166  ) 

lyiug  lietwcen  straight  autemediaa  and  median  parallel  dark  lines  ;  the  rest  as  in 
forewings. 

Underside  paler,  less  dusted,  with  dark  cell-spots  and  onter  dotted  line  in  Loth 
wings,  the  forewings  with  a  straight  dusky  median  shade.  Face  and  paljii  externally 
blackish ;  vertex,  thorax,  and  abdomen  like  wings  ;  abdomen  with  the  segmental 
divisions  dark. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  26  mm. 

AValker's  type  was  a  ?  from  Veneznela. 

Subfamily  TEPHROCLYSTIINAE. 
Phaulostathma  gen.  nov. 

ForeicinflS :  triangular  ;  costa  nearly  straight,  faintly  incurved  at  middle  ; 
hindmargiu  long,  obliquely  curved. 

Ilindwings :  very  small  ;  costa  and  hindmargiu  curved ;  all  the  margins 
fringed. 

Palpi  long,  porrect,  thickly  haired,  terminal  joint  indistinct ;  forehead  produced 
below  ;  antennae  of  S  strongly  ciliated. 

Neuratiou  as  in  Tephroclystia. 

Type  :  Phaulostathma  dis/ormata  Dogn.  (Eupithecia). 

Stenopla  gen.  nov. 

S  Forewings :  elongate-triangular  ;  costa  straight  ;  apex  prominent  ;  hind- 
margin  oblique,  curved  towards  anal  angle. 

Ilindivings  :  narrow,  almond-shaped  ;  apex  prominent  ;  inner  margin  short 
and  densely  fringed  ;  hindmargiu  curved  from  the  somewhat  pointed  apex. 

Palpi  rostriform,  porrect,  twice  as  long  as  head  ;  antennae  broken  ;  abdomen 
elongated,  with  anal  tuft  strongly  developed  ;  hind  tibiae  with  four  spurs. 

Xeuration  :  forewings,  cell  three-fifths  of  wing  ;  discocellular  straight,  oblique ; 
first  median  at  four-fifths,  second  close  before  third ;  radials  normal  ;  areole  simple ; 
7,  8,  9  stalked;  lU,  11  stalked,  10  anastomosing  with  (>,  'J  ;  hindwings  with  lower 
arm  of  discocellular  very  oblique,  reaching  to  three-fourths  of  wing,  S  anastomosing 
with  7  for  three-fourths  of  cell  ;  0,  7  stalked  ;  medians  as  in  forewing,  all  three 
very  short. 

Type  :  Stenopla  virescens  sp.  nov. 

121.  Stenopla  virescens  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  olive-green  ;  the  lines  black,  sharply  angled  below  costa  ;  first 
close  to  base  ;  second  and  third,  forming  the  edges  of  the  central  fascia,  at  one-third 
and  two-thirds  ;  the  space  between  basal  patch  and  fascia,  and  the  interior  itself  of 
fascia,  dusted  with  fine  black  scales,  and  with  fine  but  obscure  parallel  transverse 
lines  ;  a  darker  band  with  waved  edge  beyond  second  line,  touching  the  obli(iue  black 
cell-spot ;  snbmargiual  line  obscure,  i)recedcd  by  dark  patches  at  costa,  beyond  cell, 
and  above  anal  angle  ;  fringe  olive-green. 

Ilindwings:  greenish  grey,  with  traces  of  two  darker  central  lines  and  a 
cell-spot. 

Underside  of  both  wings  greenish  ochreous  ;  the  lines  indistinct  and  dull. 
Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  green  ;  anal  segment  with  a  dark  spot. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  26  mm. 

One  (?  from  Santos,  Brazil. 


(   167  ) 

122.  Tephroclystia  dentosa  sp.  nov. 

Forewings:  dull  dark  greenish,  covered  with  dense  iron-grey  suffusion  and 
crossed  bj-  nnmerous  strongly  dentated  blackish  lines,  finely  edged  with  paler  scales  ; 
a  blackish  snbmargiual  band  between  the  outer  and  submargiual  lines,  interrupted 
above  by  a  paler  obliijuo  space  from  the  apex  ;  a  small  pale  spot  on  margin  at  anal 
angle  ;  marginal  line  black  and  thick,  interrupted  by  pale  spots  at  the  vein  ends  ; 
fringe  pale  greenish  cherpiered  with  dark  grey. 

Ilindwings  :  similar  ;  the  inner  marginal  half  of  wing  paler. 

Underside  paler,  more  yellowish,  with  all  the  markings  blackish  and  distinct. 
Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  yellowish  green,  mottled  with  blackish. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  2.5  mm. 

One  ?  from  Paramba,  Ecuador. 

The  palpi  are  long  and  porrect,  with  the  terminal  joint  short.  In  the  single 
specimen  the  thorax  and  base  of  forewings  are  ochreous  yellow,  but  this  colour  is 
almost  certainly  due  to  the  effects  of  moisture. 

123.  Tephroclystia  fumimixta  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  dull  olive-green,  suffused,  except  towards  bindmargin,  with  smoky 
olive-fuscous,  which  almost  obliterates  the  markings  ;  submargiual  line  pale, 
lunulate,  the  lunules  partially  filled  up  with  darker  ;  marginal  line  obscurely  dark, 
interrupted  by  a  small  pale  dot  at  the  ends  of  the  veins  ;  fringe  concoloroi;s. 

Ilindwings  :  with  traces  of  several  transverse  slightly  waved  darker  lines,  one 
postmedian  being  broader  than  the  rest  and  mure  conspicuous. 

Underside  dull  greenish  cinereous,  with  traces  of  darker  shades,  which  are 
most  distinct  at  costa  of  forewings.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  olive-green,  mixed 
with  fuscous. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  24  mm. 

One  ?  from  Azalar  de  Carthago,  Costa  Rica,  5000  to  6oOO  ft.  (Underwood). 

124.  Tephroclystia  praelongata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings ;  pale  ashy  grey,  dusted  with  darker ;  the  lines  very  faint  and  fine  ; 
the  inner  at  one-third,  the  median,  the  exterior  at  two-thirds,  and  the  submarginal, 
all  bent  in  beyond  the  cell  and  then  parallel  to  bindmargin  ;  cell-spot  and  marginal 
spots  black,  distinct ;  fringe  pale  grey. 

Hindwings :  more  whitish  in  the  costal  half ;  speckled  with  grey  along  inner 
margin,  where  there  are  traces  of  the  commencement  of  four  dark  lines. 

Underside  of  forewings  grey,  of  hindwings  whitish,  without  markings.  Head, 
tliorax,  and  abdomen  grey. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  IS  mm. 

One  ?  from  Chili. 

Forewings  very  narrow  ;  bindmargin  very  obliipie,  as  long  as  inner  margin  ; 
hindwings  elongate,  almond-shaped. 

125.  Tephroclystia  purpureoviridis  sp.  nov. 
Forewings :  pale  green  ;  the  markings  dark  jjnrplish  ;  a  tine  curved  dark  line 
close  to  base  ;  a  broad  curved  central  fascia  formed  of  four  slightly  creuulate  diffuse 
purplish  lines  separated  by  whitish  green  scales,  the  band  nearest  base  considerably 


(  168  ) 

obliterated  b}'  the  grceu  gronnJ-colour ;  a  submargiual  line  of  small  purple  limulcs 
most  distinct  beneath  costa,  beyond  cell  and  towards  inner  margin  ;  fringe  rufous- 
pnrplisli. 

Ilitiffwinqs  :  whitish  iu  basal  half,  green  beyond  ;  two  straight  antemedian  dark 
lines  ;  a  broad  pnrplish  median  band,  partially  double  ;  a  submargiual  row  of  small 
pnrple  spots,  with  whitish  edges. 

Underside  dull  purplish  mixed  with  green  ;  the  bands  deeper  pnrplish.  Head, 
thorax,  and  abdomen  green  ;  the  palpi  porrect,  long. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  20  mm. 

Oue  ?  from  Paramba,  Ecuador,  Jan.  to  May  189". 

SuBFAMiLT  TRICHOPTERYGINAE. 
126.  Rhopalista  albidivisa  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  ochreous,  snflnsed  in  parts  with  flesh-colonr,  olive-green,  and 
rufous  ;  basal  patch  small,  edged  by  an  olive-green  band  with  dark  margins ; 
central  fascia  with  inner  baud  narrow,  olive-green,  traversed  by  three  black  lines,  the 
outer  band  waved  and  sinuous,  projecting  in  middle  towards  hindmargin,  traversed  by 
four  blackish  lines  ;  central  space  white  from  costa  to  inner  margin,  containing  an 
obscure  dark  cell-spot ;  submargiual  line  lunulate,  pale,  traversing  a  mixed  rufous 
and  greenish  shade,  preceded  and  followed  beyond  cell  by  blackish  blotches  ; 
marginal  line  black,  interrupted  ;  fringe  pinkish  ochreous,  cher[uered  with  olive- 
green  beyond  the  veins. 

Ilin<lwi»(js :  whitish,  with  some  greyish  scales  near  base;  abdominal  tuft 
whitish,  surrounded  by  a  bed  of  rufous  scales  ;  fringe  white. 

Underside  ochreous  whitish ;  the  edges  of  the  central  fascia  indicated  on  costal 
half;  a  blackish  apical  blotch  traversed  by  the  pale  submargiual  Hue  and  stopping 
short  at  vein  4 ;  a  smaller  marginal  blotch  between  veins  2  and  3  ;  hindwings  with 
grey  curved  submargiual  shade  ;  cell-spots  blackish.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen 
ochreous  varied  with  olive-green  and  rufous  scales. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  30  mm. 

One  i  from  Merida,  Venezuela,  IGuo  m.,  1898  (Briceuo). 

127.  Rhopalista  requisitata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  dull  olive-green,  crossed  by  irregular  dentate-lnnulate  darker  green 
lines,  which  along  costa  and  on  the  veins  in  places  deepen  into  black  ;  two  basal, 
and  three  extra-basal,  sharply  auglod  outwards  on  veins  and  folds,  lunulate  between; 
filled  up  with  deeper  green,  so  as  to  form  two  bands,  with  a  paler  green  space 
between  and  at  base ;  central  fascia  with  the  inner  edge  formed  of  three,  and  the 
outer  of  four  dark  lines,  also  deepened  into  bands  by  darker  green  between  them, 
the  outer  four  running  in  below  middle  and  coalescing  with  the  inner  three,  so  that 
the  width  of  the  central  fascia  on  inner  margin  is  only  oue-third  of  its  costal 
breadth  ;  space  between  basal  patch  and  central  fascia  and  centre  of  fascia  itself 
above  the  median  pale  green;  cell-spot  linear,  black,  distinct;  central  fascia  followed 
by  three  obscurely  lunulate  olive-green  lines  ;  submargiual  line  dentate,  pale  green, 
indicated  mainly  by  dark-green  wedge-shaped  blotches  marked  with  black  before 
and  after,  these  being  most  distinct  at  costa  and  bej'ond  cell  ;  two  black  marginal 
spots  at  end  of  each  vein,  and  a  black  spot  beyond  each  in  the  pale-green  fringe. 


(  lfi9  ) 

Ilindwings :  clingy  greyish  white,  with  some  pale  rnfous-g-rey  hairs  in  the  cell  ; 
the  flock  of  hair  on  the  snbmeJian  fold  silky  white. 

Underside  dull  dirty  white,  discoloured  with  grey  ;  the  forewings  with  inner 
margin,  an  obscure  augulated  outer  fascia,  and  the  apex  paler  ;  hiudwings  with 
traces  of  three  cnrved  interrupted  postmedian  fasciae  ;  the  tuft  of  hair  on  submedian 
fold  below  ochreous  grey.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  olive-green  ;  the  thorax 
deeper  green,  mottled  with  blackish  scales  ;  the  abdomen  paler,  with  the  hinder 
edges  of  segments  marked  by  a  double  row  of  dorsal  black  spots  ;  the  front  edge  of 
the  last  three  segments  with  a  smaller  black  sjiot  in  the  centre. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  48  mm. 

Two  <S<3  from  R.  Tauampaya,  Bolivia,  1894  (Garlepp). 

The  forewings  are  very  much  like  H. /rondo sata  Guen. 

128.  Rhopalista  rosenbergi  sp.  nov. 

Foretvings  :  greyish  ochreous,  strongly  snifused  with  dull  greenish;  the  markings 
brownish  fuscons  ;  these  are  a  basal  patch,  crossed  by  two  or  three  dark  lines  and 
edged  by  an  irregularly  dentate  outer  line  ;  a  more  or  less  vertical  band  before  the 
middle,  irregularly  edged  on  both  sides,  containing  three  or  four  dark  waved  lines, 
forming  the  inner  margin  of  the  usual  central  fascia  ;  its  outer  margin  wider, 
excurved  beyond  cell  and  somewhat  greyer  and  obsolescent  below  middle  ;  sub- 
marginal  line  obscure,  lunulate,  preceded  by  dark  patches  on  costa,  and  beyond  cell, 
these  being  separated  by  an  oblique  pale  streak  from  apes  ;  the  paler  spaces  before 
and  beyond  central  fascia  each  traversed  by  two  waved  and  dentate  lines  ;  fringe 
greenish,  with  a  pair  of  black  spots  at  base  at  the  end  of  each  vein  ;  cell-spot  linear, 
blackish,  placed  in  the  paler  centre  of  the  central  fascia. 

Hindicimjs :  sombre  grey  ;  the  fringe  ochreous  with  dark  spots  beyond  veins  ; 
marginal  spots  as  in  forewings;  tuft  of  hair  on  submedian  fold  large,  ochreous;  the 
inner  margin  darker. 

Underside  dingy  straw-colour,  mottled  with  fuscons  ;  forewings  with  inner 
margin  broadly  whitish  ;  space  between  median  and  fourth  median  nervnle  above 
and  submedian  fold  below  dull  fuscous  ;  a  black  apical  blotch,  leaving  apex  itself 
and  a  narrow  spot  on  middle  of  hindmargin  straw-colour  ;  cell-spot  black,  followed 
by  three  obscnre  dark  lines  below  costa  ;  hindwings  with  cell-spot,  postmedian  line, 
and  marginal  fascia  blackish  ;  tuft  of  hair  on  submedian  fold  fuscons.  Facf ,  palpi, 
and  vertex  rather  bright  ochreous,  mixed  with  fuscous  scales  ;  thorax  dark  brownish 
olive ;  abdomen  ochreous,  varied  with  rufous  and  fuscons  scales. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  3.5  mm. 

One  t?  from  Chimbo,  Ecuador,  Angnst  1897,  1000  ft.  (Rosenberg). 

This  species,  named  after  the  collector,  is  near  R.  (/azapina  Dogn.,  from  Loja, 
but  that  has  yellowish  hindwings. 

129.  Rhopalista  undulosa  sp.  nov. 

Foreivings :  pale  greyish  green,  crossed  by  bands  formed  of  fine  black  waved 
and  crennlated  lines  ;  basal  band  consisting  of  three  such  lines,  the  outermost  twice 
carved  outwards  ;  inner  edge  of  central  fascia  a  band  of  three  lines ;  outer  edge  also 
of  three,  but  the  outermost  of  these  three  bent  outwards  away  from  the  other  two, 
marked  with  dark  veiu-dashes,  and  separated  from  the  others  by  a  fine  greenish 


(  170  ) 

line  ;  submargiual  line  irregularly  waved,  pale,  preceded  b}-  three  black  interrnpted 
waved  lines,  of  which  the  (mtermost  is  thickest  and  fills  np  some  of  the  Innnles 
with  black  ;  pairs  of  black  dots  on  hindmargin  at  the  cuds  of  the  veins  ;  fringe 
green,  chequered  with  dark  beyond  veins  ;  cell-spot  small,  blackish  ;  the  fascia 
between  basal  patch  and  central  fascia  is  traversed  by  a  central  blackish  and  two 
greenish  lines,  most  distinct  on  costa. 

Ilindwings :  whitisli,  with  pale  grey  narrow  snbmarginal  band  and  faint 
marginal  dots  in  pairs;  fringe  whitish;  abdominal  area  greyish-tinged;  the  tnft 
of  hairs  ochreous. 

Underside  dirty  whitish  in  forewiug  ;  traces  of  the  three  outer  lines  of  central 
fascia  ;  cell-spot  blackish,  linear ;  costa  dotted  with  black  ;  a  blackish  apical  blotch, 
not  quite  reaching  the  apex  itself,  through  which  the  snbmarginal  line  is  marked 
by  four  pale  spots  ;  hindwings  clearer  white,  with  dark  cell-spot,  dotted  postmedian 
line,  and  distinct  submargiual  band  ;  fringes  of  both  wings  whitish,  with  interrupted 
blackish  marginal  line  at  base.  Face,  pali>i,  thorax,  and  abdomen  pale  green  ; 
abdomen  dotted  with  black  and  with  a  black  basal  band  beyond  metathoras  ; 
vertex  paler. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  40  mm. 

One  c?  from  Castro,  Parana,  September  1898  (E.  D.  Jones). 

The  green  both  of  wings  and  body  is  very  apt  to  fade  into  ochreous. 


130.  Rhopalodes  seminivea  sp.  no  v. 

Foretoings  :  silky  whitish  grey,  with  a  faint  olive-green  tinge  ;  the  basal  patch 
and  central  fascia  filled  up  with  olive-green  and  grey  mixed  in  places  with  rufous  ; 
basal  patch  with  the  inner  two-thirds  olive-green,  crossed  by  three  or  four  black 
curved  lines,  the  outer  third  paler,  separated  from  the  inner  part  by  a  curved  pale 
Hue  ;  curved  band  between  basal  patch  and  central  fascia  whitish  green,  traversed 
by  two  darker  lines  ;  central  fascia  with  three  dark  lines  on  its  inner  edge  and  four 
on  its  outer  ;  the  central  area  generally  paler,  and  partially  annular;  on  the  costa 
the  fascia  is  green,  becoming  rufous  in  the  cell,  and  below,  the  veins  above  inner 
margin  marked  with  dark  scales  ;  its  outer  edge  is  angled  below  subcostal  vein  and 
again  at  vein  4,  concave  between  ;  the  pale  band  following  it  contains  two  or  three 
confusedly  denticulate  green  lines  ;  snbmarginal  line  white,  interrupted,  preceded 
by  irregular  dark  rufous  and  fuscous  blotches  ;  marginal  area  green,  with  a  pale 
diffuse  oblique  apical  streak  ;  pairs  of  black  dashes  on  margin  at  the  ends  of  the 
veins  with  submargiual  dashes  between  them,  these  last  often  connected  with  the 
dark  outer  edging  of  the  luuules  of  the  snbmarginal  line  ;  fringe  olive-green  mottled 
with  darker  beyond  the  veins. 

Hindwings :  pure  satiny  white  above  and  below. 

Underside  of  forewings  glossy,  whitish  towards  inner  margin,  smeared  with 
dark  grey  towards  costa  ;  external  lines  of  central  fascia,  and  the  submargiual  fascia 
on  the  costa  bright  red,  as  are  the  subapical  veins,  between  which  the  white 
submargiual  line  is  preceded  by  a  blackish  cloud.  Head  and  thorax  mottled  light 
and  dark  green  ;  face  paler  ;  abdomen  ochreous  grey. 

Exjianse  of  wings  :  3.5  mm. 

Two  Sd  from  R.  Tanampaya,  Bolivia,  1894  (Garlepp). 

Smaller  and  much  more  delicate  than  /?.  j/fifrata  Huell. 


(  171  ) 

131.  Rhopalodes  variegata  sp.  nov. 

Foretvings  :  whitish  ;  the  transverse  lines  olive-green,  slightly  dusted  in  parts 
with  pale  brick-red  scales  ;  basal  patch  pale  brick-red,  narrow  ;  central  fascia 
suffused  with  scales  of  the  same  colour,  sometimes  from  costa  to  inner  margin, 
sometimes  chiefly  on  costal  half ;  the  inner  and  outer  edge  of  central  fascia  and  the 
cell-spot  blackish  ;  all  the  lines  much  as  in  R.  patrata  Snell. 

Hindwings  :  dull  whitish,  with  a  slight  rusty  tinge. 

Underside  of  both  wings  pale,  without  markings  ;  forewings  with  a  sordid 
pink  tinge  ;  the  costa  with  black  marks  at  the  beginning  of  the  cross  lines  ;  no 
dark  postmedian  and  marginal  grey  bands.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  pale 
ochreous,  tinged  with  pale  reddish  ;  anal  segment  of  abdomen  with  a  distinct 
blackish  spot,  basal  segment  obscurely  darker;  no  dark  dots  on  the  two  first 
segments  ;  palpi  black  externally. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  30  mm. 

Five  (?  (?  from  Castro,  Parana  (E.  D.  Jones). 

Subfamily  EUCESTIINAE. 

132.  Lissopsis  dukinfieldi  sp.  nov. 

Foretvings:  uniform  fulvous  orange;  the  fringe  grey;  a  pale  oblique  streak 
from  apex  showing  through  from  beneath  ;  costa  at  base  tinged  with  grey. 

Ilindumigs :  the  same,  with  the  streaks  below  faintly  showing. 

Underside  of  forewings  like  upperside,  but  the  costa  narrowly  and  apical  area 
broadly  olive-brown,  the  latter  with  an  oblique  cream-white  streak  from  apex  to 
vein  .5  ;  fringe  brown  ;  hindwings  brown  with  cream-white,  yellow-edged  streaks 
and  blotches  ;  an  elongated  blotch  on  costa  from  base,  its  lower  edge  curved,  a 
tooth-shaped  mark  beyond  middle  of  costa,  and  a  fine  curved  line  to  apex  ;  a  streak 
from  near  base  of  cell,  where  it  is  swollen,  running  into  hindmargin,  throwing  off 
an  arm  at  two-thirds  to  anal  angle  ;  and  a  streak  from  base  along  snbmedian 
fold  ;  fringe  brown,  except  along  the  costal  apical  white  curve,  where  it  also 
is  white. 

Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  dull  mouse-colour  ;  face  with  white  cheeks  ;  basal 
joint  of  antennae,  legs,  and  pectus  interspersed  with  whitish  scales. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  37  mm. 

One  cJ  from  Castro,  Parana,  March  1898  (E.  Dnkinfield  Jones). 

Subfamily  HYDRIOMENINAE. 
Genus  Brephoscotosia  Warr.,  Nov.  Zool.  II.  p.  114. 

In  the  description  of  the  neuration  of  this  genus,  made  without  denuding  the 
wings,  an  error  occurs.  In  the  forewings,  vein  II  rises  well  before  the  middle  of 
cell  below  the  costal  shoulder,  10  from  before  end  of  cell ;  10  anastomoses,  as  usual, 
with  11  and  again  with  8,  9  ;  7,  8,  9  are  stalked  from  end  of  cell  ;  first  median  at 
two-thirds,  second  at  eleven-twelfths.  In  the  hindwings  the  first  median  rises  at 
three-fourths,  second  at  seven-eighths  ;  6,  7  are  short-stalked  ;  and  the  costal 
anastomoses  with  eubcostal  to  near  end  of  cell. 


(  172) 

133.  Calocalpe  rosenbergi  sp.  cov. 

(J  Foreicings :  dark  grey,  witli  the  nsnal  series  of  curved  darker  lines  and 
slightly  paler  interspaces  forming  alternate  lighter  anil  darker  dashes  on  the  veins  ; 
basal  patch  and  central  fascia  a  little  darker  ;  submarginal  line  waved,  pale, 
forming  a  more  prominently  whitish  blotch  above  the  snbmedian  fold  ;  fringe 
concolorons  ;  marginal  line  dark. 

Ilindwings :  with  no  distinct  markings  except  the  pale  snbmarginal  line. 

Underside  brownish  grey,  with  the  veins  spotted  ;  cell-spot  and  marginal  lines 
of  central  fascia  towards  costa  dark.     Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  concolorons. 

?  with  the  space  between  basal  patch  and  central  fascia  and  the  whole 
marginal  area  paler  grey,  the  basal  patch  and  the  central  fascia  itself,  especially 
the  marginal  bands,  by  contrast,  much  darker  grey  ;  snbmarginal  line  not  so  white, 
but  edged  externally  with  darker  blotches  ;  the  hindwings  with  the  curved  post- 
median  line  and  basal  area  darker.  Underside  pale  grey,  with  basal  two-thirds  in 
both  wings  deeper  ;  cell-spots  in  both  wings  black. 

Expanse  of  wings  :   S  52  mm. ;    ?  54  mm.  ' 

A  pair  from  Ibarra,  Ecuador,  May  1897  (Rosenberg). 

Named  after  the  collector. 

The  species  is  considerably  larger  than  either  of  Butler's  Chilian  species, 
caiiguene?isis  and  exacta,  with  which  it  is  most  nearly  allied. 

The  S  sliows  slight  traces  of  a  vinous  tint  at  the  rise  of  veins  3  and  4. 

134.  Camptog^ramma  (?)  foedata  sp.  nov. 

Foreicings :  dull  dark  grey,  the  lines  and  markings  darker  ;  the  whole  basal 
two-thirds  suffused  with  darker  rendering  the  lines  indistinct ;  first  line  curved  at 
one-fifth;  inner  edge  of  central  fascia  curved  parallel  to  it;  outer  edge  at  two-thirds, 
darker  and  more  distinct,  being  followed  by  a  whitish  line,  incurved  beyond  cell, 
then  forming  two  blunt  projecting  teeth  between  veins  2  and  4  ;  submarginal  line 
dentate,  indicated  by  small  wedge-shaped  whitish-tipped  black  marks,  connected  by 
blackish  dashes  with  the  hindmargin  ;  the  whole  wing  crossed  by  indistinct  dark 
waved  lines  ;  cell-spot  black  :  snbmarginal  line  obscure  ;  fringe  grey. 

Hindwings :  similar  ;  hindmargin  slightly  incurved  beyond  cell. 

Underside  pale  cinereous,  with  the  markings  darker.  Head,  thorax,  and 
abdomen  dull  grey. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  30  mm. 

One  ?  from  Paramba,  Ecuador,  January  to  May  1897. 

This  may  be  a  Scotocoremia. 

Deinoptila  gen.  nov. 

c?  Forewings :  broad  ;  the  costa  abruptly  shouldered  at  one-fourth,  then 
straight,  only  slightly  curved  before  apex,  which  is  acute  ;  hindmargin  obliquely 
curved  ;  inner  margin  decidedly  convex. 

Hindwings :  ample ;  costa  curved  ;  apical  angle  produced,  obtusely  rounded  ; 
hindmargin  nearly  straight,  and  faintly  crenulate;  inner  margin  with  a  very  dense 
erect  fringe  of  hairs  ;  all  the  veins  below  the  median  clothed  with  layers  of  hair  ; 
the  cell  filled  with  mealy  scales. 

Forewings  on  underside  with  a  bed  of  hair  along  inner  margin,  and  the 
retinaculum  with  a  large  curled  tuft. 


(  173  ) 

Antennae  filiform;  palpi  rostriform  ;  hind-tibiae  with  fonr  spnrs. 

Neuration  :  forewinys,  cell  less  than  half  of  wing  ;  discocellular  oblique  ; 
first  median  nervnle  at  abont  two-thirds,  second  jnst  before  third  ;  radials  normal ; 
the  upper  slightly  stalked  with  7,8,9;  10  and  11  stalked,  10  anastomosing  with 
8,  9.    Hindwings  with  discocellular  angulated,  the  radial  from  below  the  centre. 

Tj'pe  :  Deinoptila  pellicula  Dogn.  {Cidaria). 

Dolichopyge  gen.  nov. 

Forewings :  elongate  ;  costa  nearly  straight ;  apex  rounded  ;  hindmargin  very 
obliquely  cnrved. 

Hindwings :  narrow  ;  apex  produced  ;  hindmargin  rounded  ;  inner  margin 
short.  Palpi  porrect,  drooping,  hairy  beneath.  Antennae  of  cJ  thick,  lamellate, 
slightly  pubescent,  of  ?  filiform.  Abdomen  of  S  elongate,  the  anal  tuft  much 
enlarged.     Inner  margin  of  hindwings  in  c?  attenuated,  but  with  no  trace  of  a  lobe. 

Neuration  :  forewings,  cell  longer  than  half  of  wing  ;  discocellular  vertical ; 
first  median  nervule  at  three-fourths,  second  close  before  end  ;  the  median  nervure 
shortly  upcnrved  at  extremity,  so  that  the  third  median  nervnle  seems  to  rise  from 
the  discocellular;  areole  simjile  ;  10  and  11  being  stalked,  10  anastomosing  with 
8,  9.     Hindwings  with  discocellular  oblique  ;  the  radial  from  its  centre. 

Type  :  D.  bifasciata  sp.  nov. 

135.  Dolichopyge  bifasciata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  pale  grey,  tinged  in  many  instances  with  rnfous  or  brown  ;  basal 
patch  of  the  pale  ground-colour,  marked  only  by  the  beginning  of  two  dark  lines  on 
the  costa ;  centra]  fascia  with  its  inner  edge  black,  curved  from  nearly  one-third  of 
costa  to  one-fourth  of  inner  margin,  followed  by  a  darker  grey  band  with  waved 
outer  edge  ;  outer  edge  of  central  fascia  from  two-thirds  of  costa  to  three-fonrths  of 
inner  margin,  black,  crenulate,  outcurved  between  veins  6  and  2,  preceded  by  a 
darker  band  which  is  often  obsolete  below  the  median  ;  a  waved  dark  line  shortly 
beyond  it  ;  submarginal  pale,  luuulate,  the  lannles  filled  in  with  dark  grey  at  costa, 
beyond  cell,  and  on  submedian  fold;  that  between  veins  0  and  T  generally  remaining 
pale  ;  marginal  line  fine  ;  fringe  grey. 

Hindwings  :  of  ?  grey,  with  traces  of  six  or  seven  darker  curved  waved  lines  ; 
of  (?  whitish,  with  the  lines  hardly  visible. 

Underside  shining  grey,  with  all  the  lines  dark  grey.  Head,  thorax,  and 
abdomen  pale  grey,  the  abdomen  dark  grey  along  dorsum  and  with  a  dark  ring  on 
second  segment ;  anal  tuft  in  S  palo  ochreous. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  S  26  mm.;   5  28  mm. 

Many  examples  from  Castro,  Parana  (E.  D.  Jones). 

The  central  fascia  is  sometimes  filled  up  with  dark  grey  :  at  others  the  two 
external  dark  bands  are  almost  obsolete. 

136.  Epirrhoe  corrivulata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  fuscous  grey,  the  lines  and  shades  dark  fuscous,  the  central  fascia 
blackish  fuscous  ;  its  inner  edge  curved  and  waved,  at  nearly  one-third,  blackish, 
its  outer  edge  at  two-thirds,  oblique  outwards  to  below  vein  0,  there  bluntly  angled 
and  obliquely  waved  inwards;  the  fascia  paler  in  the  middle  and  traversed  by  two  or 
three  darker  lines  ;  basal  area  traversed  by  four  fuscous  lines,  all  parallel  to  inner 


edge  of  fascia  ;  central  fascia  followed  by  tliree  parallel  waved  lines,  the  outermost 
of  which  is  developed  into  irrcg-nlar  dark  fnscons  triangles  edged  by  the  slightly 
paler  snbmarginal  line;  pairs  of  marginal  black  dashes  at  the  vein  ends,  separated 
by  a  pale  dot  in  each  interval  ;  fringe  concolorons  with  wings. 

lliiidtcim/s :  dnll  greyish  fnscons,  withont  markings,  except  an  obscnre  dark 
cell-spot,  and  a  faint  cnrved  line  and  fascia  jnst  beyond  middle  :  marginal  spots  as 
in  forewings. 

Underside  greyish  ochreous  powdered  with  grey  ;  a  central  cnrved  dark  line  on 
each  wing  and  traces  of  snbmarginal  shade.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  greyish 
fuscons. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  30  mm. 

One  ?  from  Parana,  Entre  Rios,  Argentina. 

A  sombre-looking  insect,  distingnishod  Ity  the  single  angulation  of  the  central 
fascia  externally  at  vein  0,  and  the  central  dark  line  beneath. 

137.  Epirrhoe  imbecillata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  white,  slightly  dusted  with  grey,  and  crossed  by  numerous  dark- 
grey  waved  lines  ;  these  are  all  darker  and  more  strongly  expressed  in  the  costal 
half  of  wing  ;  central  fascia  with  the  inner  edge  curved  and  waved  ;  the  outer  edge 
oblique  from  costa  and  forming  a  prominent  subacute  tooth  between  veins  3  and  4, 
thence  incurved  and  Innulate  ;  the  outer  upper  half  of  the  fascia  filled  with  dark 
grey;  a  slight  grey  fascia  near  base;  the  space  between  it  and  central  fascia  traversed 
by  three  indistinct  grey  waved  lines  ;  central  fascia  edged  outwardly  by  a  broadish 
white  band,  traversed  by  a  grey  line  and  edged  by  a  dark  line  which  beneath  costa 
is  thickened  and  dentate,  followed  by  another  dark  line  ;  snbmarginal  line  distinct, 
white,  regularly  dentate-lunulate,  edged  on  both  sides  in  the  upper  half  of  wing 
with  blackish  ;  marginal  area  grey  ;  pairs  of  subcontiguons  black  marginal  spots  ; 
fringe  white,  chequered  with  grey  beyond  veins,  and  darker  in  basal  half  below 
costa  :  cell-spot  blackish. 

Ilindwings :  white,  slightly  dusted  with  grey  ;  cell-spot  and  marginal  spots 
towards  anal  angle,  dark  grey  ;  fringe  white  ;  traces  of  a  grey  snbmarginal  line  on 
inner  border.  In  one  specimen  the  cell  and  space  bej-ond  in  the  forewings  is  tinged 
with  rufous. 

Underside  white  ;  basal  area  tinged  with  grey  as  far  as  outer  line,  which  in  the 
upper  half  of  forewings  is  preceded  by  a  dark  grey  cloud  ;  apex  and  hindmargin  of 
forewings  blackish  ;  hindwings  with  a  grey  marginal  border  ;  cell-spots  dark  grey  ; 
fringe  of  forewings  white  chequered  with  grey,  of  hindwings  wholly  whitish.  Head, 
thorax,  and  abdomen  white  dusted  with  grey  ;  palpi  dark  grey. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  32  mm. 

Two  66  from  R.  Tanampaya,  Bolivia  (Garlepp)  1894. 

138.  Epirrhoe  multivagata. 

(?)  Scotosia  multivagatn  Hulst.  Bull.  Brooklyn  Ent.  Soc.  iv.,  p.  27. 

A  c?  example  from  Qnincy,  which  appears,  by  comparison  with  the  description, 
to  belong  certainly  to  montimgata  Hulst.,  is  an  Epirrhoe  and  not  a  Scotosia  ;  the 
discocellnlar  of  hindwings  is  straight  and  oblique,  with  tlie  radial  from  its  centre; 
the  palpi  are  short  and  blunt,  and  the  antennae  lignlate,  lamellate.  In  appearance  it 
certainly  is  wonderfully  like  a  grey  Scotosia. 


(  175) 

139.  Epirrhoe  rufilineata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  gre3-ish  ochreons,  slightlj'  tinged  with  green;  the  markings  brown- 
black  ;  basal  patch  small  with  a  vertical  brown-black  edge,  the  extreme  base 
remaining  of  the  ground  colour  ;  central  fascia  occupying  middle  third  of  wing,  its 
edges  crenulate,  the  inner  slightly  curved,  the  outer  nearly  vertical,  brown-l)lack 
enclosing  a  small  pale  space  at  costa  ;  the  pale  bands  preceding  and  following  it 
with  a  rufous  line  close  to  the  fascia,  and  both  as  well  as  the  central  fascia  itself 
tinged  with  rufous  towards  inner  margin  ;  submarginal  line  interrupted,  the  lunules 
followed  by  small  wedge-shaped  blackish  marks,  and  preceded  by  a  black-brown 
costal  blotch,  by  two  dark  elongate  marks  beyond  cell,  and  by  a  double  sinuous 
cloud  at  anal  angle  ;  marginal  line  fine,  black  ;  fringe  concolorous  with  ground 
colour,  mottled  with  dark  beyond  veins. 

Ilindwiiigs:  dingy  greyish  ochreons,  with  traces  of  two  curved  postmedian  lines. 

Underside  paler  with  central  and  submarginal  dark  grey  fasciae  on  forewings, 
the  latter  broad  at  costa;  hindwings  with  two  curved  postmedian  bauds.  Face 
and  palpi  brown-black  :  vertex,  thorax,  and  abdomen  like  wings. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  35  mm. 

One  S  between  Chimborazo  and  Chimbo,  July  1897  (Rosenberg). 

140.  Epirrhoe  subpulchrata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  dull  olive-green  ;  basal  patch  small,  edged  by  a  band  of  three 
blackish  irregularly  waved  lines  ;  central  fascia  with  its  inner  band  formed  of  four, 
its  outer  of  three  waved  and  dentate  blackish  lines  ;  the  inner  edge  waved  parallel 
to  basal  patch  ;  the  outer  minutely  dentate  below  costa,  insinuate  beyond  cell, 
forming  two  prominent  teeth  between  veins  4  and  2,  and  two  others  less  prominent 
above  inner  margin  ;  submarginal  line  pale,  regularly  lunulate  outwards  and 
dentate  inwards,  preceded  by  three  similarly  formed  darker  green  lines  ;  marginal 
line  dark,  interrupted  at  vein  ends  ;  cell-spot  dark  ;  fringe  green,  with  deeper  greeu 
chequerings  beyond  veins. 

Hindwings :  ochreous  white,  tinged  with  grey  in  basal  half  and  along  inner 
margin,  with  indications  of  two  dark  grey  lines  above  anal  angle  ;  cell-spot  grey  ; 
marginal  line  as  in  forewings  ;  fringe  ochreous  white,  chequered  with  grey. 

Underside  greenish  ochreous,  with  blackish  jwstmedian  and  marginal  fasciae,  the 
latter  interrupted  by  a  pale  green  spot  below  middle  and  paler  at  the  apex;  cell-spot 
large,  blackish  ;  hindwings  yellower,  with  curved  grey  median,  postmedian,  and 
submarginal  lines,  the  space  between  the  first  two  rather  greyer;  cell-spot  dark  grey. 
Face,  palpi,  and  thorax  greenish  ;  abdomen  cinereous  ;  metathoracic  tuft  and  edges 
of  abdominal  segments  dark. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  30  mm. 

Two  S  S  from  R.  Tanampaya,  Bolivia,  1894  (Garlepp). 

The  palpi  are  short,  and  upturned. 

Eriopygidia  gen.  uov. 

Agreeing  with  Spargania  Guen.  both  in  general  appearance  and  structure,  but 
characterised  at  once  by  the  difference  in  the  abdomen  of  the  i.  This  in  Spargania 
is  short  and  blunt  ;    in  Eriopygidia  on  the  other  hand  it  is  elongate,  reaching 


(  176  ) 

considerably  beyond  the  liindwings ;    the  anal  parts  are  largely  developed,  and 
snrronnded  with  long  enrled  tnfts  of  hair. 
Tj'pe  E.  augustaria  H.  S.  {Eucosmia). 

141.  Eriopygidia  olivata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  olive-green,  varied  with  olive-brown  ;  the  lines  velvety  black  ;  the 
first  close  to  base,  the  second  at  one-fonrth  ;  two  median  near  together  and  enclosing 
a  somewliat  darker  narrow  central  fascia  with  a  black  cell-streak  tonching  the  inner 
line  ;  an  e.xterior  line  at  three-fonrths,  di.stinct  only  on  costa  ;  submarginal  line  pale 
grey,  regnlarly  waved,  preceded  and  followed  by  black  waved  and  i>artially  luunlate 
lines  ;  pairs  of  black  spots  at  the  ends  of  the  veins,  followed  by  black  blotches  in 
the  olive-green  fringe. 

Ilindtvings :  dark  smoky  brown,  becoming  deeper  along  hindmargiu  ;  fringe 
rnfons. 

Underside  dnll  rnfons,  in  the  forewings  tinged  with  olive  towards  base  ;  the 
lines  dull  black,  continnons  ;  forewings  with  a  broad  blackish  marginal  fascia  ; 
hindwings  with  two  line.'*.  Face,  vertex,  and  tliorax  pale  olive-green  ;  palpi  and 
abdomen  also  olive-green,  spotted  with  black  ;  anal  tnft  in  the  S  olive-ochreons, 
strongly  developed. 

E.\panse  of  wings :  32  mm. 

One  S  from  Newcastle,  Jamaica. 

Distinguished  from  Aimjydalopterijx  dulcifernta  Wlk.,  and  Xanthorhoc 
perviridis  Warr.,  to  both  of  which  it  bears  a  superficial  resemblance,  by  the 
smoky  brown  hindwings. 

142.  Eriopygidia  semirubra  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  bright  olive-green,  the  lines  black  or  blackish  green,  separated  by 
deep  bine-green  tints  and  edged  with  pale  silvery  blue  ;  the  lines  forming  about 
eleven  velvety  black  spots  on  costa  ;  base  -deep  blue-green  with  a  broad  black 
dentate-edged  basal  line  finely  margined  with  bluish  white,  succeeded  first  by  a  deep 
green  line,  then  a  black  one  finely  edged  with  silvery  bine  and  again  with  deep 
green,  this  last  line  being  vertical  at  one-third  ;  central  fascia  with  the  inner  edge 
luunlate,  two  lunules  being  above  and  three  below  the  median  vein  ;  each  luunle 
deep  green  towards  base  and  black  externally  with  a  silvery  blue  finer  lino  between  ; 
outer  edge  of  central  fascia  formed  of  three  dentate  black  lines  separated  by  deep 
blue-green  ;  the  outer  of  the  three  finely  edged  first  with  silvery  blue  and  then  with 
green  ;  submarginal  line  lunulate,  silvery  white,  interrupted,  preceded  and  followed 
by  deep-green  shades  which  become  black  on  eacli  side  below  costa,  and  externally 
only  beyond  cell,  the  lunules  above  and  below  vein  3  united  with  hindmargiu  by 
conical  black  blotches  ;  a  pale  yellowish  green  oblique  atreak  from  apex,  and  the 
centre  of  the  bands  preceding  and  following  the  central  fascia  also  pale  yellowish 
green  ;  marginal  line  velvety  black,  interrupted  by  snow-white  spots  at  the  vein 
ends,  those  above  the  median  with  a  black  projection  inwards,  those  below  each 
interrupted  between  the  veins  ;  fringe  deep  green,  the  basal  half  darker  ;  cell-spot 
large,  velvety  black. 

Hindwings :  dark  smoky  fuscous,  the  apical  third  orange ;  fringe  smoky 
grey,  mixed  witli  orange  scales  in  the  upper  half,  the  ends  of  the  veins  white  ; 
cell-spot  dark. 


(  177  ) 

Underside  of  forewiugs  with  basal  lialf  smoky  grey,  apical  region  and  costa 
tliroughont  deep  fulvous,  towards  apex  striated  with  black  ;  the  costa  with  a  pale  spot 
at  two-thirds  and  at  apex ;  cell-spot  large,  velvety  black  ;  fringe  as  above  ;  hind- 
wings  with  basal  two-thirds  grey  speckled  with  darker  ;  outer  third  fulvous  speckled 
with  grey,  with  traces  of  two  curved  dark  lines  ;  cell-spot  black.  Face  and  palpi 
dull  olive-green  ;  thorax  deep  green  and  black  ;  abdomen  cinereous  olive,  with 
whitish  scales  intermixed  ;  forelegs  and  base  of  costa  of  forewings  reddish  ;  anal 
tufts  largely  developed,  blackish,  fidvous  beneath. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  44  mm. 

One  (J  from  Chaco,  Bolivia  (Garlepp). 

In  certain  lights  the  black  tints  of  the  forewings  assume  a  purplish  tint. 

Euperizoma  gen.  nov. 

Distinguished  from  Perizoma  Hub.  by  the  antennae  of  the  S  being  pectinated. 

The  areole  of  fore  wing  is  double,  but  vein  11  rises  far  back  and  does  not  diverge 
so  much  as  usual  from  the  subcostal  nervure,  the  areole  being  therefore  long  and 
narrow,  vein  lO  only  shortly  anastomosing  with  11  ;  the  cell  is  more  than  half  as 
long  as  wing  ;  in  the  hindwings  the  discocellular  is  angled  and  the  radial  from  below 
the  centre.     Scaling  rather  thin. 

Type  :  Euperizoma  mibicincta  sp.  nov. 

143.  Euperizoma  nubicincta  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  pale  grey,  with  darker  grey  lines  and  with  a  slight  rufous  or 
ochreous  tinge  ;  basal  patch  obscurely  darker  ;  central  fascia  formed  of  three  diffuse 
grey  lines,  all  jjarallel  and  slightly  bent  in  cell  ;  marginal  area  dark  grey,  of  about 
the  same  width  as  the  central  fascia,  containing  an  indistinct  waved  subraarginal 
line  ;  fringe  grey  with  paler  base  ;  marginal  line  formed  of  blackish  dots  in  pairs  on 
each  side  of  the  ends  of  the  veins  ;  the  spaces  on  each  side  of  central  fascia  form  two 
pale  bands  of  uniform  width  ;  cell-sjjot  hardly  visible. 

Hindwings :  similar  ;  the  central  fascia  not  so  well  marked. 

Underside  darker.    Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  all  grey. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  26  mm. 

One  <?  from  Costa  Rica. 

144.  Hammaptera  (?)  caliginosa  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  blackish  grey,  faintly  green-tinged  ;  basal  patch  separated  from 
central  fascia  by  an  oblique  ochreous  whitish  band,  broader  on  inner  margin,  with  a 
dark  line  down  the  middle,  which  also  is  broader  on  inner  margin  ;  central  fascia 
broad,  blackish,  the  wavy  lines  across  it  obscure  ;  its  outer  edge  from  two-thirds  of 
costa  to  three-fourths  of  inner  margin,  with  a  rounded  prominence  at  vein  6  and  two 
more  prominently  projecting  teeth  between  2  and  4  ;  followed  by  a  pale  ochreous 
band  with  a  fine  ochreous  central  line  ;  marginal  area  dark  grey,  containing  two 
darker  grey  crenulated  lines  immediately  following  the  i)ale  band  ;  the  submarginal 
line  pale,  lunulate,  interrupted  beyond  cell  by  a  cloudy  blackish  patch  reaching 
hindmargin ;  the  lunule  above  vein  6  is  filled  with  hoary  grey  scales,  that  between 
veins  3  and  4  is  prominently  whiter  ;  fringe  blackish  grey ;  marginal  line  obscure. 

Hindwings :  pale  sordid  grey,  jialer  towards  costa ;  marginal  area  darker 
beyond  a  paler  lunulate  submarginal  line  ;  inner  margin  darker  grey. 


(   178  ) 

Underside  of  forewings  blackish  ;  a  small  ochreons  whitish  apical  blotch  ;  upper 
arm  of  pale  baud  beyond  central  fascia  swollen  into  a  broad  pale  blotch ;  inner 
margin  and  lower  half  of  hindmargia  paler  ;  hindwingdull  ochreons,  with  five  or  six 
curved  dentate  lunulate  grey  lines  ;  a  curved  grey  submarginal  band  preceded  by  a 
slightly  ])aler  band.  Face,  thorax,  and  abdomen  dark  grey  ;  vertex,  collar,  and 
shoulders  mixed  with  pale  ochreons  scales. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  40  mm. 

One  ?  between  Chimborazo  and  Chimbo,  July  1897  (Rosenberg). 

145.  Hammaptera  tenera  sp.  nov.  and  ab.  griselda  nov. 

Foirwhiffs :  cream-white,  shaded  in  parts  with  pale  pinkish  and  olive  tints  ; 
central  fascia  formed  of  two  olive  black-edged  bands,  separate  above  median  vein 
and  embracing  an  obliqne  dark  linear  cell-mark,  uniting  below  median  and  forming 
often  four  flattened  aunuli,  the  outer  edge  of  fascia  sometimes  marked  with  dark  dashes 
on  veins  ;  basal  space  pale,  crossed  by  two  pairs  of  waved  lines  ;  the  band  preceding 
and  following  the  central  fascia  pale,  traversed  by  a  central  waved  olive-ochreous 
line  ;  submarginal  line  whitish,  regularly  waved,  preceded  and  followed  by  an  olive 
band,  marked  with  black  scales  in  the  spaces  beyond  the  cell  and  below  vein  2,  the 
darker  markings  in  the  outer  band  assuming  the  form  of  wedge-shaped  streaks 
towards  hindmargin  ;  marginal  spots  large,  in  pairs  at  the  ends  of  the  veins  ;  fringe 
pale,  cheqnered  with  darker  at  the  veins. 

Hindwings :  cream-coloured  ;  marginal  spots  as  in  forewings,  preceded  b}'  a 
narrow  pale  grey  border  ;  fringe  wholly  pale. 

Underside  cream-colour,  suffused  with  pale  olive-grey  except  along  inner  margin 
of  forewings  ;  marginal  border  dull  blackish,  broad  in  forewings,  narrow  in  hind- 
wings  ;  in  the  former  the  apex  and  a  small  marginal  spot  below  vein  4,  as  well  as  a 
narrow  baud  preceding  the  fascia  are  pale  cream-colour  ;  cell-spots  distinct.  Head, 
thorax,  and  abdomen  cream-coloured  tinged  with  olive  and  pinkish. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  26  to  30  mm. 

One  c?,  two  ?  ?  from  Parana  (type),  Entre  Rios,  Argentina  ;  also  one  ?  from 
Claparo,  Port  of  Spain,  Trinidad,  December  189(j  (Dr.  lleudall),  and  one  ?  from 
Venezuela  (Mocquerys)  ;  a  6  from  Jamaica  does  not  seem  to  dift'er. 

The  pencil  of  hairs  in  the  abdominal  fold  of  hindwings  of  3  is  pale  like  the 
ground  colonr. 

The  insect  is  delicate  in  colonr  and  soon  bleaches,  very  few  specimens  appearing 
fresh. 

The  ?  ?  can  be  distinguished  from  pale  ?  ?  oi  E.fringillata  Guen.,  which  they 
somewhat  resemble,  by  the  darker  border  of  the  forewings  beneath  reaching  to  vein 
2  instead  of  stopping  short  at  vein  4. 

In  a  c?  from  San  Pedro  Sula,  Honduras  (bought  from  Herr  Fruhstorfer)  tlie 
ground  colour  is  whitish  overlaid  with  grey,  without  any  pink,  and  with  very  slight 
olive  tints  visible.  At  first  sight  it  appears  very  different  from  the  type  form,  and 
may  be  distinguished  as  ab.  griselda. 

146.  Hydriomena  praelatata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  pale  olive-green,  with  darker  green,  more  or  less  confluent,  striae  ; 

the  base  and  transverse  fasciae  purple-brown  ;  the  latter  with  deeper  wavy  edges, 

and  all  darker  and  forming  blotches  on  the  costa  ;  the  first  three  bent  on  the  median 

vein  ;  first  near  base,  interrupted  at  middle  ;  second  broad,  from  one-fourth  of  costa 


(  179  ) 

to  before  middle  of  inner  margin  ;  third  narrow  from  before  middle  of  costa  to 
beyond  middle  of  inner  margin  ;  fonrth  from  two-thirds  of  costa  to  before  anal 
angle,  narrowed  and  wavy  below  middle;  fifth  bifid  at  costa,  and  tonchiug  fonrth  at 
inner  margin  ;  marginal  line  interrnpted  between  the  veins  and  with  a  black  dash 
on  them  ;  fringe  greenish  cheqnered  with  brown. 

Hindwings :  pale  grey  ;  the  marginal  line  and  mottlings  of  fringe  darker  grey. 

Underside  of  forewings  cinereons,  with  the  fasciae  darker,  along  the  costa 
blackish,  leaving  five  pale  green  costal  patches  between  them,  the  fourth  the  largest; 
a  pale  green  space  along  hindmargin  from  vein  3  to  7  ;  hindwings  cinereous,  with 
two  curved  darker  postmedian  bauds.  Face  green  with  two  purple  lateral  streaks 
from  the  upper  part ;  palpi  purplish  ;  vertex,  thorax,  and  abdomen  green  ;  abdomen 
flecked  with  darker  scales,  the  anal  tuft  paler  ;  mctathoracic  tuft  purplish  metallic  ; 
legs  dark  fuscous,  mottled  with  green  at  the  joints. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  35  mm. 

One  c?  from  R.  Tanamimya,  Bolivia,  1894  (Garlepp). 

Smaller  than  praemuiidata,  and  more  chequered  in  the  markings ;  the  under- 
surface  different. 

147.  Hydriomena  praemundata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  dull  olive-green,  without  any  darker  green  mottlings  ;  the  base  and 
five  waved  and  dentate-edged  fasciae  purplish  ;  the  first  three  bent  on  the  median 
vein,  the  last  two  more  dentate  ;  the  last  edged  with  whitish  internally  ;  marginal 
line  formed  of  dark  blotches  at  the  ends  of  the  veins,  followed  by  dark  mottlings  in 
the  green  fringes. 

Hindwings  :  uniform  dark  grey,  deeper  towards  hindmargin. 

Underside  cinereous;  the  fasciae  blackish  along  costa  only,  with  three  yellowish 
green  intervals  before  apex,  the  middle  one  becoming  white  between  veins  6  and  8  ; 
hindwings  with  traces  of  two  curved  darker  lines  beyond  middle.  Palpi  fuscous  ; 
face  green,  with  two  dark  spots  in  the  middle  ;  vertex  and  thorax  green  ;  patagia 
with  two  black  dots  at  base;  abdomen  greenish  cinereous,  marked  with  darker  along 
the  back  ;  mctathoracic  tuft  purple. 

Expanse  of  \^ings  :  39  mm. 

One  S  from  R.  Tanampaya,  Bolivia,  1894  (Garlepp). 

148.  Ochyria  inamorata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  dull  pinkish  grey,  varied  in  parts  with  white  scales,  and  with  the 
markings  bright  olive-green  ;  the  basal  patch,  the  inner  and  outer  bands  that  limit 
the  central  fascia,  and  the  marginal  area  are  all  olive-green,  tinged  in  parts  with 
yellowish  ;  the  band  between  basal  area  and  central  fascia  and  the  space  beyond  the 
fascia  are  dull  pinkish  grey;  the  central  area  of  the  central  fascia  above  the  median, 
and  more  or  less  the  whole  width  of  it  below,  and  the  sjiace  beyond  it  towards  anal 
angle  are  frosted  with  whitish  scales,  and  all  the  green  bands  are  finely  edged  with 
whitish ;  cell-spot  triangular,  olive-green,  edged  with  rufous  ;  submarginal  line 
ill-defined,  edged  internally  in  places  with  reddish  olive  patches,  and  followed  by  a 
triple  black  blotch  along  margin  between  veins  4  and  7  ;  a  row  of  black  marginal 
lunules  ;  fringe  rufous  grey,  paler  towards  apices.  All  the  lines  become  blackish 
along  the  costal  edge. 

Hindwings :  dull  yellowish  white  ;  fringe  the  same  ;   traces  of  three  or  four 


(.180  ) 

dark  lines  on  inner  margin  above  anal  angle  ;  a  dark  marginal  line  along  lower  half 
of  wing. 

Underside  cream  colour  ;  forewings  grey-tinged  toward  costa  ;  outer  edge  and 
lines  of  central  fascia  blackish  ;  apex  and  hindmargin  blackish,  the  apex  itself  and 
a  dnll  patch  below  vein  4  cream-colour  ;  fringe  dark  grey  above  middle,  cream- 
coloured  below  ;  bindwings  with  cell-spot  and  curved  snbmarginal  line  grey,  with 
faint  traces  of  other  lines  along  costa.  Head,  thorax,  and  shoulders  olive-green ;  the 
palpi  externally  darker  green  :  patagia  and  abdomen  blackish,  with  a  few  whitish 
and  olive-green  scales  intermixed  ;  abdomen  on  sides  and  underneath  cream-colour 
dusted  with  grey. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  39  mm. 

One  c?  from  R.  Tauampaya,  Bolivia,  1894  (Garlepp). 

The  antennae  of  the  6  subserrate  and  well  ciliated  ;  palpi  well  developed. 

149.  Perizoma  muscosata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  greenish  yellow,  much  speckled  with  dark  fuscous  and  partially 
suffused  with  fuscous  along  the  middle  of  disc  and  towards  hindmargin,  the  veins 
remaining  finely  yellowish  ;  the  lines  fine,  blackish,  Innulate-dentate,  more  regular 
beyond  the  middle ;  two  close  to  base  nearly  vertical  and  straight,  followed  by  a 
third,  waved  and  dentate,  forming  the  edge  of  the  basal  patch  ;  inner  edge  of  central 
fascia  formed  by  two  blackish  dentate  lines,  at  about  one-third  ;  outer  edge  by  two 
partially  double  regularly  dentate  Innulate  lines  from  two-thirds  of  costa  obliciue  out- 
wards to  vein  6,  then  inwards  to  inner  margin  near  middle,  approaching  the  inner 
edge  on  submedian  fold;  bands  preceding  and  follo^viug  central  fascia  traversed  by  a 
strongly  waved  line;  snbmarginal  line  black,  regularly  lunulate-dentate,  with  traces 
of  a  paler  dark-edged  line  beyond  it;  pairs  of  black  marginal  spots  at  the  vein  ends; 
fringe  dark  grey  ;  cell-spot  linear,  blackish.  The  darker  suffusion  of  the  central 
area  does  not  reach  beyond  the  subcostal  and  submedian  veins. 

Hinduings  :  brownish  grey,  with  traces  of  two  curved  snbmarginal  lines, 
more  distinct  on  inner  margin  ;  cell-spot  dark ;  marginal  spots  as  in  forewings  ; 
fringe  brown-grey. 

Underside  ochreous  frosted  with  brownish  ;  the  forewings  suffused  with  grey. 
Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  like  forewings  ;  face  darker. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  23  mm. 

One  ?  from  Parana,  Entre  Rios,  Argentina. 

Genns  Plectroboarmia  Butler,  Tr.  E.  S.  1882.  p.  366. 
This  genns  must  be  referred  to  the  Ilydriomenhiae  ;  the  costal  vein  of  the  hind- 
wings  anastomoses  with  the  subcostal  for  nearly  the  whole  length  of  the  cell  ;  the 
discocellular  is  oblique  ;  the  ueuration  of  the  forcwing  is  quite  normal,  the  areule 
being  double.  The  forehead  is  large  and  tumid  ;  and  the  j)alpi  are  upcurved  in 
front  of  face. 

loit.  Plemyriopsis  olivacea  sp-  nov. 
Forewings:  olivaceous,  the  costa  with  double  dark  marks  at  the  commence- 
ment of  the  lines  ;   the  lines  all  double  with  a  paler  centre  ;    first  at  one-sixth, 
oblique ;  second  at  one-fourth,  oblique  and  slightly  undulating,  forming  inner  edge 
of  central  fascia;  both  these  lines  are  angled  just  beneath  costa  ;  a  blackish  oblique 


(   181   ) 

cell-spot  near  beyond  second  line  ;  outer  line  at  five-sisths,  parallel  to  hindmargin, 
yellowish  white  finely  edged  on  both  sides  with  black  and  again  with  a  pale  black- 
edged  line ;  onter  half  of  central  fascia  with  several  darker  olive  waved  lines  ;  sub- 
marginal  line  formed  of  white-edged  dark  lunules  ;  fringe  concolorous. 

Ilindwings :  similar,  the  spaces  between  the  dark  lines  paler. 

Underside  cinereous  olive,  with  a  rufous  tinge  along  the  disc  of  forewings ;  the 
hindwings  paler.     Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  olivaceous  cinereous. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  24  mm. 

One  ?  from  Azalar  de  Carthago,  Costa  Rica,  5000  to  6000  ft.  (Underwood). 

The  hindmargin  of  both  wings  is  simply  bulged,  not  angled,  below  the  middle. 

151.  Polyphasia  truncata  rufibrunnea  snbsp.  nov. 

This  South  American  form  is  distinguished  by  the  fasciae  before  and  after  the 
central  area  being  reddish  brown,  this  tint  also  extending  to  the  basal  area,  and  in 
one  of  the  two  examples  being  also  diffused  over  the  whole  wing,  of  which  in  the 
other  example  the  central  area  is  whitish;  all  the  shades  are  more  precise  above  the 
subcostal  and  below  the  submedian  vein. 

Hindwings  :  shining  whitish  grey. 

Two  ?  ?  from  Parana,  Entre  Rios,  Argentina,  of  32  mm.  expanse. 

152.  Psaliodes  infantula,  sp.  nov. 

Forcivings  :  dull  lilac,  crossed  by  three  pale  green  lines  ;  the  first  at  one-fourth, 
its  outer  edge  concave  ;  second  shortly  beyond  first  ;  third  from  two-thirds  of  costa 
to  three-fourths  of  inner  margin,  sinuous,  and  inbent  below  median  ;  joined  above 
the  middle  by  an  oblique  green  streak  from  the  apex. 

Hindwings :  pale  grey. 

Underside  darker,  and  freckled ;  the  markings  of  the  forewings  showing 
through ;  the  hindwings  with  traces  of  lines  along  inner  margin.  Head  damaged  ; 
thorax  and  abdomen  cinereous. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  16  mm. 

One  (?  from  above  Chimbo,  Ecuador,  30U0  ft.,  August  1897  (Rosenberg). 

The  single  specimen  is  not  in  good  condition  ;  but  its  size  and  coloration 
distinguish  it  well  from  other  species  of  the  genus. 

Ptychorrhoe  gen.  nov. 

Forewings :  triangular ;  costa  straight,  but  strongly  convex  before  apex ; 
hindmargin  oblique,  faintly  elbowed  at  vein  4,  but  not  curved,  as  long  as  inner 
margin,  which  is  somewhat  convex. 

Hindwings :  narrow  ;  a  slight  prominence  at  vein  7  and  a  strong  tooth  at 
vein  6,  thence  sabcrenulate  to  the  apparent  anal  angle,  the  abdominal  margin 
below  vein  2  being  folded  under  as  a  flap. 

Antennae  simple,  filiform  ;  palpi  porrect,  the  terminal  joint  drooping. 

JS'euration :  forewing,  cell  nearly  half  of  wing  ;  discocellular  concave,  oblique 
below  ;  first  median  nervule  at  one-half,  second  close  before  end  ;  7,  8,  9  stalked  ; 
10  anastomosing  with  11  far  back,  and  again  with  8,  9,  forming  a  double  areole ; 
hindwiug  with  discocellular  oblique,  and  radial  from  the  centre ;  6  and  7  stalked. 

Type  :  Piychon-ho'c  rayatu.  Doguin  {0/jisogonia). 

13 


(   182  ) 

153.  Spargania  approbata  sp.  nov. 

Foretvings :  dull  olive-greeu  mixed  with  paler  ;  the  lines  black,  deutate  aud 
lunnlate,  more  complete  than  in  S.  narangilla  Dogn.,  and  with  black  costal  spots 
between  each  line  as  in  that  sspecies  ;  first  line  from  one-fourth  of  costa  oblique  to 
median,  then  incurved,  and  again  obliiiue  to  beyond  one-third  of  inner  margin,  the 
basal  patch  crossed  by  another  similar  black  line ;  inner  edge  of  central  taseia 
parallel  to  first  line  and  dentate  ;  outer  edge  from  two-thirds  of  costa  to  two-thirds 
of  inner  margin,  strongly  dentate,  forming  two  small  acute  teeth  on  each  side  of 
vein  6,  and  two  larger  and  blunter  ones  on  each  side  of  vein  3,  incurved  beyond 
cell ;  the  two  edges  approximating  on  inner  margin  ;  a  black  cell-spot  followed  by 
an  indistinct  central  dark  line;  three  black  dentate  lines  in  the  marginal  area 
parallel  to  outer  edge  of  central  fascia,  the  first  complete,  the  second  much 
interrupted,  the  outermost  strongly  zigzag,  the  outer  teeth  reaching  hindmargiu  ; 
large  double  black  spots  on  each  side  of  each  vein-end,  followed  by  black  spots  in 
the  dark-green  fringe  ;  all  the  black  lines  slightly  edged  with  yellowish  and  pale 
scales  ;  the  area  below  the  median  vein  flushed  with  purplish. 

Hindicings :  dull  coppery,  tinged  with  greenish  at  base  aud  inner  margin  ;  a 
faintly  darker  snbmarginal  curved  line  ;  fringe  coppery. 

Underside  of  both  wings  greenish  coppery  ;  costa  of  forewings  chequered  with 
pale  and  black  dashes ;  a  pale  blotch  on  costa  beyond  central  fascia,  followed  by 
two  obli(ine  black  shades,  the  outer  the  larger ;  apex  paler  ;  marginal  line  finely 
black  ;  fringe  paler,  with  black  spots  beyond  veins  ;  hindwings  with  only  faint 
traces  of  postmedian  line  and  cell-spot.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  olive-green, 
basal  segments  of  abdomen  varied  with  black  ;  fore  and  middle  tibiae  green,  black- 
spotted  ;  hind-tibiae  wholly  green. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  42  mm. 

Two  6S  from  R.  Tanampaya,  Bolivia,  1894  (Garlepp). 

Allied  to  S.  narangilla  Dogn. 

154.  Spargania  colorifera  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  yellowish  olive-green,  suffused  with  darker  green,  and  crossed  by 
numerous  waved  blackish  lines,  starting  from  velvety  black  costal  spots  finely 
edged  with  yellowish  scales ;  basal  patch  edged  by  a  nearly  straight  black  line  from 
one-fourth  of  costa  to  one-third  of  inner  margin,  the  basal  area  darker  green  aud 
containing  a  black  line  edged  with  bluish  white  and  a  black  spot  on  costa  and 
inner  margin  ;  central  fascia  dark  green,  of  uniform  width,  both  edges  waved  and 
edu-ed  with  bluish  white,  with  a  wavy  black  central  line  and  the  veins  blackish, 
each  bluish  white  line  edged  by  an  olive-green  one  ;  marginal  area  traversed  by 
three  waved  black  lines,  the  first  and  third  partially  edged  with  yellowish  scales, 
the  third  preceded  by  bluish  white  scales,  and  by  a  black  spot  beyond  cell ;  a  row 
of  black  marginal  lunulcs ;  fringe  with  inner  half  olive-green,  the  outer  half  paler, 
both  chequered  with  darker  ;  cell-spot  blackish. 

Hindwings  :  dull  pink,  the  base  and  inner  margin  tinged  with  greenish  fuscous; 
traces  of  two  dark  lines  on  inner  margin  above  anal  angle  ;  marginal  Innules  black, 
preceded  by  a  smoky  fuscous  snbmarginal  line,  thickened  towards  apex  ;  fringe  pale 
yellowish  green,  with  basal  half  pink  and  black. 

Underside  of  forewings  dull  pinkish,  with  the  linear  cell-spot  and  outer  edge 
of  central  fascia  blackish,  and  the  outer  lines  blackish  towards  costa  only  ;  a  dark 


(   183  ) 

blotch  before  apex  coiitaiaing  two  small  yellowish  spots  ;  nppcr  half  of  band  beyond 
central  fascia  yellow,  traversed  by  a  dark  line  ;  costa  spotted,  yellow  and  fuscons  ; 
fringe  yellowish,  cheiiaered  with  black  ;  hindwings  yellow,  speckled  with  reddish 
fuscons,  with  waved  median,  postmedian,  and  submarginal  lines  of  the  same  tint, 
the  last  followed  by  a  blotch  beyond  cell  ;  fringe  yellowish,  mottled  with  reddish 
fuscons  ;  cell-spot  ronud,  blackish.  Palpi  dark  fuscous  mixed  with  greenish 
ochreous  ;  head  and  thorax  olive-green  ;  patagia  green  with  black  scales  near  base 
and  towards  apex  ;  abdomen  green  much  mixed  with  black. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  30  mm. 

One  S,  one  ?,  from  R.  Tanampaya,  Bolivia,  1894  (Garlepp). 

Easily  distinguished  by  the  coloration  of  the  underside  of  both  wings. 

Stenorrhoe  gen.  nov. 

Foi-ewings :  very  long  and  narrow  ;  costa  straight,  curved  only  at  apex,  which 
is  prominent ;  hindmargin  obliijuely  curved. 

Ili/idwings :  elongate  ;  hindmargin  produced  at  vein  7,  thence  slightly  curved 
to  vein  2,  there  strongly  truncate  to  anal  angle  ;  inner  margin  quite  short,  but 
amply  developed. 

Falpi  short ;  antennae  of  c?  strongly  bipectinate  to  beyond  middle  ;  tongue 
and  frenulum  present ;  forelegs  and  middle  legs  long  and  well  developed,  the 
latter  with  terminal  spurs  ;  hindlegs  quite  short  and  feeble,  without  spurs. 

Keuration :  forewings,  cell  two-thirds  of  wing ;  discocellular  short,  rather 
oblique  ;  first  median  nervule  at  three-fourths,  second  at  seven-eighths  ;  radials 
normal ;  7,  8,  9  stalked  ;  10  and  11  free,  10  anastomosing  with  11  and  again  with 
8,  9,  forming  a  double  areole  ;  hindwings  with  cell  one-half  of  wing  ;  the  dis- 
cocellular oblique  ;  radial  from  the  centre  ;  costal  anastomosing  with  subcostal  for 
three-fourths  of  cell  ;  veins  6,  7  hardly  stalked. 

Type  :  Stenorrhoe  longipcnnis  sp.  nov. 

The  single  si)ecies  is  anomalous  in  appearance  and  structure. 

155.  Stenorrhoe  longipennis  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  ochreous,  suffused  with  fulvous,  and  sprinkled  with  black  scales  ; 
costal  edge  black  ;  a  slight  black  line  along  subcostal  vein,  and  an  obscure  blackish 
horizontal  streak  through  cell ;  lines  blackish  ;  first  from  two-fifths  of  costa  to 
one-third  of  inner  margin,  sharply  angled  in  cell  near  middle  ;  second  from  three- 
fourths  of  costa  to  two-thirds  of  inner  margin,  also  sharply  angled  outwards  on 
vein  0  ;  a  dark  cell-spot ;  a  row  of  neat  black  marginal  dots  ;  fringe  concolorous. 

Hindwings  :  ochreous,  much  dusted  with  black  towards  base  and  along  inner 
margin  ;  cell-spot  and  marginal  spots  as  in  forewings. 

Underside  ochreous  with  black  suftusion  at  base  and  before  outer  line  of 
forewings.     Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  concolorous  ;  antennae  black. 

Expanse  of  wings  :   18  mm. 

One  (J  from  Castro,  Parana. 

The  pectinations  of  the  antennae  are  thick  and  stont  and  well  separated 

Trichorrhages  gen.  nov. 

Forewi?igs :  elongate ;  the  costa  mainly  straight,  but  arched  at  base,  and 
convex  before  apex  ;  apex  blunt ;  hindmargin  obliquely  curved ;  inner  margin  at 


(  184  ) 

about  one-third  from  base  deeijly  cleft,  the  submedian  vein  being  etrongly  bent 
ujjwards  above  the  cleft,  each  side  of  the  cleft  thickly  clothed  on  the  upper  surface 
with  hairs. 

Ilindwinqs  :  with  hindmargin  and  both  angles  rounded. 

Pali)i  porrect,  rostriform,  decumbent ;  antennae  simple ;  abdomen  and  legs 
broken. 

Neuration:  forewings,  cell  less  than  half  the  length  of  wing;  discocellalar 
augnlated  ;  first  median  at  three-fourths,  second  close  to  third  ;  radials  normal  ; 
7,  8,  9  stalked;  10  and  11  stalked;  10  anastomosing  with  8,  9  ;  hindwings  with 
discocellnlar  oblique,  the  radial  from  the  centre  ;  6  and  7  stalked. 

Type  :   Tiichori-kages  umbrosa  sp.  nov. 

156.  Trichorrhages  umbrosa  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  ochreous  suffused  with  shades  of  brown  and  green,  among  which 
can  be  discerned  a  darker  basal  jiatch,  a  broad  central  fascia,  the  outer  edge  of 
which  is  lanulate,  and  a  pale  Innulate  submarginal  line,  preceded  and  followed  by 
darker  shades  ;  marginal  spots  black  and  round  ;  fringe  blackish. 

Hindwings:  pale  slaty  grey,  darker  along  hiudmargin ;  fringe  blackish. 

Underside  of  forewings  dull  dark  cinereous  ;  of  hindwings  paler  ;  cell-spots 
dark.     Head,  palpi,  and  thorax  olive-green  and  brown  ;  abdomen  wanting. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  38  mm. 

One  t?  from  Popayan,  Colombia  (Lehmanu). 

The  unique  example  is  very  much  wasted,  and  an  accurate  description  is 
impossible. 

157.  Xanthorhoe  fragilis  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  pale  greyish  green,  crossed  by  waved  red-brown  lines,  which  are 
all  thickened  on  costa,  and  densely  dusted  with  red-brown  striae ;  three  red-brown 
lines  in  basal  area,  all  angled  on  the  subcostal  vein,  then  vertically  waved  to  inner 
margin ;  central  fascia  with  its  inner  edge  formed  of  one  and  its  outer  of  three 
similar  lines,  but  the  outer  three  are  angulated  on  vein  4  as  well  as  on  vein  6, 
incurved  to  vein  2,  thence  vertical  to  inner  margin  ;  cell-spot  small,  blackish,  close 
beyond  the  inner  edge  of  the  fascia  ;  marginal  area  crossed  by  three  waved  brown 
lines,  all  thickened  and  somewhat  confluent  at  costa  and  between  veins  3  and  4  ; 
marginal  line  fine,  blackish,  swollen  between  the  veins ;  fringe  red-brown,  with  the 
base  conspicuously  paler. 

•  Hindwings :  whiter,  tinged  with  greenish,  with  all  the  outer  lines  repeated,  but 
indistinct  towards  costa  ;  cell-spot  small,  blackish ;  hiudmargin  subdentate,  the 
tooth  at  vein  4  more  marked. 

Underside  reddish  grey,  flecked  with  dark,  and  with  all  the  chief  lines  darker  ; 
marginal  spots  much  more  distinct  than  above.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  dull 
greenish  grey,  speckled  with  red-brown. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  35  mm. 

One  6  from  Bogotd,  Colombia  (Child). 

A  thinly  scaled  and  rather  fragile-looking  species  ;  the  veins  flue  ;  palpi  shortly 
porrect ;  the  pectinations  of  the  antennae  in  cj  full ;  discocellnlar  of  hindwings 
oblique  ;  radial  from  the  centre. 


(  185  ) 

Subfamily  EUDULINAE. 

158.  Eudule  circumducta  sp.  nov. 

Foreivings :  orange-red  ;  the  costa  and  hindmargin  narrowly  blackish  ;  the 
costal  streak  is  quite  narrow  at  base,  widening  gradually  to  apex  where  the  dark 
margin  is  broadest. 

Hindwings  :  with  only  the  hindmargin  blackish,  this  narrowed  to  a  point  above 
anal  angle  and  before  apex  on  costa. 

Underside  the  same.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  red  ;  antennae  and  palpi 
black. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  26  mm. 

One  c?  from  Chimbo,  Ecuador,  1000  ft.,  Aug.  1897  (Rosenberg). 

Nearest  to  E.  cytherea  Schaus. 

Subfamily  HETERUSIINAE. 

159.  Heterusia  magnifica  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  bright  red  ;  the  inner  margin  narrowly,  the  hindmargin  more 
broadly  black  ;  costa  with  two  triangular  black  blotches  at  base,  an  oblong  broader 
one  at  middle,  reaching  to  median  vein,  and  a  bar  beyond  it  to  hindmargin  ;  all  the 
blotches  separated  from  each  other  at  costal  edge  by  a  sulphur-yellow  spot ;  fringe 
black,  chequered  with  white  between  the  veins. 

Hindwings :  with  the  black  hindmarginal  border  pierced  by  long  red  streaks 
between  the  veins  and  shorter  ones  on  the  veins ;  and  with  three  black  bands  inter- 
rupted by  red  along  the  fold  of  the  cell ;  the  first  basal  broad  ;  the  second  strongly 
angulated  on  the  radial ;  the  third  more  broadly  interrupted  in  the  middle,  con- 
sisting of  one  large  oblong  blotch  from  costa,  and  four  smaller  snbquadrate  ones 
from  inner  margin,  separated  by  the  red  veins  ;  fringe  mottled,  black  and  white  ; 
wholly  white  round  the  apex. 

Underside  of  forewings  like  upper,  but  the  apex  beyond  the  postmedian  band 
pale  sulphur-colour  with  a  row  of  oblong  black  blotches  on  the  veins  ;  the  fringe 
snlphur-colour  with  black  mottlings  beyond  the  veins  ;  a  blotch  on  the  subcostal 
vein  at  base,  and  vein  8,  across  the  postmedian  band,  sulphur-colour  ;  of  hindwings 
with  the  red  spaces  all  sulphur-colour,  and  the  veins  delicately  marked  with  the 
same  colour  ;  the  fringe  the  same,  with  slight  black  mottling.  Face  and  palpi 
hairy,  black  mixed  with  pale  snlphur  ;  thorax  and  abdomen  black  ;  fillet  and  tips 
of  shoulders  and  of  patagia  tinged  with  pale  ;  segmental  rings  of  abdomen  narrowly 
pale  above,  becoming  more  broadly  so  on  the  sides  and  almost  wholly  sulphur- 
coloured  underneath  ;  legs  black,  varied  with  pale  hairs. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  30  mm. 

One  c?  from  R.  Tanampaya,  Bolivia,  1894  (Garlepp). 

160.  Heterusia  obliquistriga  sp.  nov. 

Foretvings :  dull  olive-brown  ;  two  slightly  oblique  yellowish  white  streaks 
from  costa  ;  the  first  at  one-third,  the  second  a  little  beyond  two-thirds  ;  the  first 
reaching  median  vein,  where  it  is  widened  and  continued  as  a  more  oblique  whitish 
hyaline  streak  towards  the  hindmargin  between  veins  2  and  3  ;  the  second  stopping 
short  at  vein  6. 


( 1«« ) 

llindiciuij.s :  niiiform  olive-ljrown  ;  fringe  of  both  wings  concolorons. 

Underside  of  forowiugs  like  upper,  bnt  the  brown  speckled  with  paler  ;  of  hind- 
wings  dirty  whitish,  coarsely  speckled  with  fuscons  ;  the  margin  from  before  apex 
to  anal  angle  broadly  olive-brown  :  a  dark  cell-spot.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen 
brown  ;  abdomen  beneath  whitish. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  30  mm. 

One  S  without  locality,  in  the  Felder  collection. 

101.  Trochiodes  inexpectata  Stand,  ab.  dilatata  nov. 

Differs  from  the  type  form  in  having  the  middle  of  hindmargin  of  forewings 
white,  above  and  below.  In  the  hindwings  the  white  area  is  mnch  more  extensive, 
the  base  of  the  wing  being  only  narrowly  blackish  and  the  costal  margin  the  same. 

One  S  from  Bogota  collection. 

Having  only  seen  the  one  examide  described,  I  leave  it  as  an  aberration  only  ; 
it  is  probably  a  good  species. 

Subfamily  PALYADINAE. 
162.  Aplogomplia  oppletaria  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  pale  straw-colonr  ;  costa  from  base  to  middle  with  four  irregnlar 
confluent  brown  spots,  containing  metallic  scales,  their  lower  edge  ragged,  and  pro- 
duced very  irregularly  as  brown  strigae  to  inner  margin  :  outer  third  and  fringe 
brown,  the  submarginal  line  indicated  by  a  straw-coloured  spot  on  costa  and  at 
anal  angle,  and  irregularly  varied  with  metallic  scales  and  spots  ;  a  marginal  line 
of  metallic  dashes. 

Ilindwivcis:  with  submarginal  curved  row  of  metallic  drops  and  marginal  line 
of  metallic  dashes  ;  traces  of  lirown  strigae  along  inner  margin,  in<licating  an  ante- 
median  and  postmedian  line  ;  fringe  straw-colour,  darkening  towards  apex,  which  is 
marked  with  a  slight  fuscous  cloud. 

Underside  similar,  without  metallic  scales  ;  the  apical  blotch  of  hind  wing  larger 
and  deep  brown.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  straw-colour,  discoloured  with  darker 
scales,  especially  the  abdomen,  which  has  a  brown  ring  near  base  ;  antennae  brown. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  23  mm. 

Several  examples  from  Paramba,  Ecuador,  3500  ft.,  March  1897,  dry  season 
(Rosenberg).     In  one  example  there  are  no  brown  strigae  on  either  wing. 

163.  Trichogompha  costimaculata  sp.  uov. 

Forewings  :  mouse-colour  ;  the  basal  two-thirds  of  wing  covered  with  dark 
brown  confluent  striae,  or  wholly  sufiused  with  brown,  leaving  only  a  few  pale 
transverse  streaks,  the  suffusion  extending  along  inner  margin  nearly  to  anal  angle  ; 
the  outer  third  of  this  brown  area  on  costa  is  supplanted  in  the  c?  by  a  triangular 
blotch  of  paler  grey  than  the  ground-colour,  edged  with  ochreous  ;  in  the  ?  by  a 
blotch  wholly  ochreous,  limited  by  a  band  of  brown  striae  from  costa  to  just  before 
anal  angle,  followed  by  an  oblique  row  of  metallic  sjjots  and  a  submarginal  metallic 
line,  beyond  which  the  marginal  area  is  again  suffused  with  brown ;  fringe 
mouse-colour. 

IlimI wings :  with  basal  two-thirds  only  irregularly  striated  with  brown  ;  the 
metallic  lines  more  developed. 


(  187  ) 

Underside  dark  o-rey-brown  ;  the  costal  blotch  pale  ochreons  in  both  sexes,  witli 
the  costa  itself  above  the  blotch  deep  yellow  ;  a  slight  pale  spot  in  middle  of  hind- 
wings,  which  in  the  ?  is  visible  also  above.  Head  and  shonlders  pale  ochreons, 
paler  in  the  ?  ;  thorax  and  abdomen  pale  grey-brown  in  ?,  dark  grey-brown  in  cJ  ; 
the  basal  segment  of  abdomen  and  the  anal  tnft  of  the  c?  ochreons. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  26  mm. 

A  pair  from  Paramba,  Ecuador,  Jan.  to  May  1897. 

Sdbfamily  NEPHODIINAE. 
164.    Astyochia    nigrita    sp.   nov. 

Forcioings :  smoky  black,  the  veins  and  costa  deep  black  ;  space  between  the 
median  and  submedian  veins  and  basal  half  of  cell  semi-transparent ;  a  white  blotch 
towards  apex  beyond  cell,  extending  from  vein  4  to  7  ;  fringe  black. 

Ilindwings :  white,  with  a  broad  deep  black  border  along  costal  and  hind- 
margins  ;  veins  and  inner  margin  narrowly  deep  black. 

Underside  similar ;  the  semi-transparent  spaces  on  forewings  whiter.  Head, 
thorax,  and  abdomen  deep  black  ;  tongue  bright  yellow  ;  taft  of  hair  on  inner 
margin  of  hindwiugs  grey. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  24  mm. 

Two  c?c?  from  R.  Tanampaya,  Bolivia,  1894  (Garlepp). 

Hyalocampa  gen.  nov. 

Forewings :  with  costa  nearly  straight,  curved  just  before  apex  ;  apex  rounded  ; 
hindmargin  rouuded,  not  very  oblique ;  anal  angle  distinct. 

Ilindwings  :  with  both  angles  and  the  hindmargin  rounded. 

Antennae  of  c?  bipectinated  nearly  to  apex  ;  of  ?  simple;  paljn  porrect,  slender, 
short  ;  tongue  and  frenulum  present  ;  hind-tibiae  with  four  short  spurs. 

JS^euration :  forewings,  cell  three-fifths  of  wing,  constricted  at  its  extremity  ; 
discocellular  short,  inangnlated  in  middle  ;  first  median  nervule  at  three-fifths, 
second  at  seven-eighths  ;  radials  normal,  the  lower  one  fine  ;  7,  8,  0  stalked  ;  10 
and  11  free  ;  11  connected  by  bar  with  12,  10  anastomosing  with  11;  hindwings  with 
costal  approximated  to  subcostal,  and  united  by  a  bar  just  before  middle  of  cell  ; 
vein  7  from  before  end  of  cell ;  first  median  nearly  at  one-half,  second  just  beyond 
three-fourths.  In  the  forewing  in  both  sexes  veins  3  and  7  are  strongly  bent  down- 
wards, approaching  veins  2  and  6  on  hindmargin  ;  in  the  cj  the  median  and  submedian 
veins  are  strongly  concave  towards  each  other  near  base  ;  the  foveal  bar  is  thick 
and  strongly  marked,  lying  on  a  very  fine  curved  fold  from  submedian  fold  to 
median  vein  ;  above  the  curve  of  the  submedian  vein  a  straight  chitinous  bar 
appears,  covered  with  black  scales,  the  wing  membrane  above  it  being  finely  fluted  ; 
the  wing  membrane  perfectly  transparent,  without  pigmented  scales. 

Tj'pe  :  Hyalocampa  specularis  sp.  nov. 

16.5.  Hyalocampa  specularis  sp.  uov. 

Forewings:  perfectly  hyaline;  except  along  the  margins  and  an  oblique  bar 
across  the  end  of  cell  to  hindmargin  at  vein  3,  where,  as  well  as  at  apex,  the 
hindmarginal  border  is  wider  ;  all  the  veins  black. 

Hindwings :  without  the  oblique  bar,  and  with  the  inner  margin  very  narrowly 
black. 


(  188  ) 

Underside  the  same.     Face  and  a  spot  in  front  of  thorax  white  ;  rest  of  head 
and  thorax  and  the  abdomen  blackish,  nnderneath  whitish. 
Expanse  of  wings  :  39  mm. 
One  (?,  one  ?  from  Cachabi,  Ecuador,  low  country,  January  1897  (Rosenberg). 


Lissocharis  gen.  nov. 

Forewings :  costa  curved  throughout  ;  apex  and  hindmargin  rounded. 

Hindwings  :  with  hindmargin  and  both  angles  well-rounded. 

Antennae  of  S  delicately  pectinated,  the  pectinations  short,  thick,  claw-shaped, 
with  a  bristle  at  end;  apical  third  subserrate;  palpi  damaged  ;  tongue  and  frenulnm 
present ;  legs  long  ;  hind-tibiae  with  four  short  spurs. 

Neuration :  forewing,  cell  nearly  two-thirds  of  wing,  constricted  towards 
extremity,  the  subcostal  vein  especially  being  deflexed  ;  discocellular  inangnlated 
close  below  upper  end  of  cell,  then  oblique  and  angnlated  outwards  at  middle  ;  the 
lower  third  vertical;  first  median  nervnle  at  one-half,  second  at  five-sixths  ;  lower 
radial  very  fine,  from  the  outward  angulation  of  discocellular,  upper  radial  from  the 
deflexed  end  of  cell;  7,  8,  9,  10  stalked,  11  free  from  cell,  and  anastomosing  with  12; 
9,  10  coincident,  anastomosing  with  11,  9  again  anastomosing  with  8;  foveal  bar 
strongly  developed  ;  median  and  submedian  veins  concave  towards  each  other  at 
base  ;  hindwings  with  costal  and  subcostal  closely  approximated  at  base  ;  vein  7 
before  end  of  cell  ;  discocellular  inangnlated  below  ti.  The  hiudwing  slightly 
shouldered  at  base  ;  the  costa  sinuate. 

Allied  to  IJyalocampa  Warr. 

Type  :  Lissocharis  nigrivenafa  sp.  nov. 

166.  Lissocharis  nigrivenata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  semihyalinc  white  ;  all  the  veins  thickly  black  ;  costal  area  above 
subcostal  vein  black  ;  hindmargin  broadly  black  ;  an  oblique  black  discal  blotch 
touching  costal  black  margin,  and  joining  an  equally  broad  black  blotch  between 
veins  3  and  4  running  into  hindmargiual  border,  leaving  two  white  subapical  spots 
separated  by  vein  6  ;  lower  radial  not  marked  with  black  and  very  indistinct. 

Hindivings :  with  the  veins  black  ;  a  black  margin  broad  along  costa  to  apex, 
then  narrowing  to  anal  angle  ;  inner  margin  narrowly  black. 

Underside  the  same  ;  the  discocellular  of  hindwings  more  broadly  blackened. 

Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  greyish  black  ;  the  patagia  whitish  ;  face  white. 

Expanse  of  wings  :   S  29  mm.;   ?  26  mm. 

One  cj,  one  ?  from  Paramba,  Ecuador,  Jatiuary  to  May  1897. 


167.  Nipteria  conjunctiva  sp.  nov. 

Foi'ewings  :  silky,  pale  fuscous  grey  ;  a  darker  cell-spot,  and  two  lines  meeting 
at  middle  of  inner  margin,  one  from  one-third  of  costa,  faintly  convex  outwards, 
the  other  from  two-thirds  of  costa,  more  or  less  parallel  to  hindmargin  ;  fringe 
concolorons,  darker  beyond  veins. 

Hindwings :  with  small  dark  cell-spot  and  obscure  line  bej'ond  middle  parallel 
to  hindmargin. 

Underside  darker,  dappled  with  fuscous;  the  outer  lines  and  cell-sjiots  thick  and 


(   189  ) 

distinct.     Vertex,  thorax,  and  abdomen  concolorous  with  wings  ;  face  and  fillet  pale 
ochreous. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  41  mm. 

One  c?  from  Castro,  Parana,  November  1897  (E.  D.  Jones). 

168.  Nipteria  foedata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  dnll  dirty  whitish,  slightly  brown-tinged,  especially  along  costa 
and  hindmargin  ;  first  line  at  one-fonrth,  nearly  vertical,  slightly  waved  ;  outer  Hue 
at  three-fourths,  marked  by  dark  dashes  on  the  veins,  angled  on  vein  6,  then 
oblique  inward,  approaching  first  line  on  inner  margin;  fringe  dull  brown  ;  cell-spot 
black. 

Hindwings :  paler,  with  traces  of  a  postmedian  line,  more  distinct  towards 
inner  margin  ;  fringe  pale,  becoming  brown  towards  anal  angle. 

Underside  dull  whitish  ;  both  wings  with  an  obscure  postmedian  line  marked 
by  black  vein-dots,  and  not  corresponding  with  the  course  of  the  line  above  ; 
forewings  with  black  cell-spot.  Face  and  thorax  dull  greyish  ochreous  ;  abdomen 
paler. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  35  mm. 

One  <S  from  Popayan,  Colombia  (Lehmann). 

Placed  in  Nipteria.  provisionally  :  the  apex  of  forewings  is  slightly  produced  ; 
vein  11  anastomoses  with  12,  veins  9  and  10  coincident  anastomose  with  11,0  after- 
wards anastomosing  with  8. 

169.  Nipteria  faneralis  sp.  nov. 

Foreivings  :  smoky  brown-black;  costa  marked  with  blackish  strigae  and  a  few 
whitish  intervals  ;  costal  and  apical  regions  dappled  with  dark  and  paler  strigae  ;  a 
subquadrate  white  costal  blotch  before  apex,  from  the  inner  edge  of  which  an 
obscure  darker  line  can  be  traced  ;  cell-spot  black  ;  fringe  concolorous,  slightly 
mottled  with  paler. 

Hindwings:  striated  throughout  with  darker,  and  deeper  coloured  towards 
hindmargin  ;  cell-spot  black  ;  fringe  blackish,  unmottled. 

Underside  with  ground-colour  paler,  and  all  the  markings  more  distinct ;  the 
hindwings  with  ground-colour  pale  greyish  white,  with  a  distinct  blotched  darker 
postmedian  line.     Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  concolorous. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  4.5  mm. 

One  c?  from  La  Merced,  Chanchamayo,  Peru. 

170.  Nipteria  intervallata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  ochreous  grey,  peppered  with  darker  ;  the  lines  darker,  at  nearly 
equal  intervals  ;  first  curved  at  about  one-fifth,  second  straight  from  middle  of  costa 
to  middle  of  inner  margin,  just  in  front  of  the  small  black  cell-spot  ;  third  parallel 
to  second,  from  two-thirds  of  costa  to  two-thirds  of  inner  margin  ;  traces  of  a  waved 
submarginal  line ;  a  slight  dark  marginal  line,  thickened  with  spots  between  the 
veins  ;  fringe  paler. 

Hindwings:  with  the  inner  line  absent;  both  wings  are  somewhat  darker- 
tinted  towards  hindmareiu. 


(   190  ) 

Underside  the  same  :  marginal  area  of  forewings  distinctly  darker  except  at 
apex.     Head  and  shonlders  j-ellow  ;  thorax  and  abdomen  concolorons  with  wings. 
Expanse  of  wings:  44  mm. 
One  6,  one  ¥  from  Paramba,  June  1897,  dry  season,  3500  ft.  (Rosenberg). 


171.  Nipteria  (?)  satellites  sp.  nov. 

Foretvinf/s  :  smoky  blackish  ;  a  triangnlar  dull  white  blotch  lying  between 
median  and  submedian  veins,  rightangled  above  the  anal  angle,  with  a  ronnded 
projection  in  middle  of  wing  from  median  to  snbcostal  ;  the  veins  dark  across  it ; 
traces  of  a  paler  su])marginal  line  from  before  apex  to  end  of  vein  2,  forming 
two  slight  pale  patches  before  costa,  and  a  white  spot  between  veins  3  and  4  ; 
fringe  dark. 

Hindiriiu/s  :  dark  smoky  grey,  with  the  central  space  paler  ;  the  veins  dark. 

Underside  of  forewings  like  tipper,  bnt  the  dark  markings  brown  grey  ;  an 
apical  white  spot.  Hindwings  with  smoky  brown  curved  central  band  followed  by 
a  whitish  one  ;  traces  of  a  pale  snbmarginal  line  ;  a  whitish  marginal  spot  between 
veins  3  and  4.     Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  dull  grey ;  palpi  bright  yellow. 

Expanse  of  wings:  3.5  mm. 

One  S  from  between  Cachabi  and  Paramba,  February  1897  (Rosenberg). 

Veins  0,  7,  8,  9  stalked;  10  and  11  stalked,  11  anastomosing  at  a  point  with  12; 
cell  two-fifths  of  wing. 


172.  Nipteria  satyrata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  dull  smoky  grey-brown,  darker  along  costa  and  hindmargin,  which 
are  dappled  with  irregnlarly  blotched  transverse  striae;  a  smoky  dark  cell-spot ;  an 
indistinct  obliqne  line  from  middle  of  inner  margin  to  fonr-fifths  of  costa  where  it 
ends  in  a  dark  blotch,  the  lower  part  being  marked  only  by  vein-dots  ;  fringe  dull 
grey,  mottled  with  dark  at  the  vein  ends. 

Hindwings  :  with  a  broad  curved  central  band  showing  through  from  the  under- 
side, beyond  whicli  a  paler  space  intervenes  before  the  dark  hindmargin. 

Underside  much  clearer  ;  the  oblique  line  of  forewings  black  below  costa, 
followed  by  a  pale  whitish  blotch  between  veins  4  and  6  ;  the  space  below  the 
median  vein  dull  and  blurred  ;  hindwings  with  the  broad  central  band  and  hind- 
margin blackish.     Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  smoky  brown-grey. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  52  mm. 

One  ?  from  La  Ualata,  Merida,  1897  (Bricefio). 

Neuration  as  in  N.  incoloraria  Gnen. ;  but  a  curious  anomaly  occurs  in  the 
forewings,  where  vein  5  is  connected  by  a  bar  with  0. 

173.  Nipteria  sericea. 
Deilinia  sericea  Warr.,  Nov.  Zool.  IV.  p.  462. 

I  have  seen  another  pair  of  this  insect,  and  find  that  it  sliould  be  transferred  to 
the  American  Genus  Nipteria  ;  the  foveal  bar,  which  is  present,  though  not  con- 
spicuous, had  escaped  my  notice.  In  one  ?  the  upper  radial  is  stalked  with  7,  8, 
9,  10  ;  in  the  SS  and  the  second  ¥  it  rises  from  the  upper  angle  of  cell. 


(   191   ) 

1T4.  Nipteria  subcomosa  sp.  uov. 

Forewiiigs  :  dull  semi-transparent  grey,  with  all  the  veins  slightlj-  darker  ; 
fringe  concolorous. 

Hindwings  :  the  same. 

Underside  rather  darker,  especially  in  the  hindwings.  In  the  c?  the  wings  are 
covered  thronghont  with  short  ghsteuiiig  hair-like  scales,  while  the  whole  of  the  cell 
and  the  snbmedian  fold  beneath  it  bear  thick  tufts  of  grey  down,  which  are  visible 
as  a  dark  shade  above.  These  tnfts  of  down  are  evidently  soon  rubbed  off,  as  in 
some  of  the  examples  there  is  no  trace  of  them,  the  whole  wing  apjiearing  thickly 
haired.  Face,  palpi,  vertex,  shoulders,  and  basal  joint  of  antennae  yellow  ;  thorax 
and  abdomen  grey. 

Expanse  of  wings  :   c?  35  to  40  mm  ;    ?  35  mm. 

Three  SS  from  CachabI,  low  country,  January  1897  (type),  and  several  of  both 
sexes  from  Paramba,  June  1897,  dry  season,  3500  ft.  (Rosenberg). 

Drnce's  perimede,  which  must  otherwise  be  like  this  species,  is  said  to  have  the 
head  parts  all  brown. 

Parallage  gen  nov. 

Foreirings :  elongate,  costa  faintly  curved  ;  apex  blunt  ;  hindmargin  obliquely 
rounded  ;  anal  angle  hardly  expressed. 

Hindwings  :  with  both  angles  rounded  off ;  hindmargin  faintly  indented  beyond 
cell  ;  antennae  (?)  subserrate,  with  short  bristles  ;  palpi  porrect,  slender.  Tongue 
and  frenulum  well  developed. 

Neuration:  forewings,  cell  more  than  half  as  long  as  wing ;  discocellnlar  inangu- 
lated,  short,  the  subcostal  being  strongly  deflexed  at  extremity  ;  first  median  nervule 
at  one-half,  second  at  five-sixths  ;  lower  radial  and  third  median  from  lower  end 
of  cell ;  upper  radial  from  the  upper  angle  ;  veins  7,  8,  9  from  the  bend  in  the 
subcostal  ;  10  from  the  same  point;  11  well  before  10,  anastomosing  with  12,  10 
anastomosing  with  11  and  subsequently  with  8,  9  ;  the  foveal  bar  distinct  even  in 
the  ?  ;  hindwings,  cell  and  discocellnlar  as  in  forewings  ;  costal  approximated  to 
subcostal  near  base  only  ;  6,  7  from  upper  angle  of  cell  ;  medians  as  in  forewing  ; 
no  radial  ;  scaling  sparse  ;  the  wings  very  transisarent. 

Type  P.  inemhranacea  sp.  nov. 

I  have  referred  this  genus  to  the  Geometridce,  notwithstanding  the  point  of 
origin  of  the  lower  radial,  which  must  be  considered  as  a  remarkable  abnormality  ; 
in  all  other  respects  the  insect  agrees  with  Geometrid  structure,  and  especially,  in 
the  presence  of  the  foveal  bar,  with  the  Nephodiinae. 

175.  Parallage  membranacea  sp.  nov. 

Foreicings :  pale  grey,  almost  diaphanous,  crossed  by  oblique  zigzag  lines  of 
dark  fuscous,  wliich  form  blackish  dashes  where  they  intersect  the  veins  ;  the  fir.st 
from  one-third  of  costa  to  one-fonrth  of  inner  margin ;  second,  third,  and  fourth  at 
equal  distances  from  each  other,  the  second  from  middle  of  costa,  the  fourth  from 
three-fourths,  the  third  traversing  the  discocellnlar,  the  second  and  third  not  visible 
below  the  median,  the  fourth  faint  and  obliqne  to  inner  margin  before  middle  ; 
beyond  these  three  more,  of  which  the  middle  one  is  fainter,  the  first  reaching  inner 
margin  beyond  middle  and  the  last  at  anal  angle  ;  fringe  (worn)  pale  grey. 


(   192  ) 

Hinrlwings  :  with  traces  of  darker  curved  postmedian  aud  snbmargiual  lines, 
and  a  dark  mark  on  discocellnlar. 

Underside  glossy,  with  the  markings  showing  through.  Head,  thorax,  and 
abdomen  cinereous  ;  tips  of  the  patagia  paler  grey. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  35  mm. 

One  ?  from  Bogotd,  Colombia. 

The  type  specimen  is  not  in  perfect  condition  ;  superficially  the  insect  con- 
siderably resembles  a  Gi'apkidipus. 


n6.  Psilosetia  pura  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  sliining  white  ;  costa,  especially  towards  apex,  grey  ;   fringe  grey. 
Hindwings  :  white,  with  grey  fringe. 

Underside  white  ;  fringe  grey.     Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  white  ;  face  and 
shoulders  3-ellowish-tinged. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  44  mm. 

One  <?  Merida,  Venezuela  (Briceiio)  (type) ;  one  c?,  one  ?,  Paramba,  Ecuador. 


SuBFAMiLT  BKACCINAE. 

IT 7.  Nelo  divisa  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  brown-black  ;  a  horizontal  elongated  red  Ijlotch  from  near  base  to 
two-thirds  of  wing,  Ijdng  between  the  median  and  submedian  veins,  both  its  ends 
pointed,  the  upper  edge  projecting  in  the  middle  a  little  above  the  median  vein  ; 
beyond  the  cell  a  square  red  spot ;  fringe  black. 

Hindwings  :  entirely  black. 

Underside  paler ;  costa  and  hindmargin  of  forewings  and  the  whole  of 
the  hindwings  grey-brown,  with  the  veins  black.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen 
black  ;  abdomen  whitish  below  ;  shoulders  with  a  lateral  red  spot. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  26  mm. 

One  c?  from  Paramba,  Ecuador. 


Genus  STENELE  Wlk.  II.  p.  356. 

I  find  that,  the  genus  Dichostrepsia,  described  by  me  in  Nov.  ZooL.  II.  p.  121, 
must  sink  to  Stenele.  The  distortion  of  the  median  and  submedian  veins  is  often 
scarcely  perceptible,  though  the  bladdery  space  below  the  median  is  always 
present.  The  neuration  of  Stoieli',,  as  given  by  me  in  Nov.  Zool.  I.  p.  412,  and  made 
without  denuding  the  insect,  requires  correction.  In  the  forewings,  veins  7,  8  are 
stalked  ;  9  and  10  are  free  from  the  cell  ;  10  anastomoses  with  11 ;  0  anastomoses 
with  10  and  11,  and  subsequently  with  8  (or  9  and  lo  stalked  anastomose  conjointly 
with  II). 

The  insect  which  I  made  the  type  of  Dichostrepsia,  viz.  tricolorata,  is  mani- 
festly the  same  as  Nelo  solimara  Th.  Mg.,  Le  Naturaliste,  1892,  p.  262,  which  will 
stand  as  Stenele  solimara  Th.  Mg.  ;  and  to  this  genus  also  must  be  referred,  judging 
from  the  description,  Melanchroia  {?)  uiirantiaria  Th.  Mg.,  Ann.  S.E.  Fr.  Is95, 
Bull.  p.  cclxxv. 


(   193  ) 

178.  Stenele  ruberrima  sp.  nov. 

'Forewings :  coppery  red  ;  the  ajncal  half  black,  its  edge  forming  small  teeth  on 
the  veins,  and  an  acute  angle  on  the  snbmedian,  and  reaching  inner  margin  at  three- 
fourths,  farther  from  the  anal  angle  than  in  S.  tripuncta  ;  the  three  pale  spots 
smaller  and  darker  than  in  tripunctu,  the  upper  one  consisting  of  two,  obliquely 
contiguous,  and  not  reaching  below  vein  5. 

Hindwin(js  :  with  the  apex  broadly  black,  the  teeth  on  the  veins  short. 

Underside  fulvous-orange  in  forewings,  the  costa  yellow  ;  the  three  pale  spots 
as  large  as  in  tripuncta  ;  the  apical  area  beyond  them  greyish  red-brown  ;  hind 
wings  yellow,  with  the  veins  finely  orange-fulvous  ;  apex,  margin,  and  fringe 
red-brown,  slightly  darker  at  the  vein  ends.  Palpi  fuscous;  face  ochreous;  vertex 
ochreous  with  two  black  dashes  ;  collar  black,  ochreous  at  sides  ;  antennae  black  ; 
thorax  and  abdomen  like  wiugs.  Underside  of  abdomen  ochreous;  a  single  blackish 
lateral  stripe. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  48  mm. 

One  (S  without  locality.  Closely  related  to  S.  tripuncta,  and  certainly 
S.  American. 

179.  Stenele  tripuncta  sp.  nov. 

Foretvings :  fulvous  orange  ;  the  apical  half  black ;  the  edge,  which  is  some- 
what inconcise,  runs  from  middle  of  costa  to  shortly  before  anal  angle,  slightly  bent 
on  the  median,  and  forming  a  small  acute  angle  on  the  submedian  ;  in  the  black 
area  are  three  pale  yellowish  hyaline  sjiots  ;  one  subqnadrate  towards  costa  between 
veins  7  and  4  ;  the  other  two  smaller  towards  hindmargiu  on  each  side  of  vein  3  ; 
fringe  concolorous. 

llindwings  :  with  a  narrow  black  margin  from  before  apex  to  aual  angle, 
running  up  and  forming  acute  wedge-shaped  marks  along  the  veins  ;  fringe  black. 

Underside  of  forewings  yellow  suffused  with  fulvous  ;  the  pale  spots  larger  ; 
the  apical  area  beyond  them  browner  ;  edge  of  dark  area  with  an  acute  subcostal 
tooth  and  right-angled  at  vein  2  ;  hiudwings  yellow  with  all  the  veins  thickly 
fulvous  orange  and  partially  confluent ;  a  similar  coloured  spot  on  the  discocellular  ; 
the  wedge-shaped  marginal  marks  with  bright  yellow  spots  between  them.  Paliji 
fuscous  ;  face  ochreous  white  ;  vertex  and  collar  black  mixed  with  yellow  ;  antennae 
black  ;  thorax  and  abdomen  concolorous  with  wings  ;  abdomen  pale  ochreous 
beneath,  with  two  fine  brown  parallel  lateral  lines. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  43  mm. 

One  cJ  from  the  Amazons. 

Taraxineura  gen.  nov. 

Forewings :  with  costa  straight  nearly  to  apex,  which  is  rounded  ;  hindmargin 
well  rounded. 

llindwings  :  with  both  angles  and  the  hindmargin  rounded. 

Antennae  (J)  strongly  bipectinated  to  apex;  palpi  porrect;  tongue  and  frenulum 
present ;  hindtibiae  with  four  spurs  ;  anal  tufts  largely  developed.  Besides  the 
foveal  bar,  the  forewings  have  a  very  distinct  but  small  fovea  developed. 

Neuration  :  forewings,  cell  quite  two-thirds  of  wing  ;  discocellular  very  fine, 
inangulated  above  the  middle  ;  first  median  at  five-eighths  of  cell,  second  at  elaven- 
twelfths  ;  lower  radial  missing,  replaced  by  a  fine  fold,  shortly  becoming  obsolete  ; 


(  194  ) 

ni'iier  radial  lung-stalkud  willi  7  from  the  end  of  cull,  botb  strongly  beut  downwards, 
6  terminating  at  the  jwint  iu  hiudmargin  where  5  would  normally  end  ;  8,  0  stalked  ; 
h)  and  II  stalked,  10  anastomosing  with  8,  9  ;  hindwings,  with  neuration  normal  ; 
costal  apin-oximated  to  subcostal  for  nearly  half  of  cell,  T  i'rom  before  end  ;  first 
median  at  one-half,  second  at  seven-eighths.     No  radial. 

Type  :   T.  carbonaria  sp.  nov. 

A  develoi^ment  of  ilelanchroia. 

180.  Taraxineura  carbonaria  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  coal-black,  without  markings,  except  a  large  snbquadrate  white 
blotch  at  and  beyond  the  end  of  cell  ;  fringe  black. 

Hindwings  :  wholly  black. 

Underside  the  same.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  black  ;  collar,  tongue,  and 
anal  tnfts  deep  ochraceons.  From  the  femoro-tibial  joint  of  forelegs  rises  a  short 
pencil  of  black  hairs  and  a  long  ochraceons  process  without  scales. 

Expanse  of  wings  :   34  mm. 

One  c?  from  Bogota,  Colombia. 

Subfamily  ASCOTINAE. 

181.  Bronchelia  subalbida  sp.  nov. 

Foreu'itigs  :  dingy  grey,  with  darker  grey  specklings  and  markings  ;  the  three 
lines  much  as  mfratcrnaria  Gnen.,  but  only  dark  fuscous,  not  black  ;  the  exterior 
line  more  oblic[ue  outwards  from  costa  and  much  less  strongly  dentate  ;  the  whole 
hindmargin  darker  gr&j,  containing  the  uniformly  lunulate  submarginal  line ; 
marginal  lino  fuscous,  interrnpted  at  the  veins  ;  cell-spot  dark  grey  ;  fringe  grey. 

Hindwings :  the  same,  the  cell-spot  large  and  distinct ;  the  exterior  line 
imiformly  dentate  and  nearly  straight. 

Underside  dull  dirty  whitish,  with  a  broad  smoky  grey  marginal  fascia  ;  fore- 
wings  dappled  with  grey,  the  costa  ochreous  ;  the  three  lines  marked  as  dark  spots 
on  costa,  the  exterior  grey  as  far  as  the  lower  radial.  Face  and  palpi  dull  brown  ; 
vertex  pale  grey ;  collar  and  thorax  grey  tinged  with  ochraceous  ;  abdomen  grey. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  65  mm. 

One  S  from  the  interior  of  Surinam,  September  1892  (C.  W.  Ellacombe). 

Distinguished  from  frcdarnaria,  Guen.,  by  the  broader,  less  elongated  wings, 
with  less  strongly  dentate  margins,  and  by  the  whitish  underside  with  complete 
dark  marginal  band. 

Another  cj  from  Castro,  Parana,  agreeing  with  the  type  above  described  in 
breadth  and  outline  of  wings  has  the  ground-colour  whitish,  thickly  strewn  with 
olive-grey  speckles,  and  the  outer  line  of  forewings  as  strongly  dentate  as  in 
J'raternaria.  The  underside  dull  whitish,  with  the  marginal  band  narrower  and  less 
strongly  marked,  especially  in  the  hindwings. 

182.  Bryoptera  subbrannea  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  whitish,  speckled  and  along  the  costal  region  suflfnsed  with  greyish 
ochreous  ;  the  lines  indistinct  and  interrupted,  all  followed  by  an  ochreous  grey 
shade,  making  them  appear  double  ;  first,  slightly  marked  with  blackish  scales, 
curved,  at  one-fourth;  outer  line  at  two-thirds,  parallel  to  hiudmargin,  slightly 


(  195  ) 

crennlate  and  blackish ;  closely  preceded  by  a  less  distinct  but  parallel  median  line  ; 
submargiual  line  waved,  followed  by  an  ochreous  grey  shading  ;  marginal  spots 
dark  ;  cell-spot  indistinct. 

Hindicings  :  without  first  line. 

Underside  of  both  wings  smoky  brown.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  like 
wings  ;  palpi  externally  and  a  bar  towards  top  of  face  brown. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  30  mm. 

One  (S  from  Paramba,  Ecuador,  January  to  May  1897. 

Distinguished  by  the  uniform  brown  underside. 

183.  Cymatophora  apicalis  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  smooth  olive-grey,  slightly  speckled  with  darker  ;  first  line  at  one- 
fourth,  bent  below  costa,  then  oblique  inward ;  median  shade  vertical,  thick  and 
diffuse,  olive-fuscous,  at  two-fifths  ;  outer  line  from  two-thirds  of  costa,  also  fuscous 
olive  and  diffuse  at  costa  and  inner  margin,  where  it  joins  the  median  shade  ;  cell- 
spot  black  ;  submarginal  line  very  indistinct,  marked  by  slight  dark  lunules,  and 
more  visible  beyond  cell,  where  it  crosses  the  beginning  of  a  large  triangular  olive- 
fuscous  blotch  lying  on  the  margin  below  apex ;  a  row  of  black  marginal  spots  ; 
fringe  concolorous  with  wings,  but  olive-fuscous  bej'ond  the  triangular  blotch. 

Hindwings :  paler,  with  two  straight  olive-fuscous  lines,  antemedian  and  post- 
median,  diverging  and  becoming  obsolete,  towards  costa,  and  plainer  on  inner  margin 
where  they  are  slightly  geminated  ;  submarginal  line  obscure  except  at  anal  angle  ; 
cell-spot  and  marginal  spots  as  in  forewings. 

Underside  greyish  ochreous,  darker  in  forewings,  speckled  with  fuscous,  the 
markings  of  upperside  partially  reproduced.  Thorax  and  abdomen  like  hiudwings  ; 
head  and  shoulders  concolorous  with  forewings. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  44  mm. 

Three  S  S  from  Castro,  Parana,  February  1897  (E.  D.  Jones). 

The  description  is  taken  from  a  fresh,  well-marked  specimen  ;  in  many  cases 
the  markings  are  much  less  distinct,  and  the  ground-colour  browner. 

184.  Cymatophora  (?)  commaculata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  dingy  ochreous  whitish,  the  costa  yellower  ;  the  lines  bronzy  grey, 
macular  and  interrupted  ;  three  in  the  basal  field,  curved  and  starting  from  large 
costal  blotches ;  two  postmedian,  consisting  of  coarsely  marked  lunules  distinct  only 
in  lower  half  of  wing,  and  ending  at  and  just  beyond  middle  of  inner  margin  ;  two 
more  submargiual ;  the  last  four  all  confused  and  lost  in  a  dull  bronzy  grey  blotch 
occupying  the  apex  ;  a  row  of  blackish  spots  on  margin  between  the  veins  ;  a  black 
cell-spot ;  fringe  ochreous  and  grey. 

Jlindtcings :  similar  ;  all  the  lines  curved,  those  near  base  broken  up  into  spots. 

Underside   similar,   but   the   markings    still   more   confused  ;  a  broad  diffuse 
submarginal  band,  the  apex  of  forewings,  and  a  spot  below  middle  remaining  paler. 
Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  ochreous  mixed  with  grey. 

Expanse  of  wings  ;  30  mm. 

One  ?  from  Paramba,  Ecuador,  January  to  May  1897. 

Distinguished  from  other  species  by  the  blotched  character  of  the  markings. 
It  is  referred  to  Cymatophora  provisionally. 


(  196  ) 

185.  Cymatophora  ochrea  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  3elIowisli  claj-colonr,  speckled  with  dark  fuscous  ;  a  diffuse  curved 
fuscous  basal  shade  at  oue-fourth  ;  a  broad  diiFase  nearly  straight  dark  fuscous 
median  shade,  followed  b}'  a  thick  dentate-edged  postmediau  line,  which  joins  the 
median  shade  on  inner  margin,  and  projects  slightly  along  veins  3  and  4  ;  the  band 
between  this  line  and  the  submarginal  is  paler,  less  speckled  with  fuscous  ;  sub- 
marginal  line  fine,  but  blotched  on  costa,  beyond  cell,  and  at  inner  margin  ;  the 
blotch  beyond  cell  connected  with  hindmargin  by  a  triangular  iliffuse  fuscous  patch  ; 
marginal  spots  dark  fuscous  ;  fringe  concolorous  ;  cell-spot  dark  fuscous,  lost  in  the 
median  shade. 

Hindwings :  with  two  dull  fuscous  lines,  median  and  postmedian,  near  together  ; 
a  less  distinct  dark  submarginal  line. 

Underside  similar,  but  all  the  tints  duller.  Thorax  and  abdomen  like  wings  ; 
face,  vertex,  and  collar  yellower. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  3U  mm. 

One  c?  from  Chiriqui,  Panama. 

The  hindmargin  of  hindwings  is  slightly  and  irregularly  indented  beyond  cell. 
The  forewings  have  no  fovea,  but  it  may  be  left  in  C ijiwxtophorn  provisionally. 

186.  Cymatophora  paraphiata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  pale  grey,  more  or  less  suffused  with  dull  tawny,  speckled  and 
striated  with  fuscous  ;  the  lines  fuscous,  irregularly  waved  ;  first  at  one-fifth, 
second  at  two-fifths,  both  obscure,  slightly  bent  out  in  cell  ;  outer  line  more  distinct, 
denticulate  outwards  on  the  veins,  and  somewhat  projecting  between  veins  G  and  3  ; 
submarginal  indistinct,  pale,  preceded  and  followed  by  dark  striae  partially  confluent 
into  clouds  ;  fringe  grey  with  dark  spots  at  base  between  tlic  veins  ;  cell-spot  grej', 
indistinct  ;  a  fulvous  cloud  below  costa  beyond  the  outer  line  ;  a  diffuse  pale  space 
at  apex  and  anal  angle. 

Hindwings :  with  the  extreme  base  pale,  the  lines  as  in  forewings,  the  dark 
dusting  stronger  beyond  first  line  ;  area  beyond  submarginal  line  paler,  without  the 
tawny  suffusion  of  the  central  area. 

Underside  whiter,  the  speckling  coarser  ;  marginal  third  much  darker,  fulvons 
and  fuscous,  less  marked  in  the  hindwings  ;  cell-spots  blackish,  distinct.  Head, 
thorax,  and  abdomen  like  wings. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  43  mm. 

One  ?  from  British  Guiana. 

The  reference  to  Cymatophora  is  provisional.  The  hindmargin  of  both  wings 
is  subcrenulate.  The  nenration  is  somewhat  abnormal,  the  cell  being  only  one-third 
as  long  as  wing  ;  veins  3  and  4  from  the  lower  end  of  cell ;  the  lower  radial  from 
above  the  middle  of  discocellular  ;  7,  8,  9  stalked,  10  and  11  free.  The  costa  of 
forewings  is  rather  prominently  arched  near  base  and  incurved  at  middle. 

187.  Cymatophora  ustifumosa. 

Bri/optera  (?)  ustifumosa  Warr.  Nov.  Zoul.  IV.  p.  466  ? . 

Having  lately  seen  twelve  sj)ecimens  (six  SS,  six  ??)of  this  insect  from 
Parana,  Entre  Kios,  Argentina,  I  can  refer  it ;to  the  genus  (ywa^oyV/orrt,  and  describe 
the  6,  which  differs  very  considerably  from  the  ?,  having  the  hindwings  white, 
while  those  of  the  ?  are  smoky  fuscous. 


(  197  ) 

(?.  ForewiiHjs :  whitish,  fuscons-speckled  ;  markings  blackish  fuscous,  tinged 
with  olive  ;  a  short  costal  mark  near  base  ;  first  line  curved,  from  one-third  of  costa 
to  oue-fourth  of  inner  margin,  bent  in  cell  and  again  on  submedian  vein  ;  outer  line 
from  costa  at  two-thirds  to  three-fifths  of  inner  margin,  oblique  outwards  at  first 
and  forming  a  blunt  projection  beyond  cell,  then  sinuous  inwards,  thickened  at  the 
veins  ;  cell-spot  large  and  round ;  the  whole  area  between  the  lines  filled  up  with 
dark  fuscous-olive,  excejit  a  slight  sjiacc  on  inner  margin  beyoud  first  line  and 
a  larger  space  on  costa  before  second  line,  which  below  the  middle  is  preceded  by 
a  smaller  spot  ;  submarginal  line  white  and  waved,  distinct  only  from  costa  to 
vein  4,  being  there  jireceded  by  a  dentate-edged  blotch  of  olive-fuscous  strigae  and 
followed  by  a  less  marked  fuscous  cloud,  which  is  also  slightly  reproduced  above 
anal  angle  ;  the  whole  of  the  anal  area  below  middle  and  beyond  second  line  is 
whitish  ;  marginal  spots  deep  black,  connected  by  a  black  line  ;  fringe  whitish 
tinged  with  olive  and  grey. 

Hindidiig& :  whitish,  S23eckled  with  olive-fuscous,  especially  towards  hind  and 
inner  margin  ;  on  the  inner  margin  are  traces  of  the  commencement  of  three  blotched 
lines,  the  two  outer  being  again  slightly  marked  beyond  cell. 

Underside  duller  white,  with  the  markings  indistinct.  Head  and  thorax  olive- 
fuscous  ;  abdomen  whitish,  basal  segment  with  two  large  olive-fuscous  blotches, 
the  remaining  segments  with  a  pair  of  smaller  spots  ;  legs  whitish  ;  foretarsi 
chequered  fuscous  and  whitish. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  28  mm. 

Six  {J  (?  from  Parana,  Entre  Rios,  Argentina. 

188.  Hymenomima  camerata  sp.  nov. 

Foretcings :  dull  whitish,  faintly  grey-speckled,  more  thickly  along  the  costa 
and  hindmargia  ;  the  veins  and  lines  dark  grey  ;  the  lines  below  vein  G  all  parallel 
to  hindmargin  ;  first  curved,  close  to  base  ;  second  a  little  before  the  middle,  pro- 
jecting roundly  in  cell  and  on  submedian  fold,  the  bend  in  cell  touching  the  discal 
spot ;  outer  line  dentate,  from  two-thirds  of  costa  to  middle  of  inner  margin, 
excurved  beyond  cell  ;  submarginal  pale,  zigzag,  between  two  thick  dark  grey 
shades,  formed  of  wedge-shaped  confluent  marks  ;  a  row  of  blackish  marginal  spots 
between  the  veins,  produced  to  touch  the  outer  dark  shade  ;  fringe  grey. 

Hindwinys :  without  first  line  ;  the  cell-mark  crescentic  and  free. 

Underside  dull  whitish,  with  difi"use  dark  grey  marginal  border  ;  cell-spots  and 
outer  lines  dark  grey.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  whitish,  speckled  with  blackish; 
palpi  and  antennae  darker. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  3U  mm. 

One  ?  from  Paramba,  Ecuador,  January  to  May  1897. 

189.  Lepiodes  exilis  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  pale  grey,  dusted  with  darker ;  the  lines  fine,  blackish  ;  the  first 
three  curved,  the  submarginal  alone  dentate-lunulate  ;  the  three  lines  from  black 
costal  marks  at  one-fifth,  two-fifths,  and  three-fifths  respectively,  obliijuely  curved 
outwards  to  median  vein,  then  vertical,  the  outer  incurved  to  vein  2  ;  median  line 
somewhat  nearer  outer  than  inner,  jjreccding  the  black  cell-spot ;  the  first  line  is 
preceded  and  the  outer  followed  by  a  rufous  shade  ;  ^submarginal  preceded  by  a 
fascia  of  confluent  blackish-edged  Innules  ;  a  fine  black  marginal  line  :  fringe  grey. 

14  " 


(  198  ) 

Hindwings  :  similar,  lint  without  first  line. 

Underside  grey  with  a  yellowish  tinge  ;  both  wings  with  dnll  blackish  marginal 
fasciae  and  large  ronudish  black  cell-spots.     Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  grey. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  23  mm. 

One  ?  from  Cindad  Bolivar,  Venezuela,  August  1808  (S.  Klages). 

In  forewings  vein  11  anastomoses  with  12  for  some  distance,  then  with  7,  9,  10 
which  are  stalked  ;  8  missing  ;  all  the  veins  very  fine. 

190.  Stenalcidia  grisea  sp.  nov. 

Forctdngs :  dark  hoary  grey ;  the  lines  indistinct,  marked  on  the  costa  by  black 
spots  ;  first  at  one-fourth,  second  just  before  middle,  outer  at  two-thirds,  marked  by 
blackish  dots  on  veins,  and  followed  between  veins  3  and  4  by  a  darker  grey-brown 
blotch;  submarginal  pale  grey,  regularly  undnlated,  preceded  by  a  dark  greylunulate 
shade  ;  black  marginal  spots  ;  fringe  concolorous. 

Hindwings  :  the  same  without  first  line  :  a  slight  dark  cell-spot. 

Underside  dull  smooth  dark  grey,  with  cell-spots  and  outer  lines  blackish. 
Face  and  jialpi  blackish  grey  ;  vertex,  thorax,  and  abdomen  like  wings. 

One  ?  from  Castro,  Parana,  December  1898  (E.  D.  Jones). 

191.  Stenalcidia  punctilineata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  brownish  ochreons  ;  the  lines  all  marked  by  black  spots  on  veins  ; 
the  first  and  third  double  ;  first  at  one-fonrth,  the  inner  arm  running  into  base  as 
a  black  streak  ;  outer  from  two-thirds  of  costa  to  before  middle  of  inner  margin, 
with  its  outer  arm  developed  into  a  series  of  black  wedge-sha])ed  marks  with  a  pale 
dot  at  base,  and  joined  on  inner  margin  by  the  spots  representing  the  central  line  :  a 
submarginal  row  of  dark  wedge-shajied  markings,  preceded  by  a  dark  cloud  beyond 
cell  ;  marginal  spots  black,  distinct ;  cell-spot  black  ;  fringe  full,  the  inner  half 
darker  and  mottled. 

Hindwings  :  with  a  black  line  at  base,  double  black  antemedian  and  postmedian 
lines,  the  latter  lunulate-dentate  ;  no  submarginal  line,  but  a  black  cloud  beyond 
cell  ;  marginal  spots  and  fringe  as  in  forewings  ;  cell-spot  large  and  distinct. 

Underside  suff'nsed  with  fuscous,  paler  in  hindwings  ;  fringes  and  costa  of 
forewings  pale  brown.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  like  wings  ;  abdomen  with  black 
ring  at  base  and  pairs  of  black  spots  on  dorsum  ;  f\ice  above  and  palpi  externally 
brown-black. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  35  mm. 

One  6  from  Popayan,  Colombia  (Lehmann). 

192.  Stenalcidia  venusta  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  silvery  grey,  finely  striated  with  darker  ;  the  costa  with  oblique 
dark  marks  ;  lines  velvety  black  ;  first  from  one-third  of  costa,  minutely 
biangulated  in  cell,  then  oblique,  parallel  to  costa,  to  near  base  of  inner  margin  ; 
second  line  from  two-thirds  of  costa,  at  first  oblique  outwards,  bluntly  rounded 
between  veins  G  and  4,  then  oblique  and  sinuous  to  before  middle  of  inner  margin, 
closely  approximating  to  first  line  on  submedian  fold,  towards  which  it  throws  out 
black  spurs  along  the  veins  ;  the  whole  inner  margin,  as  far  as  the  middle  of  cell, 
pale  flesh-colonr  tinged  with  fulvous  brown,  this  tint  also  forming  beyond  outer  line 
a  broad  fascia  running  obliquely  towards  apex  and  filling  up  two  or  three  lunules 


(  199  ) 

which  rejiresent  the  snbmargiual  line  ;  marginal  area,  except  at  middle,  darker 
grey  ;  fringe  silvery  grey,  beyond  a  fine  dark  marginal  line ;  cell-spot  indistinct. 

Hind  wings :  with  waved  antemedian  and  postmedian  dark  lines,  the  latter 
followed  by  a  flesh-coloured  fascia  containing  a  tawny  band. 

Underside  smoky  fuscous,  darker  towards  hindmargin,  the  hindwing  paler. 
Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  grey,  much  varied  with  flesh-colour  and  tawny  ;  face 
and  paljji  brown. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  28  mm. 

One  c?  from  Paramba,  Ecuador  (Rosenberg). 

193.  Sjmecta  duplicata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  greyish  white,  the  lines  darker  grey,  thicker  at  costa  ;  first  at  one- 
fifth,  curved  and  waved,  geminate ;  median  before  middle,  strongly  projecting  in  cell 
before  the  linear  black  cell-spot,  and  incurved  below  the  median  vein  to  inner  margin 
near  first  line  ;  outer  line  at  two-thirds,  geminate,  denticulate,  outcurved  above 
middle,  strongly  incurved  below,  touching  base  of  cell-spot,  to  near  middle  of  inner 
margin  ;  .submarginal  line  pale,  waved,  between  two  grey  shades  formed  of  confluent 
lunules,  the  inner  between  the  veins,  the  outer  upon  them  ;  large  black  marginal 
spots  between  the  veins. 

Ilimltvings :  without  first  line  ;  the  cell-spot  large  and  immediately  preceding 
the  inner  arm  of  the  postmedian  line  ;  fringe  of  both  wings  whitish. 

Underside  uniform  dull  grey,  darker  towards  hindmargin ;  cell-spots  dark. 
Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  pale  grey. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  28  mm. 

One  ?  from  San  Jose,  Costa  Rica  (Underwood). 

The  two  species  which  I  have  already  described  in  this  genus  (Nov.  Zool.  IV. 
p.  473),  cumifascia  and  giiseola,  were  represented  by  c^c?  only  ;  in  the  present  case 
the  type  is  a  ? ,  having  moderately  pectinated  antennae  and  the  fovea  of  forewings 
almost  as  strongly  developed  as  in  the  dd. 

The  absence  of  yellow  colouring  on  the  body  will  distinguish  it  from  6'.  cunei- 
/ascia,  to  which  it  otherwise  bears  considerable  resemblance. 

Subfamily  FIDONIINAE. 

194.  Fidonia  marginata  sp.  nov. 

?  Forewings :  deep  yellow,  with  a  marginal  border  whose  inner  edge  is  curved 
from  three-fourths  of  costa  to  anal  angle,  thickly  dusted  with  fine  olive-fuscous 
striae  ;  fringe  iron-grey. 

Iliiul wings  ;  with  a  narrower  border  from  apex  to  anal  angle,  of  uniform  width 
throughout,  but  narrowed  to  a  point  at  anal  angle,  much  darker  than  in  the  forewings, 
che  yellow  being  all  but  obliterated  ;  fringe  as  in  forewings. 

c?  with  only  the  inner  edge  of  the  border  indicated  in  the  forewings,  the  apex 
of  both  wings  with  a  few  grey  scales. 

Underside  deeper  yellow ;  the  marginal  borders  dark  olive-fuscous,  and  com- 
plete in  both  wings  and  in  both  sexes.  Head,  thorax,  abdomen,  and  legs  all  yellow  : 
forelegs  tinged  with  fuscous  ;  antennae  dark  grey. 

Expanse  of  wings  ;  S  26  mm.  ;   ?  28  mm. 

Five  6  cJ,  four  ¥  ? ,  from  Ciudad  Bolivar,  Venezuela,  October  1898  (Klages.). 


(  200  ) 

Mimocharis  geu.  no  v. 

Forewings :  with  costa  slightly  curved  ;  apex  rectangular  :  hindmargin  oLllciuely 
curved. 

Hindwings :  well  rouuded. 

Palpi  short,  drooping  ;  autennae  of  6  subserrate  and  pubescent ;  forehea^l 
somewhat  prominent ;  frenulum  present ;  no  fovea  ;  hindlegs  broken. 

NeimUion :  forewings,  cell  half  as  long  as  wing  ;  discocellular  vertical ;  first 
median  at  two-thirds,  second  at  seven-eighths  ;  radials  normal  ;  7,  8,  9,  lU  stalked 
from  some  distance  before  end  of  cell :  1 0  and  1 1  coincident,  anastomosing  and 
becoming  coincident  with  12  ;  hindwings  with  costal  ai)pro.\imating  to  subcostal  for 
nearly  half  of  cell  ;  veins  3  and  7  before  angles  of  cell. 

Type  :  MimocJiaris  rosgala  Th.  Mg.  {Ileterusia). 

Allied  to  the  European  Chiasmia,  but  of  very  diiferent  aspect,  mimicking 
Heterusia. 

Narragodes  gen.  nov. 

Forewings  :  broad,  the  costa  in  biisal  half  well  arched  ;  ajiex  bluntly  produced  ; 
hindmargin  sinuous  ;  inner  margin  convex. 

Hindwings  :  with  both  angles  and  the  hindmargin  fully  rouuded. 

Antennae  of  S  pectinated,  the  pectinations  ciliated  and  rather  far  apart ;  paljii 
quite  short,  porrect ;  tongue  very  slight ;  frenulum  jjresent  ;  hind-tibiae  much 
thickened,  with  a  pencil  of  hairs  and  four  spurs. 

Neuration  :  forewings,  cell  half  as  long  as  wing  ;  the  margins  inclined  inwards 
towards  the  end ;  first  median  at  three-fourths,  second  at  seven-eighths  ;  radials 
normal;  7,  8,  9  stalked;  10  and  11  coincident,  anastomosing  strongly  with  12; 
hindwings  with  the  costal  anastomosing  with  subcostal  for  quite  three-fourths  of 
cell ;  the  subcostals  from  the  iipper  angle  ;  no  radial  ;  medians  as  in  forewings. 

Type  :  2\arragodes fdscata,  sp.  nov. 

Difl'ers  from  Narraga  Wlk. — with  which  genus  it  agrees  in  the  anomalous 
anastomosis  of  the  costal  and  subcostal  of  the  hindwings — in  having  short,  broad 
wings  instead  of  narrow,  elongated  ones  ;  in  the  absence  of  a  fovea  in  forewings, 
and  in  the  subcostals  of  hindwings  not  being  stalked. 

195.  Narragodes  fuscata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  dark  brownish  fuscous,  rather  coarsely  scaled  ;  traces  of  two  darker 
fascia,  one  median  passing  over  the  blackish  cell-spot,  the  other  postmedian  and 
curved  ;  fringe  fuscous. 

Hindwings  :  the  same,  the  fasciae  both  curved,  parallel  to  hindmargin. 

Underside  much  paler,  greyish  ochreous,  with  dense  fuscous  striae ;  the  fasciae 
plainer.     Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  concolorous. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  20  mm. 

One  cJ  from  Sao  Tuulo,  Brazil. 

Subfamily  SELIDOSEMINAE. 

Amblui'odes  geu.  nov. 

Forewings  :  with  costa  straight,  curved  just  before  apex  ;  apex  rectangular  ; 
hindmargin  crennlate,  obliquely  curved  below. 


(201   ) 

Hindwings :  with  apex  rectangular,  hindniargin  vertical  and  crennlatc  to  below 
vein  6,  then  abruptly  bent  and  straight  to  vein  2  ;  inner  marginal  area  largely 
developed,  thickly  fringed  with  hair,  and  produced  into  a  curved  lobe  at  anal  angle, 
and  with  a  fringed  lobe  at  base  ;  beneath  with  a  bed  of  hairs  along  subniedian  fold  ; 
upper  side  clothed  with  hairlike  scales,  as  in  TricJwstichia  Warr. 

Antennae  three-quarters  the  length  of  forewings,  slender,  and  finely  serrulate  ; 
palpi  porrect,  second  joint  hairy,  third  short  and  smooth  ;  tongue  aud  frenulum 
present ;  legs  strongly  developed  ;  hind-tibiae  thickened,  with  a  pencil  of  hair. 

Neuration :  forewings,  cell  more  than  half  as  long  as  wing ;  discocellular 
oblique  outwards  ;  first  median  nervule  at  two-thirds,  second  close  before  third  ; 
lower  radial  from  somewhat  above  the  middle  of  discocellular  ;  veins  7, 8,  9  stalked  ; 
10  and  11  stalked  ;  10  anastomosing  with  8,  0  ;  hindwings  with  vein  7  from  before 
angle  of  cell  ;  the  three  median  nervules  short,  the  last  two  from  angle  of  cell. 

Type  :  Amhlurodes  commixta  sp.  nov. 

196.  Amblurodes  commixta  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  dull  greenish,  covered  and  suffused,  except  towards  the  hindmargin, 
with  dark  olive-brown  more  or  less  confluent  striae  ;  first  line  very  obscure,  from 
about  one-sixth  of  costa  to  one-third  of  inner  margin,  externally  dark-margined, 
forming  three  teeth  outwards,  one  on  subcostal  vein,  and  one  above  and  below  the 
snbmediau  vein  ;  an  indistinct  blackish  antemedian  line  ;  a  dull  greenish  ochreous 
median  line,  bent  below  median  vein,  then  vertical  to  inner  margin,  internally  dark- 
edged  ;  a  similarly  pale  slightly  dentate  line  nearly  touches  it  on  inner  margin; 
submarginal  line  strongly  dentate  and  much  paler  just  at  costa,  preceded  by  a  dense 
blackish  shade  forming  oblong  blotches  between  the  veins  ;  the  dark  costal  blotch 
is  preceded  by  an  oblique  jjale  line,  which  is  apparently  the  commencement  of  the 
line  which  approximates  to  central  line  on  the  inner  margin  ;  hindmargin  crenulate, 
with  dark  marginal  spots  between  the  veins  ;  fringe  olive-brown. 

Hindwings :  dull  dark  smoky  brown,  the  fringe  paler. 

Underside  dull  cinereous,  darker  towards  base  ;  both  wings  with  an  ill-defined 
blackish  central  line  and  submarginal  I'ascia ;  the  forewings  with  an  abbreviated 
middle  line  from  costa.  Head  and  thorax  dark  olive-brown,  with  green  scales 
intermixed ;  abdomen  paler,  more  greenish  ;  anal  tuft  dull  ochreous. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  48  mm. 

Three  cJc?  from  Paramba,  June  1897,  dry  season,  3500  ft.  (Rosenberg). 

Allied  to  Am/iltirodes  vellcdata  Moeschler  (Iscknopteryx),  from  Surinam,  but 
much  darker,  and  without  the  inner  pale  straight  line.  Moeschler's  description, 
however,  was  drawn  from  a  single  c?  ;  and  it  is  just  possible  that  the  pale  inner  line 
was  not  natural,  but  caused  by  abrasion  in  the  setting. 

Callipseustes  gen.  nov. 

Foretoings  :  costa  gently  curved,  apex  depressed,  minutely  produced  ;  hindmargin 
faintly  elbowed  at  vein  4,  vertical  above,  oblique  below. 

Hindwings  :  apex  and  hindmargin  rounded  ;  anal  angle  square. 

Antennae  in  S  simple,  lamellate  ;  palpi  porrect,  very  short ;  tongue  aud 
frenulum  present  ;  hind-tibiae  of  c?  with  four  spurs,  and  thickened,  with  a  pencil  of 
hairs.  Forewings  with  the  submedian  vein  swollen  at  base  and  bent  downwards,  the 
wing  membrane  between  it  and  median  somewhat  i)uekered  and  contorted. 


(  202  ) 

Neuration:  forewings,  cell  more  than  half  as  long  as  wing;  discocellnlar 
vertical  ;  first  median  nervnle  at  one-half,  second  close  before  end  ;  radials  normal  ; 
7,  8,  9  stalked  from  before  end  of  cell ;  10  and  11  stalked  and  oscnlating  with  12. 

Type  :  C.  parambicola  sp.  nov. 

197.  Callipseustes  parambicola  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  glossy  ochreous,  striated  finely  with  grey  and  suffused  with  rufous 
brown  ;  liasal  and  marginal  areas  pale,  crossed  by  fine  striations  ;  central  area  dark 
blackish  brown  :  its  inner  edge  from  before  one-third  of  costa  to  near  middle  of  inner 
margin,  its  outer  from  nearly  two-thirds  of  costa  to  beyond  middle  of  inner  margin, 
wavy  and  bent  at  right  angles  on  vein  4;  twice  as  broad  on  costa  as  on  inner  margin ; 
two  or  three  waved  and  swollen  lines  beyond  the  fascia  ;  a  dentate  fine  white  sub- 
marginal  line  from  before  apex,  indicated  in  lower  half  of  wing  by  dark  blotches  before 
margin  ;  fringe  brcwnish. 

Ilindwings  :  dark  cloudy  grey  ;  a  dark  grey  pale-edged  slightly  crenulate  post- 
median  line,  not  reaching  costa,  and  a  rather  large  dark  cell-spot. 

Underside  yellowish  ochreous,  thickly  speckled  and  in  forewings  siiffnsed  with 
blackish  grey ;  an  outer  curved  line  in  both  wings  indicated  by  black  vein-dots. 
Head,  thorax,  and  antennae  pale  ochreous  ;  abdomen  wanting. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  27  mm. 

One  3  from  Paramba,  Ecuador,  January  to  May  1897. 


198.  Cidariophanes  indentata  sp.  nov. 

Foretvings :  dull  olive-green,  thickly  dusted  and  striated  with  fuscous  and  rufous; 
all  the  veins  rufons  ;  a  small  dark  fnscous  spot  on  median  close  to  base,  followed  by 
a  larger  blotch  between  subcostal  and  submedian  veins  ;  inner  edge  of  central  fascia 
from  one-third  of  costa  to  one-third  of  inner  margin,  black,  inwardly  edged  with  pale 
ochreons,  forming  two  strongly  rounded  jirojections  outwards  above  and  below 
median  ;  these  two  projections  are  tilled  up  with  olive-fuscous  ;  outer  edge  black, 
externally  margined  with  pale  ochreous,  from  two-thirds  of  costa  to  three-fourths  of 
inner  margin,  oblique  outwards  to  vein  4,  then  incurved  to  submedian  fold  and  again 
oblique  outwards,  dentate-lnnulate,  followed  by  dark  patches  between  the  veins  ;  a 
dark  sinuons  central  shade  parallel  to  onter  edge  just  beyond  the  dark  cell-spot  ; 
submarginal  line  preceded  by  a  rufous  shade,  and  marked  by  three  white  spots  below 
costa,  interrupted  in  middle  by  an  oblique  rufous  shade  ;  a  row  of  black  marginal 
lunules  between  the  veins  ;  fringe  dark  olive-fnscous. 

llindicings :  dull  whitish;  the  inner  and  hindmargins  much  sjieckled  with 
grej'-brown ;  two  black  curved  submarginal  lines  from  above  anal  angle,  the  inner 
concise,  the  outer  difluse,  and  becoming  cloudy  towards  costa;  marginal  line  black; 
fringe  fuscous. 

Underside  of  forewings  ochreous,  striated  and  sufi"used  with  fuscous  ;  inner 
margin  whitish ;  a  dark  straight  central  streak,  blackish  cell-spot,  and  crenulate 
outer  line  ;  three  pale  subapical  spots  ;  a  pale  blotch  below  middle  of  hindmargin  ; 
hindwings  speckled  but  not  snflused  with  fnscous  ;  a  distinct  tliick  fuscous  ante- 
median  line ;  the  cell-spot,  crenulate  postmedian  line,  and  clondy  submarginal  shade 
fuscous.  Thorax  olive-fuscous  and  ochreous  ;  face  and  vertex  paler  ;  abdomen 
ochreous,  speckled  with  fuscous,  the  crests  ochreous. 


(  203  ) 

Expanse  of  wings  :   S  41  mm. ;    ?  48  mm. 

One  S,  one  ?  from  R.  Tanampaya,  Bolivia,  1894  (Garlepp). 

The  ?  has  the  markings  somewhat  less  distinct. 

199.  Cidariophanes  perrubrescens  sp.  nov. 

Foreivings :  with  the  ground  colour  only  slightly  olive-tinged,  being  almost 
wholly  suffused  with  dull  flesh-colour,  with  much  less  dark  mottling  than  in 
indeiitata  and  with  the  dark  and  light  tints  more  contrasted  ;  the  description  of  the 
markings  given  for  that  species  applies  entirely  to  the  present  species,  with  one 
exception  ;  in  indentata  the  upper  curve  in  the  inner  edge  of  the  central  fascia 
projects  further  outwards  than  the  lower  ;  in  perrubrescens  it  does  not  thus  project, 
and  the  pale  space  preceding  the  dark  shade  is  broader  and  more  oblique. 

Hind  wings :  whiter,  being  without  the  dark  dusting  on  inner  marginal  half ; 
the  submarginal  shade  and  fringe  paler. 

Underside  altogether  paler,  a  mixture  of  ochreous  and  olive-brown  ;  hindwings 
paler,  more  whitish,  with  less  freckling  ;  the  dusky  antemediau  line,  which  is  plain 
in  indentata,  entirely  absent.  Head  and  thorax  paler,  ochreous  speckled  with 
blackish  and  dark  olive-green. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  41  mm. 

Two  (?(?  fromR.  Tanampaya,  Bolivia,  1894  (Garlepp). 

Altogether  a  brighter-looking  species  than  indentata. 

200.  Isclinopteris  chryses,  al).  dispar  nov. 

Differs  from  chri/ses  Druce,  in  that  the  i  has  a  large  pure- white  blotch,  shaped 
like  a  flattened  figure  of  8  in  the  end  of  the  cell,  touching  a  whitish  or  pale  spot  on 
costa  ;  the  costal  portion  of  the  submarginal  line  also  is  prominently  white,  and  is 
preceded  by  a  bluish  white  costal  blotch  ;  the  submarginal  line  is  acutely  dentate, 
not  waved.  The  hindwings  are  smoky  olive-fuscous,  becoming  darker  immediately 
before  the  yellow  apical  space. 

The  ?  has  the  median  space  between  the  oblique  basal  and  the  toothed  outer 
line  wholly  filled  up  with  velvety  black  except  along  the  costa,  the  black  portion 
projecting  also  beyond  the  teeth  of  the  outer  line  between  veins  2  and  4  as  far  as 
the  submarginal  line ;  the  yellow  apical  portion  of  the  hindwings  is  deeper  than  in  the 
(?.     The  underside  agrees  with  the  type. 

Expanse  of  wings  :   c?  44  mm.  ;    ?  48  mm. 

Two  33,  two  ?  ?  from  Paramba,  Ecuador  (Rosenberg). 

It  seems  probable  that  the  black  central  suffusion  in  the  ?  ?  is  not  constant,  as 
in  a  ?  from  Chimbo  the  whole  wing  is  dull  green,  showing  the  three  dark  lines 
distinct ;  in  a  c?  from  Chimbo  the  white  discal  blotch  is  much  larger  and  rounder, 
and  not  connected  with  the  costa. 

Lobopola  gen.  nov. 

Foretvings :  elongated  ;  costa  slightly  arched  throughout  :  apex  blunt  ;  hind- 
margin  obliquely  curved  ;  inner  margin  somewhat  convex. 

Hindwings  :  with  well  rounded  hindmargin. 

Antennae  of  3  pectinated  ;  palpi  obliquely  jjorrect,  reaching  in  front  of  face, 
the  third  joint  small  ;  tongue  and  frenulum  present  ;  hind-tibiae  with  4  spurs. 


(  204  ) 

The  inner  margin  of  hindwinga  possesses  a  lobe,  reaching  to  half  its  length  and 
folded  over  beneath. 

Ne.uration  :  forewings,  cell  not  quite  half  as  long  as  wing;  discocellular  vertical; 
first  median  nervule  at  two-thirds,  second  just  before  end;  radials  normal;  7,  1(1,  8, 
9  stalked  ;  11  and  12  free  ;  hindwings  with  first  subcostal  and  second  median  from 
before  ends  of  cell. 

Type  :  Lobopola  cimarrona  Dogn.  (Bourmia  ?). 

Allied  to  Perissopteryx  Warr.,  bnt  the  lobe  onl}'  half  as  long  ;  vein  11  of 
forewings  free,  not  anastomosing  with  12  ;  the  lines  and  markings  quite  different. 

201.  Oenoptila  venusta  sp.  nov. 

Foreicings :  deep  brick-red  with  a  yellowish  undertone,  covered  with  slender 
fuscous  striae  ;  the  two  lines  broadish,  dull  yellow  ;  first  from  one-fourth  of  costa 
to  one-third  of  inner  margin,  faintly  curved  ;  second  at  three-fourths,  slightly 
sinuous  ;  the  central  included  space  rather  deeper  red,  especially  close  to  lines; 
fringe  concolorous  ;  cell-spot  obscure. 

Hindicings  :  with  only  the  outer  line. 

Underside  pale  pinkish  yellow,  striated  towards  costa  and  ape.x,  with  traces 
of  the  second  line.     Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  concolorous. 

E.xpanse  of  wings  :  30  mm. 

One  ?  from  Dominica,  February  1897. 

Like  Oe.  nigrilineata  Warr.  ab.  reversa,  from  Jamaica,  as  far  as  regards  the 
colour  of  tlic  Hues,  but  with  the  ground-colour  red  instead  of  dark  red-brown. 

202.  Petelia  fulva  sp.  nov. 

Foreiciiif/s  :  pale  reddish  fulvous,  thickly  striated  with  fuscous  ;  the  lines  dark 
vinous  fuscous,  thick  and  somewhat  indistinct;  first  at  one-fourth,  bent  in  cell,  then 
vertical;  second,  median,  vertical,  with  a  faint  bend  outward  below  middle;  third  at 
three-fourths,  rather  abruptly  bent  outwards  at  vein  4,  then  parallel  to  hindmargin  ; 
fringe  concolorous ;  cell-spot  black,  small  ;  the  base  and  costa  slightly  darker  than 
ground-colour. 

Hindwings :  the  same,  without  first  line. 

Underside  much  paler,  pinkish  ochreous  ;  the  cell-spots  large  and  distinct ;  the 
outer  line  obscurely  marked.  Face,  palpi,  vortex,  and  collar  deep  rod ;  thorax  and 
abdomen  like  wings,  the  abdomen  deeper  red  along  back. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  26  mm. 

One  S  from  Florida,  August  and  September  ISOo  (Priddoy). 

Stegotheca  gen.  nov. 

Forezvings :  elongate,  narrow  ;  costa  arched  at  base,  then  straight  ;  apex 
rectangular  ;  hindmargin  vertical  above,  obliquely  curved  below. 

Ilindwinys:  liroader  than  forewings;  both  angles  rounded  oflf;  hindmargin  with 
a  blunt  elbow  at  vein  2. 

Abdomen  of  t?  extending  considerably  beyond  hindwings  ;  antennae  thick, 
lamellate,  tongue  and  frenulum  strongly  developed  ;  palpi  and  legs  damaged. 

Forewings  with  a  large  foveal  space  at  base  between  subcostal  and  submedian 
veins,  covered  beneath  by  the  large  semi-oval  chitiuous  retinaculum  affixed  to  the 
costal  vein. 


(  205  ) 

Newation  :  forewings,  cell  quite  three-fifths  of  wing  ;  discocellular  sliglitly 
obliqne,  biconcave  ;  first  median  nervnle  at  two-thirds  of  cell,  second  near  before 
third  ;  lower  radial  from  upper  third  of  discocellular  between  its  two  concavities  ; 
upper  from  npper  angle  ;  veins  7,  8,  9,  10  stalked  from  considerably  before  end  of 
cell;  11  still  further  backwards,  becoming  coincident  with  12;  hindwings  with  costal 
approximated  to  snbcostal  for  about  half  of  cell;  vein  7  well  before  end  of  coll  ; 
first  median  at  three-fourths  ;  no  radial. 

Type  :  Stegotheca  amissa  sp.  nov, 


203.  Stegotheca  amissa  sp.  nov. 

Forewinf/s :  dull  ochreous,  more  or  less  covered  with  greenish  fuscous  scales  ; 
the  markings  indistinct ;  traces  of  a  dark  shade  near  base  ;  a  dark  median  line 
from  middle  of  costa  oblique  outwards  to  vein  4,  there  bluntly  rounded  and  inflected, 
and  denticulate  to  inner  margin  at  three-fifths,  preceded  by  a  darker  fjiscia,  the 
inner  edge  of  which  runs  parallel  to  the  line  ;  submarginal  line  pale,  preceded  by 
a  darker  shade,  marked  beneath  costa  by  horizontal  dark  streaks  ;  space  beyond 
central  fascia  pale  on  inner  margin  and  tinged  with  ochreous  ;  fringe  concolorous. 

Ilindivings  :  dull  fuscous  grey. 

Underside  dingy  grey  ;  both  wings  with  darker  margin.  Thorax  and  abdomen 
greenish  grey. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  30  mm. 

One  c?  from  Cachabi,  Ecuador,  low  country,  November  1896  (Rosenberg). 

The  description  above  given  is  the  best  under  the  circumstances  ;  the  single 
example  is  considerably  worn, 


Subfamily  SEMIOTHISINAE. 

204.  Semiothisa  combusta  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  dull  whitish,  suffused  with  rufous  brown  ;  lines  sienna-brown  ; 
first  close  to  base,  second  just  before  middle,  thick  and  diffuse,  botli  oblique  outwards, 
angled  in  cell,  then  oblique  inwards,  the  median  preceded  and  followed  towards  inner 
margin  by  paler  zigzag  brown  lines  ;  outer  line  from  two-thirds  of  costa,  slightly 
crenulate  and  marked  with  dark  brown  spots  on  veins,  to  three-fourths  of  inner 
margin,  outwardly  edged  irregularly  with  white,  and  then  followed  by  a  broad 
blotched  sienna-brown  fascia,  the  marginal  area  beyond  it  being  varied  with  paler  ; 
three  dark  costal  spots  before  apex  with  ochreous  between  them  ;  marginal  line  and 
fringe  dark  brown  ;  the  subapical  excision  strong  ;  space  between  veins  2  and  3 
from  their  origin  to  fascia  hyaline  white. 

Hindwings :  wholly  suffused  with  rufous  brown  except  a  pale  marginal  patch 
below  the  tooth  ;  a  brown  line  at  base  ;  a  thick  diffuse  brown  antemedian  shade  ;  a 
waved  postmedian  and  slightly  curved  submarginal  line  both  rufous  ;  apical  area 
darker  ;  fringe  dark  brown  :  cell-spot  obscure,  brownish. 

Underside  yellow  with  all  the  markings  deep  rich  brown  ;  the  discal  triangle 
and  apical  blotch  of  forewings  white. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  30  mm. 

One  <S  from  Azalur  de  Carthago,  Costa  Rica,  5000  to  6000  ft.  (Underwood). 


(  206  ) 

205.  Semiothisa  ochrata  sp.  uov. 

Forewings :  dingy  brownisli  ochreons,  dasted  and  striated  with  fnscons  ;  the 
lines  fnscons,  ill-tlefined  ;  first  at  one-fourth,  cnrved ;  second  shortly  l)e3-ond  it, 
before  the  middle,  thick  and  slightly  sinnons,  followed  by  a  distinct  black  elongate 
cell-spot ;  third  line  waved  and  snbdentate,  at  three-fonrths,  cnrved  from  costa  to 
vein  2  and  bent  in  at  the  snbmedian  fold,  followed  by  a  less  distinct  parallel  line 
and  shade,  thickened  into  blotches  between  veins  C  and  7,  3  and  4,  and  above  anal 
angle  ;  the  whole  marginal  area  rather  darker ;  fringe  dingy  ochreons,  beyond  an 
irregnlar  dark  basal  line. 

llindwings :  with  no  first  line  or  onter  shade  ;  cell-spot  large,  round,  black. 

Underside  ochreons,  washed  with  dull  yellow  and  speckled  with  fnscons  ;  the 
cell-spots  and  a  single  outer  line  distinctly  black.  Thorax  and  abdomen  like  wings, 
but  the  abdomen  tinged  with  yellow  ;  collar,  vertex,  and  face  dnll  ferruginous. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  29  mm. 

One  (?  from  Dominica,  July  1897. 

Forewings  with  the  hiudmargin  faintly  sinuous,  without  excision  ;  hindwings 
bluntly  angled  at  middle. 

206.  Semiothisa  praelongata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  greyish  ochreons,  with  a  slight  lilac  tinge  and  sparsely  speckled 
with  dark  atoms ;  the  lines  dull  ferruginous,  starting  from  thickened  outwardly 
oblique  blotches  ou  costa,  and  marked  with  darker  scales  on  the  veins  ;  first  at 
one-fifth,  cnrved  ;  second  before  the  middle,  ill-defined,  sinuous  ;  third  at  two-thirds, 
faintly  sinnons ;  fourtli  obliqne,  at  three-fourths,  diflfnsely  edged  with  ferruginous 
below  costa,  aud  approximated  to  third  below  vein  6,  with  a  large  black  Innule 
externally  between  veins  3  and  4  ;  marginal  area  lilac-grey  ;  snbapical  incision 
margined  with  black  ;  slight  black  dots  along  the  margin  between  the  veins  ;  fringe 
concolorous,  darker  along  the  incision. 

Jlindvnngs  :  without  first  line  or  black  lunnle  ;  cell-spot  dark,  round. 

Underside  quite  different;  yellow,  densely  speckled  with  tawny,  and  with  white 
patches  along  cells  and  snbmedian  folds  ;  cell-spots  large  and  black  ;  the  lines 
tawny  ;  a  dark  tawny  band  beyond  fourth  line,  broader  in  the  forewiug,  and  above 
vein  4  reacliing  to  the  hindmargin,  containing  a  white  apical  patch  above  and  a 
triangular  yellowish  patch  below.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  concolorous  with 
wings  ;  forelegs  much  mottled  with  dark  brown. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  32  mm. 

One  ?  from  Dominica,  December  1897. 

Distinguished  by  the  narrow  elongate  wings  ;  a  shallow,  oblique,  subapical 
excision  from  vein  7  to  4,  the  hiudmargin  below  it  very  obliijne  :  hindmargin  of 
hindwings  crenulate,  and  acutely  projecting  in  middle. 

207.  Tephrinopsis  rectilineata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  pale  sandy  oclireous,  with  faint  darker  dusting  ;  the  costa  with 
fuscous  striae  ;  the  three  lines  straight  and  parallel,  nearly  vertical,  pale  or  dark 
brown,  at  one-fourth,  one-lialf,  and  throe-fourths  respectively,  the  last  generally 
accompanied  liy  a  parallel  shade  of  varying  width  forming  a  fascia  ;  a  marginal 
shade  with  curved  edge  from  below  apex  to  anal  angle  ;  marginal  dots  black  ; 
fringe  concolorous  below,  towards  ai)ex  brownish  ;  cell-spot  brown,  very  obscure. 


(  20Y  ) 

Ilindwings  :  with  a  straight  brownish  postmedian  line  or  shade,  often  appearing 
Innnlate  ;  marginal  shade  slight ;  cell-spot  brown. 

Underside  yellower,  with  the  markings,  especially  the  cell-spots,  more  distinct. 
Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  concolorons. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  c?  23  to  24  mm.;    ?  24  to  28  mm. 

A  series  including  both  sexes  from  Parana,  Entre  Rios,  Argentina. 

The  two  inner  lines  of  forewings  are  often  very  slight  or  even  obsolete  ;  on  the 
other  hand,  in  the  darker  and  more  strongly  marked  ?  ? ,  a  central  line  is  visible  on 
the  hindwings  also. 

Subfamily  ENNOMINAE. 
208.  Anisoperas  impostor  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  ground  colour  fulvous-yellow,  almost  hidden  by  very  line  and 
dense  fuscous  striae,  the  subcostal  area  and  a  small  patch  beyond  cell  remaining 
yellower  ;  lines  fine,  dark  brown  ;  first  from  one-third  of  costa  to  one-third  of  inner 
margin,  bent  below  costa,  then  straight  and  a  little  oblique  to  inner  margin  ;  second 
from  two-thirds  of  costa,  sharply  angled  outwards  on  vein  7,  then  incurved,  and  from 
vein  5  straight  and  parallel  to  first  line,  to  inner  margin  shortly  beyond  middle, 
marked  externally  by  white  dots  on  the  veins  ;  in  its  costal  portion  it  forms  the 
margin  of  a  subapical  white  blotch,  which  is  notched  outwardly  and  contains  some 
dark  scales  ;  from  the  outside  of  this  blotch  an  obscurely  dentated  submarginal  line 
runs  to  before  anal  angle,  the  teeth  darker,  tipped  with  whitish  scales  ;  cell-spot 
black,  ringed  with  grey  ;  fringe  concolorons. 

Hindwings  :  the  same,  but  without  first  line  ;  yellow  spot  beyond  cell  plain. 

Underside  dull  testaceous,  fnscons-speckled ;  the  lines  indistinctly  marked  ; 
cell-spots  plain.  Face,  palpi,  and  vertex  (}ark  fuscous  :  fillet  white  ;  thorax  and 
abdomen  concolorons  with  wings. 

Expanse  of  wings:   c?  35  mm.;   ?  46  mm. 

Four  (?(?,  one  ?  from  Faramba,  Ecuador,  March  1897,  dry  season,  3000  ft. 
(Rosenberg). 

Distinguished  from  both  atropunctaria  Wlk.,  and  svhfultnta  Warr.,  by  the 
regular  curvature  of  the  secoiidline,  and  the  comparative  distinctness  of  all  the  lines. 
The  small  yellow  fulvous  patch  beyond  the  cell  of  both  wings  is  characteristic. 

209.  Anisoperas  rectilinea  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  mouse-colour,  densely  dusted  with  dark  fuscous  and  hoary  scales  ; 
the  costa  striated  blackish  and  white  ;  the  lines  blackish  ;  first  at  one-third,  curved 
in  middle,  and  marked  by  a  dull  yellow  spot  on  median  vein  ;  outer  line  straight 
or  faintly  curved,  from  two-thirds  of  inner  margin  to  costa  close  before  apex  ;  a 
denticulated  submarginal  line  ;  the  veins  towards  margin  somewhat  darker  ;  fringe 
concolorons  ;  cell-spot  very  obscure. 

Ilindwings  :  like  forewings,  but  without  basal  line. 

Underside  paler,  without  first  line,  and  with  traces  of  cell-spots.  Head,  thorax, 
and  abdomen  like  wings. 

Expanse  of  wings  :   S  39  mm.;    ?  41  mm. 

A  pair  from  Merida,  Venezuela  (Briccno). 

The  ?  has  traces  of  a  darker  median  shade  adjacent  to  the  outer  line. 


(  208  ) 

210.  Apicia  praeapicata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  greyish  ochreons,  thickly  dusted  with  small  dark  atoms  ;  the  lines 
very  fine  and  inconspicuous  ;  first  curved,  at  one-fourth  ;  second  just  before  middle 
of  costa,  below  which  it  is  curved,  and  passing  over  the  black  cell-spot  runs  oblirpicly, 
parallel  to  hindmargin,  to  middle  of  inner  margin  ;  third  from  three-fourths  of  costa 
to  two-thirds  of  inner  margin,  faintly  luuulate  between  the  veins  ;  marginal  area 
beyond  it  darker,  tinged  with  pale  brown  ;  snbmarginal  line  waved,  indistinct,  but 
placed  in  a  darker  grey  shade,  the  lunnles  opposite  the  cell  filled  np  with  dark  and 
followed  by  a  dark  clond  to  hindmargin  ;  marginal  spots  small,  black  ;  fringe 
concolorons. 

Iliiulwings :  with  a  curved  cloudy  antemodian  line  in  front  of  the  black 
cell-spot ;  a  double  strongly  marked  dark  brown  line  from  four-fifths  of  costa  to 
four-fifths  of  inner  margin  ;  marginal  area  dark  grey. 

Underside  wholly  pale  greyish  ochreous,  speckled  with  fuscous  ;  a  cloudy 
blackish  snbmarginal  fascia,  entire  and  thickened  beyond  cell  on  forewings,  reaching 
only  to  cell  in  the  hindwings  ;  outer  lines  and  cell-spots  represented.  Read,  thorax, 
and  abdomen  concolorons  with  base  of  wings  ;  toj)  of  face  and  paljji  Ijrown. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  38  mm. 

One  S  from  Petropolis,  Brazil. 

The  hindmargin  of  hind  wing  is  crenulated,  the  middle  tooth  prominent. 

211.  Asestra  albitumida  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  pale  brownish  ochreous,  faintly  speckled  with  darker  ;  first  line  at 
nearly  one-third,  angled  on  the'snbcostal  vein,  brownish  fnscous  with  whitish  scales 
intermixed,  expanding  on  inner  margin  into  an  oblong  white  blotch,  traversed  by  a 
faint  dark  line,  which  forms  a  black  dot  on  the  submedian  vein  ;  outer  line  from 
costa  at  five-sixths,  angled  just  below  costa  and  again  on  vein  6,  thence  oblique 
inwards  to  three-fourths  of  inner  margin,  and  marked  only  by  dark  vein-dots, 
expanding  on  inner  margin  into  a  similar  blotch  to  the  first  line  ;  on  the  costa  it  is 
followed  by  a  triangular  white  blotch,  with  its  centre 'on  the  costa  of  the  ground- 
colour ;  marginal  area  rather  deeper  in  tone  than  rest  of  wing";  fringe  concolorons  ; 
cell-spot  round,  rufous,  rather  large. 

Ilindivings  :  pale  straw-colour,  slightly  speckled,  with  a  curved  snbmarginal 
series  of  dark  dots  on  the  veins. 

[Tnderside  of  both  wings  whitish  ochroons,  the  forewings  tinged  towards  costa 
and  hindmargin  with  dull  brownish,  the  lines  indistinctly  indicated.  Head,  thorax, 
and  abdomen  concolorons  with  forewings. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  30  mm. 

One  cJ  from  Loja,  Ecuador. 

Aterpnodes  gen.  nov. 

Allied  to  Spiloo'aspeda  and  Spododes,  bnt  with  the  hindmargins  of  both  wings 
entire  and  not  crennlate.  Palpi  short,  porrect;  antennae  of  c?  subdentate,  shortly 
bnt  densely  pubescent  ;  hind-tibiae  of  S  thickened,  with  four  approximate  spurs, 
and  a  pencil  of  hairs.     Forewings  with  a  fovea. 

Neuration :  forewings,  cell  quite  half  as  long  as  wing  ;  discocellular  nearly 
vertical ;    first    median   at  one-half,   second   at    seven-eighths ;    radials    normal ; 


(  209  ) 

7,  8,  9,  lU  stalked  ;  11  anastomosing  strongly  with  12,  10  with  11,  and  snbseqnently 
approximated  to  8,  9  ;  hindwings  with  costal  shortly  approximated  to  subcostal  ; 
vein  7  well  before  angle  of  cell. 

Type  :  Aterpnodes  geminipuncta  sp.  nov. 

212.  Aterpnodes  geminipuncta  sp.  nov. 

Foreicings :  dnll  fawn-colour,  speckled  with  black  ;  the  costa  blackish  ;  the 
lines  very  indistinct,  denoted  by  small  black  vein-dots  ;  first  at  one-fonrth  ;  outer 
line  at  seven-eighths;  snbterminal  represented  only  by  two  black  Innales  on  veins  5 
and  6  ;  a  row  of  minnte  black  marginal  dots  ;  fringe  concolorons  ;  cell-spot  black. 

Hiruhdngs  :  similar,  but  with  no  black  luunles. 

Underside  paler  ;  the  cell-spots  and  submarginal  Innules  distinct.  Thorax  and 
abdomen  concolorons  ;  head  and  antennae  brown. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  26  mm. 

One  cJ  from  Azalar  de  Carthago,  Costa  Rica,  5000  to  6000  ft.  (Underwood). 

213.  Azelina  dorsipunctata  sjx  nov. 

Foreicings :  grey-drab,  finely  speckled  with  black  scales  ;  the  two  lines  brown, 
fine,  most  distinct  towards  costa  ;  first  from  one-third  of  costa  to  one-third  of  inner 
margin,  forming  three  outward  curves,  marked  with  a  darker  spot  on  median  and 
submediau  veins  ;  second  from  five-sixths  of  costa  to  two-thirds  of  inner  margin, 
oblique  and  straight  to  vein  5,  then  forming  a  crenulated  sinus  inwards  to  vein  1, 
thence  oblique  to  inner  margin  ;  cell-spot  hyaline  white,  8-shaped  ;  between  it  and 
second  line  a  tawny  shade  ;  a  slight  tawny  shade  at  apex,  and  four  black  sub- 
marginal  dots  ;  fringe  concolorons. 

Ilimhcings  :  with  costal  area  whitish;  a  straight  brown  postmedian  line,  paler- 
edged  outwardly  ;  two  dark  submarginal  dots  towards  anal  angle  ;  a  small  whitish 
cell-spot. 

Underside  paler,  with  coarser  and  darker  freckles  ;  cell-spot  of  hindwings  dark 
with  a  white  centre  ;  outer  line  in  both  wings  represented  by  black  vein-dots  ;  some 
tawny  and  fuscous  shades  beyond  outer  line.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  like 
wings  ;  second  and  third  segments  of  abdomen  with  a  pair  of  large  black  spots, 
those  on  second  segment  wider  apart  than  those  on  third. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  32  mm. 

One  S  from  Palma  Sola,  Venezuela,  1896  (Whyman). 

Forewings  with  a  blunt  tooth  at  veins  3  and  6  ;  hindwings  as  in  gammaria 
Moeschl.,  the  apex  rounded;  hindmargin  straight  to  vein  3,  which  is  prominently 
toothed,  concave  between  3  and  2,  which  is  faintly  toothed,  then  straight  to 
anal  angle. 

214.  Azelina  incompta  sp.  nov. 
Forewings  :  grey-brown,  with  a  slight  fulvous  tinge  in  parts;  the  central  space 
deeper  brown,  containing  a  linear  vertical  white  cell-mark;  lines  rather  darker ;  the 
first  at  one-third  nearly  vertical,  forming  three  uniform  small  curves  ;  outer  line 
from  three-fourths  of  costa  to  two-thirds  of  inner  margin,  irregularly  waved,  forming 
a  rather  more  prominent  sinus  inwards  between  veins  4  and  2,  marked  by  minute 
white  dots  on  the  veins,  with  a  rather  larger  one  at  costa  ;  submarginal  dots  black 
and  white  ;  two  or  three  very  obscure  slightly  darker  clouds  in  the  marginal  area  ; 
fringe  concolorons. 


(  210) 

Tliwhvings  :  brownish,  fnlvons-tinged  towards  anal  angle  ;  a  blackish  post- 
metlian  line  ending  in  a  white  spot  on  inner  margin  ;  submarginal  dots  black. 

Underside  fawn-colonred,  speckled  with  black  ;  inner  half  of  forewings  whitish ; 
outer  line  white  and  straight,  starting  from  a  white  costal  blotch  ;  costa  ochreons 
marked  with  fuscons  ;  cell-mark  as  above  ;  some  white  scales  before  the  two  lowest 
submarginal  dots  ;  hindwings  with  the  postmedian  line  waved  and  dentate,  black, 
edged  with  white  ;  anal  area  whitish  and  fulvous  ;  a  distinct  round  black  cell-spot 
with  i)ale  centre. 

Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  coucolorons  with  ground-coloar  of  wings. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  40  mm. 

One  S  from  ten  miles  above  Mapiri,  Bolivia,  20U0  ft.,  1895  (Stuart). 

Forewing  with  sharp  tooth  at  vein  6  and  a  blunt  one  at  vein  4. 

215.  Azelina  indistincta  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  dull  purplish  grey,  the  markings  indistinct ;  first  line  at  one-third, 
forming  three  outward  curves,  that  above  the  median  the  most  prominent  ;  it  is 
edged  outwardly  by  a  darker  shade  and  inwardly  towards  the  costa  by  a  paler  mark ; 
outer  line  from  five-sixths  of  costa  to  five-sixths  of  inner  margin,  bulged  beyond  cull 
and  more  prominently  on  the  submedian  fold,  incurved  between,  preceded  by  a  broad 
dark  shade  with  a  fulvous  reflection,  which  beyond  the  cell  is  developed  into  a  more 
or  less  prominent  bronzy  yellowish  blotch  ;  at  the  costa  the  line  is  followed  by  a 
pale  sometimes  whitish  dash;  a  narrow  dark  apical  shade  from  costa  just  beyond 
this  mark  to  middle  of  hindmargin,  and  two  indistinct  dark  clouds  towards  anal 
angle  ;  small  black  whito-tipped  submarginal  dots  above  vein  U  and  on  each  side  of 
vein  3 ;  cell-mark  angulated,  narrow,  subhyaline  ;  costa  marked  with  alternate 
dark  and  pale  striations  ;  fringe  concolorous. 

Hindwings  :  paler,  brownish  grey,  tinged  with  fulvous  towards  anal  angle  ; 
a  fine  dark  irregularly  crenulated  line  from  just  above  anal  angle  to  four-fifths 
of  costa. 

Underside  brownish  cinereous,  flecked  with  darker ;  inner  marginal  half  of 
forewings  bluish  white  ;  outer  line  dark  brown,  curved  more  or  less  parallel  to 
hindmargin,  followed  by  a  small  yellowish  white  spot  on  costa  ;  a  smoky  dark  cloud 
along  hindmargin  ;  cell-mark  and  submarginal  dots  as  above  ;  hindwings  darker 
throughout ;  a  large  oval  velvety  black  cell-spot ;  outer  line  thicker,  more  crenu- 
lated than  above,  followed  by  a  darker  shade. 

Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  concolorous  with  wings  ;  anal  tuft  of  <S  whitish. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  S  38  mm.;    ?  30  mm. 

Two  Jc?,  one  ¥  from  Popayan,  Colombia  (Lehmann). 

Forewings  with  the  apex  and  a  tooth  at  veins  3  and  G  slightly  prominent  (more 
so  in  ¥  than  in  cJ);  the  fringe  minutely  denticulate  at  each  vein  ;  hindwings  with 
the  fringe  similarly  denticulate,  the  teeth  at  veins  2  and  3  more  prominent,  the 
margin  between  them  excised. 

216.  Azelina  subochreata  sp.  nov.  and  ab.  nocturna  nov. 
Forewings :  rufous  fawn-colour ;  first  line  at  one-fourth  of  costa,  oblique  out- 
wards and  forming  an  inconspicuous  projection  above  median,  then  oblic|ue  inwards 
parallel  to  hindmargin,  inwardly  faintly  edged  with  paler  scales  ;  outer  line  from 
three-fourths  of  costa  to  two-thirds  of  inner  margin,  nearly  straight,  slightly  convex 


(  211   ) 

between  the  veins  below  median,  and  bent  in  at  inner  margin,  preceded  by  a  deeper 
red-brown  shade  and  followed  by  a  fine  dark  line  ;  median  area  rather  darker  than 
the  rest ;  cell-spot  hyaline  white,  bent  in  middle,  and  surrounded  by  a  deeper  tint ; 
marginal  area  darker  like  the  fringes;  no  submarginal  spots. 

Hindwings :  darker,  dull  smoky  brown,  showing  rnfous  only  towards  hind- 
margin  ;  an  obscure  darker  line  from  before  anal  angle  to  before  apex. 

Underside  bright  rufous,  speckled  with  grey  ;  inner  marginal  area  of  both 
wings  and  hindmargin  of  forewings  grey  ;  discal  mark  of  forewings  more  developed; 
outer  line  of  forewings  double,  the  inner,  representing  the  straight  line  above,  faint; 
the  outer  finely  blackish  and  irregular  ;  this  on  hindwings  becomes  whitish  and 
denticulate.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  like  wings,  but  less  rufous  ;  anal 
tuft  pale. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  36  mm. 

Two  S  S  from  Popayan,  Colombia  (Lehmaun). 

Between  these  two  specimens  there  is  as  much  difference  in  coloration  as 
between  the  two  forms  of  Pergama  meliss(x  Druce.  In  the  second  example,  for 
which  I  propose  the  name  of  ab.  nocturna,  the  ground  colour  is  dull  sombre  grey, 
with  the  central  fascia  dark  fuscous  grey,  almost  blackish,  without  any  rufous 
tint  whatever  ;  and  below  the  grey  tints  are  much  more  predominant  than  in 
the  typical  form. 

217.  Azelina  velutina  sp.  nov. 
Forewings  :  dull  brownish  grey  speckled  with  black  scales  in  the  S ,  more  pearl- 
grey  in  the  ?  ;  basal  line  somewhat  indistinct,  marked  by  black  scales,  from  one- 
fifth  of  costa  to  one-fourth  of  inner  margin,  forming  a  blunt  tooth  in  cell  at  about 
one-third  of  wing,  and  two  less  prominent  below  the  median  vein  ;  outer  line  sinuous 
from  five-sixths  of  costa,  convex  above  median,  then  concave,  and  again  convex 
outwards,  running  sharply  in  to  middle  of  inner  margin,  finely  edged  throughout 
with  white,  and  preceded  by  a  broad  diffuse  black-brown  shade  ;  the  spai:e  between 
the  lines  more  or  less  suffused  with  fuscous  brown,  except  the  costal  area,  the  median 
vein  standing  out  jjale  brown  ;  cell-spot  formed  of  two  black  dots  placed  obliquely 
one  above  the  other,  distinct  in  ?,  obscure  in  cJ;  costa  dotted  with  fuscous;  marginal 
area  in  ?  beyond  the  white  line  first  pearly  grey  with  a  darker  line  in  the  middle, 
then  brownish  ;  in  the  c?  wholly  brownish  ochreous  ;  black  submarginal  spots,  the 
uppermost  one  tipped  with  white  ;  marginal  line  dark  ;  fringe  grey  with  darker  grey 
centre  and  fine  ochreous  basal  line. 

Hindwings  :  pale  brownish  grey  in  c?,  pearly  grey  in  ¥  ;  outer  line  paler, 
sinuous,  shaped  somewhat  as  in  forewings,  edged  inwardly  with  a  darker  shade, 
especially  above  anal  angle  ;  an  indistinct  submarginal  cloud  ;  fringe  as  in  fore- 
wings ;  all  the  markings  faint  towards  costa. 

Underside  cinereous,  more  brownish-tinged  in  the  6,  much  speckled  with  dark 
scales  ;  outer  line  of  forewings  blackish,  denticulate  ;  submarginal  sjjots  large  and 
white;  no  cell-spot  ;  hindwings  with  distinct  crennlate  blackish  outer  line  edged 
with  a  paler  more  ochreous  tint  ;  cell-spot  small  and  annular  ;  a  single  white  sub- 
marginal  spot  between  veins  0  and  7.  Head  and  thorax  brownish  grey  or  fuscous, 
like  forewings  ;  abdomen  like  hindwings. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  35  mm. 

Two  cJc?,  two  ?  ?  from  Castro,  Parana  (E.  D.  Jones),  the  ?  ?  dated  March  and 
November  lb96,  the  6  <S  August  and  October  ISOS. 


(  212) 

Forewings  strongly  toothed  at  veins  3  and  6  ;  hindwings  with  the  teeth  hardlj' 
marked  ;  the  scaling  above  is  smoother  than  usual  iu  the  genus. 


218.  Cartellodes  ochrea  sp.  nov. 

Fofcwings  :  glossy  ochreous,  fiiintly  speckled  with  blackish  ;  a  pale  browu  line, 
slightly  sinuous,  at  three-fourths,  angled  on  vein  6  and  retracted  to  costa;  cell-spot 
brown  ;  fringe  concolorous. 

Illmhciiigs  :  with  the  line  straight,  broader,  at  two-thirds. 

Underside  similar,  with  traces  of  an  inner  line  ou  forewings,  which  probably 
iu  fresh  specimens  is  visible  ou  the  upper  side.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen 
coucolorons. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  22  mm. 

One  ?  from  Paramba,  Ecuador,  April  1897,  dry  season,  35UU  ft.  (Rosenberg). 

219.  Certima  sericea  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  silky  whitish,  with  a  slight  primrose  tinge  ;  the  markings  quite 
pale  brown  ;  a  curved  inner  line,  often  obsolete,  an  oblique  outer  line,  from 
three-fourths  of  costa  to  two-thirds  of  inner  margin,  and  a  finer  submarginal  line, 
which  joins  the  outer  line  below  middle  ;  a  faint  cell-spot. 

Hindwings  :  with  the  oblique  line  central  ;  the  submarginal  as  iu  forewings  ; 
no  inner  line  ;  the  cell-spot  obscure. 

Underside  white  ;  the  costa  of  forewings  ochreous,  with  some  ochreous  speckles 
beneath  it ;  submarginal  line  indicated  by  a  brown  costal  spot,  and  dots  on  the  veins 
beneath  it.  Palpi  dark  fuscous  ;  antennae  rnfons  ;  head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  like 
wings. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  GO  mm. 

Two  (?(?  from  Bogota,  December  1890  to  March  1897  (Biirger). 

The  hindmargin  of  both  wings  is  slightly  bent  at  vein  4  ;  the  shoulders  and 
patagia  are  elongated. 

Very  near  "  Metrocampa  sulphuraria  "  Mssu.,  of  which  it  may  prove  to  be 
a  form. 

Cnephora  gen.  nov. 

Forewings  :  with  costa  convex  at  base,  slightly  inflexed  beyond  middle  ;  apex 
minutely  produced  ;  hindmargin  toothed  at  veins  0  and  4,  obliquely  curved  below. 

llindtvings  :  with  hindmargin  curved,  the  apex  rounded,  the  anal  angle  sijuared. 

Palpi  porrect,  the  second  joint  roughly  scaled,  the  third  blnnt  and  smooth. 
Antennae  lamellate,  simple;  tongue  and  frenulum  present;  hind-tibiae  not  thickened, 
with  4  spurs.  Forewings  at  base  with  a  depression  between  median  and  submediau 
veins.     Patagia  enlarged,  reaching  beyond  the  metathorax. 

Neuration :  forewings,  cell  quite  half  as  long  as  wing  ;  discocellular  vertical ; 
first  median  nervnle  at  three-fourths,  second  at  five-sixths  ;  third  from  end  of  cell ; 
radials  normal  ;  7,  8,  9  stalked ;  vein  11  anastomosing  for  some  distance  with  the 
costal  ;  10  anastomosing  with  11  and  again  with  b,  9.  In  the  hindwings  the  first 
subcostal  and  second  median  both  rise  just  before  end  of  cell.  Wings  without 
markings. 

Type  :  Cnephora  griseuta  Mssu.  {Azelina). 


(  213  ) 

•   220.  Cratoptera  vilaria  H.S.,  Anss.  Sclim.  fig.  330. 

Cimicodes  primularia  ?  Drace,  Biol.   Centr.  Am.  Lep.  Ilet.  ii.  p.  18. 

Cimicodes  pi-imularia  S  Bruce,  I.e.,  t.  42.  f.  21.  ab. 

Herrieh-Scliaeffer's  figure  represents,  as  Guende  says,  a  pale  yellow  insect,  with 
no  markings  bnt  the  oblique  line.  Druce's  primularia  ?  must  be  identical  with  it 
But  his  S ,  which  is  tigured,  having  the  doable  brown  spots  of  the  marginal  area 
expressed,  may  be  regarded  as  an  aberration.  Along  with  this  form  there  comes, 
both  from  S.  Panlo  and  from  Bolivia,  a  further  aberration,  which  I  call  obscurata 
ab.  nov.  from  R.  Tanampayo,  Bolivia,  in  which  the  marginal  areas  of  both  wings  and 
costa  of  forewings  are  suffused  with  dull  reddish  brown,  the  apical  area  of  forewings 
however  remaining  yellow.  All  the  examples  of  the  two  aberrations  that  I  have 
seen  are  S  S  ;  it  is  therefore  probable,  though  by  no  means  certain,  that  the  typical 
paler  forms  are  always  ¥  ¥ . 

221.  Cyclomia  alternata  sp.  nov. 
Foreivings :  deep  dull  red,  with  a  diffuse  black  cell-spot  ;  fringe  red. 
Hindwings :  uniform  deep  yellow,  the  fringe  reddish-tinged. 
Underside  dull  yellow  ;   the  costa  and  marginal  area  of  forewings,  and  outer 
half  of  hindwings  reddish-tinged  ;  fringe  red.     Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  red. 
Expanse  of  wings  ;  21  mm. 
One  ¥  from  the  Bahamas. 

222.  Cyclomia  bellula  sp.  nov. 

Foreivings  :  yellowish  white,  covered  with  fine  trauverse  purplish  brown  striae, 
and  with  the  lines  of  the  same  tint  ;  these  are  irregular  in  form,  and  shades  rather 
than  lines  ;  first  at  one-fourth,  broader  on  costa  ;  second  broad  and  diffuse,  just  before 
the  middle,  generally  closely  followed  by  a  curved'line  which  joins  it  below  middle  ;  an 
outer  line  at  three-fourths,  bent  below  costa,  and  a  submarginal  irregular  shade,  the 
two  more  or  less  united  into  a  band  ;  some  dark  pnrplish  dashes  between  the  veins 
along  the  margin  ;  fringe  yellow,  flecked  with  dark  at  apex  and  anal  angle,  and 
with  a  broad  dark  blotch  at  the  middle  of  margin. 

Hindwings  :  with  curved  antemedian,  postmedian,  and  submarginal  brownish 
purple  bands  ;  a  darker  blotch  at  apex. 

Underside  similar,  slightly  less  striated.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  yellowish 
speckled  with  dark. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  13  mm. 

One  cJ  from  Carupano,  December  1891  (C.  W.  Ellacombe). 

Allied  to  C.fulpimacula  from  Cliimbo. 

223.  Cyclomia  costipuncta  ab.  ocellata  nov. 
Differs  from  C.  costipuncta  Warr.,  in  the  dark  costal  spot  being  obsolete,  and 
the  submarginal  line  being  expanded  into  a  sliglitly  sinuous  ochreous-fnscous  band 
with  irregular  dark  edges  at  costa  and  on  inner  margin  ;  cell-spot  a  yellowisli,  dark- 
edged  annulus. 

Hindwings  and  underside  as  in  the  type. 

Both  wings  are  much  speckled  with  dark  on  the  upper  surface. 

One  S  from  Caicara,  Orinoco,  November  ISUS  (Uherrie). 

1$ 


(214) 

Forms  similar  to  this  aberration  have  been  received  from  Palma  Sola  and 
Cnciita,  Voueznela,  and  from  ( 'haco,  Bolivia.  They  bear  a  strong  resemblauco  to 
some  of  the  forms  of  the  very  variable  species  C.  mopsana  Guen.  from  S.  Domingo 
and  Purto  Rico,  bnt  the  dark  marginal  band  of  hindwiugs  is  more  comjilete.  For  the 
present  it  seems  best  to  keep  the  mainland  forms  distinct. 

224.  Cyclomia  fulvimacula  sp.  nov. 

Forcmngs :  dnll  ochreons,  thickly  strigulated  with  dark  brown  ;  a  dark  brown 
curved  inner  and  submarginal  line  ;  a  thick  dark  brown  central  line,  interrupted  on 
the  discocellular  by  an  oblong  deep  orange  patch,  which  is  preceded  by  a  dark  brown 
blotch  ;  an  orange  clond  beyond  snbmarginal  line  below  apex  and  at  anal  angle  ; 
fringe  dark  brown,  preceded  by  a  row  of  dark  marginal  spots. 

Hindwiugs  :  yellower,  with  similar  markings. 

Underside  the  same,  but  less  speckled  ;  the  oblong  orange  cell-blotches  plain. 
Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  ochreons,  thickly  speckled  with  blackish. 

Expanse  of  wings  :   10  mm. 

One  (J  from  ('himbo,  Ecuador,  July  1897,  1000  ft.  (Rosenberg). 

Much  smaller  than  the  different  forms  of  mopsaria  Guen. 

225.  Cyclomia  rubida  sp.  nov. 

Foreivings:  yellowish,  entirely  suffused  with  dull  reddish,  the  red  tint  becoming 
much  brighter  along  hindmargin  ;  costa  minutely  dotted  with  darker,  and  with  two 
deep  red  spots  at  one-half  and  three-fourths,  denoting  the  origin  of  transverse  lines, 
which  are,  however,  hardly  traceable  ;  fringe  deep  red  ;  uo  trace  of  ocellus  or 
discal  mark. 

Hindwings:  yellower,  not  suffused,  but  only  sprinkled  with  bright  red,  and 
towards  costa  whitish  :  liindmargin  only  with  a  narrow  red  suffusion  ;  central  and 
snbmarginal  interrupted  red  lines,  not  reaching  costa. 

Underside  of  both  wings  deej)  yellow  speckled  with  red,  most  thickly  towards 
hindmargin  ;  inner  margin  of  forewings  whitish. 

Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  yellow  tinged  with  red  ;  antennae  reddish,  with  the 
apical  fourth  externally  white. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  27  mm. 

One  ¥  from  Rio  Janeiro. 

226.  Eusarca  multilinea  sp.  nov. 

Forewings:  ochreons  with  a  pink  tinge  and  shaded  with  fuscous  ;  costal  area 
brownish-speckled,  suffused  with  brown  along  the  costal  edge ;  the  extreme  apex 
whitish  ;  a  double  oblique  brown  line  from  one-third  of  inner  margin  towards  cell- 
spot,  becoming  obsolete  above  the  median  vein  ;  a  bigeminate  brown  line  from 
middle  of  inner  margin  into  apex,  the  innermost  arm  darkest  and  most  distinct ; 
two  obscure  grey  snbmarginal  lines  disappearing  in  apex  ;  a  small  black  cell-spot  ; 
a  distinct  brown  marginal  line  ;  fringe  ochreons,  with  pale  base  ;  space  between  inner 
and  outer  lines  paler  than  rest  of  wing. 

Hindwi)H/s  :  without  basal  lines  ;  with  three  central  lines  and  two  submarginal, 
these  last  broader  and  more  distinct  than  in  forewings  ;  cell-spot  between  the  first 
and  second  of  the  median  lines, 


(  215  ) 

Underside  yellowisli  speckled  with  brown  ;  tbe  lines  indistinct,  except  the 
broad  double  one  into  apex  of  forewiugs,  which  is  preceded  by  two  brown  spots. 

Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  ochreons,  the  vertex  and  shonlders  paler. 

Expanse  of  wings  :   <S  36  mm.  ;    ?  42  mm. 

One  d,  one  ? ,  from  Merida,  Venezuela,  November  1898  (Briceuo). 

Hindmargin  of  both  wings  bowed  but  not  elbowed ;  apex  of  forewings  in  ¥ 
more  prominent ;  tints  of  the  ?  paler  than  those  of  the  <J. 

227.  Eusarca  subfasciata  ab.  crocea  nov. 

Forewings  :  pale  yellow  ;  costa  sliglitly  dotted  with  brown  ;  a  short  oblique 
brown  streak  from  costa  before  apex  forms  with  a  smaller  brown  spot  beyond  it  a 
triangular  blotch  ;  beyond  the  middle  of  the  inner  margin  the  commencement  of  an 
oblique  rust-coloured  line  is  faintly  marked  ;  fringe  jiale  yellow,  tinged  with  brown, 
especially  at  apex. 

Ilimlu'ings:  with  a  faint  brown  line  just  before  the  middle  ;  fringe  brown 
at  apex. 

Underside  yellow  ;  forewings  with  a  broad  chestnut-brown  marginal  border 
obliquely  cut  off  to  apex  ;  hindwiugs  with  some  brown  scales  at  ajiex.  Head  brown  ; 
thorax  and  abdomen  yellow. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  30  mm. 

One  (J  from  Palma  Sola,  Venezuela. 

An  extremely  pale  and  little-marked  form  of  E.  subfasciata  Warr. 

228.  Eusarca  umbrilineata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  fawn-colonr,  irrorated  with  fine  dark  atoms  ;  a  black  dot  near  base  ; 
the  lines  purplish  brown  ;  first  fine,  from  one-fourth  of  costa,  irregularly  oblique 
outwards,  angled  in  cell  at  one-third  from  base,  then  oblique  to  inner  margin  at 
one-third  ;  outer  line  from  three-fifths  of  inner  margin  oblique  towards  ai)ex,  shortly 
before  which  it  is  bluntly  angled  and  retracted  to  costa,  accompanied  on  its  inner 
edge  by  a  broad  shade  which  runs  through  to  apex  and  edged  outwardly  by  a  faintly 
lustrous  line,  followed  by  a  darker  shade  beneath  apex  and  towards  anal  angle  ; 
an  oblique  dark  costal  streak  at  middle  above  a  small  black  cell-dot ;  fringe 
fawn-colour. 

Hindwings :  with  the  purplish  line  and  shade  central  ;  the  basal  area  paler,  the 
marginal  clouded  with  purplish  grey  ;  traces  of  a  curved  dark  line  from  three-fourths 
of  costa,  touching  central  line  on  inner  margin. 

Underside  dull  yellowish,  with  strong  dark  strigulations  ;  the  lines  and  shades 
all  distinctly  expressed  ;  the  apex  broadly,  the  hindmargin  more  narrowly  whitish 
grey.    Head  and  thorax  fawn-colour. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  35  to  39  mm. 

One  ?  from  Sao  Panlo  (type),  and  two  ?  ?  from  Castro,  Parana,  October  1897 
(E.  D.  Jones).  One  of  these  is  so  thickly  suffused  with  fuscous  that  the  markings, 
except  the  oblique  line,  are  almost  hidden. 

229.  Eusenea  rotundata  sp.  nov. 
Forewings :  chestnut-brown,  deeper  brown  between  the  two  lines  ;  first  line 
obscure,  from  one-fifth  of  costa  to  one-fourth  of  inner  margin,  forming  a  prominent 
projection  in  cell  above  the  median,  then  oblique  inwards  ;  outer  line  black,  slightly 


(  2IG  ) 

concave  outwards,  and  becoming  double  in  lower  half,  from  two-thirds  of  costa  to 
two-thirds  of  inner  margin  ;  marginal  third  paler,  esjiecially  immediatel}'  be3-ond 
outer  line,  and  striated  with  lilack  ;  fringe  concolorous,  a  single  white  snbmarginal 
dot  below  vein  7  ;  cell-spot  small,  oval,  hyaline  white. 

Ilimfwings :  duller,  more  snfi'used  with  fuscons,  except  along  costa  and  inner 
margin  ;  traces  of  a  dark,  paler-edged  line  from  above  anal  angle  towards  two-thirds 
of  costa. 

Underside  bright  chestnut-brown  :  cell-spots  round  and  white  ;  inner  half  of 
forewing  whitish  ;  hindwiug  towards  anal  angle  whitish,  speckled  with  black. 
Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  chestuut-brown. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  41  mm. 

One  c?  from  Merida,  Venezuela  (Bricefio). 

Hindmargiu  of  both  wings  without  any  trace  of  teeth. 


230.  Hasodima  (?)  incongruata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  whitish  grey,  varied  with  ochreons  grey  transverse  striae,  the 
costal  area  suffused  with  grey ;  the  lines  ochreons  grey,  indistinctly  expressed, 
wavy  ;  first  from  one-fourth  of  costa  to  two-fifths  of  inner  margin  :  second  from 
two-thirds  of  costa  to  three-fourths  of  inner  margin  ;  snbmargiual  from  five-sixths 
of  costa  to  five-sixths  of  inner  margin  ;  a  small  dark  cell-spot ;  fringe  whitish,  with 
grey  marginal  spots. 

ITindwiiigs :  white,  slightly  dusted  with  grey  along  inner  and  hindmargiu  and 
with  traces  of  two  transverse  lines  jnst  above  anal  angle. 

Underside  white  ;  costa  of  forewings  and  costal  end  of  submarginal  line  fuscons. 
Head  and  thorax  grey  ;  abdomen  wliitish. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  30  mm. 

Two  t?  c?  from  Bogota  (Child). 

The  hindwings  are  bent  at  the  end  of  vein  3  as  well  as  vein  7.  It  differs  from 
tyjjical  Hasodima  in  having  no  crests  to  the  abdomen. 

An  example  marked  Macaria  incongruata  Wlk.  is  in  the  British  Museum 
Collection,  bnt  there  is  no  trace  of  the  description  having  ever  been  published  under 
that  name.     That  specimen  was  likewise  from  Bogotd. 


231.  Herbita  flavidiscata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  fulvous  brown,  slightly  tinged  with  lilac-grey  towards  the  hind- 
margin  ;  the  costal  edge  snow-white,  speckled  with  fuscous  ;  five  indistinct  darker 
lines  or  shades,  much  as  in  //.  nicila  Dogn. ;  the  outer  and  snbmargiual  denticulate, 
the  teeth  of  the  former  marked  with  grey  dashes  on  the  veins  ;  cell-spot  Ijlack,  grey- 
edged,  with  a  few  slight  fulvous  orange  scales  round  it,  which  also  appear  along  the 
outer  edge  of  the  second  line,  and  form  a  roundish  blotch  with  irregular  edges  and 
paler  centre  beyond  cell  :  a  large  pak'  costal  spot  before  apex,  semicircular  in  shajie, 
edged  by  a  grey  space,  which  on  the  costa  towards  base  bears  a  snow-white  spot ; 
the  centre  ochreons,  tinged  with  grey  ;  the  costal  area  marked  with  brown  striae  ; 
fringe  dark  brown. 

IliixlwiiKis  :  similar  ;  the  yellow  cell-patch  more  obscure. 

Underside  pinkish  ochreons  grey,  speckled  with  dark  grey  ;  submarginal  line 


(  217  ) 

grey.     Face  aud  palpi  brown-black  ;  vertex  and  anteuual  shaft  white  mixed  with 
grey  scales  ;  collar  aud  thorax  fulvous  ;  abdoineu  rufous-ciuercous. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  56  mm. 

One  d  from  Paramba,  Ecuador. 

232.  Ira  subcostata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  fawn-grey,  slightly  speckled  with  darker  ;  the  costa  finely  marked 
with  black  and  pale  intervals  ;  a  thick  difl'use  blackish  shade  from  inner  margin 
close  to  base,  running  beneath  the  snbcostal  vein  to  beyond  middle,  and  thence 
extending  to  costa  ;  first  line  at  one-fourth,  ontwardly  curved  between  the  veins  ; 
median  line  straight  and  thick,  from  three-fifths  of  costa  to  three-fifths  of  inner 
margin  ;  a  blackish  semi-oval  costal  blotch  before  ajjex,  marked  by  a  strong  white 
spot  towards  base  ;  from  this  spot  a  very  obscnre  dark  dentate-lnnnlate  line  runs 
obliquely  inwards,  touching  median  line  on  snbmedian  fold,  and  ending  in  a  dark 
spot  on  inner  margin  ;  an  indistinctly  darker  snbmarginal  dentate-lunulate  line  ; 
fringe  i)aler  than  ground-colour  ;  cell-spot  dark,  almost  hidden  by  the  median  line 
and  subcostal  shade. 

Iliruhvings :  with  dark  cell-spot,  curved  median  shade,  and  dentate-lunulate 
postmedian  and  snbmarginal  darker  lines. 

Underside  dull  cinereous,  speckled  with  darker,  with  an  obscure  cloudy  sub- 
marginal  fascia  on  both  wings,  and  round  black  cell-spots.  Head,  thorax,  and 
abdomen  concolorous. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  52  mm. 

Two  c?  c?  from  Paramba,  Ecnador,  June  1897,  dry  season,  3.500  ft.  (Rosenberg). 

233.  Isochromodes  dispar  sp.  nov. 

Foreii'infjs  :  pale  brownish  ochreous,  dusted  with  darker  ;  the  lines  diffuse,  pale 
brown,  not  much  darker  than  the  ground-colour  :  first  at  one-fourth,  vertically 
waved  ;  second  at  one-half,  similarly  waved  and  vertical,  passing  over  the  small 
dark  cell-spot ;  third  at  three-fourths,  obscurely  double,  waved  and  vertical  to 
middle,  then  incurved  and  joining  median  line  on  inner  margin  ;  snbmarginal  line 
marked  only  by  some  dark  cloudy  spots,  one  separate  beyond  cell,  two  or  three 
more  or  less  coalesceut  towards  anal  angle  ;  fringe  whitish,  chequered  with  sandy 
beyond  veins. 

Ilindwings  :  with  curved  central  and  snbmarginal  lines  only,  the  margin  beyond 
the  latter  clouded  with  greyish. 

Underside  whitish  ochreons,  speckled  with  brown  along  costa  and  towards  base 
in  the  forewings,  slightly  speckled  only  along  costa  in  hiudwings  ;  a  smoky  black 
fascia,  straight  from  below  three-fourths  of  costa  to  anal  angle  in  forewing  ;  from 
costa  and  curved  in  hindwing,  narrower  and  nearer  hindmargiu  ;  a  well-marked 
black  lunulate  marginal  line ;  cell-spots  black.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen 
ochreous  ;  top  of  face  and  upper  edge  of  palpi  brownish. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  39  mm. 

One  ?  from  Paramba,  Ecuador  (Rosenberg). 

Of  Walker's  cxtimaria,  which  I  have  made  the  type  of  the  genus,  I  have  seen 
i  S  only  ;  these  are  grey,  not  ochreous,  in  ground-colour,  and  have  the  markings, 
more  especially  on  the  underside,  so  very  difi'ercnt,  that  I  am  not  disposed  to  consider 
them  the  S  <S  oi  the  species  here  described.  Sabalodes  bermeja  of  Dognin,  which  I 
have  not  seen,  may  possibly  be  the  i  of  dispar. 


(  218  ) 

234.  Meliuodes  fxirva  sp.  nov. 

Forewitigs :  saady  rufous,  speckled  with  darker,  the  costa  with  fuscous  striae  ; 
the  lines  fuscous,  slender,  but  marked  distinctly  on  the  veins  by  black  white-tijiped 
dots  ;  first  at  one-fourth,  nearly  vertical  ;  outer  line  from  four-fifths  of  costa  to 
three-fourths  of  inner  margin,  oLli^ne  outwards  to  vein  6  and  there  angled  outwards, 
angled  inwards  on  vein  5,  thence  oblique  outwards  to  vein  4,  vertical  to  vein  3, 
strongly  oblique  inwards  to  vein  2  and  thence  vertical  to  inner  margin  ;  a  dark 
discal  mark ;  fringe  concolorous  ;  a  slight  dark  apical  shade. 

Ilindu'iiigs  :  similar,  without  first  line. 

Underside  paler,  more  straw-colour  ;  the  lines  thicker,  dull  fuscous,  without 
dark  dots.     Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  concolorous. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  28  mm. 

Several  of  both  sexes  from  Bogota. 

Allied  to  M.  hogotata  Snell.     {Epione.) 

235.  Microgonia  apidania  ah.  caliginosa  nov. 

Foreioings :  dull  jiale  olive,  striated  with  fuscous  ;  this  ground-colour,  however, 
only  appears  over  the  apical  area  between  the  median  shade  and  hindmargin  as  far 
as  vein  4,  all  the  rest  of  the  wing  being  covered  with  smoky  black,  except  a  few 
pale  scales  along  inner  margin  at  base  of  the  first,  the  median,  and  the  submarginal 
lines,  and  narrowly  along  the  hindmargin  :  the  first  line  and  median  shade  are 
deeper  black,  and  the  submarginal  dark  zigzag  line  rises  from  the  black  lower  cloud 
through  the  pale-olive  area  towards  apex  ;  the  fringe  is  olive  throughout. 

Hiixlwings :  entirely  covered  with  smoky  black,  with  the  central  line  still 
deeper  ;  the  fringe  concolorous. 

Underside  smoky  olive-fuscous,  darker  towards  hindmargins  ;  the  central  line 
black  in  both  wings  ;  the  apical  white  spot  distinct,  preceded  by  the  dull  brown 
fascia,  which  scarcely  reaches  the  middle  of  the  wing.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen 
smoky  black,  like  the  wings  ;  the  vertex  and  antennae  alone  pale  olive-green. 

One  S  from  Palma  Sola,  Venezuela,  189G  (Whyman). 

236.  Microgonia  insolita  sj).  nov. 

Forewings :  dark  brown,  with  dense  deeper  brown  striations  ;  first  line  obscure, 
from  one-third  of  costa  to  near  middle  of  inner  margin,  slightly  outcnrvcd  above  and 
below  the  median  vein  ;  second  line  straight  and  oblique,  from  just  beyond  middle 
of  inner  margin  towards  apex,  before  which  it  is  sharply  deflected  to  costa;  space 
between  the  two  lines  deep  velvety  brown,  containing  a  small  concisely  marked  oval 
cell-spot  of  whitish  scales  ;  fringe  concolorous. 

llimhiings :  with  the  straight  line  slightly  autemedian,  the  included  basal  area 
rather  darker  than  the  marginal ;  in  the  marginal  area  can  be  traced  a  darker 
outwardly  dentate  submarginal  shade,  the  teeth  being  marked  by  pale  dashes  on 
the  veins  ;  fringe  of  abdominal  Ijorder  white. 

Underside  of  forewings  dark  brown,  becoming  paler  towards  base,  which  is 
freckled  with  whitish  ;  traces  of  oblique  lunulate  postmedian  and  dentate  sub- 
marginal  lines  ;  the  space  between  them  on  costa  slightly  fulvous-tinged  ;  costo- 
apical  sj)ace  greyish  ;  cell-spot  as  above,  but  less  concise.  Underside  of  hindwings 
bluish  white,  dusted  with  dark  scales  ;  some  brown  striations  along  costa  ;  a  broad 
brown  marginal  border,  dividing  below  middle  into  a  narrow  marginal  shade  and  a 


(  2l9  ) 

feubmargiual  row  of  nebulous  brovvu  deutate  spots  on  the  veins  ;  coil-spot  small,  black  ; 
fringe  brown  throughout.  Abdomen  dark  cinereous-brown,  the  antepenultimate 
segments  blackish  ;  anal  tuft  paler  ;  head  and  thorax  greyer  Ijrown  ;  pectus  and 
abdomen  beneath  dull  bluish  white  ;  legs  broken,  probably  whitish. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  52  mm. 

One  c?  from  Popa3'an,  Colombia  (Lehmann). 

Forewings  with  costa  strongly  convex  before  apex  ;  apex  minutely  and  bluntly 
produced ;  biudmargiu  straight.     Hindwings  blantly  elbowed  in  middle. 


237.  Microxydia  brunnea  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  reddish  brown ;  first  line  curved,  from  beyond  one-third  of  costa 
to  one-third  of  inner  margin  ;  second  line  from  beyond  two-thirds  of  costa  to 
two-thirds  of  inner  margin,  sharply  angled  outwards  on  vein  7,  then  curved  inwards ; 
both  lines  sublustrous  ;  the  space  between  them  deeper  brown  ;  a  patch  of  dark  and 
sublustrous  scales  at  end  of  cell  ;  submarginal  line  sinuous,  indicated  by  dark  marks 
on  the  veins,  most  distinct  towards  anal  angle ;  fringe  dark  brown. 

Hindwings  :  with  the  dark  central  fascia  narrower. 

Underside  brighter,  more  fulvous  brown,  speckled  with  darker,  with  the  central 
fascia  indicated,  but  without  lustrous  lines  ;  a  patch  of  lustrous  scales  at  end  of  cell. 
Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  all  brown. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  18  mm. 

One  c?  from  Newcastle,  Jamaica. 

Costa  of  forewings  slightly  curved ;  apex  prominent  ;  hindraargin  faintly 
sinuous,  indented  below  apex  and  above  anal  angle.  Hindwings  with  hindmargiu 
nearly  straight. 

238.  Mixopsis  (?)  casta  sp.  nov. 

Foreivings :  pearly  ochreous,  thickly  speckled  with  pale  olive-brown,  and  over 
all  dusted  with  deep  black  scales  ;  the  costa  shaded  with  olive,  especially  towards 
apex  ;  the  lines  fine,  deep  black,  edged  with  pearly  scales  ;  first  from  one-fourth 
of  costa  to  one-third  of  inner  margin,  forming  angles  outwards  above  and  below  the 
median  vein,  and  followed  by  an  olive-brown  shade  ;  second  from  before  apex  to 
two-thirds  of  inner  margin,  slightly  flexuous,  acutely  angled  at  vein  7,  and  there 
joined  by  a  fine  dark  streak  from  apex,  preceded  beneath  costa  by  a  brownish  cloud 
with  a  wisp  of  whitish  scales  across  the  line  ;  cell-spot  large,  round,  pearl-grey  with 
a  black  edge  ;  a  faint  waved  olive-brown  submarginal  Hue  ;  marginal  spots  reddish ; 
fringe  rufous  ochreous  ;  the  basal  area  is  most  free  from  striae  and  speckles  and 
therefore  palest. 

Hindwings  :  much  paler,  without  olive-brown  speckling,  and  with  only  few 
black  scales  ;  a  blackish  cell-spot,  a  fine  black  straight  postmedian  line  and  faint 
olive-brown  submarginal  line. 

Underside  with  costa  of  both  wings  tinged  with  olive-brown  and  slightly  black- 
speckled  ;  both  wings  with  cell-spot  and  outer  line  black  ;  the  latter  jjrcceded  in 
forewing  by  a  black  costal  blotch,  and  in  liindwing  angled  outwards  In-low  costa. 
Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  ochreous,  speckled  with  black  ;  palpi  externally 
black-brown. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  43  mm. 


(  220  ) 

One  i  from  La  Murccd,  Chauchamayo,  Fcrii. 

Ilinilinargiii  of  both  wings  uniformly  ciirveil,  not  augulated  ;  except  iu  this 
respect,  not  tlifferiiig  from  typical  Mixopsis,  in  which  it  may  be  left  for  the  present. 

239.  Mixopsis  pallidaria  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  pale  flesh-colonr,  with  some  sparse  black  dusting  ;  first  line  fine, 
black-brown,  from  one-fonrth  of  costa  to  beyond  one-third  of  inner  margin,  forming 
an  acute  angle  ontwards  iu  cell,  and  a  blunter  one  on  submcdian  fold  ;  closely 
preceded  by  an  olive-green  line,  dentate  inwards  on  the  median  and  submedian 
veins,  the  included  sjiace  lustrous,  white  at  the  costa  ;  outer  line  similarly  consti- 
tuted, from  costa  shortly  before  apex  to  two-thirds  of  inner  margin,  but  the  dark 
line  followed  by  the  green  one,  which  is  strongly  dentate  ontwards  on  all  the  veins, 
most  prominently  on  veins  7,  0,  and  4,  incurved  from  7  to  4,  closely  approximated, 
from  vein  o  to  inner  margin,  to  a  slightly  sinuous  dark  brown  oblinue  line  which 
runs  from  three-fourths  of  costa  to  beyond  middle  of  inner  margin  ;  the  space 
between  these  hues  deeper  flesh-colour  ;  the  green  outer  shade  of  the  outer  line  is 
followed  by  a  diffuse  pearly  white  tint  ;  marginal  area  deep  flesh-colonr,  above  the 
angle  along  the  hindmavgiu  dull  green  ;  fringe  flesh-colour,  with  darker  mottlings 
beyond  veins  above  middle  ;  cell-spot  distinct,  round,  black. 

Ilimlwings :  satiny  white,  slightly  tinged  with  flesh-colonr  along  hindmargin 
and  with  a  few  scattered  black  scales  along  inner  margin  ;  cell-spot  black  ;  traces 
of  two  black  lines  on  inner  margin  at  two-thirds,  neither  reaching  midwing  ; 
fringe  from  apex  to  vein  4  white,  with  dark  marks  beyond  veins,  below  vein  4 
flesh-coloured. 

Underside  satiny  white,  speckled  with  black  ;  the  outer  line  on  both  wings 
black,  marked  by  vein-spots,  which  iu  the  forewings  are  connected  ;  forewings 
slightly  washed  with  brown,  and  with  a  dark  brown  blotch  on  costa  before  second 
line,  which  becomes  blackish  beyond  cell ;  cell-spots  large,  black  and  distinct ; 
fringe  of  forewings  flesh-coloured,  with  slight  mottling  iu  ujjper  half ;  of  hindwings 
wbite  with  blackish  mottling  throughout.  Head  and  thorax  pale  flesh-colour  ; 
abdomen  whiter. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  44  mm. 

One  6  from  11.  Tanampaya,  Bolivia,  1894  (Garlepp). 

240.  Nematocampa  decolorata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  pinkish  cre.am-colonr,  speckled  with  jiiukish  brown  ;  the  lines 
brown  ;  first  at  one-third,  bent  on  the  subcostal  vein,  then  straight ;  second  from 
beyond  two-thirds  of  costa  to  two-thirds  of  inner  margin,  slightly  curved  outwards, 
and  dentate  inwards  on  the  veins,  preceded  closely  by  a  more  curved  and  finer 
median  line,  which  joins  it  at  inner  margin  ;  discal  mark  long,  crescent-sliapud  ; 
marginal  area  filled  up  with  pale  pinkish  brown,  except  an  irregular  oval  space 
before  apex,  wliich  remains  of  the  pale  ground-colour  and  is  traversed  by  the  darker 
veins  ;  marginal  line  darker  ;  fringe  brown. 

Ilimlwingx  :  with  the  costal  area  pale ;  the  marginal  third  pale  pinkish  brown, 
to  the  inner  edge  of  which  a  fine  curved  postmedian  line  is  contiguous  ;  cell-mark 
as  on  forewings. 

Underside  very  similar.     Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  like  wings. 

Expanse  of  wings  ;  28  mm. 


(  -^21   ) 

One  f?  from  Castro,  Parana  (E.  D.  Jones). 

A  neater  and  smoother-looking  insect  than  its  allies  ;  the  hindwings  with  a 
distinct  angle  at  middle  of  hindmargin. 

241.  Nepheloleuca  absentimacula  sp.  nov. 

Forcicings  :  pale  snlphnr-yellow,  with  faint  grey  transverse  strigae  ;  costa  more 
whitish,  with  the  striae  fuscons  ;  lines  faint,  pale  grey  ;  first  from  one-fourth  of 
costa  to  one-third  of  inner  margin,  interrupted  below  costa  ;  outer  line  much 
interrupted  and  very  faint,  from  costa  before  apex  to  near  anal  angle  ;  a  short  grey 
stre.ik  on  inner  margin  at  two-thirds  ;  cell-spot  linear,  brown  ;  fringe  concolorous 
with  wings. 

Ilimhcings  :  whitish  towards  costa,  and  without  first  line  ;  cell-spot  small, 
brown  ;  outer  line  grey,  at  four-fifths,  parallel  in  the  main  to  hindmargin,  angled  in 
middle,  where  there  is  a  slight  orange  cloud  ;  a  brown-black  spot  in  the  tail,  which 
is  blunt  ;  fringe  deeper  yellow,  with  a  very  tine  basal  line. 

Underside  paler,  without  striae  ;  a  brown  cell-sjwt  in  forewings,  and  a  brown 
outer  line  in  hindwings,  the  marginal  space  between  tail  and  anal  angle  brown. 
Palpi  whitish,  tipped  with  brown  ;  face  whitish  with  a  brown  bar  above  ;  vertex 
whitish  ;  thorax  and  abdomen  pale  yellow. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  40  mm. 

Two  (?c?  from  Ciudad  Bolivar,  Venezuela,  September  1898  (S.  Klages). 

242.  Paragonia  longidens  sp.  nov. 

Very  much  like  P.  occiduata,  Gucn.  and  the  paler-marked  forms  of  tasima 
Cram.,  but  differentiated  at  once  by  the  structure  of  the  <S  antennae. 

In  Parayoniii,  proper,  these  are  serrate,  the  serrations  jjubescent,  and  with  a 
single  bristle  on  each  side  from  each  serration,  the  bristle  being  about  twice  as  long 
as  the  serration  ;  in  the  present  species  the  serrations  have  developed  into  distinct 
pectinations,  laterally  ciliated,  and  bearing  a  bristle  from  the  apex,  the  bristle 
being  barely  as  long  as  the  pectination.  The  hindmargins  of  hindwings  are  crenulate, 
both  above  and  below  the  angulation  at  middle.  The  $  example  from  Paramba  has 
dull  ochreous  wings,  thickly  speckled  and  strigulated  with  fuscous,  with  four  diffuse 
curved  dark  fuscous  shades,  basal,  median,  postmedian,  and  submarginal  ;  the  basal 
and  marginal  areas  more  or  less  wholly  fuscous  ;  the  hindwings  with  three  shades  ; 
both  wings  with  black  cell-spot. 

Underside  duller  and  paler,  with  the  marginal  area  in  both  wings  beyond  the 
exterior  line  darker. 

Expanse  of  wings:  i  56  mm.  ;   ?  80  mm. 

One  i  from  Chimbo,  August  18'J7  (Rosenberg)  (type)  ;  one  ?  from  I'aramba, 
Ecuador. 

243.  Paragonia  planimargo  sp.  nov. 
Foreicinys :  ochreous  fawn-colour,  with  fine  fuscous  dusting,  the  costal  and 
outer  marginal  area  greyer,  with  less  of  the  ochreous  tint  ;  lines  very  obscure, 
indicated  by  a  slightly  darker  hue  and  by  i'aint  dots  on  the  veins  ;  first  at  one-third  ; 
median  bent  round  the  cell-spot ;  outer  lino  starting  from  a  large  oval  bluish  white 
subapical  spot  on  costa  to  three-fourths  of  inner  margin,  bent  vertically  on  sub- 
median  fold,  and  ending  in  a  rather  darker  blotch  ;  submarginal,  the  plainest,  near 


(  222  ) 

liiiidiuargin,  with  more  distinct  black  vein-marks;  fringe  ccmcoloious  ;  ct'll-sjiot 
black  ;  very  concise,  formed  of  erect  scales. 

Jlimlicings  :  with  base  and  costa  paler ;  markings,  except  submarginal  line  and 
the  black  cell-spot,  hardly  distingnishable. 

Underside  still  paler  :  cell-spots  very  distinct  ;  outer  line  marked  by  strong 
blackish  vein-dots  ;  snbmarginal  obscure.  Head  and  palpi  dull  Ijrown  ;  thorax 
and  abdomen  like  wings. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  48  mm. 

One  (?  from  Cncuta,  Venezuela. 

This  species  agrees  with  occiduata  Gncn.  in  having  the  margin  straight  on  each 
side  of  the  angle  in  both  wings  ;  it  is  entirely  without  the  yellow  discal  blotch  and 
strongly  expressed  markings  of  that  species.     The  antennae  are  of  typical  structure. 

244.  Pero  muricolor  sp.  nov. 

Forcwings :  pale  fawn-colour,  suffused  with  darker  ;  lines  dark  brown,  simple; 
first  from  before  one-third  of  costa  to  two-thirds  of  inner  margin,  faintly  sinuous  ; 
second  from  three-fourths  of  costa  to  two-thirds  of  inner  margin,  slightly  bent  out- 
wards in  midwing,  but  otherwise  straight,  edged  inwardly  by  a  fuscous  brown  shade; 
all  the  space  between  the  lines,  except  that  above  the  subcostal  vein,  which  remains 
of  the  paler  ground-colour,  dull  rufous  brown,  becoming  dark  brown  below  the 
median  vein  ;  a  small  blackish  cell-s]]ot ;  marginal  area  shaded,  like  the  Ijasal,  with 
darker  fawn-colour,  with  a  row  of  small  inconspicuous  submarginal  black  dots  ; 
fringe  dark  fawn. 

Jliiu/iri/igs :  paler,  dull  whitish  ochreous,  becoming  more  ochreous  towards 
hindmargin,  with  a  fine  dark  line  from  inner  margin  before  anal  angle,  where  it  is 
slightly  curved,  to  costa  before  apex  ;  four  black  submarginal  dots. 

Underside  dull  greyish  ochreous,  with  darker  striae  ;  inner  marginal  area  in 
both  wings  paler  ;  both  wings  with  dark  linear  cell-spot,  and  fine  dark  outer  line, 
which  does  not  cross  the  paler  inner  area  ;  fringe  fawn-colour.  Head,  thorax,  and 
abdomen  all  dull  fawn. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  30  mm. 

One  cJ  from  Pojiayan,  Colombia  (Lehmann). 

Outer  margin  of  both  wings  bent,  hardly  toothed  at  veins  3  and  6. 

245.  Perusia  subustimaculata  sp.  nov. 

Forcu'ings :  X)ale  yellowish  ochreous,  freckled  with  darker  ochreous,  esjiecially 
towards  the  hindmargin  ;  a  faint  dark  cell-spot  ;  fringe  coucolorous. 

Ilimlwings  :  the  same,  without  cell-spot. 

Underside  paler  ;  forewings  with  a  brown  obliipie  snbapical  costal  blotch. 
Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  ochreous  ;  shoulders  and  patagia  yellower. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  26  mm. 

One  S  from  Loja,  Ecuador. 

240.  PoUa  quadrilineata  sp.  nov. 

Foreu'inqs  :  dull  dark  fawn-colinir,  with  fine  dark  scattered  striae;  the  lines 

dark  brownish  fuscous,  all  more  or  less  ])arallel  to  hindmargin;  first  from  one-fifth 

of  costa  to  one-fifth  of  inner  margin,  strongly  angled  in  cell;  the  fourth  sliortly  before 

apex,  straight  to  below  vein  6,  then  curved  and  irregularly  waved  ;  between  these 


(  223  ) 

two  lines  the  costal  area  is  pale  ochreous,  widest  beyond  middle  where  it  reaches 
below  vein  H,  and  tapering  to  a  i)oint  at  each  end  ;  the  second  and  third  lines  rise 
from  its  lower  edge,  at  even  distances  from  each  other  and  from  the  ontside  two  ; 
the  ochreous  costal  area  is  thicklv  dnsted  with  fascons,  and  from  the  middle  of  costa 
contains  an  oblique  dark  brown  blotch  ;  fringe  concolorons  ;  apex  of  wing  dark. 

Ilindirings  :  with  the  first  two  lines  continued  across  them,  first  close  to  base, 
second  at  one-fonrth  ;  basal  area  pale,  with  dark  speckles  ;  the  rest  of  the  wing  dark 
as  the  forewings  ;  a  large  round  yellow  cell-spot,  with  darker  yellow  centre. 

Underside  dull  pale  grey,  with  the  margins  clouded  with  darker.  Head  and 
thorax  like  wings  ;  abdomen  wanting  ;  fillet  narrowly  white. 

Expanse  of  wings  :    35  mm. 

One  ?  from  Cachabi,  Ecuador,  low  country,  December  1896  (Eosenberg). 

247.  Prochoerodes  cubitata  sp.  nov. 

Foretvings :  fawn-colour,  towards  the  hindmargin  flushed  with  redder  fawn, 
with  slight  black  dusting  and  obscure  striae  ;  the  basal  area  also  slightly  redder- 
tinged  than  the  central ;  lines  obsciare,  hardly  darker  than  ground-colour,  but 
marked  by  white  dashes  on  veins  ;  first  curved,  at  one-fourth  ;  outer  line  double, 
oblique  and  slightly  curved,  from  middle  of  inner  margin  to  costa  just  before  apex  ; 
the  reddish  tint  beyond  the  line  runs  actually  to  the  apex,  giving  the  appearance  of 
the  line  itself  so  running,  but  the  white  dash  nearest  the  costa  is  placed  before  the 
apex ;  a  darker  rufous  cloud  from  anal  angle  runs  into  the  marginal  cloud ;  cell-spot 
small,  black,  distinct,  of  raised  scales  ;  fringe  rufous  fawn-colour,  the  tips  towards 
anal  angle  shining  whitish. 

Hindwings :  with  the  double  line  slightly  antemedian  and  straight,  just  beyond 
the  black  cell-spot ;  an  obscure  and  irregular  dentate  submarginal  shade  ;  extreme 
hindmargin  from  apex  to  angle  at  middle  lilac-grey  ;  fringe  as  in  forewings. 

Underside  pale  greyish  fawn,  much  speckled  with  black,  with  slight  rufous 
suffusion  beyond  the  double  line,  which  is  however  not  expressed,  and  a  deeper 
suffusion  at  margin  in  middle  ;  apex  of  forewings  white  ;  cell-spots  distinct  ;  fringe 
as  above.  Face  and  palpi  fuscous  brown  ;  vertex  pale  grey  ;  thorax  and  abdomen 
like  wings. 

Expanse  of  wings:  48  mm. 

One  ?  from  British  Guiana. 

Nearest  to  F.  incaudata  Guen.,  but  the  hindwings  have  a  distinctly  produced 
blunt  tail,  without  jmle  scaling  ;  forewings  bluntly  angled  at  vein  4,  the  apex 
minutely  produced. 

248.  Spilocraspeda  plana  sp.  nov. 

Forewings:  drab,  thickly  dusted  with  black  scales;  first  line  curved,  at  one- 
third,  indistinct,  except  above  inner  margin,  and  marked  by  vein-dots  ;  second  line 
also  marked  only  by  vein-dots,  lying  in  a  straight  line  from  costa  shortly  before 
apex  to  inner  margin  at  three-fourths  ;  fringe  concolorons,  with  small  dark  spots  at 
the  ends  of  the  veins  ;  cell-spot  l)lack. 

Hindwings  :  the  same ;  the  outer  line  curved,  and  the  dots  indistinct. 

Underside  much  paler,  with  the  dusting  and  cell-spots  black.  Head,  thorax, 
and  abdomen  drab,  mixed  with  fuscous  scales. 


(  224  ) 

Expanse  of  wings  :  28  mm. 
One  J  from  Bogotii  (I'liild.). 

Very  mnch  like  Sp.  7ugripunctata  AVarr.  from  Mapiri,  but  less  distinctly 
marked,  and  the  course  of  the  lines  different. 

249.  Spilocraspeda(?)  nifigrisea  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  ashy  grey,  speckled  and  much  suffused  with  dull  reiMish  :  a 
cronulated  red  line  at  one-fourth  ;  a  broad  reddish  central  fascia,  its  inner  edge 
diffuse,  its  outer  crenulate  and  distinct,  margined  with  paler  grey,  from  four-fii'ths 
of  costa  to  three-fonrths  of  inner  margin,  incurved  beyond  cell  and  projec-ting 
strongly  below  the  middle ;  a  reddish  apical  j)atch,  internally  edged  by  the  wavy 
grey  submarginal  line,  and  another  at  anal  angle  touching  the  projection  of  central 
fascia  ;  a  small  black  cell-dot  ;  marginal  line  very  line,  with  minute  black  dots  at 
the  ends  of  the  veins  ;  fringe  grey. 

Hindwings :  similar. 

Underside  of  forewings  cinereous,  becoming  blackish  towards  hindmargin  ; 
cell-spot  and  outer  line  dark  ;  apex  white  with  a  few  dark  sjjecks  ;  fringe  whitish  ; 
hindwings  paler.     Palpi  and  face  reddish  ;  thorax  grey  ;  abdomen  wanting. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  28  mm. 

One  ?  from  Paramba,  Ecuador,  April  1897,  dry  season,  3500  ft.  (Rosenberg). 


2.50.  Tetracis  rufa  sp.  nov. 

Forewings:  greyish  brown,  rufous-tinged,  the  greyer  tint  predominating  along 
costa  and  beyond  the  outer  line  ;  with  numerous  dark  atoms  and  striae,  especially 
in  the  ?  ;  an  obscure  darker  curved  line  at  one-third  ;  outer  line  rufous  edged  with 
shining  pinkish  white,  slightly  bent,  from  apex  to  three-fifths  of  inner  margin  ; 
cell-spot  blackish  ;  fringe  rufous. 

Hindwings :  pinkish  grey,  darker  along  hindmargin  ;  in  the  ?  much  speckled 
with  fuscous ;  a  small  dark  cell-spot  :  fringe  rufous. 

Underside  dull  grey,  with  a  darker  outer  line  in  both  wings.  Head,  thorax, 
and  abdomen  like  wings. 

Expanse  of  wings  :   c?  37  mm.;   ?  40  mm. 

Two  <S  S,  one  ? ,  from  Sao  Paulo. 


251.  Urepione  conscripta  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  pale  oehreous,  almost  wholly  suffused  with  greyish  fuscous  and 
speckled  with  darker,  a  large  patch  at  the  anal  angle  only  remaining  pale  ;  the 
lines  fascous  and  olive-brown  ;  both  angled  below  costa  then  oblique  inwards  ;  first 
at  (juite  one-third,  second  at  three-fourths,  to  two-fifths  and  three-fonrths  of  inner 
margin  respectively  ;  the  outer  expanded  on  inner  margin  into  an  olive  blotch  with 
blackish  scales  intermixed  ;  midway  between  the  two  lines  a  brown  median  shade, 
parallel  ;  submarginal  line  irregularly  bent  and  angled  to  anal  angle  ;  a  black 
submarginal  dot  on  each  side  of  vein  3  ;  fringe  concolorons  ;  cell-spot  minute. 

]li  ml  wings  :  oehreous,  without  suffusion,  but  speckled  and  mottled  with  jiale 
brown  ;  a  black  cell-spot  on  a  brownish  central  shade  ;  a  brownish  submarginal  line 


(  225  ) 

from  before  apex  into  anal  angle,  preceded  l)y  a  fine  line  forming  two  arcs,  the  apex 
toncliing  snbmarginal  line  below  vein  4. 

Underside  with  both  light  and  dark  tints  much  brighter  ;  the  inner  half  of 
forewing  more  or  less  ochreons.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  ochreoiis  ;  face  and 
palpi  brown. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  26  mm. 

One  c?  from  Talma  Sola,  Venezuela,  1896  (Whyman). 

Forewings  with  hindmargin  bent  at  vein  4,  vertical  above,  obliqne  below;  hind- 
wings  with  an  angle  at  vein  4,  the  hindmargin  rounded  above,  straight  below  to 
anal  angle.     The  same  size  as  Urepiom  tessellata  Wlk.  (Ili/peretis). 

Note. — In  NoviTATES  Zoologicae,  Vol.  II.  p.  82,  I  described  a  supposed  new 
South  American  moth  as  Adelotypa  xanthobrunnea,  referring  the  genus  erected 
for  it,  not  without  hesitation,  to  the  Orthostixinae.  The  specimen  was  found  in 
a  box  of  South  American  Geometi'idac  ;  and  I  was  not  at  the  time  aware  of  the 
close  resemblance  between  certain  South  American  Rhopalocera,  in  neuration  as 
well  as  superficial  appearance,  to  some  of  the  Geometridae,  so  that  it  never  occurred 
to  me  that  I  had  to  do  with  a  species  of  Rhopalocera.  Had  the  antennae  been 
entire,  this  fact  would,  of  course,  have  been  evident  at  once  ;  but  being  both  broken 
off  short,  I  was  induced  to  describe  them  as  filiform.  The  insect  is  really  a 
specimen  of  Limonias  bolena  Butler.  I  have  to  thank  Mr.  Schaus  for  calling  my 
attention  to  the  mistake. 


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THE   BIRDS   OF   BUEU, 

BEING   A    LIST   OF  COLLECTIONS  .MADE   ON  THAT   ISLAND   BY 
MESSRS.   WILLIAM   DOHERTY   AND   DUMAS. 

By   ERNST    HARTERT. 

[Plate  IV.] 

IN  March  1897  our  friend  Dohertv  collected  near  the  well-koown  port  of  Kayeli, 
which  used  to  be  Mr.  AVallace's  hunting  grounds,  and  later  ou  that  of  Brniju's 
collectors.  Doherty's  collection  did  not  therefore  contain  any  novelties  ;  but  many 
species  peculiar  to  Burn  were  represented  in  large  series  and  different  stages  of 
plumage,  and  he  obtained  one  male  of  the  very  rare  Monarcha  buruensis  A.  B.  Meyer. 
About  eighteen  months  later  Mr.  Dumas,  the  former  companion  and  skinner  of 
the  late  Alfred  Everett,  visited  Burn  by  order  of  Mr.  Everett,  and  with  the  special 
instruction  to  collect  at  high  elevations.  He  reached  Mount  Mada,  where  he  was 
busy  at  an  elevation  of  about  30il0  ft.  ;  and,  though  a  still  higher  ground  should 
have  been  collected  over,  and  though  it  is  evident  that  Everett's  supervision  was 
absent  (new  birds  being  obtained  iu  single  immature  specimens  only),  he  did  very 
well,  as  he  sent  a  large  collection  of  very  well  prepared  skins  from  Kayeli  and 
Mount  Mada,  with  a  surprising  number  of  new  forms.  The  principal  interest 
attached  to  these  forms  is  the  relationship  of  many  of  them  to  Malayan  forms, 
which  were  never  before  known  to  enter  the  Moluccan  area.  It  will  be  of  the 
utmost  interest  to  learn  whether  other  Moluccan  islands  have  a  similar  mountain 
fauna  with  Western  (Indo-Malayan)  elements  to  the  same  extent  as  Burn,  and  it 
must  not  be  supposed  that  the  last  bird  is  already  discovered  on  Burn.  For  such 
special  zoogeographical  interest  compare  Prioniturus  mada  (of  Celebensian  affinity), 
Microeca  addita,  Eri/thromyias  buruensis,  Phijllergates  everetti  dumasi  {of  Unndanese 
affinities),  Androphilus  disturbans,  Acanthopneuste  everetti,  and  Geocichla  dumasi. 

1.  Astur  pallidiceps  Salvad. 
(Cf.  Orn.  Pap.  I.  p.  G4.) 
One  young  male  was  procured  by  Dohertv  at  Kayeli  in  March  ISO".     "  Its  iris 
was  pale  brown,  feet  orange-ochreous,  claws  black,  bill  black,  cere  and  bare  skiu 
round  the  eyes  orange-ochreous." 

2.  Accipiter  ceramensis  (Schleg.). 
One  fine  aAxAi  female  was  obtained  by  Dumas  on  Mount  Mada,  at  about  3000  ft. 
above  the  sea.  This  is  the  bird  called  Accipiter  rubricollis  by  Sharpe  (Cat.  B.  I.) 
and  Salvadori  {Orn.  Pap.  I.)  ;  but  Schlegel's  name,  Nisus  cirrhocephalus  ceramensis 
(^Mus.  P.  B.  Astures,  p.  39,  18G2),  has  priority.  Sharpe  repeats  in  his  new  Hand- 
List,  I.  p.  253,  the  former  mistake  that  the  species  (or  subspecies  ?)  occurs  iu  Burn 
and  Morotai,  while  it  should  be  Ceram  and  Burn,  tlie  species  inhabiting  the  Northern 
Moluccas  (Batjan,  Halmahera,  and  Mort)-)  being  eri/thrauchen  (cf.  Salvadori,  Orn. 
Pap.  I.  pp.  OS,  (i9). 


(  227  ) 

3.  Baza  subcristata  reinwardti  CMiill.  &  Schleg.). 
Two  mali:s,  Kayoli,  Bam  (cf.  <uifeii,  \).  20). 

4.  Ninox  hantu  (Wall.). 
S  ?.  Doherty  collection,  Kayoli,  Blarcli  1807. 

The  relations  of  N.  kcmtii  require  consideration,  but  I  am  not  able  at  present  to 
work  them  ont. 

5.  Pisorhina  magica  (S.  Miill.). 

c?  jnn.,  Kayeli,  Doherty  collection  ;  cJ  ad.  Monnt  Mada,  Dumas  collection. 

With  this  bird  we  have  again  reached  a  most  vexed  and  difficnlt  crnx  of 
systematic  ornithology,  which  has  been  treated  differently  by  almost  every  author. 
Sharpe  {Cat.  B.  Brit.  Mus.  II.  pp.  69 — 7.5)  has  separated  Scops  niagkus  magicus 
(Ceram,  Amboina),  S.  magicus  leucospiliis  (Batjan,  Gilolo),  S.  magicus  boiiruensis 
(Bonrn),  S.  7nagicus  morotensis  (Morty),  and  others,  which  I  will  not  mention,  as  they 
are  probably  quite  distinct  specifically.  Schlegelunited  all  these  forms.  Salvador! 
{Orn.  Pap.  I.)  recognised  S.  magicus  (Amboina,  Ceram  (?),  Aru),  S.  leucospilus 
(Batjan,  Halmahera,  and  Burn),  and  iS'.  morotensis  (Morty,  Ternate). 

Meyer  and  Wiglesworth  {B.  Celebes  I.)  mention  magicus  (Amboina,  Ceram), 
leucospilus  (Batjan,  Halmahera,  Ternate,  Burn),  and  morote?isis  (Morty,  Ternate), 
all  as  subspecies  of  manadensis.  Quite  recently  we  have  a  most  jjainstaking  article 
on  Scops  magicus  and  its  allies  by  Dr.  Finsch.  He  {Nat.  Lej/den  Mus.  xx.  p.  103) 
unites  magicus,  bouruensis,  leucospilus,  and  morotensis,  and  gives  the  following 
distribution  :  Amboina,  Ceram,  Burn,  North  Celebes,  Batjan,  Ternate,  Halmahera, 
Morotai,  Aru,  Sumbawa.  There  are  fifty-four  examples  in  Leyden,  in  different 
reddish  and  brown  phases.  Sharpe,  Schlegel,  and  Finsch  have  in  any  case  shown 
laudable  consistency  ;  the  former  in  sjditting  them  up  to  the  ,bitter  end,  the  latter  in 
uniting  them  all.  Salvadori's  (and  Me3'er  and  Wiglesworth's,  after  Salvadori's)  view 
can  hardly  be  correct,  as  ho  evidently  went  by  the  different  phases  of  coloration  and 
by  the  markings,  which  are  very  variable,  and  constructs  a  distribution  which 
is  difficult  to  believe  in,  allowing  leucospilus  to  spread  over  the  Northern  and 
Southern  Moluccas  (Buru),  and  morotensis  over  Morty  and  Ternate,  but  not  over 
Halmahera,  where,  between  the  two  strongholds  of  morotensis,  the  allied  leucospilus 
is  to  occur  I  In  view  of  the  close  relationship  of  these  forms,  which  must  be 
admitted  by  every  one,  such  a  distribution  is  not  probable  ;  it  is  possible  if 
these  forms  are  all  "good  species,"  while  it  can  not  be  accepted  if  Meyer  and 
Wiglesworth's  view  of  their  subspecific  value  is  taken. 

As  far  as  my  conception  of  these  owls  goes,  the  case  is  as  follows  : — 

The  specimens  from  the  Southern  Moluccas — namely,  from  Amboina,  Ceram, 
and  Buru — are  absolutely  identical  in  a  specific  as  well  as  subspecific  sense.  Those 
from  the  Northern  Moluccas — namely,  Batjan,  Halmahera,  and  probably  also  Morty 
— are  identical  inter  se  ;  but  it  seems  to  me  that  the  northern  form  might  be  separable 
subspecifically  as  a  smaller  race  from  typical  magicus  from  the  Sontli  Jloluccas. 

For  the  latter  {magicus)  I  obtain  the  following  measures  of  the  wing  :  107 
(Sharpe),  177  (Sharpe),  185,  186,  188,  190  mm.  ;  for  the  smaller  northern  form  : 
157  (Sharpe),  172,  175,  178.  Finsch  gives  for  the  latter  102—191,  for  the  former 
173 — 192  mm.  My  measurements  and  Dr.  Sharjie's  show  a  striking  difference 
between  the  northern  and  southern  forms,  while  Finsch's  exhibit  only  a  very  small 


(  228  ) 

average  in  the  same  direction.  The  question  of  their  snbspecifio  valne  is  therefore 
still  open  to  doubt,  but  I  believe  at  jiresent  in  a  smaller  northern  race. 

The  Muity  form  is  very  likely  inseparable  from  the  small  northern  one,  but  it 
is  remarkable  that  the  few  specimens  (we  have  also  one  in  Tring)  known  from 
there  are  all  very  reddish  browu.  This  is  probably  merely  the  rufons  phase  ;  in 
any  case  wo  cannot  assnme,  without  further  evidence,  that  all  Morty  si)ecimens 
are  similarly  rufous. 

I  am  not  prepared  to  accept  the  localities  Am  and  Sumbawa  for  Scops  mnqicKS 
without  hesitation.  From  Snmbawa  I  have  before  me  typical  Scops  manar/i'iisis 
albiventris,  and  not  magicus ;  and  it  is  diflScnlt  to  believe  that  Am  has  typical 
magicus. 


6.  Strix  cayelii,  sp.  nov. 

Oney(>»2rt/e  of  a  most  beautiful  Strix  from  Kayeli,  October  1898,  closely  re- 
sembles the  golden-yellowish  form  of  Strix  nocaehoUandiae,  of  which  it  is  probably 
a  subspecies,  but  has  a  more  blackish  ground-colour  above,  and  the  beautiful  white 
mottlings  are  replaced  by  brownish  ones,  except  on  the  middle  and  greater  wing- 
coverts.  The  dimensions  are  smaller,  but  the  longest  remiges  in  both  wings  not 
being  fully  grown,  exact  measurements  cannot  be  given.     Tail  120  mm. 

Although  I  have  only  one  specimen  of  this  owl,  and  the  differences  are  slight,  I 
cannot  suppose  that  it  is  the  same  as  Strix  noraehollandiae.  I  believe,  however, 
that  many  more  forms  of  Strix  will  yet  be  found  in  the  Eastern  Archipelago. 


7.  Eos  bornea  cyanonotus  (Vieill.). 

Eos  rubra  var.,  Wallace,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  1863,  p.  21. 
Eos  rubra  (partim)  anctornm. 

The  Burn  examples  of  the  red  lory  differ  so  conspicuonsly  from  the  tyi)ical 
form  of  Amboina  and  Ceram,  that  most  ornithologists  would  separate  them 
specifically.  I  prefer  to  treat  them  as  a  representative  subspecies.  Examples  from 
Amboina,  etc.  are  larger,  and  the  body-plumage  is  uniform  above  and  below  and  of 
a  much  lighter  and  brighter  scarlet>-red,  lighter  on  the  head.  Those  from  Burn  are 
very  much  smaller  and  the  red  is  darker  and  more  crimson.  At  present  I  am  not 
able  to  make  any  further  subdivisions,  but  it  seems  that  examples  from  the  Key 
Islands  are  generally  larger;  in  other  resi)ects,  however,  they  are  perfectly  similar  to 
those  from  the  Islands  of  Amboina  and  Ceram.  Probably  those  from  Bum 
(cgano)wtus)  have  lighter  and  more  yellow  bills,  but  unfortunately  neither  Dohcrty 
nor  Dumas  took  the  trouble  to  mention  the  colour  of  tiie  beak  on  the  labels,  while 
we  have  fourteen  from  other  localities  with  the  colour  of  the  bill  described  on  the 
labels. 

I  have  chosen  the  name  cyanonotus  (Vieillot  in  Nonv.  Diet.  xxv.  p.  334)  which  is 
based  on  Levaillant's  figure  of  the  "  Lori  a  frauges  blenes  "  on  jilanche  93  of  his 
"  Perroquets."  This  figure  is  of  the  small  size  and  the  dark,  almost  crimson,  red  of 
the  Burn  birds,  very  much  in  contradiction  to  his  light  red  "  Pcrrnche  scarlate," 
which  we  take  to  be  the  typical  form.  These  are  the  wing-measurements  of  the 
series  now  in  the  llothschild  Museum  ; — 


(  229  ) 


Eos  bornea  bornea. 

c?.  AVallace,  Amboina  (dealer's  label)  . 
No  locality,  but  probably  Amboina. 
Ceram  (in  A.  B.  Meyer's  handwriting) 
Amboina  (in  W.  Blasins'  handwriting) 

i.  ad.  Amboina  2.5..5.82  (H.  0.  Forbes  coll 

cJ  Monawalka  13.11.00  (H.  Kiihn  coll.) 

*  '>  II  I!  V  II 

<S  „  10.11.90     „        „       „ 

^  II  II  II         II       I) 

<S  Teoor  Isl.  1.0.09  „        „       „ 

T  ,,  .,       11. JJ  „  „  „ 

*  II  II  II  >>  II  II 

5 

+  II  11  II  11  11         11 

^  II         II  II  II  II         II 

2 

^  II  II  II  1!  11  II 

d  Jeniai,  Taam  Is.  11.90,,        „       „ 
c?  Tnal,  Key  Is.,  11.5.08  „        „       „ 


? 

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1.5.98  „ 

2.5.98  „ 

12..5.98  „ 

11. .5.98  „ 

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UILU. 

71 

100 

?J 

II 

167 

JJ 

11 

157 

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0  „ 

nearly  ITiJ   mm.,   bnt    not 

fully  grown. 

JJ 

109 

mm. 

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168 

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JJ 

160 

JJ 

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157 

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TJ 

1.52 

JJ 

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1.58 

JJ 

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173 

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170 

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167 

n 

JJ 

172 

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174 
172 

JJ 

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167 

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JJoi  bornea  ci/anonotus. 

c?  Mt.  Mada,  Burn,  3000  ft.  (Dnmas  coll.).  wing  140  mm. 

+  II        II          11          II  11          II 

(?  Kayeli,  Burn  (Doherty  coll.)    . 

o  )j          11            11  II       .  • 

+  ))          II            11  II       •  • 

O  >J                  II                     II  II            •  • 


.  ..ilig 

aivj 

140 

1.55 

l.)5 

151 

152 

8.  Trichoglossus  cyanogrammus  AVagl. 
Kayeli,  Bnrn,  Doherty  and  Dumas  coll. 

The  distribution  of  this  jmrrot  is  remarkable.  It  seems  to  e.xtend  without  local 
variation  over  the  Southern  Moluccas  to  New  Guinea  and  the  Western  Papuan  Islands, 
but  to  be  absent  from  the  Northern  Molnccas. 

9.  Hypocharmosyna  placentis  (Temm). 

No  specimens  received  from  Burn,  but  a  Mr.  P.  T.  JIakatita  presented  a  pair 
to  Mr.  Doherty,  which  he  said  were  from  the  little  island  of  Amblau  (or  Amblaw), 
sonth  of  Burn.    They  fully  agree  with  specimens  from  other  localities. 


10.  Eclectus  cardinalis  (Bodd.). 
cJ  ?  frnm  Kayeli  sent  by  Doherty,  males  only  from  Kayeli  by  Dnmas. 


(  230  ) 

11.  Tanyguathus  affinis  Wall. 

Two  <?,  one  ?  from  Kaveli,  Dnmas  coll. 

We  have  not  received  Taiujgnothm  gramineiis,  vihXch.  is  cviilentlv  a  rare  hiril. 
T.  alfinis  is  a  representative  of  T.  mpgalorhjnchus. 

12.  Geofii'oyus  rhodops  (Gray). 

From  Ka3-eli  and  Mount  Mada,  at  about  3ui)(i  ft.  The  young  male  has  a  green 
crown,  but  it  passes  by  moult  into  the  lilac-bine  crown  through  a  brown-headed 
stage,  liiie  its  close  allies  Ge.  j^ersonafus,_floresianm,  sumbaihisis  and  probably  all 
the  rest. 

13.  Aprosmictus  amboinensis  buruensis  Salvad. 
It  seems  that  this  form  is  not  distiugnishable  from  A.  amboinensis  amboinensis 
except  by  the  entirely  black  bill.  The  interscapular  region  is  entirely  blue  in  adult 
males  and  apparently  in  females  also,  those  with  the  interscapular  region  more  or 
less  green  being  younger  individuals.  Doherty  obtained  this  parrot  near  Kayeli ; 
Dumas  on  Mount  Mada,  about  3000  ft.  high.  In  November  they  moulted  on  the 
coast. 

14.  Prioniturus  mada  sp.  nov. 

One  immature  niale,  Mount  IMada,  3000  ft.,  Damas  coll.  "  Iris  olive." 
Green,  feathers  of  nape  with  greyish  blue  edges,  iuterscapulium  mixed  with 
bluish  grey,  lower  back  greyish  blue,  feathers  of  rump  bordered  with  gre3nsh  blue. 
Lesser  upper  wing-coverts  and  broad  line  on  inner  bend  of  wing  to  below  the 
scapulars  of  a  somewhat  ashy  blue,  a  little  darker  than  "  campanula-blue  "  of 
PI.  ix.  fig  11  in  Ridgway's  Nomencl.  of  Colour.  Under-snrface  of  a  much  lighter 
green,  sides  of  chest  darker  and  washed  with  blue  ;  under  wing-coverts  washed 
with  blue  near  the  margin:  longer  under  tail-coverts  bright  yellow,  not  yellowish 
green.  Wing  175,  tail  (the  elongated  central  rectrices  not  measured,  as  they  are 
not  fully  developed)  97,  bill  from  gape  22  mm.,  tarsus   15. 

It  is  a  pity  that  we  have  no  adult  male,  but  the  differences  from  the  Celebes 
species  {P.  platunts),  which  is  the  nearest  ally,  are  so  evident  and  striking,  that  1 
could  not  leave  the  Burn  bird  nndescribed.  According  to  Schlcgel  {Mus.  F.  B.  III., 
Psittaci,  Revue,  p.  22)  the  Leydeu  Museum  possesses  a  young  female  killed  by 
Hoedt  on  Nov.  8th,  1864,  in  the  bay  of  Bara  on  the  north-western  coast  of  Burn. 
The  accuracy  of  this  statement  has  been  doubted  (ef.  Salmi/ori,  Cat.  B.  Brit.  Mus., 
XX.  p.  410),  but  we  can  now  believe  it.  Most  likely  the  yown^  female  differs  so 
little  from  the  same  stage  of  P.  platurus,  that  the  differences  were  not  noticed. 

15.  Eudynamis  orientalis  (L.). 

The  bird  to  which  this  name  is  generally  applied  is  by  no  means  rare  in  Burn, 
though  we  only  got  it  from  Kayeli  and  not  from  Mt.  Mada. 

The  first  plaiuage  of  the  young  of  E.  orieiitalis  is  rusty  buff  above  and 
below,  and  it  is  similar  in  the  young  of  E.  c'/anocepliala  and  allies,  while  it  is  black 
in  E.  honorata  mahujana  and  evidently  in  all  its  allies.  The  foster-parents  of 
E,.  orientalis  are  unfortunately  not  known.    (Uf.  Nov.  Zool.  1898,  pp.  4G1,  472.) 


(  231  ) 

A  study  of  the  material  of  the  genus  E'ldijnamis  has  now  shown  me  that  I  was 
wrong  in  identifying  the  birds  from  Alor  and  Sumba  (Nov.  Zool.  1898,  pp.  461 ,  472) 
with  E.  o'ientalis.  These  birds  are  a  form  of  E.  ajanocephala,  and  are  united  with 
the  latter  in  the  Cat.  B.  Brit.  Mus.  XIX.  p.  324.  This,  however,  is  not  quite  exact, 
as  they  are  so  mnch  smaller  that  they  cannot  be  united  with  the  large  Australian 
race.  As  far  as  I  can  make  out  the  smaller  race  has  no  name.  The  smaller  race 
has  the  wing  of  the  mab's  200  to  210  mm.,  the  larger  has  it  220  to  222  mm.  long, 
and  there  are  similar  differences  of  dimensions  of  the  tail,  bill  and  feet,  and  also  in 
VnQ  females.     The  large  race  inhabits  Australia,  the  typical  small  race,  which  I  call 

Eudynamis  cyanocephala  everetti  snbsp.  nov. 

in  memory  of  our  late  friend  Alfred  Everett,  who  obtained  it  in  Alor  and  Sumba 
(type  Sumba !)  inhabits  Alor,  Sumba,  Timor,  the  Key  Islands  and  small  islands  to 
the  north  of  it,  and  evidently  parts  of  New  Guinea  and  other  islands,  though  the 
New  Guinea  specimens  require  a  most  careful  study. 

Owing  to  the  resemblance  of  the  adult  males  of  Eudynamis,  which  are  all  black, 
and  the  different  stages  through  which  the  young  birds  jiass,  as  well  as  to  the  want  of 
well-dated,  well-sexed  individuals,  and  last  not  least  to  all  biological  observations, 
which  would  here  be  of  particular  value,  the  genus  Eacli/nainis  is  not  easily  under- 
stood, and  even  the  two  most  important  works  on  the  same,  namely  Salvadoii's 
excellent  memoir  in  the  immortal  Oniitologia  Papuasia,  I.  pp.  3.59  to  370  and 
Shelley's  article  in  Cat.  B.  Brit.  Mus.  XIX.  pp.  315  to  328  are  not  sufficient  and 
not  quite  satisfactory. 

An  examination  of  the  material  at  jsresent  available  in  the  Tring  Museum  leads 
me  to  the  following  results,  which,  however,  may  require  considerable  additions,  and 
even  alterations,  when  a  richer  material  is  worked  out  at  leisure. 

Eudynamis  honorata  honorata  (L.). 
S  ad.  wing  about  187  to  107  mm. ;  crown  of  ?   ad.  with  buff  shaft-stripes  ; 
first  plumage  of  young  blackish.     India  to  China. 

Eudynamis  honorata  malayana  (Cab.). 
c?  ad.  wing  about  198  to  220  mm.  ;  crown  of  ?  ad.  with  buff  shaft-stripes  ;  first 
plumage  of  young  black.     Malay  Archipelago. 

Eudynamis  honorata  mindanensis  (L.). 

S  ad.  wing  about  192  to  200  mm.  ;  crown  of  ?  ad.  rufous  with  blackish  stripes  ; 
first  plumage  of  j'oung  blackish.     Philippines  to  Sanghir. 

Blasius  has  {Braunschweig.  Anz.  of  January  11,  18S8,  &n(\.  Russ'  Isis,  p.  78) 
separated  the  Sanghir  form  as  sanghirensis  *  because  he  thought  it  had  a  differently 
shaped  bill,  but  I  am  sorry  to  say  I  cannot  see  this  difference,  after  having 
compared  a  series,  and  I  do  not  therefore  admit  the  form  sanghirensis.  Meyer  and 
Wiglesworth  (i?.  Celebes  I.  p.  211)  admitted  it  but  had  no  material  for  comparison. 

Eudynamis  orientalis  orientalis  (L.). 
c?  ad.  wing  about  213  to  22U  mm.  ;    ?  ad.  with  cinnamon  spots  above;  first 
plumage  of  young  buff.     Moluccan  islands  only. 

*  Tbis  is  not  quoted  in  Cat.  B.  Brit.  Mus.  XIX. 


(  232  ) 

Eudynamis  orientalis  rufiventer  (Less.). 

Like  E.  o.  orientalis,  but  much  smaller,  the  females  apparently  as  a  rule  with 
broader  bars  to  the  feath<'rs  of  the  underside,  but,  as  we  do  not  well  know  the 
different  stages  of  the  plumage,  this  is  not  quite  certain.  Wing  of  male  apparently 
185  to  195  mm.  I  say  apparently,  as  I  do  not  know  how  to  distinguish  between 
the  males  of  E.  c>/anocephala  cceretti  and  E.  orientalis  nijicenter,  unless  the  latter 
alone  occurs  in  the  north  of  New  Guinea  !  If  the  two  occur  together,  they  must  be 
"  good  species,"  althongh  I  have  not  yet  discovered  the  secret  how  to  distinguish 
between  the  adult  males. 

New  Guinea,  Salwatty,  Batanta,  Mysol,  and  perhaps  also  Aru,  but  not  Peuaug. 

Eudynamis  orientalis  salvadorii  subsji.  nov. 

The  specimens  from  New  Britain  and  New  Ireland  are  evidently  closely  allied 
to  E.  0.  rufiventer,  but  differ  in  tlie  followinj;-  characters  : 

They  are  much  larger,  the  bill  larger  and  longer. 

The  males  are  less  greenish  and  more  steel-blue. 

Wing  of  males,  203  to  210  mm.  They  seem  to  resemble  E.  o.  orientalis,  but 
the  male  is  more  blue,  and  the  female  appears  to  be  more  barred  below  and  is  more 
frequently  spotted  above. 

This  form  (type  S  ad.  New  Ireland)  is  named  in  honour  of  my  friend  Count 
Salvadori,  who  in  the  Omit.  Papuas.  I.  p.  358  has  already  commented  on  the 
specimens  from  New  Britain. 

Eudynamis  cyanocepliala  cyanocephala  (Lath.), 
c?  ad.  wing  about  215  to  222  mm.  ;  ?  ad.  with  white  spots  above  ;  first  plumage 
of  young  pale  buff,  white  below.     Australia  (?  to  New  Guinea). 

Eudynamis  cyanocephala  everetti  Hart. 

cJ  ad.  wing  about  2U0  to  210  mm,  ;  ?  ad.  with  white  spots  above  ;  first  plumage 
of  young  pale  buff,  white  below.  Key  Islands,  lesser  Sunda  Islands  (Alor,  Sumba, 
type  Siunba  !)  and  probably  parts  of  New  Guinea. 

Eudynamis  melanorhyucha  8.  Mull. 
S  ad.  differs  from  all  the  former  in  having  a  black  bill.     Celebes. 

Eudynamis  melanorhyucha  facialis  Wall. 

Like  E.  m.  melanorlojnchu,  but  smaller  and  very  often  with  some  white  feathers 
on  the  forehead  and  chin.     Snla  Islands  (Nov.  Zool.  V.  p.  127). 

10.  Centropus  bengalensis  javanicus  (Dumont). 

Kayeli,  Doherty. — This  is  the  bird  called  Ceatropus  mcdius  by  Wallace  in 
Proe.  Zool.  Soc.  1863,  p.  23. 

I  cannot  quite  agree  with  Messrs.  Meyer  &  Wiglesworth,  who,  in  the  Birds 
of  Celebes  I.  pp.  213  to  21T,  lumped  togetlier  Ceittropus  beiKjalensis,  jaeanicus 
and  rectunguis  of  the  Catalogue  of  Birds.  They  may  be  correct  with  regard  to 
rectunguis,  but  it  seems  to  me  that  the  Malayan  form  (Jftcanicus)  differs  conspicuously 


(  233  ) 

from  hengalensia  b)'  its  dark  mantle,  while  the  black  is  sharply  defined  in  the 
continental  beiujalensis.  Theii'  remarks  about  the  literature  quoted  by  Shelley  are, 
it  is  true,  correct,  and  I  even  believe  that  the  distribution,  as  quoted  by  Sbelley, 
requires  some  alterations,  but  I  am  sure  that  two  forms — though  as  subspecies — 
must  be  recognised. 

With  regard  to  Centropus  sinensis  I  have  even  to  go  farther  than  Shelley  in  the 
work  of  separating,  as  I  find  that  the  Java  form  diflfers  consisicuously,  principally  iu 
the  form  of  the  bill,  from  Continental  birds,  so  that  it  must  be  recognised  as 

Centropus  sinensis  bubutus  Horsf 

I  shall  write  aljont  it  in  more  detail  on  a  future  occasion. 

17.  Cacomantis  aeruginosus  Salvad. 
Two  males,  one  female,  one  J'oung  from  Kayeli  (Doherty  coll.).  1  confess  that 
it  is  very  diflScult  to  separate  these  birds  from  C.  virescens  of  Celebes,  but  the 
underside  is  more  greyish  brown  and  darker  than  in  the  latter.  It  should  probably 
only  be  considered  as  a  "  subspecies,"  just  as  C.  virescens  should  evidently  stand  as 
a  subspecies  of  C.  threnodes,  of  which  merulinus  is  very  likely  distinct. 

18.  Ceyx  cajeli  Wall. 

This  beautiful  little  Kingfisher  is  common  near  the  port  of  Kayeli,  from  which 
it  takes  its  specific  name,  and  on  Mount  Mada,  to  at  least  30ii0  ft.  high.  The 
young  has  the  beak  dark  brown  with  a  whitish  tip.  The  crown  is  only  very 
minutely,  almost  obscurely  spotted  with  bine  ;  the  throat  is  pale  yellow,  not  white. 

19.  Tanysiptera  acis  "Wall. 

AVallace  {P.  Z.  S.  1863,  pp.  23,  24)  was  perfectly  right  in  separating  the  Burn 
species  from  the  7'.  dea  which  inhabits  the  other  Southern  Moluccas,  although  he 
procured  only  an  immature  individual.  The  adult  ?nale  differs  from  2'.  dea,  with 
which  Salvadori  {Orn.  Pap.  I.  p.  436)  united  it,  in  the  less  blue  ear-coverts,  the 
sharply  defined  blue  cap,  perfectly  black,  not  blue,  mantle,  the  mottled  upper  tail- 
coverts  and  bases  to  the  rectrices.  The  undersurface  of  the  3'oung  is  buff  with 
black  edges,  while  in  the  perfectly  adnlt  bird  it  is  white  with  only  a  faint  buff  tinge 
and  without  black  edges  to  the  feathers.  The  iris  of  the  adult  male  is  dark  olive- 
brown,  bill  red,  feet  dark  greyish  or  olive.  Wing  (c?  ad.)  117,  central  rectrices  (fully 
developed)  285,  bill  from  nostril  29  mm.  In  the  first  plumage  the  npperside  is 
rusty  brown,  lighter  on  the  crown  and  wing- coverts,  rump  and  tail-coverts  greyish 
brown,  lateral  .rectrices  brown  washed  with  blue,  central  pair  uniform  blue. 
Underside  buff  with  broad  blackish  lateral  and  narrow  black  terminal  borders,  under 
tail-coverts  uniform  buft'. 

Dumas  obtained  this  species  on  Mount  Mada  only. 

211.  Halcyon  chloris  (Bodd.). 

One  male  from  Kayeli,  one  female  from  Mount  Mada.  Rather  large  and  blue, 
wiug  114  mm. 


(  234  ) 

21.  Halcyon  sancta  Vig.  &  Horsf. 

One  from  Kayeli  (Dnmas  coll.)-    This  bin!  (marked  S)  is  rather  small,  the 
wing  only  88  mm. 

22.  Alcedo  ispida  moluccana  Less. 

One  male,  Kayeli,  Doherty  coll.    Bill  black,  rather  long,  42  mm.  from  forehead. 

23.  CoUocalia  esculenta  (L.). 
<?  Jlonnt  Mada,  Dnmas  coll.     Wiug  102,  glossy  green. 

24.  Macropteryx  mystacea  Less. 
Bara  and  Kayeli.     Wings  210  and  21.j  mm.     (Small  Molnccan  race.) 

25.  Hirundo  rustica  gutturalis  (Scop.). 
One  adnlt  specimen  from  Kayeli  (Doherty). 

2G.  Microeca  addita  sp.  nov. 

This  remarkable  new  bird  is  closely  allied  to  the  bird  I  described  (Nov.  Zool. 
IV.  pp.  170,  524)  as  Microeca  osciUans  from  the  moniitains  of  Sonth  Flores.  I 
should  not  wonder  if  a  new  genns  wonld  be  created  for  these  birds,  but  I  prefer  for 
the  present  not  to  separate  it  from  Microeca,  leaving  the  vexed  question  of  the 
genera  of  Muscicqndae  to  others. 

The  new  species,  Microeca  addita,  differs  from  M.  oscillans  iu  its  larger  size, 
more  uniform  brown  npperside,  darker  rufous  brown,  not  chestnut-brown  tail, 
whitish  (not  buff)  under  tail-  and  under  wing-coverts  and  lighter  breast. 

c?  ad.  Upperside  rufous-brown,  darker  on  the  head,  brighter  and  more  rufous 
on  the  wings  and  the  upper  tail-coverts.  Tail  rufous-brown,  more  reddish  on  the 
borders.  Wings  blackish  brown  with  rufous-borders  to  the  remiges.  Underside 
whitish,  the  feathers  being  grey  with  white  borders,  the  feathers  of  the  abdomen 
white,  only  grey  at  base.  Under  tail-coverts  white.  Under  wing-coverts  white 
with  buff  and  brownish  shades.  Iris  olive.  Bill  black,  feet  brown.  S  wing  80, 
tail  TO,  metatarsus  10,  bill  (from  forehead)  11  mm.  (wings  of  males  oi  M.  oscillans 
70  to  78  mm.,  not  81  as  said  on  p.  524  of  Nov.  Zool.  IV.) ;  ?  of  M.  addita,  wing  81, 
tail  62,  metatarsus  18-5,  bill  10  mm.     (?  of  J/,  oscillans  wing  75-5  mm.) 

One  pair  was  obtained  on  Mount  Mada,  3000  feet  high,  by  Mr.  Dnmas. 

27.  Muscicapa  griseosticta  (Swinh.). 
Onefemale,  Kayeli,  March  1897  (Doherty  coll.) 

28.  Erythromyias  buruensis  Hart.  Bull.  B.  0.  Club,  VIII.  p.  31,  (PL  IV.  fig.  2). 

(?  ad.  Top  and  sides  of  head  and  hindncck  slate-colour  ;  upper  wing-coverts 
slate-colour,  Wivshed  with  brown  ;  remainder  of  upper  surface  ashy  brown.  Remiges 
and  rectrices  ashy  brown,  remiges  with  lighter  brown  outer  edges  and  whitish  brown 
on  the  inner  edges,  more  so  towards  the  base  ;  rectrices  edges  with  brown  on  outer 
webs.     Chin,  throat,  chest,  and  sides  of  body  cinnamon-rufous  ;  flanks  washed  with 


(  235  ) 

brown  ;  mkldle  of  abdomen  white  ;  under  tail-coverts  bntFy-white.  Iris  olive  ;  feet 
brown  ;  bill  black.     Wing  G9  to  70,  tail  o2,  metatarsus  21,  cnlmeu  1*5  mm. 

?  ad.  Like  the  nude,  but  the  cinnamon-rnfons  colour  of  the  underside  just 
a  shade  less  bright  and  much  smaller  ;  wing  03  to  64,  tail  48  to  49  mm. 

Juv.  Upperside  blackish  brown,  each  feather  with  a  rusty  buff  longitudinal 
spot  near  the  tip,  only  the  crown  of  the  head  uniform.  Underside  rusty  buff  with 
blackish  tips  to  the  feathers,  middle  of  abdomen  buffy  white.  • 

This  fine  bird  was  discovered  on  Moant  Mada,  at  about  3000  feet  above  the  sea. 

20.  Monarcha  buruensis  A.  B.  Meyer. 
One  single  adult  male  of  this  very  rare  flycatcher  was  obtained  by  W.  Doherty 
at  Kayeli  in  March  1897.     Its  iris  was  found  to  be  brown,  feet  dark  slaty  blue, 
bill  blue,  tip  darker,  more  blackish  brown,  cutting  edges  whitish. 

30.  Monarcha  loricatus  Wall. 
A  large  series  from  Kayeli  (Doherty)  and  several  from  Mount  Mada  (Dumas). 
Both  sexes  are  alike,  black  and  white  when  adult,  but  the  female  is  much  smaller. 
Wing  of  males  89  to  90,  oi  females  83  to  85  mm.  The  young  of  both  sexes  are 
brown  above,  rusty  brown  below,  lateral  rectrices  rusty  buff  with  greyish  edges, 
central  blackish.  Iris  of  young  deep  brown  ;  feet  dark  slaty  blue  ;  bill  pale  blue  ; 
extreme  tip  blackish.  In  the  Key  species,  Monarcha  leuearas,  the  sexes  are  also 
alike  in  colour,  and  the  birds  with  rnfous  undersurface  are  the  young  of  both  sexes. 
The  adult  of  M.  leucarus  resembles  the  M.  loricatus  very  much,  but  the  cheeks  and 
sides  of  neck  are  white  in  the  latter,  black  in  the  former. 

31.  Monarcha  inomatus  (Garn.) 
One  single  &i\.vli  female,  with  the  grey  upperside  and  foreneck  rather  light,  was 
shot  at  Kayeli  by  one  of  Doherty's  hunters.     I  believe  this  species  is  not  before 
recorded  from  Buru. 

32.  Myiagra  galeata  Gray. 
Kayeli  and  Bara.     "  <S  ad.     Iris  deep  brown.     Feet  blackish.     Bill  slaty  blue, 
tip  and  edges  black  "  (Doherty).     One  in  moult  in  March. 

33.  Rhipidura  tricolor  (Vieill.) 
Kayeli,  Doherty,  and  Dumas.     Moulting  in  March. 

34.  Rhipidura  buruensis  Wall. 

Kayeli,  Mount  Mada  and  Buru.    The  female  is  not  so  bright,  being  washed 

with  brown  on  the  upperside,  and  considerably  smaller.  Wing  of  the  male  87  to  90, 
of  the  female  81  to  85  mm.  Immature  birds  have  buff  tips  to  the  upper  wing- 
coverts  and  remiges,  the  young  has  the  feathers  of  the  chest  tipped  with  buff  instead 
of  largely  spotted  with  white. 

35.  Rhipidura  superflua  Hart. 

In  n>ai.  B.  0.  Club,  VIII.  p.  32  (February  1890)  I  described  this  form  as 
follows  :   (J  ad.     Top  and  sides  of  head  light  brown  ;  a  line  from  base  of  bill  to 


(  230  ) 

above  the  eyes  brownish  buft'.  Hind-neck  and  uppermost  part  of  back  like  the 
head  ;  remainder  of  upper  parts  bright  cinnamon-rufous.  Remiges  brownish  black, 
the  inner  edges  of  all  whitish  bnff;  outer  edges  of  secondaries  bright  rnfons. 
llectrices  blackish  brown,  the  base  and  outer  edges  of  basal  portion  dark  cinnamon- 
rufous  ;  all,  including  the  central  pair,  broadly  tipped  with  cinnamon,  darker  on  the 
middle  ones.  Throat  white,  with  a  black  patch  across  the  crop  ;  remainder  of  under- 
snrface  rnfons-bnff,  the  sides  washed  with  brown  ;  nnder  tail-coverts  and  thighs 
cinnamon.  Wing  68,  tail  80,  metatarsus  18,  culmen  13  mm.  $.  Smaller,  wing 
about  62  mm.     Obtained  by  Dumas  on  Mount  ]Mada,  at  about  3000  feet. 

It  will  be  an  interesting,  though  difficult  work  to  study  all  the  red-backed 
Rhipidwae  of  this  group,  and  to  work  out  their  relationship. 

36.  Edoliosoma  marginatum  Wall. 

Evidently  common  at  Kaycli.  The  /'emu I r  differ.s  from  the  male  in  being  a  just 
perceptible  shade  lighter  below  and  in  having  much  lighter,  almost  white  under 
tail-coverts,  besides  being  smaller.  Wing  of  ??iale-'<  about  11.5,  oi  females  about 
110  mm.  long.  Young  birds  are  lighter  below,  some  of  the  feathers  of  foreneck, 
chest,  and  sides  of  body  with  black  shaft-lines  and  spots  along  the  shaft,  and 
wing-coverts  deep  buff. 

37.  Oriolus  bouruensis  (Qnoy.  &  Gaim.). 

Kayeli,  Bara,  Mount  Mada.  The  young  birds  have  rust}-  rufous  edges  to  the 
quills  and  wing-coverts. 

The  wonderful  case  of  mimicry  between  this  bird  and  the  Philemon  is  related 
in  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  1863,  p.  26,  and  in  Wallace's  Mala>/  Arcldpelaf/o: 

38.  Dicrurus  atrocaeruleus  amboinensis  Gray. 

Plentiful  near  Kayeli  and  Bara,  and  not  rare  on  Mount  Mada.  "  Iris  always 
deep  brown  '"  (W.  Doherty). 

According  to  Salvadori  two  he  saw  from  Burn  had  the  wings  longer  than  others 
from  Ceram  and  Amboina.  The  wings  of  six  Burn  examples  measure  14"  to 
149  mm.,  that  of  one  from  the  north-east  coast  Ui6  mm. 

3'.t.  Pachycephala  examinata  Hart. 

Differs  from  F.  lineolata  from  the  Sula  Islands  in  having  the  abdomen  (which 
is  white  or  with  a  faint  ochreous  tinge  in  P.  lineolata)  ochraceous  bnif,  the  under 
tail-coverts  buff  instead  of  white.  The  wing  longer,  measuring  81  to  82  mm. 
Back  more  brownish,  the  grey  cap  thus  becoming  more  conspicuous.  The  male  has 
the  throat  white,  the  chest  washed  with  grey.  The  female  has  the  imderside 
uniform  ochraceous  buff,  the  wing  only  about  78  mm.  long.  Cf  Nov.  Zool.  V.  (not 
IV.  as  quoted  Ball.  Ji.  0.  Club,  VIII.  p.  14)  p.  131,  IMl.  B.  O.  Club,  YIII.  p.  14 
(Nov.  1808). 

The  name  of  I',  griaeonota  is  best  not  adopted  at  all,  but  if  it  should 
be  adopted  it  would  be  more  sensibly  ajiplicable  to  the  Sula  form  than  to  that 
from  Burn. 


(237  ) 

4it.  Pachycephala  melanura  buruensis  Hart. 

The  male  differs  from  PachjiccplKiln  melanura  clio  from  the  Sula  Islands,  with 
which  it  has  hitherto  erroneously  been  considered  "  identical"  in  being  of  a  mnch 
deeper  dark  greenish  olive  colour  on  the  upperside,  and  in  having  at  the  nppcr  wing- 
coverts  pure  black  with  narrow  olive  edges.  The  golden-^yellow  collar  on  the  back 
of  the  neck  is  unbroken,  the  pectoral  pure  black  collar  is  very  wide  and  broadly 
united  with  the  black  sides  of  the  head.  The  remiges  are  edged  with  the  colour  of 
the  back.  Tail  black.  The  female  differs  from  that  of  cUo  in  the  colour  of  the 
underside,  which'is  pale  huffish  brown  below,  lighter  in  the  middle  of  the  abdomen, 
darker  and  browner  on  the  chest,  and  becoming  more  greyish  on  the  throat.  Under 
tail-coverts  bnffy  yellow.  The  young  male  is  more  rufous  below  and  darker  on  the 
back  than  the  female,  which  is  olive-brown  above.  ?  ad.  wing  93,  tail  73,  culmen 
18  to  19  mm.  '  (Cf.  Bull.  B.  0.  Club,  VIII.  p.  33). 

Kayeli,  Bara,  Mt.  Mada. 

41.  Cinnyris  zenobia  (Less.). 
Frequent  at  Kayeli  and  Bara. 

42.  Cinnyris  proserpina  (A\'all.). 

Mount  Mada  and  Ka_veli.  In  the  Catalogue  of  Birds  this  very  distinct  form  is 
mixed  up  with  C  /ui/ri.scapularis  into  C.  asjxcsia,  but  all  these  forms  are  distinct, 
though  representative  forms. 

43.  Dicaeum  erythrothorax  Less. 

This  beautiful  little  bird  was  obtained  at  Kayeli  and  on  Mount  Mada.  A  nest 
from  Kayeli  is  protected  by  some  large  overhanging  leaves  and  beautifully  woven  of 
soft  rufous  fibres,  the  entrance-hole  being  very  near  the  top. 

44.  Philemon  moluccensis  (Gm.). 

This  bird,  which  so  closely  resembles  the  Oriolus  bouruensis,  that  their 
synonymy  has  been  mixed  up,  although  they  belong  to  widely-different  families,  is 
evidently  common  on  the  island.  The  young  is  like  the  adult  bird,  but  the  feathers 
on  the  sides  of  the  lower  throat  are  widely  edged  with  pale  sulphur-yellow,  and  the 
quills  have  greenish  outer  edges.  The  fresh  feathers,  after  the  moult,  are  more 
olive,  but  they  become  somewhat  foxy  brown  when  worn  and  faded. 

45.  Zosterops  buruensis  tSalvad. 
This  bird  is  extremely  rare  in  collections,  but  Dumas  got  four  specimens  on 
Mount  Mada.  Three  are  marked  "  ?,"  one  c?,  but  it  is  evident  that  two  are  males, 
two /m«fes,  and  two  are  remarkably  smaller  than  the  other  two.  These  birds  do 
by  no  means  have  their  nearest  in  the  Celebensian  Z.  intermedia,  which  differs 
widely  in  its  more  uniform  under-surface,  lighter  and  more  yellowish  upperside  and 
other  characters,  nor  in  Z.  Moris  from  Banda,  which  is  also  lighter  and  more 
yellowish  above  and  has  the  flanks  and  sides  of  breast  much  paler,  but  in  a  bird 
inhabiting  Batjan  and  Ternate.  This  latter  bird  agrees  with  Z.  bi/ruensis  in  the 
dark  upperside  and  dark  sides,  but  it  differs  slightly  in  being  a  little  smaller,  less 
golden  olive  and  more  green  above,  and  in  having  the  sides  of  the  body  also  more 
greenish  and  even  still  darker  I     I  name  it 


(  238  ) 

Zosterops  obstinatus  spec.  uov. 

Type  :  Ijixtjan,  September  ls97,  4000  feet  bigh,  Dohert)'  coll.  Unfortunately  I 
have  before  me  only  two  examples  from  Batjan  and  three  from  Ternate,  collected  by 
Doherty,  and  they  are  all  bad  skins.  Nevertheless,  they  show  very  distinctly  that 
the  Ternate  bird  is  not  quite  the  same  as  the  Celebensian  Z.  intermedia.  It  differs 
from  the  latter  in  having  a  greener  shade  on  the  upperside,  the  rmup  and  forehead 
less  yellowish,  and  much  darker  and  more  olive  flanks  and  sides  of  the  body. 
Geographically  one  would  naturally  expect  the  Ternate  and  Batjan  birds  to  be  the 
same,  or  nearly  the  same.  Owing  to  the  bad  state  of  our  skins  I  cannot  say  con- 
fidently whether  they  are  the  same  or  not,  but  I  cannot  at  present  separate  them, 
though  our  s])ecimens  from  Batjan  seem  to  be  darker  above  and  on  the  flanks  again 
than  those  from  Ternate.  AVhy  the  Ternate  bird  was  always  confounded  with 
Z.  intermedia  is  strange  to  me,  as  so  many  other  forms  were  separated  on  account 
of  differences  not  a  bit  more  striking.  Probably  a  number  of  these  forms  will  be 
united  into  one  species  by  future  workers,  and  kept  only  snb-specifically  distinct, 
but  it  will  require  much  study  to  do  so  properly,  and  as  long  as  we  do  not  lump 
them  at  present,  we  will  advance  our  knowledge  and  pave  the  way  for  the  future. 

4(5.  Criniger  mysticalis  ^Vall. 

Evidently  frequent  at  Kayeli  and  Mount  3Iada.  The  female  is  smaller  than 
the  male,  wing  c?  about  110,  ?  about  loO  mm.  The  name  was  originally  spelt 
as  above. 

47.  Pitta  rubrinucha  Wall. 
Two  males  of  this  beautiful  Fitta  were  obtained  on  Mount  Mada. 

48.  Phyllergates  everetti  dumasi  Hart. 
{Bull.  B.  0.  Club  VIII.  p.  31  [189U]). 

Differs  from  Fhjllergates  eteretti  of  Flores  in  being  slightly  more  brownish  on 
the  uape  and  less  greenish,  more  rufous-olive  on  the  back,  ami  in  having  no 
indication  of  white  on  the  outer  rectrix.     Wing  40  to  40  mm. 

Four  specimens  were  obtained  on  Mount  Mada. 

The  distribution  of  Plii/llergates  so  far  east  is  of  the  utmost  interest.  The 
Catalogue  of  Birds  (VII.  l<s^3)  knew  it  only  from  India,  Java  and  Sumatra,  then 
Whitehead  discovered  it  in  Borneo  and  on  the  Philippines  ;  Jleyer  and  Wiglesworth 
described  one  from  Celebes,  Everett  sent  it  from  Flores,  and  now  it  appears  in  the 
Moluccan  Islands. 

49.  Androphilus  disturbans  sp.  nov. 
Mr.  Dumas  shot  on  Mount  Mada  a  bird  which  he  marked  "  ? ,"  and  which  had 
a  chocolate-brown  iris.  It  is  probably  (judging  from  the  spotted  appearance  of  the 
lower  throat  and  breast)  an  immature  bird.  It  has  ten  rectrices,  very  strong  feet, 
and  belongs  evidently  to  the  genus  Androphilus,  so  far  only  known  from  high 
elevations  on  Borneo  and  Celebes.  The  bird  before  me  is  above  very  deep  olive- 
brown.  The  underside  is  yellowish  buff,  lower  throat  with  brown  tips  to  the 
feathers,  chest  strongly  washed  with  rufous  brown,  abdomen,  thighs  and  under  tail- 
coverts  brown,  under  wing-coverts  spotted  buffy  and  brown.     The  specimen  is  not 


(  239) 

in  very  good  condition.  The  bill  from  the  base  on  the  forehead  about  18,  from  gape 
to  tip  2ii,  wing  03,  metatarsns  2o,  hind-toe  with  claw  IT,  tail  very  much  worn, 
apparently  when  perfect  about  oO  mm. 

This  bird  also  is  quite  a  surprise  in  the  Moluccas. 

.50.  Cisticola  exilis  (Vig.  &  Horsf.). 

Mount  Mada  and  Kayeli.  Wallace  {Ffoc.  Zool.  Soc.  1863,  p.  25)  described  the 
Burn  bird  as  C.  rmtica,  but,  according  to  Sharpe,  it  is  the  same  as  C.  exilis  (Cat.  B- 
VII.  p.  269). 

ol.  Acanthopneuste  everetti  Hart. 
{Bidl.  B.  0.  Club.  VIII.  p.  31  [Feb.  1899.]) 

c?  ad.  Top  of  head  gre}'ish  brown ;  superciliary  line  pale  grey,  not  very 
conspicuous.  Rest  of  u])perside  dark  olive-green.  Tail  and  wings  blackish  brown 
edged  with  the  colour  of  the  back,  rectrices  with  narrow  white  edges  to  the  inner 
webs.  Throat  dirty  white  ;  remainder  of  under-surface  bright  sulphur-yellow  ; 
sides  of  breast  and  body  washed  with  greenish  olive.  Wing  .59,  tail  42,  metatarsus 
22,  culmen  13  mm.  ?_  like  the  males,  but  a  little  smaller,  wing  58  mm.  Jar.  Crown 
olive-green  like  the  back,  throat  yellow  like  abdomen. 

The  geographical  extension  to  Burn  of  this  bird,  which  is  evidently  related  to 
Acanthopneuste  presbytis  of  Timor  and  A.  jioris  of  Flores  is  most  interesting.  It 
differs  from  A.  Jioris  by  its  greyish  brown  crown,  whitish  throat  and  absence  of 
white  in  the  tail,  the  narrow  edges  to  the  inner  webs  of  the  rectrices  not  being 
visible  when  the  tail  is  shut  or  even  moderately  spread  out.  A.  ei-eretti  differs  still 
more  from  ^1.  presbi/tis,  in  having  no  white  in  the  tail,  in  wanting  the  pale  central 
line  on  the  crown,  in  its  darker  abdomen  and  much  larger  size. 

-1.  etcretti  was  discovered  by  Dumas  on  Mount  Madn. 

52.  Acanthopneuste  borealis  Bias. 

Common  in  winter. 

I  very  much  doubt  that  the  species  formerly  included  in  Cri/ptolopha  and  now 
placed  in  Acanthopneuste  really  belong  there  at  all.  The  type  of  Acanthopneuste  is 
borealis,  which  seems  to  me  to  be  a  very  good  Phijlloscopus,  while  the  Malayan 
species  of  the  group  to  which  my  Jioris,  everetti,  and  presbt/tis  belong,  are  evidently 
not  Phi/lloscopi,  nor  to  be  retained  in  Cnjptolopha  proper. 

53.  Geocichla  dumasi  Rothsch. 
[Plate  IV.  fig.  3.] 

One  single  male  was  obtained  on  Mount  IMada,  and  described  by  Mr.  Rothschild 
{Bull.  B.  0.  Club,  VIII.  p.  30,  Feb.  1809)  as  follows  :— 

c?  ad.  Whole  upper-surface  bright  olive-rufuus  brown,  with  two  tufts  of 
creamy  white  feathers,  one  on  each  side  of  the  rump.  Lesser  upper  wing-coverts 
like  back ;  greater  upper  wing-coverts  black,  with  two  rows  of  large  round  white 
spots.  Remiges  blackish  brown  ;  the  outer  webs  of  the  primaries  with  narrow, 
those  of  the  secondaries  with  broad,  olive-rufous  borders.  All  wing-feathers, 
except  the  outer  three,  with  large  white  patches  near  the  base  of  the  inner  webs. 
Tail  like  the  back,  but  darker.    Whole  throat  and  chest  black ;  abdomen  white ; 


(  240  ) 

flauks  olive-yellowish  brown,  some  feathers  on  the  side  of  the  breast  olive  vrith 
black  tii)s,  as  well  as  some  of  the  white  breast  feathers,  thus  forming  a  broken 
irregular  band  across  the  breast.  Under  tail-coverts  creamy  white.  Under  wing- 
coverts  mixed  black  and  white.  Iris  dark  brown  :  bill  black  ;  feet  light.  Culmeu 
23,  wing  94,  tail  GS,  tarsns  32  mm. 

Ihb.     Monnt  Mada,  Burn  (3000  feet),  August  1898. 

54.  Calornis  obscurus  (Bp.). 
Kayeli,  common. 

•>-y  Munia  molucca  (L.). 
Typical  molucca  from  Bara  and  Kayeli. 

60.  Macropygia  amboinensis  (L.). 
Common  on  Burn,  where  it  was  fonud  at  Kayeli  by  Wallace,  Forbes,  Doherty 
and  Dumas.  Forbes  obtained  it  also  on  Lake  Wakolo,  Dumas  on  Mount  Mada, 
at  about  31)00  feet  above  the  sea.  The  species  is  known  from  Amboina,  t'eram  and 
Burn.  The  colour  of  the  crown  is  very  variable,  being  sometimes  much  lighter, 
sometimes  deeper  rufous-cinnamon.  Tlie  young  birds  before  me  have  the  feathers 
of  the  crown  deep  rufuus-cimiamou,  only  blackish  at  the  utmost  base,  like  the 
adult  ones. 

57.  Reinwardtoena  reiuwardtsi  albida  subsp.  nov. 

The  Buru-form  of  the  genus  Reinwartoena*  differs  from  the  form  inhabiting 
the  Northern  Moluccas  and  New  Guinea  in  being  much  more  whitish  below.  The 
underside  is  almost  pure  white  without  the  lavender-grey  coloration  so  conspicuous 
in  most  forms  of  R.  reimnirdtsi.\  This  is  only  to  be  seen  on  the  sides  of  the 
breast  and  flanks,  and  on  the  under  tail-coverts.  AVing  S  235,  ?  225  mm.  Iris 
chocolate-brown.  Type  :  Mount  Mada,  Burn,  3000  feet,  Dumas  coll.  This  species 
seems  to  be  rare  on  Burn,  as  neither  Wallace,  Forbes,  nor  Doherty  procured  it 
there.  Two  specimens,  S  and  ? ,  however,  were  shot  by  Dumas,  and  there  is 
one  labelled  Buru  in  the  Leiden  Museum.  Probably  the  Amboina  and  Ccram 
specimens  will  belong  to  my  albida. 

The  distribution  and  the  geographical  variation  of  Eeinwardt's  Pigeon  is  very 
interesting.  The  original  type  was  erroneously  stated  to  be  from  Celebes,  but  seems 
to  have  come  from  one  of  the  Northern  Moluccas.  This  form,  to  which  I  have 
restricted  the  name  of  reinwanltsi,  has  the  abdomen  more  or  less  washed  with 
lavender-grey.  In  the  Bull  B.  0.  Club,  v.  VII.  p.  35  (February  1898)  I  have 
described  sjiecimens  from  Obi  Major  as  R.  r.  obfensis,  but  a  moulting  skin  received 
from  Mr.  Lucas,  and  the  fading  of  the  yellowish  buff  on  the  chin  and  cheeks  in  the 
collection  have  shown  me  that  the  colouration  is  not  natural,  but  is  the  result  of  the 
juice  of  some  kind  of  fruit.}  A  similar  staining  is  also  visible  in  the  Buru  speci- 
mens. As  it  is,  I  cannot  separate  C)bi  s])ecimcns  from  tyjiical  rcinirardtsi,  although 
one  of  them  is  practically  as  white  as  my  albida  from  Burn.   The  darker  New  Guinea 

*  This  is  the  original  spelling,  but  in  the  same  ye.ir  (1854)  it  appeared  also  in  the  form  of 
Jteinwardtnenas  ;  this  name,  varied  with  ae  and  oe  and  with  or  without  *,  has  always  been  in  use,  until 
in  1890  Heine  invented  for  it  the  unnecessary  substitute  Coccyznenas,  which  nobody  accepts. 

t  Thus  originally  spelt. 

X  This  case  is  similar  to  the  one  of  the  supposed  Sylvia  gutaris  from  the  Cape  Verde  Islands,  only 
there  attention  had  been  called  to  the  real  facts  long  ago. 


(  241  ) 

race  has  been  separated  by  me  as  Jl.  r.  (ji-iscothicta  (see  Nov.  Zool.  III.  ji.  18). 
According  to  Salvadori  it  is  absent  from  Jobi,  Mefoor  ami  Miosuom,  but  Doherty 
sent  lis  some  Jobi  skins  which  seem  not  to  differ  from  the  New  Guinea  ones 
{griseotitKta),  and  [further  researches  may  perhaps  also  turn  it  up  on  the  other 
islands.  The  birds  from  Misori  Ishiud,  in  the  Geelvink  Bay  are  separated  as  a 
subspecies  minor  by  Schlegel,  and  elevated  to  specific  rank  by  Salvadori.  They  are 
much  purer  white  below  and  smaller.  Excejjt  in  their  smaller  size  they  do  not 
seem  to  differ  from  albida.     Wing  about  210  mm.* 

We  can,  therefore,  at  present  recognise  four  local  subspecies  of  Reinwardtoena 
reinwardtsi. 

a.  Reinwardtoena  reinwardtsi  reinwardtsi. 

Abdomen  lavender-grey,  wing  about  22i.)  to  230  mm.t 
Hab.     Northern  Moluccas — Batjan,  Halmahera,  Obi. 
(Synonyms.    R.  ti/pica  Bp.,  R.  r.  obiensis  Hart.) 

b.  R.  reinwardtsi  griseotincta. 

Nearly  the  entire  underside  lavender-grey,  wing  about  230  to  24.5  mm. 
Ilab.     New  Guinea,  Waigiu,  Salwatty,  Jobi. 

c.  R.  reinwardtsi  minor. 

Nearly  the  whole  underside  whitish.     Wing  about  210  mm. 
JIab.     Misori  and  Biak  in  the  Geelvink  Bay. 

d.  R.  reinwardtsi  albida. 

Practically  the  whole  underside  whitish.     Wing  about  22.)  to  23.5  mm. 
Ilab.     Southern  Moluccas — Burn  (type),  and  probably  Amboina  and  Ceram. 

e.  R.  browni. 

Differs  from  the  former  in  having  a  slaty,  not  chestnut,  back  and  tail,  and 
inhabits  the  Duke  of  York  Islands  and  New  Britain,  and  is  like 

./'.  R.  crassirostris 
with  a  larger  beak,  from  the  Solomons,  more  distantly  related,  and  better  kept  as 
a    separate   species.      The   genus    Coryphoenas   for   the  last    is    an    unnecessary 
encumbrance. 

58.  Columba  mada  Hart. 
{Bull.  B.  0.  Club,  V.  Vm.  p.  33.) 
This  curious  ])igeon  resembles  in  its  coloration  the  so-called  iiymnophaps 
albcrtisi,  from  which  it  differs  in  its  whitish  throat,  light  abdomen,  want  of  terminal 
bar  on  rectrices  and  other  characters.  The  naked  space  round  the  eye  is  much  less  in 
extent  than  in  the  Gijmnophaps  albertisi.  If  the  genus  Gymnophaps  is  recognised, 
I  suppose  mada  would  have  to  be  placed  in  it  ;  but  I  do  not  see  the  necessity  of 
that  genus.  If  it  is  recognised,  then  several  more  subdivisions  of  Columba  must  be 
made  for  the  sake  of  consistency.  The  adult  male  of  Columba  mada  has  the  bill 
yellow,  red  at  base.     Top  of  head  and  neck  pure  grey,  merging  into  the  colour  of 

*  I  could  only  examine  one  adult  male  collected  by  Doberty  on  Biak,  an  island  immediately  close  to, 
but  separate  from  Misori. 

f  Males  are  larger  tban  females. 


(  242  ) 

the  rest  of  the  njiper  snrface,  whieli  is  slate-colonr  with  liirht  srey  borders  to  the 
feathers.  The  rcctrices  are  deej)  slat}--brovrn  with  very  narrow  pale  brownish  tij)S. 
Sides  of  head,  throat,  chest,  and  breast  bnff,  almost  pure  white  on  the  throat.  The 
buff  colour  of  the  breast  merges  into  the  vinaceons-cinnamou  colour  of  the  abdomen. 
Under  wing-coverts  cinereous.  Under  tail-coverts  light  cinnamon  with  lighter, 
somewhat  rosy  edges.  Thighs  whitish  grey.  Feet  and  iris  red.  Wing  229, 
tail  170,  exposed  portion  of  culnien  10  mm.  ?  ad.  Like  the  adult  male,  but 
smaller:  wing  213,  tail  155  mm.  Jin:.  Above  blackish  slate-colour,  lighter  on 
the  neck.  Underside  pale  cinnamon,  under  wing-coverts  grey  with  pale  cinnamon 
tips,  under  tail-coverts  cinnamon. 

A  few  adult  and  young  specimens  were  shot  at  about  300U  feet  on  Mount  Mada, 
in  August  1898. 

59.  Myristicivora  melanura  (G.  R.  Gray). 

Only  this  species  of  White  Pigeon  was  procured  by  Wallace,  Forbes,  Doherty, 
and  Dumas,  at  Bara,  Kayeli  and  on  Mount  Mada. 

6u.  Carpophaga  perspicillata  (Temm.). 
Common  on  Burn,  where  every  collector  met  with  it.  Wallace,  Forbes,  and 
Doherty  procured  sjiecimens  at  Kayeli,  Doherty  at  Bara,  on  the  north-west  coast, 
and  Dumas  on  Mount  Mada,  at  3000  feet  above  the  sea.  The  iris  is  dark  brown, 
cere  dark  purple,  legs  and  feet  purple.  The  sexes  do  not  differ.  A  specimen 
from  December  moults  the  remiges.  This  pigeon  inhabits  the  Northern  Bloluccas 
(Halmahera  and  adjacent  islands  and  Batjan)  and  Burn. 

01.  Ptilinopus  prasinorrhous  (G.  R.  Gray). 
A  common  bird  on  Burn,  where  it  was  shot  at  Kayeli  and  on  Mount  Mada,  at 
3000  feet.  "  Iris  orange  red "'  (Dnmas).  The  distribution  of  P.  prasinorrliOKS  is 
somewhat  remarkable,  namely,  the  Western  Papuan  Islands  and  some,  but  not  all, 
of  the  Moluccas.  While  inhabiting  the  islands  in  the  Geelviuk  Bay  it  is  said  to 
be  absent  from  New  Guinea,  and  while  being  found  as  far  north  as  'Weeda  and 
Dammar  (near  Halmahera),  it  is  not  recorded  from  Halmahera  and  Batjan  I 
Specimens  from  the  various  jilaces  do  not  seem  to  differ. 

02.  Ptilinopus  viridis  (L.). 
This  oldest  known  form  of  the  lotreron  group  of  Green  Pigeons  is  only  known 
from   the   Southern    Moluccas  :    Amboiua,  Ceram,  Burn,  and  the  adjacent   little 
islands.     Doherty  procured  s])ecimens  at  Kayeli  and  Bara  on  the  north-west  coast 
of  Burn.     The  sexes  do  not  differ  at  all. 

03.  Megapodius  forsteni  Temm. 
Kayeli  and  Mount  Mada,  SUUU  feet.     The  adult  male  from  Mount  Mada  is 
darker  than  the  female  from  the  same  place  and  a  pair  from  Kayeli.     Especially 
the  head  and  abdomen  are  very  dark  and  the  upper  jiart  of  the  mantle  is  very 
pure  grey. 

04.  Strepsilas  interpres  (L.). 
Frequenting  the  sea  shores. 


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ON   THE    BIRDS   OF   SOUTHERN   ARABIA. 
By  W.  E.  OGILVIE-GEANT. 
WITH  FIELD  NOTES  BY  A.  BLAYNEY  PEECIVAL. 

[Plate  X.] 

IN  the  spring  of  1800,  the  Governor  of  Aden,  General  O'Moore  Creagh,  V.C, 
finding  it  advisable  to  malce  a  political  trip  through  the  interior  of  Southern 
Arabia,  wrote  to  the  Director  of  the  Natural  History  Museum  suggesting  that  a 
natiiralist  should  accompany  the  expedition. 

The  zoology  of  Arabia  being  still  very  imperfectly  known,  Professor  E.  Ray 
Lankester  readily  acceded  to  the  Governor's  most  kind  request,  and  asked  me  to  under- 
take the  arrangement  of  the  details.  The  necessary  funds  for  the  expedition  were 
partly  supplied  by  grants  from  the  Royal  Society  and  the  Hon.  Walter  Rothschild. 

A  willing  volunteer  was  found  in  Mr.  A.  Blayney  Percival,  who  had  already 
spent  three  years  collecting  zoological  specimens  in  the  Transvaal  and  British 
Central  Africa ;  and  the  services  of  the  late  Mr.  W.  Dodson,  a  professional 
ta.xidermist,  were  also  engaged.  It  was  with  great  regret  that  we  learnt  of  the 
death  of  this  promising  young  naturalist,  which  took  place  at  Aden  on  October 
20th,  just  as  the  expedition  was  on  the  point  of  returning  to  England.  Fever 
and  acute  dj'sentery,  brought  on  by  drinking  impure  water  in  tlie  Abiau  country, 
rapidly  proved  fatal ;  and  Mr.  Percival  very  nearly  lost  his  life  from  the  same 
cause.  As  is  too  often  the  case,  no  care  was  taken  to  boil  the  drinking  water, 
and  there  can  be  little  doubt  that  had  this  very  necessary  jirecantion  been  followed, 
no  serious  consequences  would  have  resulted. 

General  Creagh  finding  it  necessary  to  make  his  trip  much  earlier  than  he  had 
at  first  contemplated,  Messrs.  Percival  and  Dodson  made  a  somewhat  hurried  start 
from  England,  and  arrived  at  Aden  on  August  0th.  They  found  all  arrangements 
complete,  and  the  expedition  only  awaiting  their  arrival  to  start.  It  had  been  the 
Governor's  intention  to  make  a  somewhat  extensive  trip  through  Southern  Arabia, 
but  on  August  19th  he  was  unfortunately  obliged  to  return  to  Aden  on  important 
business,  which  ultimately  prevented  his  return. 

This  unforeseen  event  rendered  it  impossible  for  Mr.  Percival  to  travel  in  parts 
of  Southern  Arabia  which  he  would  otherwise  have  visited.  While  with  General 
Creagh's  party  the  naturalists  proceeded  to  Shaik  Othman  and  Lahej,  and  thence 
worked  their  way  north  by  Al  Anad,  Jebel  Mauif  and  A\  Milah  as  far  as  Jimil, 
returning  south  by  a  more  easterly  route  through  open  sandy  desert  to  Lahej,  which 
was  reached  on  August  18th. 

Before  returning  to  Aden  the  Governor  specially  recommended  Mr.  Percival 
and  his  party  to  the  care  of  the  Sultan  of  Lahej,  who  treated  them  with  the 
greatest  kindness  while  they  remained  in  his  country,  providing  them  daily  with 
fowls  and  fresh  meat,  and  placing  camels  and  horses  at  their  disposal.  At  this 
time  Mr.  Percival  made  the  acquaintance  of  Mr.  G.  W.  Bury,  an  Englishman 
who   has    done   more   travelling   and   exploring   in   south-west   Arabia   than   any 


(  244  ) 

other  European.  This  gentleman,  being  nnattached,  joined  the  party,  and  by  his 
knowledge  of  the  people  and  their  language  proved  of  the  greatest  assistance. 

During  their  stay  in  the  district,  the  country  and  Wadis  to  the  east  and  west 
of  Lahej,  and  as  far  north  as  Jebel  Manif,  were  thoroughly  explored,  and  a  number 
of  species  not  previously  recorded  from  South  Arabia  were  obtained.  A  thick-knee 
plover  (CEdknem'ts  dodsoni),  a  bush-shrike  {Iclepkonus  percicali),  and  a  lark 
{Ammo manes  saturatus)  proved  to  belong  to  undescribed  species. 

On  September  15th  Mr.  Percival  and  his  party  left  Lahej,  and,  leaving  the 
baggage  at  Shaik  Othman,  returned  to  Aden  to  obtain  permission  to  visit  the  Abian 
country,  which  lies  to  the  east.  AVhile  waiting  for  the  Governor  to  obtain  a  favourable 
reply  from  the  Sultan  of  Shukra  they  took  up  their  quarters  at  the  Government 
bungalow  at  Shaik  Othman,  and  worked  the  surrounding  country  to  the  south  of 
Lahej  and  the  desert  to  the  west  towards  Little  Aden. 

On  the  evening  of  September  28th  a  start  was  made  for  the  Abian  country, 
which  was  reached  on  the  following  evening  ;  and,  after  the  usual  negotiations  with 
the  Sultan  had  been  completed  to  his  satisfaction,  a  camp  was  formed  near  Al  Khaur, 
on  the  Wadi  Hassan,  where  birds  and  small  mammals  were  fairly  numerous. 

The  water  at  this  camp  must  have  been  polluted,  and  proved  the  source  of  all 
the  subsequent  misfortune,  for  about  twelve  days  after  their  arrival  all  the  party 
were  attacked  with  low  fever  of  a  very  severe  t3'pe.  At  this  time  Mr.  Bury  was 
obliged  to  leave  the  party  and  return  to  Aden.  Between  October  10th  and  16th 
j\lr.  Percival  made  a  trip  through  the  mountains  to  the  east  in  search  of  Ibex,  etc., 
leaving  the  camp  in  charge  of  Dodsou,  who  was  then  apparently  quite  well  and 
anxious  to  continue  collecting  in  the  district,  which  had  proved  a  good  one.  On  his 
return,  though  suffering  himself  much  from  daily  attacks  of  fever,  he  found  Dodson 
in  a  much  worse  plight,  and  very  ill  and  weak.  Moving  by  easy  stages,  the  party 
retraced  their  steps,  arriving  on  the  night  of  October  19th  at  Aden,  where,  as  already 
related,  poor  Dodson  shortly  succumbed.  Plate  X.  shows  the  route  of  the 
travellers. 

The  season  during  which  the  expedition  was  made  was  too  early  for  complete 
success,  and  almost  all  the  birds  obtained  were  in  full  moult,  and  consequently 
difficult  to  make  up  into  good  skins ;  while  insects  were  very  scarce.  On  the  whole, 
however,  as  will  be  seen  by  the  following  list,  our  ornithological  knowledge  of  South 
Arabia  has  been  very  considerably  increased,  and  we  owe  a  debt  of  gratitude  to 
Mr.  Percival  and  his  unfortunate  companion  who  lost  his  life  in  the  pursuit  of 
science. 

The  results  of  the  ornithological  researches  round  Aden  and  Lahej  of  (Joloncl 
Yerbury  and  Messrs.  Barnes  and  Hawker  have  been  incorporated  in  the  present 
paper,  as  well  as  the  collection  made  by  Dr.  H.  0.  Forbes  and  myself  in  November 
l>iOS  ;  so  that  the  following  list  gives  a  complete  account  of  the  avifauna  of  South 
Arabia  as  known  up  to  the  present  time,  and  adds  forty-seven  species  to  the  list 
published  by  Colonel  Yerbury  in  the  Ibis  for  1890. 

The  collection  made  by  Messrs.  Percival  and  Dodson  is  in  the  British  Museum, 
and  a  second  almost  complete  set  at  Tring. 

1.  Corvus  corax  (>). 

C'imus  corax  Linn. ;  Yerbury,  Ibh  1890,  p.  2i'>. 
Colonel  Yerbury  says  the  T'ommon  Raven  is  fairly  commi  n  inland  ;  no  specimen, 
however,  was  obtained. 


(  245  ) 
-•  Corvus  umbrinus. 

Con'us  umbrinus  Sundev. ;  Yerbury  Ibis  W%,  p.  26. 
a—c.     (J  5 .    Lahej.    September  4th. 

The  above  birds,  iu  freshly  monlted  plumage,  have  the  feathers  of  the  head 
aud  neck  purplish  black  with  an  oily  gloss.  All  three  are  apparently  younger 
birds,  having  the  bill  more  slender  and  less  deep  than  that  of  the  fully  adult. 

[Hound  Lahej  these  birds  are  extremely  numerous,  and  we  found  them  common 
at  Dirjaj  in  the  Abian  Country.  They  are  usually  to  be  found  round  towns  or 
villages,  where  with  vultures  and  Paria  dogs  they  act  as  scavengers.  They  are 
of  somewhat  social  habit,  and  often  to  be  seen  in  flocks.  During  the  ripening  of 
the  dates  the  crows  do  a  large  amount  of  damage  by  eating  the  fruit.  They  and 
the  fruit  bats  are  so  destructive  that  the  natives  have  to  make  bags  of  palm  leaves 
and  fix  these  over  the  bunches  of  dates  to  protect  them.  To  see  a  crow  trying  to 
catch  a  lizard  is  a  very  funny  sight.  Having  chased  him  into  a  tuft  of  grass,  a 
wonderful  dance  is  executed  round  aud  over  the  hiding-place,  until  at  last  the  lizard 
is  captured  and  devoured. — A.  B.  P.] 

3.  B.hiuocoi-ax  aiBuis. 

Corvus  affinU  Riipp.  ;  Yerbury,  Jliis  1890,  p.  26. 
((.     Ad.     Ma'ir,  Abian  Country.     October  13th. 

A  bird  of  this  species  in  very  worn  brown  plnmage  was  at  first  sight  mistaken 
for  Corvus  editlue  from  Somalilaud,  which  it  superficially  resembles  in  size.  The 
present  species,  however,  has  the  down  at  the  base  of  the  breast  feathers  grey, 
instead  of  white,  as  in  C.  edithce. 

[This  Mountain  Crow,  only  met  with  on  the  highest  ground,  was  first  seen 
near  Jimil,  but  not  obtained  until  I  was  on  the  mountains  near  Ma'ir,  in  pursuit 
of  Ibex.  It  was  a  fairly  numerous  species,  but  I  found  it  very  wary  and  difficult  to 
approach. — A.  B.  P.] 

4.  Dilophus  carunculatus. 

Dilophus  carunculatus  (Gm.)  ;  Yerbury,  1896,  p.  26. 

Only  recorded  by  Col.  Yerbury  and  the  late  Mr.  Barnes. 

5.  Oriolus  galbula. 

Oriulus  (jalhuh  Linn.  ;  Yerbury,  Ibis  1896,  p.  23. 

((.  ?  ad.        Shaik  Othman.     September  23rd. 

h — d.     (J  imm.     Al  Khaur,  Wadi  Hassan,  Abian  Country.     October  27th. 

[Iris  and  bill  black  ;  legs  slate. 

We  saw  one  or  two  Golden  Orioles  at  Shaik  Othman  and  several  iu  the  Abian 
Country.— A.  B.  P.] 

ij.  Estrilda  rufibarba. 

Eslrikla  rvfibarha  (Ehrenb.)  ;  Yerbury,  Ibis  1896,  p.  27. 

Colonel  Yerbury  obtained  examples  near  Lahej  in  January  1884. 

17 


a.  b. 

(?ad. 

<•- /• 

c?ad. 

g- 

cJ  vix  ad. 

h.  i. 

?  ad. 

Jc.    1. 

?  ad. 

(  246  ).. 
T.  Aidemosyne  cantans. 

Aidemofyrte  cuiil'im.  (Gm.) ;  Yerbury,  /i/s  1896,  p.  27. 
a^.     (J  ?  ad.    Lahej.    August  23rd  and  September  3rd. 
fl.  (J  ad.  Shaka,  N.  of  Labej.     August  29th. 

[Very  commou  round  Laliej  aud  Shaik  Othman.  Numbers  are  caught  by 
boys  and  sold  in  Aden,  where  many  of  the  Indian  natives  keep  large  numbers  of 
birds.— A.  B.  P.] 

8.  Hyphantornis  galbnla. 

Hyphaiitoriiig  ffilliilii  (Ri'pp.)  ;  Yerbury,  His  189G.  p.  27. 

Lahej.     August  11th. 

Lahej.     September  9th. 

Lahej.     September  1.5th. 

Habil,  Wadi  Abrain,  X.W.  of  Lahej.     September  13th. 

Shaik  Othman,     September  23rd. 

[Very  common  wherever  trees  are  found. — A.  B.  P.] 

9.  Passer   domesticus. 

Passer  domesticus  (Linn.)  ;  Yerbury,  Ihis  189G,  p.  28  ;  Hawker,  Ihis  1898,  p.  375. 

a—;/".     (J.  ?  ad.  et  imm.     Lahej.     September  0th. 

g.  h.     (J.  ?  ad.  Shaik  Othman.     September  23rd. 

[Very  commou  in  Lahej  and  all  the  towns  towards  Jimil,  but  I  do  not 
remember  seeing  it  in  Dirjaj  or  Ma'ir,  in  the  Abian  Country.  In  Lahej  sparrows 
are  very  commou  and  as  bold  as  their  English  relatives,  feeding  about  the  streets 
and  paths  of  the  town.  They  breed  about  the  Sultan's  palace  in  the  loopholes  around 
the  roofs  and  in  the  ceilings  of  passages,  which  are  made  of  sticks  laid  across  from 
side  to  side.  As  every  house  has  a  fiat  roof  the  walls  of  which  are  loopholed, 
they  find  plenty  of  nesting  places.  There  were  young  in  the  nests  when  we  were 
there,  in  August  1899.  At  Dar  Mansur,  a  very  small  village  of  one  tower  and  a 
few  huts,  they  were  numerous  ;  and  as  there  was  uo  cultivated  ground  of  any  sort 
in  the  neighbourhood,  merely  open  sandy  desert,  I  am  at  a  loss  to  know  what  they 
lived  on.  In  the  Mimosa  belt  I  saw  a  flock  of  sparrows  far  from  any  houses  or 
huts,  but  they  seemed  quite  at  home. — A.  B.  P.] 

10.  Passer  euchlorus. 

Passer  euchlorus  (Licht.)  ;  Y'erbury,  Ihi^  189(3,  p.  27.     Hawker,  lh,f  1898,  p.  375. 

a — rf.      cJ.   ?  ad.  et  imm.     Lahej.     August  11th. 

e.  J  ad.  Wadi  Bana,  Abian  Country.     September  29th. 

/— ^j.       (J.  5  ad.  Al  Khaur,  Wadi  Hassan,  Abian  country.     October  2nd  to  5th. 

As  will  be  seen  from  the  above  list  there  are  a  fair  series  of  this  species  in  the 
present  collection.  Colonel  Yerbury  makes  some  interesting  remarks  on  this 
species,  and  writes  : — "  It  would  be  interesting  if  some  one  would  devote  a  little 
time  to  working  out  the  changes  of  plumage  of  males  of  this  species,  as  males  in  all 
stages  are  to  be  seen  in  the  flocks  : — (i.)  a  bright  canary  yellow,  with  long,  pale 
fawn-coloured,  almost  white  tail ;  (ii.)  like  the  former,  but  wanting  the  long  tail  : 
and  (iii.)  a  form  hardly  distinguishable  from  the  females.  What  does  this  mixing 
up  of  forms  mean  ? — I  concluded  it  to  indicate  that  these  birds  bred  all  the  year 
round,  and  the  fact  that  form  i.  is  rare  while  form  iii.  is  by  far  the  commonest,  may 
lend  some  support  to  this  ;  or  it  may  mean  that  the  nudes  begin  to  assume  the 


( ^^" ) 

canaiy-coloured  plumage  at  the  eud  of  the  first  year,  but  do  not  assnme  the  long 
tail  till  the  beginning  of  the  second.  As  the  birds  breed  gregarionslr,  it  would  be 
difficult  to  identify  the  actual  owners  of  any  particular  nest."  The  truth  of  the  above 
remarks  is  partly  borne  out  by  the  observations  of  Mr.  A.  B.  Percival,  who  found 
the  females  rare  and  difEcnlt  to  obtain,  the  majority  of  dull-coloured  hen-like  birds 
in  a  flock  proving  on  dissection  to  be  males  and  referable  to  form  iii.  There  are 
several  examples  of  form  ii. — that  is,  the  bright  canary-yellow  bird  with  the  tail 
normal.  I  have  never  seen  examples  of  form  i.  with  the  "  long,  pale  fawn-coloured, 
almost  white  tail,"  and  Mr,  Percival  did  not  meet  with  it.  We  may  therefore  infer 
that  it  is  a  seasonal  appendage,  as  some  of  the  birds  met  with  are  evidently  very  old 
examples.  It  is  quite  possible  that  the  present  species  is  not  a  true  Passer  and  should 
be  placed  in  a  distinct  genus. 

[Rather  scarce  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Lahej,  but  very  common  in  the  Abian 
Country.— A.  B.  P.]. 

11.  Fringillaria  striolata. 

Fringillaria  striolata  (Lieht.)  Sharpe,  Cat.  B.  Brit.  Miis.  xii.  p.  5G1  (1888). 
a.     I),    ad.     Ma'ir,  Abian  Country.     October  13th. 

This  is  the  first  time  this  species  has  been  recorded  from  Southern  Arabia. 
12.  Alaemon  desertorum. 

Alaitiion  desertorum  (Staul.)  ;  Yerbury,  Ihis  1890,  p.  29. 

a. — b.     t?   ?  ^^'       Lahej.     August  24th. 

c.—Ji.      d   ?  ad.       Shaik  Othman.     September  20th  to  27th. 

(.  cJ  ad.  Huswa,  Bay  of  Aden.     September  19th:to  20th. 

[Iris  brown  ;  bill  grey  ;  legs  flesh-colour. 

This  fine  Lark  is  only  found  on  the  low  deserts  near  the  sea,  and  is  commonest 
along  the  coast  to  the  west  of  Shaik  Othman  and  eastwards  towards  Dar  Mausur. 
None  were  seen  beyond  the  belt  of  Mimosa  trees  to  the  south  of  Lahej,  and  only  one 
or  two  were  met  with  in  the  Abian  Country. 

This  Lark  has  a  habit  of  flying  up  like  a  Skylark  for  perhaps  100  ft.  and  then 
fluttering  downwards,  uttering  a  few  notes  as  it  drops.  This  usually  takes  place  at 
dawn.  It  is  a  very  fast  runner  and  is  extremely  difficult  to  catch.  The  flight  is 
very  peculiar,  and  the  white  bars  show  very  plainly  and  make  the  bird  look  much 
like  a  Hoopoe  when  on  the  wing. — A.  B.  P.] 

13.  Galerida  cristata. 

Galerita  crhlutu  Linn.  ;  Yerbury,  Ibis  189G,  p.  29. 

Shaka,  N.  of  Lahej.     August  28th  to  31st. 
Haithalhim,  N.W.  of  Lahej.     September  6th. 
Lahej.     August  11th  to  September  8th. 
Shaik  Othman.     September  22nd  to  27th. 
Huswa,  Gulf  of  Aden.     September  19th. 

I  have  handed  the  whole  series  of  Crested  Larks  over  to  Mr.  Hartert  for 
identification,  and  he  has  kindly  furnished  me  with  the  following  remarks : — 

"  A  considerable  number  of  Crested  Larks  were  collected  at  Shaik  Othman, 
Lahej,  Shaka,  Haithalhim,  Huswa.  Although  they  were  collected  at  rather  an 
unfortunate  time  of  year,  most  of  the  specimens  bring  in  moult,  the  series  shows 
beyond  doubt  that  they  all  belong  to  one  form — viz.,  a  sandy  subspecies  of  the 


a. — e. 

c??  ad. 

/■ 

ad. 

g.—n. 

cJ?ad. 

0. — u. 

cJad. 

r. 

c?ad. 

(  248  ) 

Galerida  cnt<tata  grou]),  and  that  uo  siiecimeu  of  the  G.  theklm  group  is  among 
them.  The  latter,  in  fact,  has  not  yet  been  fonnd  in  Arabia,  nor  apparently 
anywhere  farther  east  than  Somali-land.  The  Arabian  specimens  closely  resemble 
the  long-billed  Crested  Larks  from  Somali-land,  except  that  the  latter  seem  to  be 
slightly  smaller.  These  long-billed  Galeriiht  from  Somali-land  are  very  nnlike 
the  thick-billed  ones  from  that  country,  and  I  take  this  opportunity  to  emphasise 
the  fact  that  Somali-land — like  Southern  Spain  and  most  parts  of  North  Africa — 
is  inhabited  by  two  totally  distinct  species,  one  of  the  theldce  group,  identified  in 
the  British  Museum  and  by  Erlanger  with  G.  theklm  ellioti,  and  one  of  the 
cristatci  group.  This  fact  has  hitherto  been  generally  lost  to  science,  as  most 
authors  on  Somali-land  birds  have  not  distinguished  the  different  forms  of  Crested 
Larks.  The  birds  from  South  Arabia  resemble  tlie  North  Indian  forms,  but  are 
more  of  a  pale  sandy  and  less  greyish  tint.  Individuals  from  Afghanistan  and 
Baluchistan  are  very  similar,  but  seem  to  be  a  little  smaller.  Larger  series,  with 
the  wings  not  in  moult,  must,  however,  be  compared  before  settling  the  question  of 
size.  At  present  I  refrain  from  naming  the  Arabian  Crested  Lark,  although  I 
am  sure  that  it  requires  a  new  subspecific  name.  Science,  however,  would  hardly 
be  benefited  in  this  case  by  bestowing  a  new  name  in  a  solitary  instance  ;  and  I 
prefer  to  await  an  opportunity  of  fully  reviewing  the  Eastern  Crested  Larks,  before 
giving  new  names  to  such  forms  as  may  require  them.  I  must,  furthermore,  admit 
that  it  will  require  some  study  to  point  out  the  distinctive  characters  between  the 
pale  Southern  Spanish  and  Senegambian,  as  well  as  the  Greek  and  Montenegrin 
races.  The  form  from  the  Hungarian  littoral  has  been  identified  by  Madarasz  {Bull. 
B.  0.  Club,  s.  p.  99)  with  setiegalensis,  but  it  is  considerably  larger,  darker,  more 
rufescent,  and  more  distinctly  spotted  on  the  under  wing-coverts  near  the  margin. 
It  requires  a  new  name,  unless  one  of  C.  L.  Brehm's  can  be  referred  to  it,  a  question 
which  it  is  not  easy  to  settle,  as  Brehm  often  mixed  up  his  Crested  Larks  from  various 
localities,  and  united  very  different  forms  under  one  name.  I  am,  nevertheless, 
quite  willing  to  drop  my  name,  chltce,  for  one  of  the  most  distinct  forms  of  long- 
billed  GaleridiV,  in  favour  of  Brehm's  nigricans.  It  is  true  that  Brehm  united  with 
typical  dark  birds  from  the  Nile  Delta,  individuals  of  a  dark  shade  from  Germany, 
and  in  his  collection  there  are  birds  called  nigricans  from  Sandersleben,  Gotha, 
Auma,  Ahlsdorf,  Dresden,  and  only  one  labelled  'Egypt,'  the  latter  being  the 
same  as  my  '  delta^  but  his  description  can  apply  to  the  latter  form,  and  he 
says  {Vogel/ang,  p.  124)  'Egypt  and  Thuringia,'  and  later  on  {Kaumannia  18.")8, 
p.  20(3)  '  darkest  on  the  black  soil  of  the  Nile,  and  shot  in  Germany  near  Dresden, 
Auma,  and  Gotha.'  Needless  to  say  that  the  latter  have  not  much  to  do  with  the 
birds  from  Lower  Egypt,  but,  as  I  said,  one  might  accept  '  nigricans '  for  the  dark 
form  from  the  Nile  Delta." 

[The  Crested  Lark  is  found  in  lai'ge  numbers  all  over  the  low  deserts 
especially  near  Lahej  and  the  neighbouring  districts  and  thence  up  to  the 
foothills  of  Jebel  Manif  and  Jimil.  In  the  Abian  Country  very  few  were  seen. — 
A.  B.  P.] 

14.  Mirafra  cantillans. 

Miidfra  simplex  Heugl.  ;  Sharpe,  Cat.  II.  Brit.  .1/i/s.  xiii.  p.  595  (1890). 
Miriifra  ciintiUtinif  Blyth, ;  Sharpe,  Cat.  B.  IJrit.  ,!/«.<.  xiii.  p.  GOo  (189(1). 
Mirafra  sp.  inc.     Barnes,  /iis  18U3,  p.  84. 


(  249  ) 

a.     cJ  ad.     Shaka,  N.  o£  Lahej  August  28th. 

b~d.     ?  ad.     Habil,  Wadi  Abrain,  N.W.  of  Lahej     September  13th  and  14th. 
e—f.     (J  Lahej  August  25th. 

Iris  hazel ;  bill  and  legs  flesli-colour.     (A.  B.  P.) 

The  series  of  this  Lark  collected  by  Mr.  Percival  in  the  neighboui'hood  of  Lahej 
undoubtedly  belong  to  M.  simplex  Hengl.  Most  of  the  specimens  which  are  in  worn 
plumage  agree  well  with  the  tj-pe  ;  but  a  female  collected  at  Habil  on  September 
13tli,  which  has  the  new  feathers  of  the  mantle  half  grown,  clearly  shows  that  it 
belongs  to  the  Indian  species  M.  cantillans,  which  no  doubt  extends  across  Balu- 
chistan and  Persia  to  Arabia.  M.  simplex  is  therefore  founded  on  worn  examples  of 
M.  cantillans. 

In  worn  Indian  examples  the  spots  on  the  chest  are  nearly  obsolete,  and 
in  this  stage  they  agree  with  the  type  of  M.  simplex. 

15.  Ammomanes  saturatus  subsp.  nov. 

Ammonuiiies  deserti  Sharpe  ;  Cat.  B.  Brit.  Mus.  xiii.  p.  646  (part  specimens  u  to  y  from  Abyssinia). 
"■     ?  ad.  .Tebel  Manif,  N.  of  Lahej     August  13th  (type  of  the  species). 

I.     c.      5  ad.  et  tJ  imm.     Jebel  Manif,  N.  of  Lahej     August  13th  and  14th. 
il.  ad.  Ma'ir,  Abian  Country  October  13th. 

Iris  brown  ;  bill  and  legs  flesh-colour.     (A.  B.  P.) 

The  four  birds  collected  by  the  Percival-Dodson  expedition  differ  conspicuously 
from  tjqiical  A.  deserti  Licht.  in  having  the  general  colour  of  the  upper  parts  dark 
grey  instead  of  isabelline,  and  the  rufous  on  the  rnmiJ  and  edges  of  the  tail-feathers 
more  pronounced.  In  writing  about  ..4.  deserti  {Cat.  B.  Brit.  Mus.  xiii.  p.  646)  Dr. 
Sharpe  makes  the  following  remarks  : — "  The  Palestine  birds  are  rather  larger  than 
the  Egyptian,  and  the  Abyssinian  birds  are  much  darker  grey  than  any  from  Egypt  ; 
they  will  probably  be  found  to  represent  a  permanently  dark  race." 

The  dark  Abyssinian  specimens  alluded  to  above,  and  entered  in  the  list  of 
specimens  under  the  letters  u  to  y,  agree  perfectly  with  the  Arabian  examples  before 
me,  and  differ  in  s.o  marked  a  degree  from  typical  A.  deserti  that  it  seems  necessary 
to  recognise  them  under  a  distinct  name. 

Total  length  5-5  in.  ;  cnlmen  0'65  ;  wing  3-8  to  4-0  ;  tail  2-55  to  2-7  ;  tarsus 
0-9  to  1-0. 

[I  first  met  with  this  Lark  at  the  foot  of  Jebel  Manif,  where  I  saw  a  few  and 
obtained  a  couple  of  siiecimens.  One  or  two  more  were  seen  near  Jimil  and  a 
few  amongst  the  hills  near  Ma'ir,  but  they  were  nowhere  common.  It  is  essentially 
a  hill  bird  and  never  seen  on  plains. — A.  B.  P.] 

16.  Pyrrhulauda  melanauchen. 

Pyrrhulauda  melaimuchen  (Cab.)  ;  Yerbury,  Ibis  1896,  p.  29  ;  Hawker,  Ibis  1898,  p.  375. 

a—f.     g  ?  ad.     Wadi  Al  Kabir,  W.  of  Lahej,  August  22nd. 
g—h.     (J  imm.     Shaka,  N.  of  Lahej,  August  28th  to  30th. 

[Iris  brown  ;   bill  grey  ;   legs  light  flesh-colour. 

Very  common  in  lower  deserts  and  wadis  on  the  way  to  Lahej,  but  none  were 
seen  farther  inland,  nor  do  I  remember  any  being  met  with  in  the  Abian  Country. 
They  are  strange  little  birds,  witli  their  plaintive  note  and  peculiar  colouring. 
The  dark  underparts  of  the  male  show  very  distinctly  when  the  bird  is  on  the 
wing. — A.  B.  P.] 


(250  ) 
IT.  Motacilla  alba. 

ilotaciUa  alba  Linn.  ;  Yerbury,  Ibis  1896,  p.  25. 
Common  winter  visitor. 

IS.  Motacilla  melanope. 

MoUiaUci  mehoiope  Pall.  ;  Sharpe,  O'l.  B.  Brii.  .Uiis.  x.  p.  497  (.1885). 

a.  t?  imm.     Shaik  Othman.     September  20  th. 

b.  Imm.         Al  Khaur,  Wadi  Hassan,  Abian  Country.     October  8th. 

This  is  the  first  time  the  Grey  Wagtail  has  been  recorded, from  Southern  Arabia. 
19.  Motacilla  flava. 

Motacilla  flava  Linn.  ;  Sharpe,  Cat.  B.  Brit.  .Vii.i.  x.  p.  516.  PI.  vi.  Figs.  3—5  (1885). 
a—b.         ?  imm.         Lahej.     September  4th. 

c.  Tix.ad.     Habil,  Wadi  Abrain,  N.W.  of  Lahej.     September  14th. 

(l—h.     (J  $  imm.         Shaik  Othman.     September  17th  to  2.Srd. 

(.  ?  imm.         Al  Khaur,  Wadi  Hassan,  Abian  Country.     October  7th. 

This  is  the  first  record  of  the  Blue-headed  Wagtail  from  South  Arabia. 
20.  Motacilla  feldeggi. 

Miitacilhi  fdileijgi  Michah.  ;   Yerbury,  Ibii  1896,  p.  25. 
u.     (J  ad.     Shaik  Othman.     September  20th. 

21.  Anthus  trivialis. 

Aiithm  trivialis  (Linn.)  ;  Sharpe,  Cat.  B.  Brit.  Mas.  x.  p.  543  (1885). 
« — e.     (J  ad.     Shaik  Othman.     September  17th  to  23rd. 
This  is  the  first  time  the  Tree  Pipit  has  been  recorded  from  Southern  Arabia. 
[Seen  only  in  the  irrigated  gardens  of  Shaik  Othman,  where  in  company  with 
various  Wagtails  it  was  fairly  common. — A.  B.  P.] 

22.  Nectarinia  metallica. 

Xectarinia  iiietoUiua  Licht.  ;  Yerbury,  Ibis  1896,  p.  25. 

a—h.  2  ad.  et(J?  imm.  Jebel  Manif,  N.  of  Lahej.     August  12th. 

(.  (J  imm.  Shaka,  N.  of  Lahej.     August  28th. 

Ic.  (J  vix  ad.  Haithalhim,  N.  of  Lahej.     September  6th. 

I.  ?  ad.  Lahej.     September  2nd. 

<J  imm.     Iris,  bill,  and  legs  black. 

?  ad.     Iris  brown  ;  legs  black.    (A.  B.  P.) 

I  found  this  species  common  in  the  Goldmohur  Valley  near  Aden,  and  shot 
several  females.  The  adult  ?nales  were  very  wild  and  ilifiicult  to  approach,  and  the 
only  specimen  I  succeeded  in  shooting  after  a  morning's  pursuit  was  lost  among  the 
volcanic  debris  with  which  the  valley  is  strewn. 

Mr.  Percival  found  this  species  in  all  the  wadis,  especially  in  the  more  desolate ; 
he,  too,  found  the  t/iales  very  wary  and  difficnlt  to  secure. 

23.  Cinnyris  habyssinica. 

Ciimyris  huhysnnica  (Hempr.  &  Ehr.)  ;  Gadow,  Cat.  B.  Brit.  Mas.  ix.  p.  52  (1884). 
a.     ?  ad.        Jebel  Manif,  N.  of  Lahej.    August  13th. 
6.     cJ  imm.    Ma'ir,  Abian  Country.    October  14th. 

This  is  the  first  time  this  Snubird  has  been  recorded  from  Southern  Arabia. 


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24.  Cinnyris  osea. 

Ciumjris  osea  Bonap.  ;  Gadow,  Cut.  B.  Brii.  .Vii.t.  ix.  p.  53  (1884). 
a.     (J  ad.     JIa'ir,  Abian  Country.     October  l'2th. 

This  is  tlie  first  time  this  Sunbird  has  been  recorded  from  Southern  Arabia. 
The  sjjecies  was  hitherto  only  known  to  occnr  in  Palestine,  so  the  above  specimen 
indicates  a  considerable  extension  of  its  range. 

[This  Sunbird  was  not  uncommon  at  Wadi  Yeramis  in  the  Abian  Country. 
It  was  extremely  wary,  and  I  only  succeeded  in  obtaining  one. — A.  B.  P.] 

25.  Telephonus  percivali. 

Telei>hoims  perciciU  Grant ;  Bull.  B.  O.  C.  Ixix.  p.  1  (1900). 
5.     (;J  ad.    Al  Milah,  N.  of  Lahcj.    August  IGth.     (Type  of  the  s^iecies.) 
Adult  male. — Allied  to    T.  Uanfordi  Sharpe,  but  somewhat  smaller,  the  bill 
especially  being  less  stout  ;  the  foreneck,  chest,  and  rest  of  the  nnderparts  much 
greyer,  and  the  rufescent  margin  to  the  inner  webs  of  the  quills,  so  conspicuous  in 
T.  blanfordi,  barely  indicated.     Iris  brown  ;  bill  black  ;  legs  grey. 

Total  length  7-.3  in.  ;  culmen  0-88  ;  wing  3-0  ;  tail  3-4  ;  tarsus  1-2. 

26.  Lauius  fallax. 

Laidusfallax  Finsch. ;  Gadow,  Cat.  B.  Brit.  Mm.  viii.  p.  247.  PI.  viii.  (1883^. 

Laniiis  sp.  inc.  ;  Yerbury,  Ibis  1886,  p.  16. 

Laniun  lahlora  ;  Yerbury  (nee  .Sykes),  Ibis  1896,  p.  21  ;  Hawker,  Ibis  1898,  p.  374. 

a.  ?  ad.  Jebel  JIanif,  N.  of  Lahej.     August  13th. 

6.  $  ad.  Al  Milah,  N.  of  Lahej.     August  16th. 

f— /     jj  5  ad.  et  imm.     Shaik  Othman.    September  20th  to  iSth. 

Iris  black  ;  bill  and  legs  grey.     (A.  B.  P.) 

There  can  be  no  doubt  that  this  species  has  been  wrongly  identified  in  all  the 
previous  lists  of  South  Arabia,  for  the  specimens  procured  by  Colonel  Yerbm-y,  Captain 
Nurse,  and  Mr.  Hawker,  all  belong  to  L.fallaj:.  The  black  secondaries  tipped  with 
white  distinguish  this  species  at  a  glance  from  L.  laldom,  which  has  the  inner 
secondaries  largely  mixed  with  white. 

[Common  near  Lahej  and  Shaik  Othman,  but  rarely  seen  in  the  Abian  Country. 
—A.  B.  P.] 

27.  Lanius  nubicus. 

Lanius  nnhicus  Licht  ;  Yerbury,  7//'-i  1896,  p.  21. 
a—c.     ?  ad.  et  ^  imm.    Al  Khaur,  Wadi  Hassan,  Abian  Country,  October  3rd  to  9th. 
Colonel  Yerbury  obtained  a  specimen  of  this  Shrike  at  Lahej  in  January  1885. 
It  appears  to  be  an  uncommon  species  in  this  locality,  and  was  not  obtained  by 
Messrs.  Percival  and  Dodson. 

2^5.  Lanius  isabellinus. 

Lanius  isabellinus  Hempr.  &  Ehr.  ;  Yerbury,  Ibis  1896,  p.  21. 

(?)  L.  speculigems  Tacz  ;  Gadow,  Cat.  B.  Brit.  Mus.  viii.  p.  279  (1883). 

I  shot  a  fully  adult  male  («)  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Shaik  Othman,  which 
exactly  agrees  with  the  description  of  typical  A.  upeculigerus  Tacz.  (4).  A  some- 
what younger  bird,  possibly  a  female  (but  the  sex  has  not  been  determined),  was 


(  252  ) 

collected  by  Colonel  Yerbnry  at  Laliej,  and  evidently  belongs  to  the  same  species  as 
specimen  (a),  but  tLe  white  specnlum  on  the  base  of  the  primaries  is  obsolete,  the 
ear-patch  dark  brownish,  and  the  dark  spot  in  front  of  the  eye  barely  indicated. 

I  am  inclined  to  believe  that  L.  speculigerus  Tacz  is  merely  the  fully  adult  of 
L.  isabellimis. 

a.  (J  ad.        ShaikOthman  (IF.iJ.O.f?.  and //.O.F.).    Wing  3-9    in.,  tail  3-5. 

b.  Vix  ad.      Lahej  (J.  It'.  Yerlunj)  „    3-85  ,,     „    3"5. 

The  length  of  tail  in  the  above  specimens  appears  to  be  slightly  longer  than 
usual,  the  average  measurement  being  3-2  to  3-3  inches.  This  species  was  not 
obtained  by  Messrs.  Percival  and  Dodson. 

29.  Lanius  coUurio. 

Liinius  colhirio  Linn. :  Yerbury,  Ibis  189G,  p.  21. 

a.  mm.  Wadi  Bana,  Abian  Country.     September  29th. 

b.  Imm.  Wadi  Hassan,    „        „  October  9th. 

30.  Lanius  phceuicuroides. 

Lanius  phcmicuroides  Severtz  ;  Gadow,  Qet.  B.  Brit.  ilus.  viii.  p.  278  (1883). 

a.    ad.  Shaik  Othman.    September  26th. 

b.  c.     (J  ad.  et  ?  1mm.     AVadi  Bana,  Abian  Country.     September  29th. 
f' — ?•     c?   ?  inun.  Al  Khaur,  Wadi  Hassan,  Abian  Country.     October  2nd  to  9th. 

This  Shrike  is  new  to  the  fauna  of  Southern  Arabia. 

[At  Shaik  Othman  this  bird  was  only  once  seen,  but  in  the  Abian  Country  they 
were  common  near  the  water  in  Wadi  Bana  and  Wadi  Hassan. — A.  B.  P.]. 

31.  Hypocolius  ampelinus. 

Hypocolius  amjtclimis  Bonap.  ;  Barnes,  Ibis  1883,  p.  74  ;  Yerbury,  I/iis  189(5,  p.  21. 

This  species  is  said  to  have  been  seen  by  the  late  Mr.  Barnes  near  Shaik 
Othman.  No  specimens,  however,  have  been  procured  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
Aden. 

32.  Sylvia  nisoria. 

Sylvia  nisoria  (Bechst.)  ;  Seebohm,  Col.  B.  Brit.  Mus.  v.  p.  G  (1881). 
a.     (J  Ad.    Al  Khaur,  Wadi  Hassan,  Abian  Country.     October  7th. 

This  is  the  first  record  of  the  Barred  Warbler  in  South  Arabia. 
33.  Sylvia  atricapilla. 

Sylvia  atricapilla  (Linn.)  ;  Seebohm,  Cat.  B.  Brit.  Mus.  v.  p.  23  (1881). 
".     ?  ad.     Shaik  Othman.    September  26th. 
This  is  the  first  record  of  the  Blackcap  in  Arabia. 

34.  Sylvia  cinerea. 

Sylria  cinerea  Bechst.  ;  Seebohm,  Cat.  B.  Brit.  Mus.  v.  p.  8  (1881). 
o — b.     (J  ?  ad.    Shaik  Othman.    September  25th  and  26th. 
The  Whitethroat  is  recorded  for  the  first  time  from  South  Arabia. 


a. 

J  ad. 

b. 

cjad. 

c. 

Ad. 

d. 

Ad. 

e—h. 

c?  ?  ad. 

I — /.-. 

Ad. 

I.    m. 

(?  ?  ad. 

(  -^53   ) 
35.  Sylvia  hortensis. 

Sylvia  hortensis  Bechst.  ;  Seebohm,  Cat.  B.  Biit.  Uus.  v.  p.  10  (1881). 
a.    Ad.    Al  Khaur,  Wadi  Hassan,  Abian  Country.     October  9th. 

This  is  the  first  time  the  Garden  Warbler  has  been  recorded  from  SonthL'rn 
Arabia. 

30.  Aedon  familiaris. 

Sylvia  familiaris  Menetr.  ;  Seebohm,  Cat.  B.  Brit.  Mus.  v.  p.  36  (1881). 

Jimil,  north  of  Lahej.     August  IGth. 

Al  MUah   „  „  August  16th. 

Shaka        „  „  August  29th. 

Habil,  ATadi  Abrain,  North-West  Lahej.     September  12th. 

Lahej.     25th  August  and  September  26th. 

Shaik  Othman.     September  2ijth. 

Al  Khaur,  Wadi  Hassan,  Abian  Country.     October  3rd  and  10th. 

This  Warbler  has  not  iirevionsly  been  recorded  from  South  Arabia. 
Iris  brown  ;  bill  and  legs  flesh-colonr.     (A.  15.  P.) 

37.  Parisoma  blanfordi. 

Sylvia  blanfunli ;  Seebohm,  Cat.  B.  Brit.  Miis.  v.  p.  29  (1881)  ;  Salvador!,  Ann.  Mas.  Oil'.  Genov.  xxvi. 
p.  259  (1888)  ;  Cholmley,  Jbis  1897,  p.  203  ;  Phillips,  Ibis  1898,  p.  407  ;  Hawker,  Ibi.^  1899,  p.  69. 
Parisoma  blanfordi.     Grant,  Ibis  1900,  p.  154. 

o.      (J  ad.    Jebel  Manif,  north  of  Lahej.    August  13th. 
b.  Ad      Ma'ir,  Abian  Country.     October  I3th. 

Iris  brown  ;  bill  and  legs  grey.     (A.  B.  P.) 

The  occurrence  of  this  rare  Warbler  in  Southern  Arabia  is  remarkably 
interesting.  It  was  only  known  to  occur  in  North-East  Africa,  and  very  few 
examples  have  found  their  way  to  this  country.  Up  to  the  present  time  only  five 
examples  have  been  recorded.  Mr.  W.  T.  Blanford  obtained  the  type  at  Rairo, 
Abyssinia  ;  then  an  example  from  Shoa  was  recorded  by  Count  Salvador!.  Sub- 
sequently the  species  was  met  with  by  Mr.  A.  Cholmley  in  the  Erba  Mountains, 
Snakim,  and  by  Mr.  E.  Lort  Phillips  and  Mr.  R.  McD.  Hawker  in  Somali-laud. 

38.  Phylloscopus  trochilus. 

Pltylloscopus  sp.  inc.  ;  Barnes,  Ibis  1893,  p.  78  ;  Yerbury,  Ibis  1896,  p.  25. 

«.     (?)  ?  imm.     Huswa,  Bay  of  Aden.     September  19th. 
b.  ^  ad.        Shaik  Othman.    September  23rd. 

Although  the  Willow  Warbler  had  been  observed  both  by  Col.  Yerbury  and  the 
late  Mr.  H.  E.  Barnes,  this  is  the  first  time  that  examples  have  been  procured. 

30.  Phylloscopus  sibilatrix. 

Phyllnscopus  sibiUitri.r  (Bechst.)  ;  Seebohm,  Cat.  B.  Brit.  Mus.  v.  p.  54  (1881). 
a  (?)   ?  ad.     Shaik  Othman.     .September  19tb. 

The  Wood  Wren  is  recorded  for  the  first  time  from  the  neighbourhood  of  Aden. 


(  254  ) 
40.  Acrocephalus  turdoides. 

Acrocepluilus  turdoides  (Meyer)  ;  Seebohm,  Cat.  B.  Brit,  iliis.  v.  p.  95  (1881). 

«  (J.     Shaik  Othman,  September  2Gth. 

6  ?  .    Al  Khaur,  Wadi  Hassan,  Abian  Country.     October  10th. 

This  is  the  first  record  of  this  species  from  Arabia. 

Iris  hazel  brown;  upper  mandible  black,  lower  grey  becoming  whitish  towards 
the  base  ;  legs  slate.    (A.  B.  P.) 

41.  Hypolais  pallida. 

Hypolais  imUida  (Hempr.  &  Ehr.) ;  Seebohm,  Cat.  B.  Brit.  Mks.  v.  p.  82  (1881). 

«.      ad.  Shaik  Othman.    September  18th. 

h.-d.  (J  $  ad.     Al  Khaur,  AVadi  Hassan,  Abian  Country.     October  3rd  to  10th. 

This  Warbler,  which  had  not  hitherto  been  recorded  from  Aden,  was  obtained  by 
Dr.  H.  0.  Forbes  and  myself  at  Shaik  Othman  in  November  1808.  Specimens 
from  the  same  locality  and  from  the  Abian  Conntry  are  in  the  present  collection. 

42.  H3rpolais  languida. 

Uypolais  languida  (Hempr.  &  Ehr.)  ;  Seebohm,   Cut.  B.  Biit.  Miis.  v.  p.  80  (1881). 

a — c.      5  ad.     Jebel  Manif,  N.  of  Lahej.     August  13th. 

d.  (J  ad.     Al  Milah,  south  of  Jimil.     August  14th. 

e.  ad.     Mijba,  north  of  Lahej.     August  17th. 

Iris  brown  ;  bill  flesh-colour  ;  legs  light  sage-green.  (A.  B.  P.) 
This  is  the  first  time  this  "Warbler  has  been  recorded  from  Arabia.  The  bastard 
primary  is  abnormally  lengthened  in  specimen  </,  exceeding  the  primary  coverts  in 
length  by  0-12  in.  The  bird  from  Al  MOah,  however,  undoabtedly  belongs  to  the 
present  species  ;  in  the  other  four  specimens  the  bastard  primary  is  about  equal  in 
length  to  the  primary  coverts. 

4a.  Monticola  cyanus. 

ilonticola  ajaiius  (Linn.);  Yerbury,  Ibis  1896,  p.  22. 

Said  to  be  a  regular  winter  visitant  at  Aden. 

44.  Monticola  saxatilis. 

ilonticola  saxatiUs  (Linn.)  ;  Seebohm,   Cat.  B.  Brit.  Mus.  v.  p.  313  (1881). 
«.         cJ  imm.     Shaik  Othman.     September  20th. 
b.  0.     (J  imm.     Al  Khaur,  Wadi  Hassan,  Abian  Country.     October  2nd  to  Gth. 

The  Rock  Thrush  had  not  hitherto  been  recorded  from  Aden. 
[A  solitary  example  of  this  Rock  Thrnsh  was  shot  at  Shaik  Othman ;  it  was  in 
very  poor  condition.     A  few  were  seen  in  the  Abian  hills. — A.  B.  P.] 

4o.  Riiticilla  sp.  inc. 

RuticiUa  sp.  inc.  ;  Yerbury,  Ibis  189G,  p.  25. 

Colonel  Yerbury  writes  : — "  A  Redstart  is  a  casual  cold-winter  visitant,  but  the 
exact  species  awaits  identification  ;  it  will,  however,  in  all  probability  be  found 
to  be  It.  phcenicurus  or  7?.  'iiK.ioleuca." 


(  255  ) 
46.  Erithacus  golzii. 

Erithacus  golzii  (Cab.)  ;  Seebohm,  Cat.  B.  Brit.  Mm.  v.  p.  297  (1881). 
(I.  ?  ad.         Lahej.     September  14th. 

''— /•      <?  ?  ad.    Shaik  Othman.     September  17th-2Ctb. 

Iris  brown  ;  bill  and  legs  earthy  brown.     [A.  B.  P.] 

The  occurrence  of  this  Nightingale  in  Southern  Arabia  is  extremely  interesting, 
as  hitherto  it  was  only  known  from  We.stern  Persia,  Turkestan  and  the  Caucasus. 
Its  winter  quarters  were  unknown. 

47.  Burnesia  gracilis. 

Buriiesia  gracilis  (Cretzschm.) ;  Yerbury,  Ibi.i  1896,  p.  25  ;  Hawker,/4is  1898,  p.  375. 

((.  cJ  ad.         Shaka,  N.  of  Lahej.     August  13th. 

i— /.      (J   ?  ad.     Lahej.     August  22nd  to  September  14th. 

g.  (J  ad.         Shaik  Othman.    September  2Cth. 

Iris  orange  (yellowish  in  the  female) ;  bill  dark  grey ;  legs  flesh-colonr.    (A.  B.  P.) 
48.  Prinia  sp.  inc. 

Prinia  sp.  inc.  ;  Barnes,  Ihis  1893,  p.  78  ;  Yerbury,  Ihis  1896,  p.  25. 

Colonel  Yerbury  writes  : — "A  nest  of  a  species  of  Prinia  was  found  at  Shaik 
Othman  on  February  24th,  1895,  containing  four  brick-red  eggs." 

It  seems  to  me  possible  that  the  eggs  found  may  have  been  those  of  Burnesia 
gracilis,  a  very  common  species  in  that  neighbourhood. 

49.  Cisticola  cisticola. 

Cisticola  cisticola  (Temm.)  ;  Yerbury,  Ibis  1896,  p.  25. 
« — e.     cJ  9  ad.     Lahej.     August  23rd  to  September  2nd. 

[Iris  pale  yellow  ;  bill  flesh-colour,  brownish  towards  the  tip;  legs  flesh-colour. 
Common  among  low  bushes,  particularly  between  Shaik  Othman  and  Lahej. 
A.  B.  P.] 

50.  Saxicola  cenanthe. 

Saxicola  lenanthe  Linn.;  Barnes,  /6/.<  1893,  p.  76;  Yerbury,   Ibis  1896,  p    24. 
(I      (J    imm.     Shaka,  north  of  Lahej.     August  31st. 
h.      (J    imm.     Shaik  Othman.     September  21st. 

Iris,  bill  and  legs  black.     (A.  B.  P.). 

51.  Saxicola  deserti. 

Saxicola  deserti  Temm.  ;  Yerbury,  Ibis  1896,  p.  24. 
Saxicola  stapazina  Yerbury  ;  (nee  VieiU.)  ;  Ibis  1886,  p.  17  ;  Barnes,  Ibis  1893,  p.  76. 
a.     (J  ad.     Lahej.     September  6th. 
b—c.     (J  ad.    Habil,  Wadi  Abrain,  N.W.  of  Lahej.    September  12th. 

52.  Saxicola  isabelliua. 

Saxicola  isabelliua  (Cretzschm.)  ;  Yerbury,  Ibis  1896,  p.  24. 
«.     (?)     (J  ad.     Huswa,  Bay  of  Aden.     September  2i)th. 
b—(l  J  ad.     Shaik  Othman.     September  25th. 

e.     (?)     ^  ad.     HabU,  Wadi  Abrain,  N.W.  of  Lahej.     September  13th. 

[This  and  the  two  preceding  species  of  Chat  were  obtained  on  the  cultivated 
land  round  Shaik  Othman  and  Lahej,  and  were  very  seldom  seen  near  open 
desert.— A.  B.  P.] 


(  25G  ) 

53.  Saxicola  pleschanka. 

Saxicola  pleschanh:!  (Lepech.)  ;  Barnes,  Jbis  1893,  p.  76  ;  Yerbury,  Ibis  1896,  p.  24. 

a.     (J  ad.     Wadi  Bana,  Abian  Country.     September  29th. 

h.     ?  ad.    Al  Khaur,  Wadi  Hassan,  Abian  Country.     October  5th. 

This  Chat  was  first  observed  by  the  late  Mr.  Barnes,  in  the  neighbonrhood  of 
Aden,  but  uo  example  was  obtained.  Any  doubt  that  may  have  been  felt  about  the 
occurrence  of  this  species  in  Southern  Arabia  is  now  satisfactorily  set  at  rest. 

54.  Saxicola  lugentoides. 

Saxicola  lugentoides  Seebohm  ;  Cut.  B.  Brit.  ilus.  v.  p.  371  (1881). 
'(.     [cJ]  ad.    Ma'ir,  Abian  Country.    October  13th. 

The  occurrence  of  this  rare  Chat  in  S.  Arabia  is  a  matter  of  considerable 
interest.  It  was  only  known  to  inhabit  Sennar,  North-East  Africa,  where  it  was 
supposed  to  be  a  resident. 

55.  Myrinecocichla  melanura. 

MyrmecocicJila  nwlanura  (Temm.);  Yerbury,  Ibis  1886,  p.  17  ;  Barnes,  Ibis  1893,  p.  77  : 
Yerbury,  Ibis  1896,  p.  24,  pi.  1.  fig.  i. 

a — e.    cJ  $  ad.    Jebel  Manif,  north  of  Lahej .     August  13th  and  14th. 

/.  Ad.     AI  Khaur,  Wadi  Hassan,  Abian  Country.     October  10th. 

g — h.  Ad.     Ma'ir,  Abian  Country.     October  13th. 

[Iris,  bill  and  legs  black. 

Common  about  the  foothills  of  Jebel  Manif,  in  rough  wadis  and  in  the 
crater  at  Aden.— A.  B.  P.] 

56.  Cercotriclias  melanoptera. 

Cercotrichus  mclanoptcrus  (H.  &  E.)  ;  Yerbury,  Ibii  1896,  p.  23. 

o — m.    (J  $  ad.  et  imm.     Lahej.     September  2nd  to  15th. 

u.         (J  ad.  Jebel  Manif,  north  of  Lahej.     August  14th. 

o—j).    ij   $  ad.  Al  Khaur,  Wadi  Hassan,  Abian  Country.    October  2nd  to  10th. 

[Iris  brown  ;  bill  black  ;  legs  grey. 

Very  common  in  the  low  bushes  of  the  desert;  they  are,  however,  not  very 
easy  to  shoot,  owing  to  their  habit  of  slipping  out  of  the  opposite  side  of  the  bush. 
They  are  very  pugnacious,  and  remind  one  of  the  Robin.  Most  of  my  birds  were 
obtained  in  the  evening,  when  they  were  feeding  round  the  bushes. — A.  B.  P.] 

57.  Argya  squamiceps. 

Argya  sqiuimicejts  (Cretzschm.) ;   Yerbury,  ll'is  1896,  p.  23  ;  Hawker,  Ibis  1898,  p.  375. 
"—9-    c?   ?  ^^-     Lahej.     August  2Mth  to  September  15th. 

[c?  Iris  pale  orange  or  raw-sienna  ;  bill  and  legs  pale  greenish  yellow. 

?   Iris  brown  ;  bill  and  legs  greenish  yellow. 

The  Babbling  Thrush  is  extremely  common  in  the  Lahej  district,  and  is  always 
found  in  flocks,  which  keep  low  down  among  the  bushes  or  on  the  ground.  This 
species  is  very  noisy,  especially  if  there  are  Jackals  or  other  vermin  about,  hence 
they  are  usually  known  as  Jackal  birds.— A.  B.  P.] 


(  257  ) 
58.  Pycnonotus  arsinoe. 

Pyenonoim  iirsiiioe  (H.  &  E.);  Yerbury,  Ihis  1896,  p.  23. 

1  fouuJ  this  Bnlbnl  common  in  the  Goldmohur  Valley,  and  procured  several 
examples. 

59.  Pycnonotus  xanthopygus. 

Pijcimmtus  .raiilhopygiiis  (H.  &  E.);  Yerbury,  Ibii  1800,  p.  23  ;  Hawker,  Ibis  1898,  p.  375. 

".  ?  ad.  Jebel  Manif,  N.  of  Lahej.     August  13th. 

b — 0.  (J   ?  ad.  Lahej.     September  8th. 

(/.  ?  ad.  Huswa,  Bay  of  Aden.     September  19th. 

e—f.  ad.  Ma'ir,  Abian  Country.     October  13th. 

60.  Muscicapa  grisola. 

ilusckojm  gi-isiiln  (L.)  ;  Barne.s,  fhii  1893,  p.  74. 
II— i.    cJ    ?  ad.  et  imm.     Shaik  Othman.     September  17th  to  23rd. 
/.'.  ad.  Huswa,  Bay  of  Aden.     September  19th. 

[Very  common  in  irrigated  gardens  at  Shaik  Othman. — A.  B.  P.] 
61.  Terpsiphone  cristata. 

Terpsiphone  cristata  (Linn.)  ;  Yerbury,  Ibis  1896,  p.  22. 
(I — /'.      ?  imm.     Lahej.     September  Gth  and  8th. 

Iris  black  ;  bill  and  legs  slate.     (A.  B.  P.) 

62.  Hirundo  rustica. 

Iliruiuh  rustica  Linn.  ;  Yerbury,  Ibis  1896,  p.  22. 

Appears  to  be  a  rare  visitor  to  Aden. 

63.  Cotile  obsoleta. 

Ptilomprogne  obsoleta   (Cab.)  ;  Yerbury,  Ibis  1896,  p.  22. 

I  saw  several  of  this  species  flying  about  the  rocks  in  the  Goldmohur  Valley  at 
Aden,  and  obtained  a  specimen. 

64.  Cotile  riparia. 

Cotile  riparia  Sharpe,  Cat.  B.  Brit.  Mas.  s.  p.  96  (1885). 
((.     (J  ad.    Shaik  Othman.    September  26th. 

The  Sand  Martin  had  not  previously  been  recorded  from  South  Arabia. 

65.  lynx  torquilla. 

Ii/iix  torquilla  Linn. ;  Hargitt,  Cat.  B.  Br/I.  .!/«.<.  xviii.  p.  560  (1890). 
((.     cj  ad.     Shaik  Othman.     September  23rd. 

Iris  brown  ;  bill  brown  ;  legs  dirty  sage-green.     (A.  B.  P.) 

The  Wryneck  is  recorded  for  the  lirst  time  from  Southern  Arabia. 

66.  Coccystes  jacobinus. 

Coccystes  Jacobinus  (Bodd  )  ;  Yerbury,  Ihis  1806,  p.  20. 

Examples  of  this  Cuckoo  have  been  obtained  by  Colonel  Yerbury  and  Captain 
Nurse. 


(  258  ) 
07.  Cuculus  cauorus. 

Ciicidus  caiionts  Linn.  ;  Barne.s,  Ibis  ISM,  p.  72. 

«.         ?  vix  ad.  [wing  83  in.].         Habil,  Wadi  Abrain,  X.W.  of  Lahej.  September  12th. 

b.         [?]  ad.    [wing  7-8.  in.]  Labej.     September  5th. 

c—c.    (J  $  imm.  [wing  8-0— 8-2  in.].   Shaik  Othman.     September  15th  to  24th. 

Specimen  b  of  the  above  list  appear.s  to  be  a  very  old/emale  ;  the  foreneck  and 
chest  are  iiearlj'  nuiform  dull  rufous,  the  latter  with  a  few  very  narrow  dark  bars  ; 
a  wide  collar  of  feathers  surronudiiig  the  back  of  the  neck  is  barred  with  the  same 
rufous  colour,  and  the  black  bars  across  the  feathers  of  the  breast  and  sides  are 
very  narrow. 

Specimen  «  is  altogether  a  younger  bird,  with  the  foreneck  and  chest  marked 
with  buff  and  rather  widely  barred  with  black  ;  as  in  specimeu  l>,  there  is  a  wide 
collar  of  rufous  barred  feathers  round  the  back  of  the  neck. 

The  first  record  of  the  occurrence  of  this  species  at  Aden  is  found  in  Mr.  Barnes' 
paper  ;  subsequently,  in  November  1808,  I  shot  an  immature  bird  near  Shaik 
Othman. 

08.  Centropus  superciliosus. 

Cenirojms  supercilwstis  (H.  &  E.)  ;  Yerbury,  Ibis  1896,  p.  20. 
0 — h.     (J  ?    imm.     Lahej.     August  20th  to  September  14th. 
c — d.     5  ad.  Al  Khaur,  Wadi  Hassan,  Abian  Country.     October  8th. 

[  6  Iris  brown  ;  bill  black  ;  legs  slate. 

?   Iris  pale  yellow  ;  bill  black,  grey  at  gape  ;  legs  bluish  grey. 
Not  uncommon,  but  difficult  to  see  or  shoot  ;  it  was  very  noisy  at  night  and  in 
the  early  morning. — A.  B.  P.] 

09.  Cypselus  melba. 

Cypselus  melba  (Linn.)  ;  Yerbury,  Ibis  18913,  p.  17. 

7(1.  Cypselus  affinis. 

Ci/pselus  affinis  Hardw. ;  Yerbury,  Ibis  1890,  p.  18 
a.     Ad.     Ma'ir,  Abian  Country.     October  14th. 

[Very  common  near  Ma'ir  and  in  the  hills  around. — A.  B.  P.] 
71.  Caprimulgus  nubicus. 

Caprimxilgus  nubicus  Licht. ;  Yerbury,  Ibis  189(5,  p.  18. 
a — c.     (J  ad.  Wadi,  near  Lahej.     August  22nd  to  24th. 

d—f.     J  ad.  et  imm.      Shaik  Othman.     September  23rd  to  24th. 

Iris  black  ;  bill  flesh-colour,  black  at  tip  ;  legs  bluish  pink.     (A.  B.  P.) 
As  all  the  adult  birds  are  sexed  male,  there  is  no  further  evidence  as  to  whether 
t\iefeinale  differs  in  plumage  or  not. 

[Most  of  the  Nightjars  were  found  in  the  wadis,  and  were  usually  jmt  up  when 
we  were  walking  or  riding  through  ;  they  were  fairly  numerous  ;  a  few  were  seen 
at  Shaik  Othman,  hawking  round  the  outside  tif  the  gardens. — A.  B.  P.] 


(  259  ) 
7:i.  Caprimulgus  inoruatus. 

Ciipriiiivlijus  hwrnatiis  Heugl.  ;  Hartert,  C'lil.  B.  Bnt.  ^Mtis.  xvi.  p.  5uG  (1892). 

a.  imm.  Shaka,  N.  of  Lahej.    August  29th. 

b.  cJ  imm.  Lahej.     September  14th. 

e — e.      ?  ad.  et  imm.      Shaik  Othman.     September  17th  to  23rd. 
/—(•/.     (J  5  imm.  Al  Khaur,  Aljian  Country.     October  1st  to  5th. 

Oat  of  the  seven  specimeus  collected,  five  (including  three  adults  of  both  sexes) 
belong  to  the  rufous  form,  while  two  immature  birds  have  the  upper  parts  brownish 
grey.  There  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  difterence  in  colour  of  the  tipper  parts  has 
nothing  to  do  with  either  age  or  sex,  but  is  purely  individual. 

The  rufous  form  from  Arabia  exactly  resembles  the  immature  tyjie  of  C.  c'nnri- 
momeus  Sharpe  from  Lagos,  which  Mr.  Hartert  has  alreadj'  shown  to  be  identical  with 
C.  inornatus. 

This  is  the  first  time  this  North-East  African  species  has  been  recorded  from 
Southern  Arabia. 

73.  Merops  cyanophrys. 

Merops  cyaiiojihri/s  (Gab.  &  Heine)  ;  Terbury,  Ibis  1896,  p.  19. 

a—f-     (J   ?  .  ad.  et  imm.     Lahej.     August  19th  to  September  3rd. 
g  —  i.     [J  ad.  Shaik  Othman.     September  17th  to  2l8t. 

Total  length  8'0  inches  ;  iris  carmine  ;  bill  lilack  ;  legs  greyish  black.     (A.  B.  P.) 
74.  Merops  albicoUis. 

3Ierops  sp.  incert. ;  Barnes,  Ibis  1893,  p.  71  ;  Yerbury,  189G,  p.  19. 

n — e.  Ad.  et  imm.     Jimil,  N.  of  Lahej.     August  16th. 

/.  ?  imm.  Jebel  Manif,  X.  of  Lahej.     August  12th. 

g — J,,  j  imm.  Shaka,  N.  of  Lahej.     August  28th. 

; — )(.  ^  5  imm.      Lahej.     August  19th  and  20th. 

This  is  the  first  time  this  Bee-eater  has  been  met  with  outside  Africa  ;  it  is  no 
doubt  the  third  species  mentioned  by  both  Colonel  Yerbury  and  the  late  Mr.  Barnes. 

75.  Merops  persicus. 

Merojis  persicus  Pall. ;  Yerbury,  Ibis  1896,  p.  19  ;  Hawker,  Ibis  1898,  p.  374. 

Not  obtained  by  the  Percival-Dodson  Expedition.  Captain  Nurse  procured  it 
on  November  14th,  at  Aden.  Colonel  Yerbury  records  it  from  Shaili  Othman  on 
March  4th,  and  from  Lahej,  March  12th.  Mr.  Hawker  obtained  two  males  at  Lahej 
on  October  25th. 

76.  Upupa  epops. 

Upupci  epnps  Linn. ;  Yerbury,  Ibis  1896,  p.  20. 

Jebel  Manif,  N.  of  Lahej.     August  14th. 

Shaka.     August  28th. 

Shaik  Othman.     September  21st  and  22nd. 

Al  Khaur,  Wadi  Hassan,  Abian  Country.     October  8th. 

bill  black  at  tip,  flesh-colour  at  the  base  ;  legs  grey.     (A.  B.  P.) 


a. 

S 

ad. 

b—c. 

6 

$  ad. 

d—e. 

c? 

?  ad. 

/■ 

Ad. 

Iris  black  ; 

bill 

(  260  ) 
"7.  Lophoceros  nasutus. 

Lophoceros  nasutus  (Linn.')  ;  Grant,  Oil.  B.  Brit.  Mm:  xvii.  p.  40G  (1892). 
((.     (J  ad.  Jebel  Manif,  N.  of  Lahej.     August  13th. 

b—c.     (J  ad.  et  imm.  Wadi  Bana,  Abian  Country.     September  29th. 

d — e.     ?  ad.  et  (J  imm.     AI  Khaur,  Wadi  Hassan,  Abian  Country.     October  2nd. 

(?  Iris  orange  ;  bill  black  ami  white  ;  legs  black.  (A.  B.  P.) 
The  occurrence  of  this  little  Hornbill  in  Southern  Arabia  will  no  doubt  surprise 
many  ornithologists,  but  it  must  not  be  forgotten  that  the  tii-])e  of  Buceros  forslialii 
(which  is  synonymous  with  L.  nasutus)  was  described  by  Hemprich  and  Ehrenberg 
from  that  country.  In  the  Catalogue  of  Birds  (juoted  above,  S.  Arabia  has  been 
accidentally  omitted  in  giving  the  geographical  range  of  the  species. 

[The  Hornbill  was  first  seen  near  Jebel  Manif,  but  there  it  was  not  common, 
and  very  difficult  to  shoot.  In  the  Abian  Country,  jiarticularly  near  Al  Khaur, 
it  was  seen  feeding  in  hundreds  on  a  yellow  fruit  which  was  common  along  the 
irrigation  canal.  Almost  all  the  birds  seen  were  black-billed  males,  and  only  one 
female  was  obtained. — A.  B.  P.] 

78.  Halcyon  semicaerulea. 

Halcyon  semicarulea  (Forsk.;  ;  Yerbury,  /i/s  189('>,  p.  20. 
a — n.  cJ  ?  ad.  et  imm.  Lahej.  August  11th  and  September  14th. 
0—^.      ?  ad.  et  imm.  Al  ililah,  N.  of  Lahej.     August  14th  to  16th. 

'I — "•     I?  *<^-  ^'  imm.  Al  Khaur,  Wadi  Hassan,  Abian  Country.     October  3rd. 

Iris  brown  ;  bill  scarlet-vermilion  ;  legs  vermilion.  (A.  B.  P.) 
The  above  series  illustrates  fully  the  interesting  changes  of  plumage  which 
intervene  between  the  young  bird  and  the  fully  adult.  Birds  in  the  first  jilumage 
are  easily  distinguished  by  the  short  blackish  bill,  pale  buflF  chest  with  the  feathers 
fringed  with  blackish  ;  by  the  white  breast  and  belly  ;  and  by  having  the  outer  webs 
of  the  qnills  greenish  blue  instead  of  deep  cobalt.  Besides  these,  there  are  several 
birds  in  intermediate  stages,  with  the  bill  scarlet  as  in  the  adult.  Of  these  :  (a)  has 
the  breast  and  belly  nearly  jjure  white,  only  one  pale  chestnut  feather  having  made 
its  appearance  ;  (b)  has  several  chestnut  feathers  ;  and  (c)  has  a  patch  of  deep 
chestnut  feathers  on  each  side  of  the  breast. 

[Common  in  the  palm-groves  round  Lahej,  but  we  did  not  meet  with  many 
elsewhere. — A.  B.  P.] 

79.  Coracias  garrulus. 

Coracias  yarnda  Linn. ;  Yerbury,  Ihi.i  1896,  p.  19. 
(1.     c^  imm.     Shaik  Othman.     September  25th. 
h.     J  ^"3.        Wadi  Bana,  Abian  Country.    September  29th. 

80.  Coracias  abyssinicus. 

Oiracias  ubi/ssinicus  Bodd  ;  Yerbury,   Ihis  1886,  p.  16  ;  Barnes,  Ihis  1893,  p.  72  ;  Yerbury,  Ibis 
1896,  p.  20. 

No  example  of  this  bird  was  obtained. 

81.  Carine  sp.  inc. 

Cariiie  sp.  inc.  i  Barnes,  Jhi.s  1893,  p.  68  :  Yerbury,  Ibis  1896,  p.  17. 
The  species  still  remains  doubtful.    Mr.  Percival  shot  an  example  while  returning 
from  the  disastrous  triji  to  the  Abian  Country,  but  was  too  ill  to  preserve  it. 


( 2';i  ) 

82.  Scops  giu. 

ffcnjM  (jlu  (Scop.)  ;  Barnes,  Ibis  1893,  p.  (18. 

A  single  specimen  obtained  liy  the  late  Jfr.  Barnes  proved  to  belong  to  this 
species. 

83.  Asio  accipitrinus. 

Asia  acvipitrimis  (Pall.)  ;  Yerbury,  Ibis  189(i,  p.  17. 

An  example  of  the  Short-eared  Owl  was  obtained  by  BIr.  (Jhevallier. 

84.  Bubo  milesi. 

Bubo  milesi ;  Sharpe,  Ibis  188G,  p.  1C3,  pi.  vi.  ;  Yerbury,  Ib/s  IS'JG,  p.  IG. 
a.      ?  ad.     Shaik  Othman.     September  17tb. 

[Iris  lemon-yellow  ;  bill  black  ;  gape  light  grey. 

We  saw  several  of  these  owls  at  iShaik  Othman,  and  obtained  one  of  them. — 
A.  B.  P.] 

85.  Strix  flammea. 

titrix Jiammia  Linn.  ;  Yerbury,  Ibis  18'JG,  p.  IG. 
«.      ?   ad.     Lahej.     August  24th. 
6.      ?    ad.     Haithalhim,  near  Lahej.     September  7th. 

[Iris  black  ;  bill  white  ;  legs  dirty  flesh-colour. 

The  Barn-Owl  was  met  with  in  the  caves  in  the  banks  of  the  Wadi  Saghir  and 
about  Haithalhim. — A.  B.  P.] 

86.  Pandion  haliaetus. 

Pandion  haliaiitus  (Linn.)  ;  Yerbury,  J  bis  18'JG,  p.  lU. 

87.  Falco  peregrinus. 

Fttlci)  pereyrinus  ;  Barnes,  Ibis  181)3,  p.  G4. 

Barnes  reports  the  occurrence  of  this  species,  but  as  no  specimen  was  procured, 
its  identity  is  by  no  means  established. 

88.  Falco  barbarus. 

Falco  larbarm  Linn.  ;  Barnes,  Ibis  1893,  p.  64. 

Falco pimicus  ;  Yerbury  (nee  le  Vaill.),  Ibis  18'JG,  p.  IG. 

a — c.     J  ad.  et  (J   ?  imm.     Lahej.     August  12th  to  September  1st. 
(/.     Imm.  Haithalhim,  near  Lahej.     September  6th. 

\_A(/tdt :  Iris  brown;  bill  grey:  cere  greenish  yellow;  legs  lemon  or  Indian 
yellow. 

Immature  :  Iris  hazel ;  bill  and  feet  slate. 

This  species  is  common  in  the  AVadi  Saghir. — A.  B.  P.] 

Dr.  Sharpe's  original  identification  oi  the  J'emale  specimen  obtained  by  the 
late  Mr.  Barnes  near  Lahej  was  undoubtedly  correct,  and  the  late  Loril  Lillbrd 
was  certainly  mistaken  in  referring  the  same  specimen  to  F.  punicus. 

18 


(  262  ) 
8!i.  Falco  feldeggi. 

FdkufeUkggi  Schl.  ;  Hawker,  Ihis  18'JH,  p.  374. 
ti—h.     J   ?  imm.     Wadi  Saghir,  Lahej.     SeptBUiber  1st,  18a9. 

[  ?  Bill  slate  ;  cere  and  skin  roimil  eye  slate-grey  ;  feet  vory  light  greenish 
grey. 

Both  this  and  the  previous  species  are  not  nucommon  in  the  various  wadis 
near  Lahej,  but  thoy  were  never  met  with  in  the  Ahiau  Country.  They  were  usually 
found  in  pairs. 

Most  of  our  specimens  were  obtained  at  the  cave  where  we  obtained  the  smaller 
Fruit-bats.  When  any  one  entered  the  cave  numbers  of  Bats  at  once  flew  out,  and 
were  promptly  pounced  on  by  one  or  other  of  these  Falcons.  On  several  iiccasions 
we  saw  Falcons  hawking  at  dusk,  and  I  think  tliey  were  in  search  of  Bats. — 
A.  B.  P.] 

'.'".  Cerchneis  tinnunculus. 

Cn-i-hiieis  tbiimnaihis  (Linn.)  :  Sharpe,  Git.  JJ.  Brit.  Mus.  i.  p.  425  (1874). 
Tinmmculus  nliiuturim  (Daud.)  ;  Yerbury,  Iljis  189^,  p.  16. 

(i—b.     cJ  J  ad.     Lahej.     September  7th  and  8th. 

c—d.     cJ   J  ad.     Al  Khaur,  Wadi  Hassan,  Abian  Country.     October  2nd. 

[(?  Iris  black  ;  bill  greyish  yellow,  gape  orange  ;  legs  orange. 

IJare  in  the  low  country,  but  not  uncommon  amongst  the  Abian  hills. — A.  B.  P.] 

'•'1.  Milvus  segyptius. 

Milnis  mgyptms  (Gmel.)  ;  Yerbury,  Ibis  1896,  p.  16. 
n — b.     Imm.     Lahej.     August  25th. 

Young  birds  have  the  culmen  entirely  black.  One  of  the  spiicimens  shot  by 
myself  at  iShaik  Othman  has  ,tlie  bill  yellow,  the  terminal  part  of  the  culmen 
blackish. 

[Egyirtian  Kites  were  extremely  numerous  around  the  town  of  Lahej,  particularly 
near  our  quarters,  the  bodies  of  the  birds  we  threw  out  being  the  attraction.  I  do 
not  think  they  are  quite  as  bold  here  as  the  Kites  in  British  Central  Africa.  On 
the  Ruo  River  in  B.  C.  Africa  I  lost  more  than  one  specimen,  a  Kite  shooting  past 
me  as  I  wiilked  towards  a  dead  bird,  and  taking  it  before  my  eyes. 

Among  the  Bedouins  of  Dethina  and  further  to  the  north-east,  where  lances  are 
used,  the  following  plan  for  the  destruction  of  Kites  is  sometimes  emjiloyed.  A 
long  sharp  lance  or  lance  tiji  is  fixed  in  a  recess  among  mimosa  bushes,  and  on  it  a 
piece  of  meat  is  fixied,  so  that  a  Kite  stooinng  at  tlic  meat  either  transfixes  itself  or 
is  so  much  cut  as  to  be  easily  cauglit  or  killed.-  A.  1!.  P.] 

92.  Elanus  coeruleus. 

KlnniiK  rwruliii.^  (Desf.)  ;    Yerbury,  Jliis  189G,  p.  15. 
".     J  *'!■     Shaka,  N,  of  Lahej.     August  30th. 

[Hare.-  A.  B.  P.]  • 

*  Ealiaetas  lencogaster. 
JltiliaHtun  fcurof/nitttr  (Uiiit-l) :  BHrn'-s,  ILtn  IS'Xi,  p.  ift;. 
Barnes  reports  having  .seen  wiiat  he  believed  tu  be  .in  imm;itin-e  bird  uf  this  specie.s.     I  entirely  agree 
wilh  t'oluncl  Yerbury  in  thinking  that  it  is  most  improbaljle  lliat  the  Wliite-bellicd  Sea-Kagle  occurs 
near  Aden. 


93.  Aquila  chrysaetus. 

Aquilti  chrijsnetHH  (Linn.)  ;  Barnes,  Ibis  1803,  p.  C5  ;  Yerbury,  Ibis  1896,  p.  15. 
The  occurrence  of  the  Golden  Eagle  at  Aden  rests  ou  the  observations   of 
Colonel  Yerbnry  and  the  late  Mr.  Barnes  ;   no  exami)le  was  procnred. 

94.  Aquila  imperialis. 

Aqiiibi  imiK-riiilis  (Bechst.)  ;  Barnes,  Iliis  1893,  p.  Gti. 

The  authority  for  the  occurrence  of  this  sjiecies  rests  on  the  observations  of 
the  late  Blr.  Barnes.  The  species  was  not  met  with  by  Colonel  Yerbnry,  myself,  or 
Messrs.  Percival  and  Dodson. 

95.  Accipiter  nisua. 

Accipiler  uisus  (Linn.)  ;  Yerbury,  Ibis  1896,  p.  15. 
Colonel  Yerbury  obtained  a  male  at  Lahej. 

90.  Melierax  polyzonus. 

Melicrax  polyzuiius  (Bupp.)  ;  Yerbury,  Ibis  1896,  p.  1.0  ;  Hawker,  Ibis  1898,  p.  374. 

a — e.  ad.  et  imm.  Lahej.     August  19th  to  23rd. 

/.  ad.  Lahej.     September  3rd. 

g.  imm.  Shaka,  N.  of  Lahej.     August  28th. 

It.  (J  imm.  Habil,  Wadi  Abain.     September  13th. 

'—/■•.  i  ad.  et  imm.  AI  Khaur,  Wadi  Hassan,  Abian  Country.     October  2nd  and  3rd. 

[Adult. — Iris  brown  ;  bill  grey  ;  cere  and  gape  orange  ;  legs  orange. 

Immature. — Iris  yellow  or  lemon-yellow  ;  bill  light  grey  at  base,  dark  grey  at 
extremity,  gape  orange  or  yellow  ;  legs  yellowish  to  light  orange. 

The  Chanting  Goshawk  ha.s  a  habit  of  perching  at  the  end  of  a  dead  branch  or 
on  top  of  a  stump.  It  is  a  slow  flier  and  very  easy  to  ajiproach.  Its  food  consists 
of  insects  and  reptiles. — A.  B.  P.] 

97.  Circus  pygargus. 

Circus pijgargtis  (Linn.)  ;  Sharps,  Cat.  B.  Brit.  Mas.  i.  p.  (i4  (1874). 
a.      ?  imm.     Al  Khaur,  Wadi  Hassan,  Abian  Country.     October  7th. 
This  is  the  first  time  Montague's  Harrier  has  been  recorded  from  Arabia. 
[A  few  examples  were  found  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Wadi  Abrain,  but  they 
were  difficult  to  shoot.      At  Al   Khaur  several  were  seen  near  our  camp,  sailing 
quietly  about  in  the  early  morning  and  evening. — A.  B.  P.] 

98.  Circus  macrurus. 

Circus  iiMcrurus  (S.  G.  Gmel.)  ;  Yerbury,  Ibis  1896,  p.  15. 

1  have  examined  an  immature  male  obtained  by  Colonel  Yerliury  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  Lahej. 

99.  Circus  aeruginosus. 

Circus  irrio/iuiisiis  (Linn.)  ;  Sharpe,  Cat.  II.  Ilril.  Miis.  i.  p.  69  (I.s7t). 
o.     Imm.     Al  Khaur,  Wadi  Hassan,  Abian  Country.     October  2nd. 

Iris  brown  ;  bill  black  ;  cere  and  gape  grey  ;  legs  lemon-yellow.     (A.  B.  P.) 


(  264  ) 

Tliis  is  the  Krst  time  the  Marsh  Harrier  has  been  met  with  in  Arabia. 
The  iiuiuiiitinv  exaiujile  proi'ured  was  the  only  one  met  with  during  Messrs. 
Percival  and  Dodsou'.s  stay  in  ^Southern  Arabia. 

100.  Vultur  monachus. 

Viiltiir  monachui',  Linn. ;  Yerbury,  Ihis  1891),  p.  14. 

One  captnred  at  Aden  is  living  at  tlie  present  time  in  the  Zoological  Society's 
Gardens. 

mi.  Neophron  percnopterus. 

Neophron pirritopt^rus  (Linn.)  ;  Yerbury,  Ibis  189t>,  p.  14. 
«.    Imm.    Lahej.    September  5th. 

102.  Pelecanus  onocrotalus. 

Pelecaiius  onocrotalus  Linn.  ;  Barne.s,  Ibis  1893,  p.  179  ;  Yerbury,  Ibis  1896,  p.  40. 

103.  Phalacrocorax  nigrogularis. 

Plialacromrux  sp.  incert.  ;  Yerbury,  Ibis  1886,  p.  24  ;  Barnes,  Jbis  1893,  p.  179; 

Yerbury,  Jbis  1896,  p.  39. 
PliaUicrocomx  nigrogularis  Grant  &  Forbes,  Bull.  Liverp.  Mas.  ii.  p.  3  (1899). 

I  did  not  meet  with  this  species  during  either  of  our  visits  to  Aileu,  but  there 
can  be  little  doubt  tliat  the  bird  recorded  by  both  Colonel  Yerbury  and  the  late  Mr. 
Barnes  belongs  to  the  same  species  as  that  met  with  by  Dr.  Forbes  and  myself  off 
Cape  Guardafui  and  off  the  coast  of  the  islands  of  Abd-el-knri  and  Sokotra.  The 
black  birds  are  the  adults,  and  the  brown,  birds  in  the  second  year. 

1U4.  Sula  sula. 

Sula  fiber  (G.  R.  Gray)  ;  Yerbury,  Ibis  1896,  p.  40. 

lu.5.  Phaethon  indicus. 

Phaeton  indicus  Hume  ;  Yerbury,  Ibis  1896,  p.  40. 

106.  Anas  boscas. 

Anas  boscas  Linn.  ;  Barnes,  Ibis  1893,  p.  174. 

Mr.  Barnes  records  the  Mallard  as  having  been  seen  near  Huswa. 

lt)7.  Dafila  acuta. 

Dafila  acutij  (Linn.)  ;  Hawker,  Iljis  1898,  p.  376. 

108.  Nettion  crecca. 

Querqiiedula  crecca  (Linn.)  ;  Yerbury,  Ibis  IK'JO,  p.  39. 

lO'J.  Querquedula  circia. 

Qiiiri/ufrlulii.  ciir.iu  (Linn.)  ;  Barne.s,  Ibis  1893,  p.  174. 
«.      ?  ad.     Al  Khaur,  Wadi  Hassan,  Abian  Country.     October  7th. 

[Two  pairs  of  the  Garganey  Teal  were  seen  near  Al  Khaur. — A.  B.  P.] 


(  265  ) 
110.  Spatula  clypeata. 

Spatula  clij/jeata  (Linn.)  :  Yerbury,  J/,is  1896,  p.  39. 
a.     (J  ad.     Al  Khanr,  Wadi  Hassan,  Abian  Country.     October  9th. 

[Sereral  Shovellevs  were  seen  at  Shaik  Otliman,  near  Laliej,  and  iu  the  Abian 
Conntiy.     They  were  very  tame.— A.  B.  P.] 

111.  Phoenicopterus  roseus. 

Phwnicoptems  roseii.i  Linn.  ;  Yerbury,  Ib/s  1896,  p.  38. 
A  colcl-weatlier  visitor. 

112.  Platalea  leucorodia. 

I'laliiha  hucormliii  Linn.  ;  Yerbury,  Ihh  1896,  p.  38. 

A  rare  winter  visitor. 

113.  Scopus  umbretta. 

Scopus  umhrHIa  Gmel.  ;  Yerbury,  Ihls  1896,  p.  38. 
a—c.     c?  ad.     Haithalhim,  N.  of  Lahej.     September  6th  and  7th. 
[Was  common  near  Haithalhim.— A.  B.  P.] 

114.  Abdimia  abdimii. 

Cicmiia  ahdimii  Licht.  ;  Yerbury,  Ihin  1896,  p.  38. 
a.     Ad.     Haithalhim,  N.  of  Lahej.     September  7th. 

Iris  brown  ;  bill  dark  brown  ;  naked  skin  on  face  pink  ;  legs  brown  and  pink. 
(A.  B.  P.) 

115.  Ciconia  ciconia. 

Cicotmi  ciconia  (Linn.)  ;  Sharpe,  Cat.  B.  Brit.  Miis.  xxvi.  p.  299  (1898). 
a—b.     ?  ad.     Habil,  N.W.  of  Lahej.     September  10th. 

The  White  Stork  has  not  previously  been  recorded  from  Southern  Arabia. 
[A  large  flock  was  seen  at  Haliil,  and  a  pair  shot. — A.  B.  P.] 

110.  Ardea  cinerea. 

Ardea  cinerea  Linn. ;  Barnes,  Ihis  189.3,  p.  173  ;  Yerbury,  Jhis  1896,  p.  37. 
(I.      5  imm.     Shnik  Othman.     .September  24th. 
h.     Yix  ad.      Al  Khaur,  Wadi  Hassan,  Abian  Country.     October  16th. 

[Herons  were  fairly  common  along  the  Wadis  in  Abian.— A.  B.  P.] 
117.  Phoyx  purpurea. 

Phnyx  pm-piirea  (Linn.)  ;  Sharpe,  Cat.  B.  Brit.  Mus.  xxvi.  p.  60  (1898). 
o.      $  imm.     Al  Khaur,  Wadi  H.ass.an,  Abian  Country.     October  4th. 

The  Purple  Heron  has  not  previously  been  recorded  from  Southern  Arabia. 
118.  Herodias  alba. 

Ardea  alba  Linn.  ;  Barnes,  //./.f  1893,  p.  173. 


(  26f,  ) 
II 'I.  Lepterodias  asha. 

A,dea  ci^h,  Sykes  ;  Barnes,  Il.h  189.'!,  p.  173. 

Arrlrii  guhiris  ;  Yerbury  (neo  Boac),  Ihis  189t),  p.  37. 

Colonel  Yerbnrj-  doubted  the  occurrence  of  L.  a.sha  at  Aden,  and  was  of  opinion 
that  the  bird  obtained  l)y  the  late  Mr.  Barnes  would  prove  to  be  L.  cf/ilaris. 

Dr.  Forbes  and  I,  however,  obtained  a  specimen  which  undoubtedly  belongs  to 
the  present  species,  and  proves  that  Barnes'  identitication  was  quite  correct. 

1-0.  Garzetta  garzetta. 

Garzetia  ganetUi  (Linn.)  ;  Sharpe,  Cat.  B.  Brit.  Mus.  xxvi.  p.  118  (1898). 

Dr.  Forbes  and  I  obtained  an  adult  mrile  of  this  species  from  a  flock  feeding  on 
the  coast  near  Iluswa  ;  with  them  were  a  number  of  Lcpferodias  aslia,  one  of  which 
was  also  secured. 

121.  Ardeola  ralloides. 

Ardeoln  rallolilrs  (Scop.)  ;  Sharpe.  Cut.  B.  Brit.  .I/«.s-.  xxvi.  p.  202  (1808). 
?  iram.     Shaik  Othman.     September  18th. 

Iris  lemon-yellow  :  legs  sage-green.     (A.  B.  P.) 

This  species  has  not  previously  been  recorded  from  Southern  Arabia. 

122.  Bubulcus  lucidus. 

Anlea  hiihitfus  Aiidonin  ;  Yerbury,  Jlii  189G,  p.  .37. 
a— (I.     (J  ?  ad.     Lahej.     August  20th  to  September  4th. 

[?    Iris  pale  yellow  ;  bill  orange  :  legs  pale  yellow. 

This  Egret  is  very  common  in  and  around  Lahej,  breeding  in  trees  on  the 
market  place  in  hundreds.  Wlien  we  visited  the  Heronry  we  found  both  fresh  eggs 
and  young  birds  in  all  stages  of  development. — A.  B.  P.] 

123.  Ardetta  podicipes. 

Anivtiii  podicepx  (Bonap.)  ;  Barnes,  Ihls  1893,  p.  173  ;  Yerbnry,  Jbis  1896,  p.  37. 

a.  5    ad.     Shaik  Othman.     September  22nd. 

b—r.    Imm.        Al  Khaur.  Wadi  Ha.ssan,  Abian  Country.     October  Sib  to  7tb. 

[Several  seen  in  Wadi  Hassan. — A.  B.  P.] 

124.  Butorides  brevipes. 

Ar<!,,i  Ifrevipes;  Hempr.  &  Ehr.  Hartl.  P.Z.S.  1881,  p.  959. 
Butornlf^  lorriprs  ;  Sharpe,  Git.  B.  Brit.  .Vim.  xxvi.  p.  278  (1898). 

Riebeck  obtained  this  species  at  Bolhaf,  and  there  are  three  examples  from  Aden 
in  the  British  Museum  Collection,  collected  by  Capt.  H.J.  Kelsall. 

12.5.  (Edicnemus  dodsoni. 

rF.diairmus  dodsoni ;  Grant  Bull  B.  O.  C.  No.  Ixvi.  p.  xix.  (1899). 

(Edioiniinn  Mcolopax  ;  Barnes  (ucc  S.  G.  Gmel.)  Ibix  1893,  p.  1G9  ;  Yerbury,  Ilns,  189G,  p.  34. 

{J  ad.     liahej.     August  2itii  (Type  of  the  itpecieii). 

This  Tliiek-knee  is  most  nearly  allied  to  (T:.  (tfllnis  (Riipp.),  but  witli  the  ground- 
colour of  the  interscapular  region  largely  mixed  with  greyish  bull',  while  the  deep 


(  2fi7  ) 

black  markings,  so  conspicnons  in  the  lattiT  species,  are  r°dnced  to  sb.aft  stripes. 
The  greater  and  median  wing-coverts  are  altogetlier  gre)-er,  the  chest  and  breast 
more  heavily  streaked  with  brownish  black,  and  the  middle  pair  of  tail-feathers  as 
well  as  the  enter  webs  of  the  two  following  pairs  are  mostly  grey  with  indistinct 
blackish  vermicnlations  and  cross-bars.  Iris  lemon-yellow  ;  bill  lemon-yellow, 
black  at  the  tip;  legs  lemouj'ellow. 

Total  length  about  14-.5  in.,  cnlmea  fmm  feathers  on  forehead  to  tip  14  ; 
wing  8-0  ;  tail  4-9  ;  tarsus  3-4. 

[Dodsou's  Thick-knee  is  not  uncommon  in  the  sandy  wadis  whcrc^  Kiijmdiitis 
(irahs  occurs,  and  resembles  that  species  in  its  habits  of  crouching,  but  it  allows  one 
to  come  within  a  few  yards  before  rising. — A.  B.  P.] 

126.  Eupodotis  arabs. 

Eupothtis  anihs  (Linn.) ;  Yerbury,  IJiix  1896,  p.  32. 

o.      ?  ad.     Shaka,  N.  of  Lahej.     August  30th. 

h.     ?  ad.    Habil,  Wadi  Abrain,  N.W.  of  Lahej.     September  10th. 

[This  fine  bird  is  not  uncommon  in  the  sandy  wadis.  It  is  usually  seen  in 
pairs  and  is  very  difficult  to  ap]iroach  on  foot,  but  on  a  camel  one  can  usually  get  a 
shot  by  riding  round  the  bird  in  a  circle  as  it  crouches  on  the  ground,  for  it  then 
allows  one  to  approach  within  30  or  40  yards  before  rising.  The  early  morning, 
when  the  birds  are  feeding,  is  the  only  time  to  look  for  them.  The  female  from 
Shaka  had  two  three-parts-grown  young  with  her,  but  we  were  only  able  to  bag  the 
old  one.— A.  B.  P.] 

127.  Houbara  macqueeni. 

Houhara  macqueeni  (J.  E.  Gray);  Yerbury,  Ihis  1896,  p.  33. 
Both  Colonel  Yerbury  and  the  late  Mr.  Barnes  believe  this  species  to  occur  in 
Southern  Arabia,  but,  so  far,  no  example  has  been  procured. 

128.  Cursorius  sp.  inc. 

Cursorius  sp.  inc.  ;  Yerbury,  Ihis  189G,  p.  33. 
Uj)  to  the  present  time  the  Courser  found  in  Southern  Arabia  has  not  been 
identified,  but  the  species  will  probably  jirove  to  be  ('.  (/aUieKs.     The  e.xamples  shot 
by  Mr.  Chevallier  near  Aden  do  not  ajipear  to  have  been  identified. 

129.  Arenaria  interpres. 

Slrrjjsilus  interpres  (Linu.)  ;  Yerbury,  Ihix   1896,  p.  34. 
AreiKiriiix  interpres  ;  Sharpe,  Cut.  B.  Brit.  Mns.  xxiv.  p.  92  (1896). 

130.  Haematopus  ostralegus. 

Ihrmiitnpns  ostralegtis  (Linn.)  ;  Yerbury,   //</.■;  189('.,  p.  34. 

The  specific  identity  of  this  s])ecies  still  remains  somewhat  doubtful  ;  for, 
though  common  along  the  harbour,  no  specimens  have  been  procured. 

131.  Squatarola  helvetica. 

Sqiiatarola  helvetica  (Linn.)  ;  Yorbury,  llns  1896,  p.  23. 
«.    Ad.    Aden  Harbour.    September  21st,  , 


(  2fi8  ) 
132.  Charadrius  pluvialis. 

Charaihius  phivialis  (Linn.)  ,  Yerbury,    Ihlg  1896,  p.  M3. 

Said  to  be  a  cold-weather  visitor. 

133.  Ochthodromus  pyrrhothorax. 

JEgialith  mongdliciiajiiid  Barnes,  (nee  Pall),  7/./.s  18;i.3,  p.  lO'.l  ;  Yerbury,  Jbis  189i;,  p.  34 
Orhlhodrmniiss  pi/rrlmlliorru-  (Gould)  ;  Sharpe,  Cut.  B.  liril.  .!/«.<.  xxiv.  p.  22('i  (189fi). 

134.  Ochthodromus  geoflfroyi. 

Ochlhodrnmiia  geoffroi/i  (Wagl.)  ;  Sharpe,  Cat.  II.  Bril.  .Vm.  xxiv.  p.  217  (1896). 
a—b.      ?  ad.     Aden  Harbour.     September  21st. 

135.  .ffigialitis  dubia. 

yEgialilh  dubia  (Scop.)  ;  Sharpe,  Cat.  B.  Brit,  iliis.  xxiv.  p.  263  (1896). 
a.     Ad.  sk.     Aden  Harbour.     September  21st. 

136.  iEgialitis  alexandrina. 

jEgialitis  cantiana  ;  Yerbury,  //«'.<  1890,  p.  34. 

yEgialiliH  alexandrina  (Linn.)  ;  Sharpe,  Oit.  B.  Brit.  .Uus.  xxiv.  p.  275  (1896). 

137.  Recurvirostra  avocetta. 

Remrvimstra  arncetla  Linn. ;  Sharpe,  Cat.  B.  Bril.  .]fiis.  xxiv.  p.  326  (1896). 
«.     Ad.     Lahej.     September  9th. 

138.  Himantopus  himantopus. 

Jlimanhipus  Candidas  Bonnat.  ;  Y'crbury,  fhis  1896,  p.  35. 

EiiiianUipiis  Iiimatitopus  ;  Sharpe,  Cut.  B.  Brit.  Mas.  xxiv,  p.  310(1896). 

139.  Numenius  arquata. 

Numenius  arrjunla  (Linn.) ;  Yerbury,  Ibis  1896,  p.  35. 

141).  Numenius  phaeopus. 

Nunw.nias  ph<eni)us  (Linn.)  ;  Yerbury,  Ibia  1896,  p.  35. 

141.  Glottis  nebularius. 

Totaiius  canexceiis  (Gmel.)  ;  Hawker,  /his  1898,  p.  376. 

14:3.  Tetanus  calidris. 

Tolanus  calidris  (Linn.)  ;  Y'erbury,  /hi.t  1896,  p.  35. 
a—b.      $  ad.     Aden  Harbonr.     September  21st. 

143.  Tetanus  stagnatilis. 

Tutmnm  sttigmitUit:,  Becht. ;  Sharpe,  Cat.  B.  Bril.  Mas.  xxiv.  p.  422  (1896). 
n.     (J     Al  Khaur,  Wadi  Bani,  Abian  Country.     Octnber  6th. 

144.  Tetanus  glareola. 

Rhyacnpliilus  ghireola  (Gm.) ;  Sharpe,  Cat.  B.  Brit.  3fus.  xxiv.  p.  491  (1896). 
".      ?  ad.     Lahej.     August  22nd. 
,       b.     (J  ad.     Al  Khaur,  Wadi  Hassan,  Abian  Country.     October  6th, 


(  269  ) 
145.  Helodromas  ochropus. 

Heludromus  ochrojiun  (Linn.)  :  Yerbury,  IJiis  1896,  p.  .S5 

146.  Tringoides  hypoleucus. 

Trhtgo/clea  hf/poIatCHs  (Linn.)  ;  Yerbury,  Ihix  1896,  p.  .S5. 

".     Ad.  Shaka,  N.  of  Lahej.     August  ."iOth. 

/'.      ?  ad.  Lahej.     August  24th. 

c—h.     (J  ?  ad.     .Shaik  Othman.     September  1 7th  to  2-2nd. 

147.  Terekia  cinerea. 

Terekia  cinerea  (Giild.)  ;  Yerbury,  Ihis  1896,  p.  .S5. 
a — h.     Ad.     Aden  Harbour.     September  2l8t. 

148.  Machetes  pugnax. 

Miichctfs 2nigyiar  (Linn.)  ;  Hawker,  Ilia  1898,  p.  .S76. 

149.  Calidris  arenaria. 

Calidris  areruiria  (Linn.)  ;  Yerbury,  Ibin  1896,  p.  35. 

150.  Tringa  alpina. 

Tringa  alpina  Linn.  ;  Yerbnry,  I  bin  1896,  p.  35. 

151.  Tringa  minuta. 

Tringa  viinuta  Leisl.  ;  Y'erbury,  Ibis  1896,  p.  35 
II.     Ad.     Aden  Harbour.     September  21st. 

152.  Gallinago  gallinago. 

GaUinago  e(f!estis  ;  Yerbury,  Ibis  1896,  p.  35. 

153.  Dromas  ardeola. 

Dramas  ardeola  Payk.  ;  Barnes,  Ibis  1893,  p.  170  ;  Y^erbury,  Ibis  1896,  p.  34. 

154.  Larus  ridibundus. 

Lants  ridibundus  Linn.  ;  Barnes,  Ibis  1893,  p.  176;  Y'^erbury,  Ibis  1896,  p.  36. 

155.  Larus  brunneicephalus. 

Larus  brunmiceplialiis  J erdon  ;  Barnes,  Ibis  1893,  p.  175  ;  Yerbury,  Iliis  1891),  p.  36. 

155.  Lams  ichthyaetus. 

Larus  khthyaetus.  Pall.  ;  Barnes,  Ibis  1893,  p.  175  ;  Yerbury,  Ibis  1896,  )).  3{;. 

157.  Larus  leucophthalmus. 

Larus  Uucophthdmus  Temm.  ;  Hartl.  P.  Z.  .S,  1881,  p.  959. 
Two  specimens  are  recorded  from  Hami,  South  Arabia. 

158.  Larus  hemprichi. 

Larus  hemprichi,  Bonap. ;  Barnes,  Ibis  1893,  p.  176 ;  Yerbury,  Ibis  1896,  p.  36. 


(  270  ) 
ir>i».  Lams  aflSnis. 

Lams  sp.  inc. ;  Barnes,  Ihix  1S93,  p.  ITo. 
Larus  uffinh  (Reiiih.)  ;  Terbury,  Ibis  189G,  p.  Hti. 

Dr.  H.  0.  Forbes  ami  I  found  the  species  common  at  Aden  in  November,  and 
jmicnri'd  several  s]ieeiiuens. 

I'll  I   Sterna  miuuta. 

SUrtm  minutii,  Linn.  ;  Barnes,  lli'm  1>I93,  p.  177  ;  Yerbury,  Il>i»  1891!,  p.  3r>. 

I'U.  Sterna  albigena. 

Sterna  albigfiia  Reichenb. ;  Barnes,  Ihis  18113,  p.  17(5;  Yerbury,  11)'"  189li,  p.  3G. 

162.  sterna  bergii. 

Stenw  hm/n  (Liclit.) ;  Barnes,  Thi.s  1893,  p.  177  ;  Yerbury,  Ihk  1896,  p.  36. 

103.  Sterna  media. 

Slfriif!  mfiVnt  (Horsf.)  ;  Barnes,  //;;.s-  189.'!,  p.  17«  ;  Yerbury,  //.;.•,■  1896,  p.  36. 

104.  Sterna  anaestheta. 

Sterna  aimnlhclii  Scop.  ;  Barnes,  Ibis  1893,  p.  178  ;  Yerbury,  Ihis  1896,  p.  36. 

1 05.  Sterna  fuliginosa. 

Simia  fiilir/ivosa  Gmel.  :  Barnes,  fbis  1893,  p.  178  ;  Yerbury,  Ibis  1896,  p.  36. 

l'i(i.  Gelochelidon  anglica. 

Sterna  anglieii  Mont.  :  Yerbury,  /bis  1896,  p.  37. 

107.  PuflBmis  persicns. 

Piiffiniis  persinis  Hume;    Barnes,   Ibis  1893,  p.  ll^i;    Salvin,    0(l.   B.    Brit.   Miis.   xxv.  p.   381, 

pi.  iv.  (1896). 

los.  Podicipes  capensis. 

I'udicijies  cajiensis  Licht.  ;  Grant,  Cat.  B.  Brit.  .!/«.«.  xxvi.  p.  fAS,  pis  vii.  and  viii.  (1898). 
a.     (J  ad.     Al  Khaur,  Wadi  Hassan,  Abian  Country.     October  I'lth. 
The  Sonth  African  Dakhiek  is  a  new  addition  to  the  fauna  of  South  Arabia. 
[Only  one  seen. — A.  B.  P.] 

Ki'.i.  Podicipes  nigricoUis. 

Poilicijies  nigricoUis  Brehni.  ;  Barnes,  lliis  1893,  p.   174;    Grant,  Cut.  B.  Brit.  j\fiis.  xxvi.  p.  53-t, 

specimen  "q  "  (1898). 

ITi).  Tumix  lepurana. 

Tirmiz  hjmnina  (Smith) ;  Barnes,  Ibis  1893,  |).  168  ;  Yerluiry,  Ibis  1896,  p.  .32. 

171.  Rallus  aquaticus. 

Riillus  ii(jiialiciis  Linn.  :  Yerbury,  /bis  1891!,  p.  33. 


(  271  ) 
1T2.  Zapornia  parva. 

Ziipornid  2)aii'(i  (Hcop.)  ;  Sharps,  Cut.  fl.  Ihit.  Miia.  xxiii.  p.  80(1894). 
<(—c.     (^  ad.  et  (;J  ?  imm.     Al  Khaur,  Wadi  Hassan,  Abian  Country.    October  4th  to  6th. 
Tliis  is  the  first  time  the  Little  Crake  has  been  recorded  from  Southern  Arabia. 

173.  Crexcrex. 

Crex  pmtenxln  Bechat.  ;  Barnes,  //«s  1893,  p.  172. 

a.  (J  ad.     Shaik  Othman.     September  17th. 

b.  (7  ad.     Al  Khaur,  Wadi  Hassan,  Abian  Country,    September  5th. 

[Several  Landrails  were  seen  in  the  gardens  at  Shaik  Othman  ;  those  obtained 
were  in  very  poor  condition.  Two  or  three  were  seen  in  the  Abian  Conntr}'  near 
water.— A.  B.  P.] 

174.  Gallinula  chloropus. 

GaUinuJa  sp.  inc.  ;  Yerbury,  Ibis  1896,  p.  3.'5. 
a — h.     cJ  ?  ^^-     Al  Khaur,  Wadi  Hassan,  Abian  Country.     October  9th. 
Colonel  Yerbury  observed  this  species  at  Haifhalhim  to  the  north  of  Lahej, 
but  did  not  procure  a  specimen. 

[Several  seen  near  Al  Khaur. — A.  B.  P.] 

175.  Vinago  waalia. 

^'hiago  waalia  (Gmel.)  ;  Yerbury,  Ihis  1896,  p.  29. 
o— J.     cJ  ad.     Haithalhim,  N.  of  Lahej.     September  6th. 
Iris  orange  ;  bill  grey  ;  legs  pale  orange.     (A.  B.  P.) 

176.  Columba  intermedia. 

Columba  llvia  Yerbury  (nee  Bonnat.),  Ibis  1896,  p.  29. 
a — c.     (J  5  ad.     Lahej.     September  1st  to  6th. 
[Iris  brown  ;  bill  black  ;  legs  bright  pink. 

The  Eastern  Rock-Dove  is  to  be  seen  in  large  numbers  in  most  of  the  wadis 
which  have  high  banks,  in  the  wells,  and  on  the  minarets  of  the  mosques.  They  are 
usually  very  tame,  and  sit  about  the  mouths  of  the  water-worn  caves  in  the  clay 
banks  of  the  wadis.  They  are  most  common  in  the  neighbourhood  of  towns,  where 
they  seem  to  be  semi-domesticated. — A.  B.  P.] 

177.  Turtur  turtur. 

Tiirlur  turtur  (Linn.)  ;  Salvad.  Cat.  B.  Brit.  Mun.  %xi.  p.  396  (1893). 
a.     Juv.     Lahej.     August  20th. 
This  is  the  first  record  of  this  species  from  Southern  Arabia.     The  skin  is  that 
of  a  very  young  bird,  only  just  able  to  fly,  and  the  species  mnst  consequently  breed 
in  the  neighbourhood  of  Lahej. 

178.  Turtur  senegalensis. 

Turtur  smegaJmsis  (Linn.) ;  Yerbury,  Ibis  1896,  p.  30. 
(/.     (J  ad.     Shaka,  N.  of  Lahej.     August  .30th. 
h.      ?  ad.     Wadi  Bana,  Abian  Country.     September  29th. 


(  272  ) 
179.  Turtur  semitorquatus. 

Tiirfiir  rixoriim  ;  Yerbury,  Ibis  1896,  p.  30. 
(I.     (J  ad.     Al  Khaur,  Wadi  Hassan,  Abian  Conntry.     October  2nd. 

[Common  at  Al  Khanr,  feediug  on  tlie  same  fruits  as  the  Hornbiils.  Not  seen 
anywhere  else. — A.  B.  P.] 

180.  Turtur  roseogriseus. 

Tiirliir  rose.ogrheu»  Sundev.  ;  Salvad.  Cat.  B.  Brit.  Miis.  xxi.  p.  430  (1893). 
a.     (J  ad.     Shaka,  N.  of  Lahej.    August  30th. 

Iris  orange  ;  bill  black  :  legs  manve.     (A.  B.  P.) 

This  is  the  first  time  this  somewhat  rare  8])ecies  has  been  recorded  from 
Southern  Arabia.  A  fine  specimen  was  obtained  by  Dr.  H.  0.  Forbes  and  myself 
dnring  our  trip  to  Lahej  in  November  1898. 

181.  CEna  capensis. 

(Ena  cnpemia  (Linn.):  Yerbury,  Ihh  ISnCi,  p  nO  :  Hawker,  //i/.s  1898,  p.  375. 
a — b.         $  ad.  et  (J  juv.      Al  Jlil.ib,  N.  of  Lahpj.     August  ICth. 

e.         ^  ad.  Shaka,  N.  of  Lahej.     August  30th. 

(l—h.     cj  ?  ad  et  (J  imm.     Huswa,  Bay  of  Aden.     September  Iflth. 

[  ?  ad.  Iris  brown  ;  bill  black  ;   legs  bluish  pink. 

TVe  found  the  Cape  Dove  extremely  common  in  .some  places,  ]iartienlarly  at 
Huswa,  which  is  a  shallow  well  near  the  coast  of  the  Bay  of  Aden.  There  they 
were  seen  in  hundreds  passing  to  and  from  the  well  in  a  sternly  stream.  They  are 
easily  caught  in  snares,  and  many  are  brought  into  Aden  for  sale  in  the  Bazaar. 
They  are  also  very  common  in  the  belt  of  Mimosa  trees  near  Lahej,  where  they  breed 
in  colonies. — A.  B.  P.] 

182.  Pteroclurus  exustus. 

PterncUs  exustus  Temm.  ;  Yerbury,  Ihis  1896,  p.  30. 

Living  examples  of  this  species  obtained  in  Southern  Arabia  were  safely 
transmitted  by  Mr.  A.  B.  Percival  to  the  Zoological  Gardens,  London.  It  is 
common  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Lahej,  and  fair  bags  may  be  made  in  the  early 
morning  and  in  the  evening  by  waiting  near  the  water-holes.  Considerable  nnmbers 
are  brought  alive  into  Aden  and  sold  as  food. 

183.  Pterocles  lichtensteini. 

Piernch's  lichtensteini  (Temm.)  ;  Yerbury,  Iliix  189i'i,  p.  31. 
«.     (J  ad.     Habil,  Wadi  Abrain,  N.W.  of  Lahej.     September  T2th. 

184.  Caccabis  melanocephala. 

CdCCnliis  melnuocpjih/ila  (Riipp.)  ;  Yerbury,  Ihis  1896,  p.  31. 
«.      ?  ad.     Al  Milah,  N.  of  Lahej.     August  14th. 
/'.     S  ad.     Shaka,  N.  of  Lahej.     August  .30th. 
e.     jj  ad.     Al  Khaur,  Wadi  Hassan,  Abian  Country.     October  8th. 

[(?  Iris  brown;  bill  and  legs  vermilion;  naked  skin  round  the  eye  pink  ;  below 
white. 


(  273  ) 

?  Iris  brown  ;  bill  and  legs  i)iiik. 

This  fine  Partridge  is  usually  met  with  among  the  foothills  or  in  the  rough 
wadis.  It  seems  to  iirefer  the  open  hillsides,  and  in  the  evening  the  male  ma}' 
constantly  be  seen  perched  on  a  projecting  rock,  where  he  remains  calling  for  a 
long  time.  It  is  a  very  difficult  bird  to  flush,  but,  once  on  the  wing,  will  fly  for 
a  long  distance  before  it  again  alights.  The  birds  obtained  in  the  wadis  seem  to 
be  smaller  than  those  from  the  Abian  hills — one  bird  measuring  19  in.  from  bill 
to  tail.      The  species  was  not  seen  at  any  great  elevation. — A.  B.  P.] 

185.  Caccabis  chukar. 

Ciiccabis  chulcar  (G.  R.  Gray)  ;  Barnes,  Ibi.i  1893,  p.  160  ;  Yerbury,  Hih  1896,  p.  31. 

If  this  species  really  occurs  at  Aden  it  is  curious  that  it  was  not  obtained  during 
the  present  expedition. 

18G.  Ammoperdix  heyi. 

Ammoperdij-  heiji  (Temm.);  Grant,  Cal.  B.  Brit.  Miis.  xxii.  p.  93  (1893). 
Ammoperdix  hoiihami  ;  Barnes  (nee  Fraser),  Ibis  IS'J'd,  p.  167  ;  Yerbury,  Ibis  18",I6,  p.  3'2. 
a.     $  ad.     Jebel  Manif,  N.  of  Lahej.     August  14th. 

It  is  unfortunate  that  only  a  female  was  procured.  The  females  of  the 
species  oi  Ammoperdix  so  closely  resemble  one  another  that  it  is  imiwssible  to 
identify  them  with  any  certainty,  and  it  must  still  remain  somewhat  doubtful 
which  species  occurs  in  Southern  Arabia.  The  bird  from  Aden,  sent  home  by  the 
late  Mr.  Barnes  to  the  Zoological  Gardens  on  January  14th,  1892,  was  identified  as 
^4.  honhami.  I  never  e.xamined  this  specimen,  and  there  is  now  no  record  as  to 
whether  it  was  male  ovfertiale.  I  agree  with  Colonel  Yerbury  (cf  Ibis  1806,  p.  32) 
in  thinking  that  this  bird  must  have  been  wrongly  identified  as  A.  bonhami.  The 
species  found  at  Muscat  is  certainly  A.  heyi,  for  there  are  an  adult  pair  in  the 
British  Museum  Collection. 

[At  the  foot  of  Jebel  Blanif,  near  the  only  water  in  the  district,  1  put  up  a  covey 
of  eight  of  these  birds,  but  only  obtained  one  specimen.  The  bird  is  well  known  to 
the  native  shikaris,  who  informed  me  that  it  is  not  common,  but  is  occasionally  seen 
in  the  hills.  At  Ma'ir  I  saw  two  pairs,  but  was  unable  to  get  a  shot  at  them.  One 
of  my  shikaris  told  me  he  saw  this  bird  at  Jimil.  They  are  said  to  haunt  the 
camping  grounds  at  the  foot  of  the  hills.— A.  B.  P.] 

187.  Coturnix  coturnix. 

Columui  comiminis  Bonnat.  ;  Yerbury,  Ibis  1896,  p.  32. 
a.     $  ad.     Habil,  Wadi  Abrain,  N.W.  of  Lahej.     September  14th. 
h.     $  ad.     Shaik  Othman.     September  21st. 

188.  Coturnix  delegorguei. 

Cotvmix  delegorguei  Deleg. ;  Yetbury,  Ibis  I89C,  p.  32. 


(  274  ) 


SOME   NEW    OR    RECENTLY    DESCRIBED   LEPIDOPIEBA, 

By  the  HON.  WALTER  ROTHSCHILD,  Ph.D. 
(Plate  V.) 
LYCAENIDAE. 
1.  Ogyris  ineeki  sp.  nov.  (fij,'.  1.) 

THl.S  is  the  largest  aud  most  aberrant  species  of  the  geaiis,  though  distantly 
allied  to  0.  geiioceca  Hew. 

Ujijicr.si(/e :  Fore-  and  hiadwiugs  dark  browu  with  a  purple  sheen,  so  that  in  a 
bright  light  they  appear  plum-coloured.  Hiudwiug  with  tleutatud  margin  and  two 
tails  ;  the  one  situated  at  the  upper  median  vein  is  much  longer  and  broader,  being 
also  widened  at  the  end. 

Underside:  Vinaceons  fawn-colour.  Internal  area  of  forewing  blackish;  both 
fore-  and  hindwing  with  a  number  of  brown  spots  encircled  by  fuscous  bars,  the 
shape  and  position  of  which  can  be  best  understood  from  the  figure. 

Length  of  forewing  :  31  mm. 

Hub.  Milne  Bay,  British  New  Guinea  (A.  tS.  Meek  J,  February  ]8i»9,  1  <?  ;  a 
second  6  in  the  collection  of  Staudinger  from  the  same  place. 

SPHINGIDAE. 
2.  Chaerocampa  kiihni  sp.  nov.  (PI.  V.  tig.  2). 

(??.  Similar  to  Ch.  i)is/i//ns  Butl.  from  the  Andamans,  but  smaller,  forewings 
less  pointed,  and  the  pale  band  much  more  angnlated. 

IM.  Dammer  Island,  Banda  Sea  (H.  Kiihn),  December  1898,  a  series  of 
both  sexes. 

3.  Chaerocampa  lunata  sp.  nov. 

This  fine  new  species  is  closely  allied  to  C/>.  castor  from  Java,  but  is  dis- 
tinguishable by  its  more  variegated  forewing,  especially  the  sharply  defined  white 
submarginal  line. 

The  forewing  has  a  submarginal  series  of  sharply  defined  silvery  lunules  which 
form  a  chain  with  the  points  directed  inwards.  Base  of  inner  margin  with  a  snow- 
white  streak. 

Underside  of  a  deeper  red  than  in  Ck.  castor,  basal  half  of  forewings  red  and 
not  smoky  brown  ;  both  wings  crossed  by  three  parallel,  blackish,  transverse  lines, 
of  which  the  outer  is  broken  uj). 

Body  below  much  redder  than  in  C7i.  castor. 

Hah.  Khasia  Hills,  India,  \  i$. 

4.  Chaerocampa  brunnea  (PI.  V.  f.  3). 

Ch.  brunma  Semper,  Srlwietl.  I'/nlipj^.  U-  p.  4(10.  n.  4(1.  t.  52.  f.  1  (IH'JO)  (Mindauao). 
Pamcra  huruemis  Rothschild,  Nov.  ZooL.  VI.  p.  69.  n.  7  (18'J9)  (Burn). 

The  insect  I  described  from  Burn  seems  to  be  the  same  species  as  Cliaerocamija 
brunnea. 


(  275  ) 

5.  Phalaenoides  basiplaga  sp.  uov.  (PI.  V.  f.  5.  ?). 

t?  ? .  Differs  from  Ph.  megisto  Boisd.  in  the  hindwing  being  marked  witli  a 
large  white  basi-discal  patch  both  above  and  below. 

Hab.  Milne  Bay,  British  New  Guinea,  February  1SU9  (A.  S.  Meek),  1  <?,  1  ?. 

6.  Phalaenoides  kuhni  sp.  nov.  (PI.  V.  f.  4.  ?). 

?.  Palpi  black,  tirst  segment,  and  end  of  second  laterally  and  ventrally,  white. 
Head  dark  fawn-colonr,  a  ring  round  the  frontal  cone  (not  quite  closed  above),  three 
spots  on  occiput,  front  of  liasal  .segment  of  antennae,  and  a  strijie  behind  the  eye, 
white.  Thorax  above  fawn-colour,  collar  edged  with  white,  a  spot  on  patagia  white, 
metanotum  also  marked  white.  Sterna  white.  Abdomen  yellow,  tirst  segment 
white  above,  edged  with  black,  the  black  edges  of  the  other  tergites  less  obvious  ; 
sternites  edged  witli  white,  basal  one  all  white.  Legs  :  femora  white,  with  a  yellow 
spot  above,  tibiae  black,  witli  three  white  rings,  yellowish  in  front,  third  apical, 
foretibia,  besides,  with  a  yellow  patch  ;  tarsi  black,  tip  of  segment  I  to  3  and  base 
of  segment  1  narrowly  white. 

Wings,  upperside. Forewing  :    dark   fawn-colour,  a   trapeziform   patch  at 

internal  margin  in  basal  half,  an  irregular,  oblique  band  from  costa  to  internal 
angle,  interrupted  behind  M^,  a  number  of  small  dots  in  basal  half,  and  two  rows 
of  dots  upon  the  uervules  outside  the  band,  two  submarginal  spots  at  apex,  and  a 

series  of  dots  at  the  end  of  the  veins  white. Hindwing  brownish  black,  a  large 

basal  patch,  rounded  externally,  dots  at  end  of  veins,  and  a  small  submarginal  sjiot 
at  anal  angle  white. 

Underside  brownish  black. Forewing  :  a  broad  streak  along  internal  margin 

from  base  to  beyond  middle,  a  short  basal  streak  behind  costal  margin,  two  sjiots  in 
cell,  an  oblique  band  as  above,  but  more  widely  interruj»ted,  a  rather  large  apical 
spot,  and  a  series  of  dots  at  margin,  white. Hindwing  as  above. 

Length  of  forewing  :   l!)  mm. 

Hab.  Dammer  Island,  Banda  Sea,  11.12.98  (H.  Kilhn),  1  ?. 

GHALCOSIIDAE. 
7.  Canerkes  gloriosus  sp.  nov.  (PI.  V.  f  G,  ?). 

¥.  Head  and  antennae  above  blue  ;  face,  a  line  on  occiput  and  cheeks  dirty 
white  ;  palpi  bluish  black,  dirty  white  ventrally.  Thorax  above  blackish  blue, 
collar  edged  white,  patagiae  with  a  white  dot  at  end,  mesouotum  with  another 
white  dot  at  each  side  farther  back,  sterna  blue  ;  abdomen  yellowish  buff  colour, 
ringed  with  blue  above  ;  more  white  beneath,  without  blue  rings.  Legs  greenish- 
blue  above,  buff  beneath. 

Wings,  upperside. Forewing  :  black,  with  a  greenish  tint,  without  distinct 

gloss,  with  the  following  white  spots  ;  one  at  extreme  base,  followed  by  two 
others,  an  oblique  series  of  four  across  middle  of  cell,  a  larger  one  upon  cross-veins, 

an  irregular  series  of  tive  between  cell  and  apex,  and  two  near  internal  angle. 

Hindwing  :  iiltramarinu  blue,  shot  with  j)urple  outwardly,  basal  area  and  three 
streaks  in  abdominal  area  white,  marginal  area  bluish  black  in  front,  yellow  behind; 
three  white  sjiots  in  blue  area. 

Underside  :  both  wings  blue. Forewing  black  at  apex,  markings  esseutialJy 


(  276  ) 

»8  above. Hindwing  :  the  white  spots  somewhat  larger,  with  two  more  discal 

spots,  one  before  ,R'',  the  other  behind  M^,  and  two  small  submarginal  sj)ots 
between  R"  and  Ml 

Length  of  Ibrewing  :   131  mm. 

Hab.  Samatra  :  Padang  Sidempoean  (Ericsson),  1   ¥  . 


8.  Canerkes  albivitta  sji.  nov. 

? .  Upjierside  of  antennae  and  head,  and  part  of  sides  of  sterna  and  upperside 
of  legs  greenish  blue  ;  face  part  of  sterna,  legs  and  abdomen  buft'.  Thorax  above 
dark  olive  green,  patagia  tipi)ed  with  white,  metanotum  white  behind,  first  segment 
and  underside  of  abdomen  also  white,  tergites  blue  at  bases. 

Wimjs  above. Forewing  :    very  dark  olive  green,  not  glossy  ;   an  obliijue 

band  in  middle,  crossing  cell  before  end,  stopping  at  SM-,  not  interrupted,  about 
3  mm.  broad,  white  ;  a  subapical  series  of  5  small,  rounded,  spots,  shaded  with 

blackish    scaling. Hindwing  :    white,  a   marginal    band,   inwardly   ultramarine 

bine,  externally  dark  olive  green,  almost  black,  sinuate  between  R'  and  M',  almost 
reaching  end  of  cell,  very  narrow  between  SM'  and  anal  angle,  4A  mm.  broad 
before  M-. 

Undfrside. Forewing  :  white  markings   as   above,   but   wider,   base   with 

dirty  buff  streaks  ;  basal  area  glossy  blue,  disc  outside  baud  jnirplish  blue,  e.\cept 
black  internervnlar  patches,  area  outside  subapical  series  of  white  spots  black,  a 

small  white   dot  behind  M'-.^ Hindwing  as   above,  but   marginal    baud   rather 

narrower  iu  middle,  a  little  wider  behind,  including  the  vestiges  of  white  submarginal 
dots  between  R-  and  M'. 

Length  of  forewing  :  25  mm.,  width  IH  mm. 


GEOMETRIDAE. 
'.>.  Presos  angelus  (PI.  V.  f.  7   ¥ ). 

Presos  angelus  Rothschild,  Nov.  ZooL.  V.  p.  102,  n.  12  (1898). 


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ON   A    NEW   RACE    OF   IBEX. 

Capra  sibirica  lydekkeri  snbsp.  uov. 
By  HON.  WALTER    ROTHSCHILD,    Ph.D. 

(Plate  II.) 

OOME  time  ago  I  received  through  Mr.  Hagenbeck,  of  Hamburg,  a  very  fine  pair 
^  of  an  Ibex,  which  Mr.  Hagenbeck  thought  was  remarkable  for  the  size  of  its 
horns.  On  showing  it  to  Mr.  Lydekker,  he  at  once  perceived  that  it  differed  some- 
what both  from  the  Tian-Shan  form,  the  typical  Capra,  sibirica,  and  the  Himalayan 
C.  s.  sakeen.  Since  then  another  male  specimen  came  to  London  from  Mr.  Hagen- 
beck, and  was  exhibited  by  Mr.  Lydekker  at  a  meeting  of  the  Zoological  Society. 
We  had  previously  supposed  that  this  Ibex  was  nearest  to  C.  s.  duuvergnei ,  under 
which  name  it  was  exhibited.  While,  however,  making  a  description  of  this 
interesting  new  subspecies,  I  have  come  to  the  conclusion  that  it  cannot  be  C.  s. 
ilauccrgnei,  both  from  its  different  locality  and  from  the  strongly  pronounced  knobs 
on  the  horns,  and  I  have  much  pleasure  in  naming  it  after  Mr.  Lydekker. 

Very  old  yiuile :  Centre  of  back  creamy  white,  with  a  deep  brown  dorsal  line 
running  from  behind  the  shoulders  to  the  root  of  the  tail.  Head,  neck,  shoulders 
and  flanks  pale  brown.  Nape  of  neck  and  hind-quarters  creamy  white.  Tail  from 
the  base  for  half  its  length  of  the  same  brown  colour  as  the  shoulders,  rest  very  deep 
brown,  white  on  the  whole  underside. 

Forelegs  from  the  hoof  to  the  knee,  hiudlegs  from  the  hoof  to  the  hock  brown. 
Forelegs  from  the  knee  to  the  shoulder  of  the  same  brown  colour  as  the  lower  part 
of  the  leg  in  front,  much  paler  behind.  Hindlegs  from  the  back  to  the  stifle-joint  of 
a  very  deep  brown  in  front,  much  darker  than  the  lower  part  of  the  leg,  but 
behind  from  the  hock  upwards  pale  brownish  white,  gradually  passing  into  the 
creamy  white  colour  of  the  hindquarters. 

Horns  very  massive  and  strongly  curved.  The  circumference  at  the  base  in 
proportion  to  the  length  much  greater  than  in  the  three  other  known  subspecies  of 
C.  sibirica.  The  knobs  in  front  of  the  horns  are  wider  apart,  narrower,  and  not  so 
prominent  as  in  G.  s.  sakeen,  with  which  I  have  compared  it.  From  the  description 
in  Mr.  Lydekker's  book  this  would  always  seem  to  be  the  case  in  comparison  with 
typical  C.  sibirica. 

A  younger  male  app)ears  to  have  the  white  saddle  less  extended,  the  general 
colour  of  the  head  and  body  darker  brown  and  the  hair  of  the  legs  longer  with  a 
more  reddish  tinge,  while  the  white  patch  on  the  nape  is  very  large  and  of  a  purer 
white  than  in  the  older  male.  The  female  is  paler  brown  all  over,  with  less  distinct 
markings. 

The  principal  differences  between  this  aud  the  other  three  races  of  C.  sibirica 
appear  to  be  the  much  larger  size  and  bulk  of  the  animal,  the  heavy  beam  of  the 
horns,  the  large  white  nape-patch  and  coloration  of  the  legs,  which  seems  to  lie 
intermediate  between  that  of  0.  s.  sibirica  and  that  of  C.  s.  sakeen.  In  the  former 
the  legs  arc  brown  in  front  and  white  behind  for  their  whole  length,  while  iu  the 

19 


(  278  ) 

latter  they  are  entirely  brown.  In  this  new  form,  however,  the  legs  of  the  oldest 
mah  are  qnite  brown  on  the  lower  half,  as  in  C.  s.  sakeeii,  while  on  their  upper  half 
they  are  white  behind  as  in  C.  s.  aihirica. 

The  three  specimens  from  which  this  description  is  made  were  collected  by  one 
of  Mr.  Carl  Hagenbeck's  travellers  in  the  Katutay  Range  of  the  Altai  Mountains, 
in  the  winter  of  1898—1890. 

Length  of  horns  over  curve  in  the  oldest  male  IISU  mm.  (  =  40J-  in.),  in  the 
younger  mrde  'lOO  mm.  (=  35<|  in.),  circumference  of  horns  at  base  in  the  oldest 
male  32ii  mm.  (=  Vli  in.) 


ON     TUJRACUS     CUALCOLOPHUS    Neumann. 

By  ERNST  HARTERT. 

(Plate  1.) 

Con/thaix  lii-hiijstoni  (non  Gray  !),  Reichenow,  Juurii.f.  Orn.  1887,  p.  57. 

Turorus  schalowi  (non  Reichenow  Joiirn.  f.  Ont.  1891,  pp.  148,  210)  ;  Reichenow,  T'oV/.  Deutsch-Ont- 

Afv.  p.  104  (1894)  (Mori  river,  east  of  Nyanza). 
Tnracus  chalcolophus,  Neumann,  Orn.  Monalsher.  1895,  p.   87  ;  Shelley,  B.  Afr.  I.  (List)  p.  119; 

Neumann,  Jouni.f.  Orn.  1899,  pp.  65,  73. 

THIS  interesting  form  of  Tiiracus  resembles  very  closely  the  Bengnela  Plantain- 
eater  known  as  Turacus  schalowi  (Reichw.)  (Jour}i. /.  t>/-n.  1891,  p.  5  ;  Cat. 
B.  Brit.  Mus.  XIX.  p.  439),  but  differs  from  the  latter  in  the  length  and  colour  of 
the  crest-feathers.  These  are  longer,  reaching  112  mm.  in  the  most  adult  male  in 
the  Berlin  Museum  ;  they  are  slightly  widened  towards  the  tip,  and  are  distinctly 
metallic  greenish-blue  before  the  white  tip. 

The  late  Dr.  Fischer  shot  Tiiracus  chalcolophus  on  the  Mori  river  on  the  east 
side  of  Victoria  Nyanza,  but  his  specimens  were  not  separated  from  T.  schalowi. 
Colonel  von  Trotha  obtained  it  in  the  Loita  Hills  in  German  East  Africa,  and  Oscar 
Neumann  in  the  forests  of  Gnrui,  about  2000  to  2600  mm.  above  the  sea,  in  the 
Loita  Hills  and  on  the  Ngare  Dobasch  ;  so  that  it  appears  to  inhabit  the  forest-clad 
mountains  between  the  great  Masai-ravine  and  the  Victoria  Nyanza,  to  about  1' 
southern  latitude,  while  farther  north,  at  Sotik  and  Man,  only  Turacus  hartlaubi 
has  been  found  so  far  (cf.  Journ.f.  Orn.  1899,  p.  74). 

According  to  Reichenow  and  Neumann  tvpical  T.  licingstoni  would  only  occnr 
iu  the  Zambesi  region,  while  birds  from  German  East  Africa  have  been  separated 
by  Fischer  and  Reichenow,  who  described  two  new  forms,  which  they  named 
T.  reichenoivi  and  T.  hybridus.  These  latter  birds  are  evidently  different  from  the 
more  southern  T.  livingstoni,  but  possibly  T.  reichenoici  and  hi/bridus  cannot  be 
separated  (cf  Neumann,  I.e.). 

The  Tring  Museum  has  received  a  skin  of  T.  chalcolophus  from  Mr.  Oscar 
Neumann,  and  I  am  at  present  not  aware  of  any  other  examples  in  British 
collections. 

The  plate  shows  the  characteristic  points  of  Neumann's  Plautaiu-eater  very  well. 


(  279; 


ON  A  EEMAEKABLE   NEW  SPECIES  OF   MANGABEY-LIKE 
MONKEY    {CEBCOCEBUS   CHRYSOGASTEH). 

By   R.    LYDEKKER. 

(Plate   III.) 

THIS  monkey  was  sent  from  the  Upper  Congo  to  Mr.  Carl  Hagenbeck,  of 
Hamburg,  who  forwarded  it  to  London. 

From  the  Impossibility  of  examining  the  skull  and  dentition,  the  generic 
position  of  this  interesting  species  cannot  be  accurately  determined,  but  it  appears 
to  agree  so  closely  in  general  characters  with  the  '•  Mangabeys  "  that  it  may  safely 
be  placed  for  the  present  in  the  genus  Cercocebits.  It  agrees  with  the  other 
members  of  this  genus  in  the  bare  upper  eyelids  (these  both  in  this  species  and 
in  the  remaining  ones  of  the  genus  should  be  described  as  flesh-coloured  rather 
than  white).  It  also  agrees  with  the  Blangabeys  approximately  in  general  form, 
relative  length  of  tail,  in  the  manner  of  carrying  the  latter  over  the  back,  and  in 
its  screaming  cry  when  disturbed.  It  differs,  however,  from  the  ordinarily  accepted 
definition  of  the  genus  Cercoccbus  in  that  the  hairs  of  the  crown  of  the  head 
are  distinctly  annnlated  with  yellow,  as  are  to  a  lesser  degree  those  of  the  back. 
But  as  a  similar  feature  occurs  in  an  undoubted  Cercocebus  now  in  the  Zoological 
Society's  Gardens  (referred  tentatively  to  C.  fidiginosus  *),  it  is  e's-ident  that  the 
absence  of  annulation  can  no  longer  be  regarded  as  cliaracteristic  of  the  genus. 
The  specimen  is  not  fully  adult,  so  that  the  proper  size  of  the  form  to  which  it 
belongs  cannot  be  determined  ;  but  it  evidently  indicates  a  small  monkey  of  the 
approximate  dimensions  of  an  ordinary  Cercocebus. 

Having  the  bare  upper  eyelids  and  general  form  of  Cercocebus,  this  specimen 
may  be  described  as  follows  : — 

Hair  of  crown  of  head  light  olive-coloured,  with  a  speckled  aj)pearance,  due  to 
the  presence  of  dark  and  yellow  rings  on  the  individual  hairs.  Fur  of  back  of  the 
same  general  tint,  but  the  speckling  becoming  less  defined  on  the  lateral  and  hinder 
portions  of  the  back,  and  finally  disappearing  on  the  flanks  and  outer  sides  of 
limbs  and  tail,  which  tend  to  slate-grey  in  colour.  Paws  darker.  Face  brownish, 
whiskers  somewhat  lighter  coloured  than  crown  of  head.  Under-parts  from  chin 
to  root  of  tail  bright  orange.  Inner  surface  of  limbs  rather  paler  than  outer 
surface. 

The  bright  orange  nnder-surface  of  this  monkey  distinguishes  it  from  all  other 
species  of  Cercocebus,  as  well  as  all  species  of  Cercopithecus,  and  suggested  at 
once  the  name  of  "  ckri/sogaster." 

No  other  Mangabey  has  any  approach  to  the  same  ventral  coloration.  In 
young  .specimens  of  the  "  Drill  "  and  "  Mandrill '"  the  chin-tuft  is  of  the  same  orange 

*  Having  examined  this  specimen,  I  am  o£  opinion  that  it  is  rather  a  very  young  female  of  the  new- 
species  Cercocebus  chrysoijasti-r  t\an  ot  C./ii!i^iiiosus.—\\'AhTER  Rothschild. 


(  280  ) 

hne,  but  the  rest  of  the  imder-parts  are  quite  differeut.  It  Las  been  suggested 
that  this  monkey  is  a  hybrid  between  a  baboon  (such  as  Mandrill  or  Drill) 
and  a  species  of  Cercocebus  or  Cercopithecus.  If  this  were  the  case  the  nose 
wonld  probably  be  loncer,  the  tail  much  shorter,  and  the  cheek-jionthes  (which 
are  large)  of  small  dimensions.  Moreover  the  orange  under-snrface  could  not 
be  accounted  for  in  this  way ;  so  that  this  theory  may  be  rejected  and  the 
specimen  regarded  as  a  distinct  species,  which  may  provisionally  be  assigned 
to  the  genus   Cercocebus. 


NOVITATES     ZOOLOGICAE. 

Vol.  VII.  DECEMBER,    1900.  No.  3. 

A    MONOGRAPH    OF    CEABAXES    AND    THE    ALLIED 
PRIONOPTEROUS    GENERA. 

By  the  HON.  WALTER  ROTHSCHILD,  Ph.D.,  and  KARL  JORDAN,  Ph.D. 

(Contimied  from   Vol.   VI.  p.  286.') 

(Plates  VI.,  VII.,  VIIL,  XL,  XII.) 

Genus  CHARAXES. 

Pupilio  Eques  Achivus  Linn^,  Syst  Nat.  ed,  XII.  p.  748  (1767)  (partim  ;  typus  :  P.  E.  A.  helena)  ; 
Drury,  lUusti:  Exot.  his.  I.  index  (1770)  ;  Cramer,  Pap.  Exnl.  I.  p.  5  (1775)  ;  Fabr.,  Syst.  Eiit. 
p.  449  (1776)  ;  Goeze,  Ent.  Beytr.  111.  1.  p.  50  (1779)  ;  Fabr.,  .Manl.  Ins.  II.  p.  6  (1788)  ; 
Gmel.,  Sy.Ht.  Nat.  I.  5.  p.  2-2.^4  (1790). 
Pupilio  Nymplialis  Gemmatus,  Goeze  {non  Linn^,  1758),  I.e.  p.  288  (1779). 
Pupilio  Nymphalis  PhaU'ralus,  Gmelin,  I.e.  p.  2312  (1790). 
Pupilio  Nymphalis,  Fabricius,  Ent.  Syst.  III.  1.  p.  61  (1793). 
Papilio,  Douovan  {non  Linn^,  1758),  Ins.  of  China  t.  35  (1798). 

Nymphalis,  Latreille  {non  Linn^,   1758).   Hist.   Nat.   Crust.  Ins.  XIV.  p.  82  (1805)  (typus  :  P.  E. 
A.jusM  L.)  ;  Gddart,  Enc.  Meth.  IX.  p.  350  (1823)  (partim)  ;  Doubl.,  Westw.  &  Hew.,  Gen. 
Diurn.  Lep.  II.  p.  306  (1850)  ;  Kirby,  Cat.  Dinrn.  Lep.  p.  267  (1871). 
Paphia  Fabricius  {non  Bolt.,  1798),  in  Illig.,  Magaz.  Ins.  VI.  p.  282  (1807)  (partim  ;  typus:  P.  E. 

A.jason  L.). 
Charaxes   Ochsenheimer,    Schmett.    Eur.    IV.   p.    18  (1816)  (typus:    P.   E.  A.jason   L.)  ;    Tbon, 
Naturgesch.  Schm.  p.  72  (1837)  ;  Feld.,  Nova  Act.  Ac.  Car.  Nat.  Cm:  XXVIII.  3.  p.  39  (1861)  ; 
Butl.,  Proc.  Zool.  Soe.  Land.  p.  622  (1865)  (Monograph)  ;  Scliatz,   Fum.  d;  Gait.   Tagf.  p.  175 
(1888);  Karsch,   Berl.   Ent.  Zritsehr.  XXXVIII.   p.   173   {im^)  {Palla  =  Chara.res  ex  err.)  \ 
Butl,  Jonrn.  Linn.  Soe.  Lonil.  XXV.  p.  348  (1896)  (partim  ,  Revision)  ;  Auiiv.,  Kongl.  !iv.   Vet. 
Ale.  HancU.  XXXI.  5.  p.  221  (1899)  (partim  ;  Afric.  spec). 
Tigridia  Hubner,  Verz.  Schmett.  p.  40  (1816-27)  (partim  ;  typus  :  P.  N.  Ph.  acesUi  L.). 
Eriboea  id.,  I.e.  p.  47  (1816-27)  (partim  ;  typus  :  P.  E.  A.  brutus  Cram.). 
Coea  id.,  I.e.  p.  48  (1816-27)  (partim  ;  typus  :  P.  E.  A.  varanes  Cram.). 
Doxocapa  id..  I.e.  p.  49  (1816-27)  (partim  ;  typus  :  P.  N.  Ph.  erminea  Cram.). 
Pvlyura  Billberg,  Enum.  Ins.  p.  79  (1820)  (partim  ;  typus  :  P.  E.  A.jason  L.). 
Satyrus,  Godart  {non  Latreille,  1810),  I.e.  p.  477  (1823)  (partim). 
Apatura,  Boisduval  {non  Fabricius,  1807),  Ind.  Meth.  p.  14  (1829)  (pjirtim). 
Jasia  Swaiuson,  ZoiA.  Illustr.  II.  2.  p.  90  (1831-32)  (partim  ;  typus  :  P.  E.  A.jason  L.). 
Phyllophasis  Blanchard,  Hist.  Nat.  J?is.  III.  p.  447  (18iO)  (partim  ;  typus:  P.  D.  F.  galanthia  Cram.). 
Philngnoma  Doubleday, Westw.  &  Hew.,  I.e.  p.  310  (1850)  (partim  ;  typus:  P.  E.  A.  deeius  Cram.). 
Palla,  Kirby  {non  Hubner,  1816-27),  Cat.  Diuni.  Lep.  p.  273  (1871)  (partim). 
Monura  Mabille,  Bull.  Sac.  Zool.  Fr.  I.  p.  280  (1876)  (typus  :  P.  N.  Ph.  zingha  Cram.). 
Haridra  Moore,  Lep.  of  Ceylon  I.  p.  30  (1880)   (typus  ;  Ch.  psaphon  Westw.)  ;  id.,  Lep.  Ind.  II. 

p.  229  (1895). 
Charaxes  {Haridra),  Wood-Masou  &  Nicev.,  Jonrn.  As.  Soe.  Beng.  LV.  2.  p.  363  (1886). 
Palla  {Charaxes),  Scbaus  &  Clements,  Sierra  Lcune  Lepid.  p.  9  (1893). 

Differs  from  Eulepis  in  both  sexes  in  the  cell  of  the  hiudwing  being  open. 
The  egg  of  Ch.  Jasoti  became  known  and  was  described  and  figured  ut  the  end 
of  the  eighteenth  century.     No  other  Charaxes  eggs  were  compared  till  Doherty 

'2*^ 


(  282  ) 

took  »ji  the  study  of  the  bntterfly  eggs,  and  published  some  short  but  highly 
important  notes  on  them  in  1886.  Doherty  says  of  the  egg  of  the  "  Charaxinae  " 
(Joiirn.  As.  Soc.  Bcriff.  LV.  2.  p.  109):  "Eggs  large,  few,  globular,  havd,  not  so 
high  as  broad,  with  obscure  ribs  and  cross-lines  at  the  base  onl)-,  forming  (usually) 
tetragons,  with  minute  projecting  points  at  their  intersection."  For  "  base  "  should 
be  read  "  apex."  We  have  examined  the  eggs  of  a  number  of  species,  taken  from 
the  bodies  of  dry  specimens.  Apart  from  size,  there  is  no  ayiparent  difference  in 
the  eggs  of  the  various  species.  The  micropyle  end  is  flattened,  slightly  concave, 
with  the  centre  raised;  from  the  centre  radiate  slight  ribs,  which  gradnally  disapjjear 
at  the  sides  and  do  not  reach  the  base  or  underside;  the  longitudinal  ribs  are  con- 
nected by  extremely  feeble  transverse  ridges,  and  bear,  as  Doherty  correctly  points 
ont,  small  projecting  points,  which  are  easily  visible  under  a  good  lens. 

The  slug-shaped  caterpillar  is  widest  iu  or  before  the  middle,  narrowed  behind, 
and  has  a  finely  granulated  skiu.  The  head  is  flat,  prognathous,  and  bears  four 
processes  which  point  backwards  and  are  rough  with  tubercles,  as  is  the  hinder  edge 
of  the  head  between  the  processes  ;  cheeks  also  tubercalated  ;  the  anal  segment 
bears  dorsally  two  more  or  less  prominent  processes,  which  are  longer  in  the  young 
larva  than  in  the  full-grown  one.  The  colour  of  the  larvae  is  generally  green,  often 
yellowish,  the  head  bears,  on  each  side,  a  light  line  which  runs  along  the  outer  horn, 
and  there  is  a  spot  on  one  or  more  abdominal  segments,  the  colour  of  these  latter 
markings,  which  are  mostly  more  or  less  halfmoon-shaped,  is  as  a  rule  huffish,  the 
spots  having  often  a  darker  (reddish  or  bluish)  border.  The  caterpillar  is  a  very 
slow  creature,  which  does  not  voluntarily  leave  the  twig  on  a  leaf  of  which  the  egg 
was  deposited.  Of  CA.  jason  it  is  known  that  the  larva  makes  on  the  surface  of  the 
leaf  on  which  it  feeds  a  kind  of  web  which  serves  for  a  foot-hold.  The  larva  is 
known  of  C/i.  polyxena,  psaphon,  fabius,  etiieocles,  brutus,  mranes,  cithaeron  jasoit. 
The  thick  chrysalis  is  bright  green  as  a  rule,  very  smooth  and  shining,  dorsally 
very  convex;  head  bluntly  bipartite ;  end  of  abdomen  with  two  rounded  tubercles 
ventrally. 

The  imago  of  most  species  is  robust,  and  has  a  powerful  flight.  The  antenna 
is  gradually  thickened  to  a  club  ;  the  last  four  segments  are  much  shorter  dorsally 
than  ventrally,  the  tip  of  the  club  appears,  therefore,  when  looked  at  from  the  side, 
rounded  ventrally.  The  number  of  segments  varies  in  the  different  species  from 
44  to  5G,  and  is  also  individually  not  quite  constant.  The  last  15  to  18  segments 
are  broader  than  long,  the  preceding  ones  longer  than  broad,  and  the  proximal 
segments  again  broader  than  long.  The  three  ventral  carinae  are  prominent  ;  the 
deep  grooves  between  them  extend  from  the  base  to  the  apex  of  each  segment,  the 
proximal  ones  excepted.  The  sensory  hairs  are  dispersed  over  the  groove,  but  are 
more  dense  in  the  middle  of  each  groove,  forming  here  a  rounded  or  oblong  jiatch. 
The  basal  pair  of  setae,  characteristic  of  the  Nijmjihalid'tr  (see  Nov.  Zqol.  V.  p.  390), 
is  well  developed,  as  is  also  the  lateral  pair,  wliich  stands  in  the  middle  of  the 
segment  dorsally  of  the  lateral  carinae.  The  scaling  is  not  dense,  but  reaches  to  the 
last  but  fourth  segment  ;  the  scales  are  small  and  elongate,  mostly  black,  those  of 
the  internal  (or  anterior)  side  rarely  white  (rarancs). 

The  palpi  reach  well  above  the  head  and  protrude  forward,  being  somewhat 
S-shaped  ;  they  are  longest  in  candiopc.  The  scaling  is  smooth  ventro-Iaterally 
and  does  not  show  any  interspersed  long  hairs,  while  the  scales  of  the  ventral  edge 
and  of  the  free  part  of  the  dorsal  side  are  long,  forming  a  kind  of  crest,  the  dorsal 
crest  produced  into  a  tuft  which  is  contiguous  to  the  eye  ;  second  segment  two 


(  283  ) 

or  three  times   as  long  as  the  first  ;  third  generally  pointed,  seldom   (neantkes) 
compressed  and  snbtruncate. 

Genital  armatnre  of  c?  with  penis-funnel,  the  opening  of  which  extends  at  least 
to  the  middle.  The  difierences  between  the  species  in  the  varions  parts  of  the 
armatnre  is  generally  very  slight,  bnt  occasionally  considerable.  There  is  a  great 
variety  in  the  denticnlations  of  the  penis-sheath  ;  if  there  is  a  series  of  teeth  tbe 
most  distal  one  is  dorsal  or  nearly  dorsal,  while  the  series  turns  proximally  towards 
the  left  side  in  most  cases,  the  most  proximal  teeth  being  often  ventro-lateral. 
Legs  :  see  Nov.  Zool.  V.  p.  558. 

There  is  a  great  diversity  in  the  shape  of  the  outline  of  the  wings  of  Charaxes. 
The  outer  margin  of  the  forewing  varies  from  being  nearly  straight  to  being  deeply 
concave,  the  most  prominent  point  lying  either  between  SC^  and  SC",  or  at  SC^,  and 
is  sometimes  produced  into  a  more  or  less  acute  angle  at  SC^.  The  hindwing  is 
abdominally  always  somewhat,  often  considerably,  longer  than  costally,  and  has  in 
most  species  a  triangular  form.  The  strength  of  the  dentition  of  the  distal  (or  outer) 
margin  of  both  wings  varies  much  according  to  species  and  groni)s  of  species,  and 
is  also  not  quite  constant  within  the  species.  The  teeth  at  veins  R'  and  M^  of  the 
hindwing  are  mostly  produced  into  tails  of  various  length,  which  may  be  pointed, 
rounded,  or  dilated  at  the  tips.  The  upper  tail,  or,  in  other  forms,  the  lower  one,  is 
not  seldom  wanting,  either  in  one  or  both  sexes,  and  there  are  also  species  without 
tails,  while  in  others  tooth  M'  is  prolonged  to  a  third  tail.  The  anal  angle  is  in 
many  species  more  produced  than  the  outer  margin  between  the  tails,  which 
character  is  exaggerated  in   Ch.  zingha. 

There  is  nothing  in  the  scaling — apart  from  the  basal  patch  on  the  underside  of 
the  forewing — of  the  wings   by  which   Charaxes  is  distinguished  from  the  allied 
genera.     As  in  other  Butterflies  (and  Moths)  the  anterior  half  of  the  upperside  of 
the  hindwing  and  the  basal  and  posterior  half  (or  more)  of  the  underside  of  the 
forewing  are  covered  with  scales  of  which  those  of  the  upper  layer  have  the  distal 
edge  entire,  not  dentate.     These  parts  of  the  wings  are  practically  those  that  are 
covered  when  the  Butterfly  is  at  rest  with  the  wings  closed  above  the  back.     The 
extent  of  the  areas  with  non-dentate  upper  scales  is  variable.     As  a  rule,  the  upper- 
side  of  the  forewing  has  dentate  scaling  only,  but  there  are  species  (etheocles  tj, 
ameliae  cJ,  etc.)  in  which  the  scales,  at  least  of  the  upper  layer,  are  more  or  less 
non-dentate  on  the  forewing  ;  and  occasionally  nearly  the  whole  upperside  of  the 
hindwing,  not  only  the  anterior  half,  is  covered  with  non-dentate  scaling  {etheocles  S). 
Metallic  scales  are  in  Butterflies  as  a  rule  non-dentate.     This  does  not  hold  good 
among  Charaxes.     While  in  a  few  species  {_m>jcerina,  etc.)  the  light  blue  spots  of 
the  forewing  above  are  composed  of  non-dentate  scales,  they  consist  of  dentate  ones 
in  many  other  species  {tiridates,  etc.).     The  metallic  basal  area  of  the  forewing 
found  in  many  Charaxes  {tiridates,  etesipe,  etc.)  consists  of  sharply  toothed  scales. 
A  rather  great  variety  in  size  and  outline  of  the  scales  is  observed  in  the  cell  on  the 
upperside  of  the  forewing.     Here  we  meet  in  one  species  with  very  long  and  very 
narrow  scales   {eupale);  in  others   with   sharply   dentate   scales   and   many   hairs 
{varanes,  etc.);  in  others  again  with  long-toothed  scales  which  are  larger  than  the 
scales  on  the  disc  {castor,  etc.);  while  in  some  species  the  scales  in  the  cell  and  on 
the  disc  are  not  essentially  diiferent  (ncanthes). 

The  wing  membrane  is  in  many  species,  especially  the  tawny  African  ones, 
more  or  less  green,  as  are  here  also  the  veins.  The  latter  are  accompanied, 
especially  on  the  underside,  by  dispersed,  long  hairs. 


(  284  ) 

The  neuration  exhibits  some  variation  iu  several  points.  The  length  of  cell  of  the 
forewing  is  not  constant  in  the  genus,  three  being  species  in  which  the  distance  from 
the  lower  angle  of  the  cell  to  the  base  is  greater  than  that  to  the  end  of  W  (castor, 
etc.)  ;  while  in  other  Charaxes  the  reverse  is  the  case  {Ch.  polyxena,  for  instance). 
Vein  R^  of  the  forewing  varies  in  position  specifically  and  individnally,  joining 
R'  sometimes  near  the  point  of  origin  of  M',  sometimes  5  or  more  mm.  distally  of  it. 
M-  of  the  forewing  stands  generally  about  midway  between  M'  and  the  base  of  M, 
but  in  many  species  it  is  considerably  nearer  M';  The  praecostal  veinlet  of  the 
hindwing  is  often  two-branched  {raranes,  candiope,  etc.),  sending  a  more  or  less 
long  spur  basad,  whereas  in  most  species  it  is  simply  curved  distad,  being,  however, 
thickened  at  the  bent  as  a  rule.  The  distance  between  SC^  R'  and  W  of  the  hind- 
wing  is  also  not  constant  in  the  genus,  and  varies  even  individually  ;  on  the  whole, 
Ri  is  midway  between  SC-  and  D^  As  explained  in  vol.  V.,  p.  557.  D'  of  the 
hindwing  reaches  M  either  at  the  point  of  origin  of  M'  (or  near  it),  or  is  more 
proximal  ;  there  is  some  individual  variability  in  this  respect,  but  the  more  obvious 
differences  are  found  in  the  sexes  or  in  different  species. 

WhOe  in  Eulepis  the  sexes  do  not  differ  very  greatly,  except  in  epigenes  from 
the  Solomon  Islands,  sexual  dimorphism  is  among  Charaxes  a  much  commoner 
phenomenon  than  similarity  of  the  sexes  in  colour  and  shape.  The  wings  of  the 
?  are  always  broader  than  those  of  the  S,  and  the  hindwing  is,  as  a  rule,  less 
triangular  ;  the  tails  are  broader,  often  widened  at  the  end  ;  in  some  species  the  <J 
has  one,  the  ?  two  tails,  in  other  the  tails  of  the  S  are  obliterated,  while  the  ? 
possesses  such  an  appendage. 

The  pattern  of  the  upperside  is  often  very  different  in  the  sexes  and  in  the 
various  species.  The  ?  ?  can  be  arranged  according  to  the  pattern  of  the  upperside 
of  the  forewing  into  four  groups  : 

(1)  The  discal  and  jiostdiscal  interstices  form  a  forked  band,  which  is  generally 
more  or  less  interrupted  at  tiie  veins  into  spots  or  patches.  This  is  the  normal 
type  of  ? .  There  are  many  species  in  which  the  c?  has  a  similar  band,  but  in  this 
sex  the  patches  composing  the  band  are  smaller  than  in  the  ? . 

(2)  The  upper  discal  interstitial  patches  become  small  or  obsolete,  while  the 
postdiscal  ones  form  together  with  the  posterior  discal  ones  an  oblit^ue  band  which 
extends  from  the  costal  to  the  internal  margins.  This  type  is  found  in  both  sexes 
of  a  number  of  species,  and  in  the  S  3  only  of  some  others. 

(3)  Tlie  upper  postdiscal  interstitial  spots  are  reduced  in  size  or  absent,  while 
the  discal  interspaces  and  the  posterior  postdiscal  ones  form  a  broad  curved  band. 
This  type  does  not  occur  in  the  t?-sex. 

(4)  The  band  is  similar  in  appearance  to  that  of  type  (3),  but  it  is  composed  of 
the  posterior  postdiscal  and  discal  interstices  and  the  upper  median  ones,  the  band 
often  entering  the  cell.  This  type  is  also  confined  to  the  ?-sex,  and  is  met  with 
only  in  one  polychromatic  species  1 ,  etheocles,  of  which  other  specimens  belong  to 

type  (1). 

It  is  worthy  of  note  that  though  types  (2)  to  (4)  are  doubtless  derivations 
from  type  (1),  the  middle  and  upper  discal  interstitial  patches  are  enlarged  in  type 
(3)  and  reduced  in  type  (2),  while  the  reverse  is  the  case  in  regard  to  the  upper  and 
middle  postdiscal  spots.  The  same  elements  iu  the  pattern  of  the  wing  follow  here, 
in  the  same  genus,  opposite  directions  of  development,  a  phenomenon  which  we 
meet  with  commonly  among  Lepidoptera.  It  is  obvious  that  the  divergency  of  the 
lines  of  development  of  such  closely  allied  species  is  not  explained  by  assuming  that 


(  285  ) 

the  elements  in  the  pattern  develop  jihylogenetically  according  to  a  tixed  "  law." 
The  phenomenon  shows,  on  the  contrary,  that  some  agency  foreign  to  the  allied 
insects  decides  which  of  the  many  possible  liuesof  development  an  element  (dot,  line, 
sjiot,  i)atch,  band,  streak)  of  the  pattern  must  follow. 

The  variability  in  the  pattern — apart  from  "  sports  " — is  in  some  species  rather 
slight,  relating  only  to  minnte  diflferences  in  the  size  of  the  spots,  the  relative 
positions  of  the  bars  and  general  tint  of  the  wings,  while  in  others  the  individual 
differences  are  so  great  that  some  authors  have  considered  them  specific.  In  C/i. 
poli/xemi,  for  instance,  both  sexes  are  so  extremely  variable  that  ten  odd  specific 
names  have  been  bestowed  upon  individuals  from  North  India  and  Burma  alone. 
The  occurrence  of  very  different  iudividnals  in  the  same  locality  may  sometimes  be 
due  to  meteorological  factors  acting  npon  the  individual  chrysalis.  But  we  have  no 
evidence  of  that  in  regard  to  Ckaraxes.  Nor  is  there  any  evidence  that  the  cases  of 
variability  put  down  by  Butler  as  seasonal  variation,  and  those  queried  as  such  by 
Moore  and  Anrivillius,  are  really  seasonal.  In  many  instances  we  have  found  that 
individuals  belonging  to  two  supposed  seasonal  forms  occur  together  at  the  same 
time  of  the  }'ear,  the  one  form  not  being  apparently  more  plentiful  than  the  other. 
Only  such  varieties  should  be  called  seasonal  of  which  it  is  shown  that  they  are 
seasonal.  Considering  differences  of  undated  specimens  as  seasonal  is  unjustifiable 
— because  arbitrary — as  is  treating  those  of  not-localised  individuals  as  geographical. 
The  only  suggestion  we  can  here  make  as  to  seasonal  variation  among  Ckaraxes  is 
based  on  dated  specimens  of  Ch.  pobjxena  from  North  India  ;  these  specimens  show 
that  the  individuals  emerging  from  hibernated  pupae  are  rather  smaller  than  the 
average  summer  specimens. 

We  recognise  103  distinct  species,  of  which  30  are  divided  into  90  subspecies 
(= geographical  forms).  To  classify  such  a  great  number  of  species  of  a  genus 
satisfactorily  is  not  an  easy  matter.  Though  the  relationship  of  any  two  species 
may  be  recognised  with  certainty,  it  remains  often  a  purely  arbitrary  matter  in 
which  order  the  groups  of  species  have  to  follow  one  another  in  the  linear  arrange- 
ment of  a  list  We  have  as  guides  in  the  classification  of  Ckaraxes  some  structural 
characters,  such  as  the  dentition  of  the  costal  margin  and  the  length  of  the  ceil  of 
the  forewing,  the  sexual  armature  of  the  6,  and  the  pattern.  Of  these  characters, 
those  of  the  sexual  organs  can  be  employed  only  with  great  caution. 

These  organs  exhibit  often  but  very  slight  differences  in  closely  related  species, 
and  hence  sometimes  give  important  hints  as  to  the  relationship  of  species,  if  there 
are  any  special  structures  observed  ;  but  we  must  keep  in  mind  that  similarity  in  the 
penis  or  clasper  does  not  necessarily  indicate  relationship,  as  the  similarity  may  be 
the  outcome  of  the  obliteration  of  the  different  special  structures.  In  this  category 
of  unreliable  characters  belongs,  for  instance,  the  occasional  absence  of  denticula- 
tion  from  the  penis.  On  the  whole,  there  are  few  structural  characters  available 
in  the  classification  of  Ckaraxes,  for  the  simple  reason  that  the  constant  structural 
differences  of  groups  of  species,  relating  to  both  sexes,  are  employed  to  characterise 
genera.  The  species  dealt  with  in  this  monograph  being  divided  up  into  genera 
according  to  the  structure  of  the  body  and  wings,  it  is  not  possible  to  further  divide 
these  genera  on  purely  structural  characters.  The  colouration  of  the  wings  must, 
therefore,  remain  one  of  the  chief  guides  in  the  arrangement  of  the  species.  But 
here  again  one  must  take  care  not  to  be  misled  by  analogies,  which  are  not  rare 
among  Ckaraxes  as  regards  the  phyletically  younger  pattern  of  the  npperside  of  the 
wing.     There  is  a  whole  series  of  species  which  bear  on  the  upperside  a  j«mafkable 


(  286  ) 

resemblance  to  other  species  of  Ckaraxes  with  which  they  are  not  nearly  related 
{hildebrandti  and  brutus,  anticlea  and  protoclea,  guderiana  ?  and  pelias,  varions 
forms  of  etheocles  ?  and  bohemani,  numenes  ? ,  citkaeron  5 ,  etc.),  and  it  is  of  great 
sigcnificancejthat  all  these  "mimetic"  species  can  be  grouped  together  on  account 
of  the  agreement  in  the  nnmber  of  denticulations  of  the  costal  margin  of  the  fore- 
wing  with  the  number  of  scale-rows  (see  vol.  V.  p.  351).  It  is  no  less  interesting 
that  into  this  same  group  come  also  the  peculiar  acraeoid  zingha,  the  Argijnn.is-\\]s.& 
jahlusa,  the  green  eupale,  and  paphianus,  mycerina  and  allies  with  the  leaf-like 
nnderside.  Many  of  these  species  show,  moreover,  striking  affinities  in  the  pattern 
of  the  underside. 

Another  group  is  formed  by  the  allies  of  Ch.  pob/xena,  taranes,  candiope, 
which  have  preserved,  on  the  upperside,  a  more  ancestral  pattern  than  the  other 
Charaxes,  and  may,  for  this  reason,  be  put  at  the  beginning  of  the  series.  Into  a 
third  natural  group  come  the  allies  of  Ch.  fir/dates  in  which  the  median  bars  SC — 
R-  of  the  forewing  below  liave  left  their  normal  place  at  one-third  or  one-fourth  the 
way  from  the  cell  to  the  apex  of  the  wing,  havin?  wandered  proximad  to  near  the 
cell  ;  a  transition  to  this  group  is  found  in  Ck.  im'perialis  and  ameliae  which  have 
retained  the  normal  position  of  those  bars.  A  fourth  group  unites  all  the  "  typical " 
Charaxes,  allied  to  jasori,  with  heavy  bars  on  the  underside  and  black  and  white, 
or  brown,  lines  upon  the  abdominal  fold. 

The  greater  proportion  of  the  species  is  African  (80),  one  occurs  in  the 
Mediterranean  countries  and  22  in  the  Indo-Australian  region.  The  Mediterranean 
species  (jason),  as  well  as  one  of  the  Indo-Malayan  Charaxes  (fabius)  are  of  an 
African  type,  while  the  other  eastern  species  have  a  near  relative  in  the  African 
Ck.  vara/ies.  Australia  is  not  known  to  be  inhabited  by  a  species  of  this  genus, 
while  there  occurs  a  form  of  Eulepis,  a  genus  confined  to  the  Indo-Australian 
region.  New  Guinea  and  the  Bismarck  Archipelago  have  one  species,  the  Solomon 
Islands  are  without  Ckaraxes,  but  the  New  Guinea  species  may  be  expected  to  be 
discovered  there  some  day.  On  each  of  the  Moluccan  Islands  one  species  only  is 
found,  with  the  exception  of  Burn,  where  two  species  have  been  obtained.  Celebes 
has  four,  Sumatra  five,  Burma  seven,  Sikkim  five.  South  India  two,  Java  three,  and 
the  lesser  Sunda  Islands  one  each  ;  from  Borneo  four  species  are  known  ;  Palawan 
has  five  species,  while  each  of  the  Philippine  Islands  seems  to  be  inhabited  by  three 
only  ;  in  China  there  is  one  species,  which  goes  as  far  north  as  Shanghai. 

The  most  striking  features  in  the  habits  of  Charaxps  are  the  rapid  flight,  the 
partiality  to  putrid  matter,  and  the  constancy  with  which  a  specimen  returns  to 
the  same  spot.  Few  species  are  found  in  the  open  country  {Ch.  pelias  pelias,  jason, 
fabius),  where  there  are  only  bushes  and  rarely  trees  ;  most  species  inhabit  the 
more  wooded  country,  and  some  are  found  only  in  and  near  larger  forests.  The 
males  come  often  in  some  numbers  to  water  pools  on  roads  ;  both  sexes  are  fond 
of  the  juice  of  trees,  of  decaying  frnits,  dung  of  animals,  putrid  meat,  and  can 
successfully  be  entrapped  by  the  use  of  such  baits  ;  one  is  known  to  come  to  flowers 
{zoolina). 

I.  Underside  :  discal  bars  of  forewing  and  discal  and  postdiscal  ones  of  hindwing 
arched  ;  subbasal  and  submedian  lines  of  bars  of  hindwing  thin,  reaching  SM^  (or 
SM')  ;  median  bars  SC^ — R^  of  forewing  much  more  distal  than  R- — R'  ;  or,  if 
discal  bars  not  clearly  marked,  median  bar  SC* — SC^  much  more  distal  again  than 
bars  SC— R». 


(  287  ) 

A.  Forewing  below  uormally  scaled  between  C  and  costal  edge. 

a.  Discal  line  of  bars  of  hindwing  below  moderately  biconcave,  no  regular, 
sharply  defined,  pale   bnff,   postdisco-submarginal   ring   between  0 
and  SC2. 
a}.  Median  bars  SO* — R-  of  forewing  below  more  or  less  coutiimons. 
a^.  ?  ,  forewing  above  more  or  less  mummy  brown,  basal  area  brighter, 
with  creamy  white  halfmoons  on  disc  ;   S  similar  to  ¥ ,  or 
with  basal  half  or  two-thirds  creamy  olive  bnff'. 
a}.  S  similar  to  ? . 

1.  Charaxes  durnfordi  (Nov.  Zool.  VII.  t.  6.  f.  1  to  S). 

Charaxes  durnfordi  DisUnt,  Entom.  XVII.  p.  191  (1884)  (Sunjei  Ujong,  Mai.  Pen.). 

S  S .  Bodi/  abom  varying  in  the  different  subspecies  from  tawny  chestnut  to 
cinnamon,  paler  in  ?  than  in  <J,  thorax  somewhat  greenish  olive  ;  underside  whitish 
creamy  buff,  sides  of  sterna  somewhat  darker. 

(?.  Wings  above  of  the  colour  of  the  body,  forewing  somewhat  darker  than  the 
hindwing  ;  this  colour  extends  on  forewing  to  near  apex  of  cell  and  white  discal 

spots,  and  shades  into  the  blackish  brown  colour  of  the  rest   of  the  wing. 

Forewing  :  black  median  bars  very  obscurely  marked  as  black  clouds  or  snff'used 
patches,  with  white  spots  at  their  outer  side,  these  more  or  less  halfmoon-  or  angle- 
shaped,  spot  R2— R'  mostly  small,  spots  M^— SM^  resembling  together  the  letter 
M  ;  a  series  of  postdiscal  spots  white  ;  these  become  gradually  smaller  costad,  the 
posterior  ones  are  also  halfmoon-  or  angle-shaped,  the  submedian  ones  fused  to  a 
M,  at  internal  margin  there  is  mostly  a  white  postdiscal  and  sometimes  also  a  discal 
patch  ;  admargiual  interspaces  occnpied  by  white  spots  situated  upon  the  internervular 
folds,  the  submedian  ones  sometimes  fused  to  a  rather  large  patch,  the  others  always 
small,  no  dot  between  SC*  and  SC',  mostly  also  dots  SC°— R=  absent,  seldom  all 
obliterated. Hindwing  :  discal  bars  more  or  less  heavily  marked,  mostly  half- 
moon-shaped;  they  form  the  proximal  border  of  a  milky,  or  creamy,  white  band 
which  consists  of  the  postdiscal  and  admarginal  interspaces  and  includes  the  ovate 
or  circular  black,  postdisco-submarginal  jjatches  with  white  centres,  in  one  form 
also  the  discal  interspaces  white,  in  which  nearly  half  the  wing  is  occupied  by  that 
colour,  the  white  area  narrowed  at  abdominal  margin  ;  median  bars  at  least  vestigial 
except  last  ones  ;  admarginal  Hne  curved  between  veins,  reaching  extremities  of 
veins,  but  separated  between  vems  from  edge  of  wing  by  white  marginal  spots. 

Underside  dirty  creamy  white  ;  median  interspaces  of  fore-  and  hindwing, 
except  a  small  spot  at  outer  side  of  dilated  portion  of  bar  D  of  forewing,  more 
or  less  drab  colour,  paler  on  hindwing  than  on  forewing  ;  submedian  interspace  of 
cell  of  forewing  and  submedian  interspaces  of  hindwing  generally  also  somewhat 

drab  ;  discal  luniform  bars  of  both  wings  very  thin,  not  prominent. Forewing  : 

basal  cell-spot  heavy,  the  three  cell-bars  angled  in  middle  ;  bar  D  heavy  ;  submedian 
bar  M'— M-  more  distal  than  usual,  touching  M=  0  to  8  mm.  from  point  of  origin  of 
that  vein,  much  more  distal  than  submedian  bar  M-— SJP  ;  submedian  bar  R^— M' 
present,  short,  oblique,  almost  longitudinal;  median  bars  R'— SM-  almost  continuous, 
bar  R3— M'  generally  a  little  more  distal  than  the  others,  about  10  mm.  from  base  of 
M'  ;  median  bar  R'— R'  more  proximal  than  the  other  median  bars,  but  at  least 
5  mm.  from  cell  at  R',  median  bar  R'— R'^  on  a  level  with  bar  R^— M',  about  ',»  mm. 
from  cell,  forming  an  obtuse  angle  with  bar  SO^— R'  ;  postdiscal  harg  represented 


(  288  ) 

b)'  ill-defined  hrown  patches  with  a  more  distinct  dot  upon  internervnlar  fold,  these 
dots  somewhat  closer  to  discal  lunitbrm  bars  than  to  outer  margin  of  wing  ;  discal 

interspaces  often  rather  whitish  at  median  bars. Hindwing  :  bar  D  heavy  and 

prominent  ;  cell-bar  4  reaching  M  beyond  origin  of  M'- ;  siibbasal  and  submedian 
series  of  bars  continned  to  S&P  ;  median  bar  R' — M'  more  distal  than  the  two  bars 
near  it,  3  to  4  mm.  from  base  of  M'  ;  jjostdiscal  bars  thin,  more  or  less  regularly 
arched  ;  white  submarginal  dots  vestigial  or  absent,  black  dots  not  very  prominent, 
npper  two  mostly  absent,  admarginal  brown  line  faint  ;  ujiper  tail  short,  triangular, 
2  to  4  mm.  long,  second  a  very  short  tooth. 

?  .  Similar  to  S,  but  larger,  paler,  the  white  markings  of  the  forewing  mostly 
more  extended  ;  tail  6  to  8  mm.  long,  less  pointed  than  in  S,  very  faintly  spatulate. 

Length  of  forewing  :  S,  44—52  mm. 
„         „  ),       S  ,  50 — 57  mm. 

Tenth  tergite  of  abdomen  deeply  sinuate,  the  two  processes  long  and  slender  ; 
penis-funnel  long  ;  penis  denticulate  along  the  upper  edge,  the  teeth  prominent, 
standing  in  an  irregular  row  which  is  sometimes  double  before  end  ;  extreme  tip  of 
penis  without  teeth,  slightly  curved  towards  the  left. 

Ilab.  From  Burma  to  Java  and  Borneo  ;  rare,  a  forest  species.  The  geographical 
races  of  this  species  from  Java,  Borneo,  Malacca,  Sumatra,  and  from  Tenasserim- 
Burma  are  so  conspicuously  different  that  in  1893  I  thought  myself  justified  in 
treating  them  as  distinct  species.  But  we  find  now,  on  examination  of  a  larger 
material,  that  the  distinguishing  characters  of  these  geographical  representatives 
are  not  so  constant  as  I  at  first  considered  them  to  be. 

a.  Ch.  durnfordi  nicholi  (Nov.  Zool.  VII.  t.  6.  f.  1). 

g.  Ni/mj>halh  nicholii  GroBe  Smith,  Am,.  Mag.  N.  H.  (5).  XVIII.  p.  150  (1886)  (Burmah). 
Chariij'eii  nicholii  id.  &  Kirby,   Rhop.  Exnt.  I.  Char.  t.  2.  f.   1.  2  (1887)  ;  Nicdv.,  Journ.   Bombay 

N.  H.  Soc.  XII.  p.  330.  n.  12  (1899)  (Dawnat  Range,  Marcli). 
(J.  Churajres  durnfordi.  Elwes,  Proc.  Zuol.  Soc.  Land.  p.  284  (1891)  (Karen  Hills)  ;   Biitl.,  Journ. 

Linn.  Soc.  Lond.  XXV.  p.  389.  n.  Ill  (1896)  (si/non. p.  parte  \   E.  Pegu). 
(J.  Hariiha  nicholii,  Moore,  Lep.  Ind.  II.  p.  246.  t.  182.  f.  2.  (1896)  (E.  Pegu). 

S.    Wings  above. Forewing  :  chestnut-colour,  reaching  jnst  to  base  of  M'  ; 

no  white  dots  near  npper  angle  of  cell  ;  discal  markings  M- — SM-  fused  together 
forming  a  sharply  pointed  M,  spots  SC^ — M^  angle-shaped,  rather  thin,  spot  W — R^ 
sometimes  absent  ;  postdiscal  markings  R' — SM^  very  much  heavier  ;  discal  and 
postdiscal  patches  at  internal  margin  fused;  admarginal  spots  between  veins  obvious, 

last  two  separate. Hindwing  :  interspaces  between  median  and  discal  huiiform 

bars  creamy  white,  the  discal  series  of  luniform  bars  marked,  especially  between 
C  and  R',  or  scarcely  vestigial  ;  area  in  front  of  cell  from  near  base  of  R'  to  median 
bars  blackish  brown  ;  median  bars  C — R'  deeply  arched  ;  postdisco-submarginal 
black  patches  small,  the  second  the  largest,  diameter  of  patches  R- — M'  only  3  mm., 
patches  R' — R'  and  M' — SM^  somewhat  smaller  ;  white  marginal  lunules  well 
marked. 

Underside  with  a  purplish  brown  tint  all  over  in  side  light. Forewing:  median 

and  discal  bars  very  much  closer  together  than  median  and  submedian  ones,  xicholi 
agreeing  in  this  resjiect  best  with  the  Java  form;  postdiscal  interspaces  R' — SM, 
very  much  wider  than  discal  ones,  much  shaded  with  drab. Hindwing  :  post- 
discal interspace  SC— R'  wider  than  the  others,  the  discal  bar  SC— R'  much  closer 
to  median  bar  than  this  is  to  submedian  one  ;  bars  on  abdominal  fold  much  more 
broken  in  our  speciinen  tjjan  iu  the  figure  in  Rhop.  Exot.,  tail  also  a  little  longer. 


(  289  ) 

? .  Unknown. 

Length  of  forewing  :  <?,  45 — 48  mm. 

Hab.  Bnrma  and  Tenasserim  ;  1  <?  in  Tring  Museum  from  the  Dawnat  Range, 
March  1895  (Hauxwell). 

b.  Ch.  durnfordi  durnfordi  (Nov.  Zool.  VII.  t.  6.  f.  2). 

Charaxes  durnfordi  Distant,   Enton.   XVII.  p.   191  (1884)  (Sungei  Ujong,  Mai.  Pen.)  ;  id.,  Rhop. 

Mai  p.  432.  u.  9.  t.  40.  f.  8,  J  (1886)  ;  Nicev.,  Butt,  of  Ind.  II.  p.  278  note  (188G). 
Haridra  durnfordi,  Moore,  Lep.  Ind.  II.  p.  248  (1896)  (Mai.  Pen.). 

(?.    Wings  above. Forewing  :  chestnut  area  more  extended  than  in  nicholi, 

reaching  to  lower  angle  of  cell,  and  at  internal  margin  to  near  white  postdiscal 
patch,  there  being  no  white  discal  patch  at  internal  margin  ;  discal  spots  SC* — W 
and  R' — SM^  heavy,  spot  R-—R^  minute,  last  two  separated  by  (S-M');  postdiscal 
spots  M^ — SM^  forming  a  large  M  which,  at  SM^,  nearly  touches  the  large,  admar- 
ginal,  white  patch,  which  is  much  larger  than  in  any  other  race,  the  two  spots 
M^ — SM^  being  merged  together  ;  discal  spot   SC^ — SC   vestigial ;    dots  beyond 

upper  angle  of  cell  present  ;  admargiual  dots  larger  than  in  nicholi. Hindwing  : 

discal  interspaces  mnch  shaded  with  pinkish  buff,  so  that  the  black  discal,  Inniform 
bars  are  very  prominent;  the  upper  four  of  these  bars  enlarged  (basad)  to  triangular 
patches  ;  postdisco-snbmarginal  black  patches  all  separated  from  one  another,  the 
upper  two  nearly  touching  each  other,  patches  SC^— M'  about  f  mm.  distant 
from  one  another,  patches  R' — M^  about  as  wide  as  postdiscal  white  interspaces  ; 
admarginal  line  interrupted  between  veins,  heavier  upon  veins  ;  white  marginal 
half-moons  large. 

Underside. Forewing  :   median  interspace  M' — M^  narrower  than  discal  one  ; 

discal  interspaces  M^ — ISM^  wider  than  postdiscal  ones. Hindwing  :  median  bar 

SC^ — R^  midway  between  submedian  and  discal  ones. 

Length  of  forewing  :  c?,  48  mm. 

Hab.  Sungei  Ujong,  Malay  Peninsula. 

Up  to  1900  only  one  specimen  known  to  science,  the  type,  which  is  now  in  the 
Tring  Museum.     Female  unknown. 

c.  Ch.  durnfordi  connectens  (Nov.  Zool.  VII.  t.  6.  f.  3,  S). 

Charaxes  {Haridra)  durnfordi,  Nic(^ville  ..t  Martin  {/ion  Distant,  1884),  Journ.  As.  Soc.  Beng.  LXIV. 

2.  p.  437.  n.  262  (1895)  (pt.  ;  N.E.  Sumatra,  ^,  ?  ). 
Charaxes  durnfordi,  Hagen,  Iris  IX.  p.  187.  n.  248  (1896)  (N.E.  Sumatra). 
Charaxes  {Haridra)  connectens  Nio(5ville,  Journ.  As.  Soc.  Beng.  LXVI.  2.  p.  554.  n.  10.  t.  3.  f.  24,  ^J 

(1897)  (N.E.  Sumatra). 

c?.  Wings,  above. Forewing  :  discal  and  postdiscal  spots  R^ — SM-  somewhat 

shorter  than  in  durnfordi  durnfordi,  the  admarginal  spots  M^ — SM'  not  fused 
together  to  a  large  patch,  and  in  other  admarginal  dots  slightly  smaller  than  in 
durnfordi. Hindwing  :  brown  admarginal  line  a  little  heavier,  and  white  sub- 
marginal  spots  (within  black  postdico-submarginal  patches)  on  the  whole  a  little 
smaller  than  in  durnfordi. 

Underside  as  in  durnfordi. 

?.  Like  $,  paler,  the  white  spots  larger. 

Length  of  forewing  :  i,  48 — 50  mm. 
„        „        „         ?,57  mm. 


(  290  ) 

Ihb.  N.E.  Sumatra.  lu  the  Tring  Musenm  2  66,1  ?  from  Dr.  Martiu  and 
1  S  from  Dr.  Hageu,  the  latter  caught  in  Augn.st  1S91. 

M.  lie  Niceville  when  describing  (I.e.)  the  Snmatran  specimens  of  <'k.  durnj'ordi 
as  a  distinct  species  (I)  avoided  giving  any  differential  characters  between  connecte.ns 
and  the  Malaccan  durnfordi  ;  he  compares  it  with  the  more  deviating  nickoli  from 
Burma  and  standinyeri  from  Java.  As  the  single  specimen  of  Ch.  durnfordi 
durnfordi  which  is  known  is  in  the  Triiig  Museum,  we  are  enabled  to  point  out  the 
above-mentioned  differences.  Bnt  these  differences  are  so  slight  that  they  may 
turn  oat  to  be  purely  individual,  considering  that  the  Sumatran  specimens  are  not 
at  all  constant  in  the  size  of  the  white  markings.  As  M.  de  Niceville  has,  however, 
given  a  name  to  the  Snmatran  examples,  we  must  keep  the  insects  in  cjuestiou 
subspecifically  separate,  until  further  material  from  the  Malay  Peninsula  proves 
that  connectens  is  a  synonym  of  durnfordi  durnfordi. 

The  insect  is  as  rare  in  Sumatra  as  it  is  elsewhere.  It  "  occurs  in  heavy  forest 
on  the  lower  ranges  and  outer  spurs  of  the  Battak  Mountains,"  says  Dr.  Martin, 
who  took  his  first  specimen  in  1888  at  Eoemeh  Kenangkong. 

Dr.  Hagen  received  also  two  specimens  from  the  Battak  Mountains  :  his 
collector  captured  a  c?  at  Bandar  Kwala  in  Serdang,  and  Dr.  Hagen  himself  found 
a  S  in  Serdang  in  the  dense  forest. 

d.  Ch.  durnfordi  staudingeri  (Nov.  Zool.  VII.  t.  0.  f.  4,  $). 

6-  Charaxes  sUnulingeri  Rothschild,  Iris  VI.  p.  349.  n.  2   (1893)  (Java)  ;  id.,  Nov.  Zool.  II.  t.  8. 

f.  2,  (J  (1895)  ;  Butl.,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Lond.  XXV.  p.  389.  n.  113  (1896)  (Java). 
Charaxes    durnfordi-staudingeri    (!),    Fruhstorfer,    Berl     Ent.    Zeitschr.    XLI.    p.    302     (189C) 

(Palabuan,  cJ   ?  ). 
Charaxes  durnfordi  stauditiger  (!),  Fruhstorfer,  Ent.  Nachr.  XXIII.  p.  237  (1897)  ( ?  ,  Palabuan). 
Haridra  staudingeri,  Moore,  Lep.  Iml.  II.  p.  248  (1896)  ("  N.  Borneo  "  ex  errore  loco  "  Java  "). 
Charaxes   {Haridra)  staudingeri,    Niceville,  Journ.    As.  Soc.   Beng.    LXVI.  p.   535.   n.  9  (1897) 

(Java). 

^  Wiiiffs  above  darker  than  in  the  preceding  races,  the  basal  area  of  both  wings 

being   mummy  brown,  not  chestnut. Forewing  :  discal  spots  M' — SM-  shaded 

with  brown,  much  closer  to  postdiscal  ones  than  in  the  other  races,  spot  II- — R' 
elongate,  thin,  more  distal  than  in  the  other  races,  the  series  less  irregular  in 
position  ;  spots  beyond  upper  angle  of  cell  obsolete  ;  postdiscal  spots  R' — SM'  very 
wide,  spots  SC" — R^  small,  the  upper  one  often  absent,  postdiscal  patch  at  internal 
margin  present,  the  discal  one  vestigial  ;  admarginal  dots  absent  or  faintly  vestigial, 

submediau  ones  sometimes  present,  but  very  thin. Hiudwing  :  median  bars  very 

obscure,  discal  interspaces  with  little  huffish  scaling  ;  discal  bars  much  less  arched 
than  in  the  other  races,  especially  bars  R- — SM-,  hence  proximal  edge  of  white  area 
much  less  convex  between  veins  :  postdisco-submargiual  black  patches,  often  with 
violet  scaling  at  edges,  pointed  upon  internervnlar  folds,  the  middle  ones  often 
reaching  the  very  heavy  admarginal  line,  patches  R' — M'  not  broader  than  the 
interspaces  between  them  ;  veins  within  white  area  generally  a  little  heavier  black 
in  the  other  forms. 

Underside. Forewing  :  median  bars  R' — .SM"   standing  in  a  straight  row, 

the  bars  themselves  angled,  bar  R'— R'  about  1  mm.  from  bar  R' — R=  ;  median 
interspaces  R' — SM'  much  wider  than  discal  ones,  the  latter  narrower  than  post- 
discal ones  ;  outer  margin  much  shaded  with  brown,  especially  below  apex. 

Hindwiug  :  discal  interspace  SC" — R'  wider  than  median  one. 


(  291   ) 

? .    Wings  above. Forewing  :  both  the  discal  and  postdiscal  spots  very  large, 

the  two  series  close  together,  except  in  front;  discal  spot  R- — R'*  placed  as  in  (?, 
but  separated  from  the  spots  near  it  only  by  the  lower  veins  ;  postdiscal  spot  SC" — 
R'  elongate,  thin,  no  spot  before  SC ;  admarginal  spots  absent,  except  subraedian 

ones  which  are  vestigial  ;  no  white  spots  be)'ond  upper  angle  of  cell. Hindwing 

as  in  S ,  but  postdisco-submarginal  patches  larger  ;  discal  interspaces  more  huffish, 
hence  discal  bars  more  prominent  ;  admarginal  line  still  heavier,  the  admarginal 
white  interspaces  very  narrow,  much  shaded  with  violet. 

Underside  as  in  c?,  discal  luniform  bars  very  feeble,  especially  on  forewing  : 
the  discal  and  postdiscal  series  of  bars  of  hindwing  rather  wider  apart  than  in  the 
Sumatran  form. 

Length  of  forewing  :   cJ,  44 — 46  mm. 
? ,  50  mm. 

Hab.  Java  ;  in  the  Tring  Museum  4  c?c?,  1  ?  from  Tjisolok  {type,  Grelak), 
Palabuan  and  Mount  Gede  (Prillwitz,  received  from  Herr  Fruhstorfer). 

Dr.  Staudinger  has  with  great  kindness  presented  me  with  the  type  specimen 
of  this  form,  which  I  described  from  his  collection. 


e.  Ch.  durnfordi  everetti  (Nov.  Zool.  VII.  t.  6.  f.  5,  S). 

cJ.  Charaxes  evpretti  Rothschild,  Iris  VI.  p.  348.  n.  1  (1893)  (Barram  E.,  N.  Borneo,  July  1892) ; 

id.,  Nov.  ZooL.  II.  t.  8.  f.  5  (189.5)  ;  Bull.,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Loud.  XXV,  p.  389.  n.  112  (189ri). 
Nymphalis    dunfordi    (!),   Pagenstecher,   Abh.    Senl:    Gesdlsch.    XXIII.   p.   404.   n,    190   (1897) 

(Sandakan). 
Haridra  everetti,  Moore,  Lep.  Ind.  II.  p.  248  (1896)  (N.  Borneo). 

^  Body  above  and  basal  area  of  forewing  cinnamon,  much  paler  than  in  the  other 
subspecies  of  durnfordi. Forewing  :  the  cinnamon  colour  extending  along  in- 
ternal margin  to  angle  of  wing  ;  discal  and  postdiscal  white  markings  rather  thin, 
the  posterior  ones  about  1  mm;  thick  in  middle,  but  all  much  prolonged  dis'tad, 
forming  deeply  arched  half-moons,  except  discal  spots  SC — R^  which  represent 
acute  angles  ;  white  spots  beyond  u))per  angle  of  cell  prominent  ;  discal  sjiots  M- — 
SM-  separate  ;  admarginal  spots  present,  spots  M- — SM-  not  fused  ;  these  and  the 

postdiscal  spots  somewhat  violet. Hindwing  :  median  bars  more  obvious  than  in 

the  other  races,  owing  to  the  pale  colour  of  the  wing,  discal  interspaces  pale  wood- 
brown  at  median  bars;  discal  bars  deeply  arched,  prominent;  postdi.sco-submarginal 
black  patches  much  larger  than  in  the  other  subspecies,  the  white  postdiscal 
intersjiaces  reduced  to  narrow  half-moons  ;  the  admarginal  white  interspaces  shaded 
with  violet  ;  admarginal  line  heavy  ;  dirty  creamy  white  marginal  lunulas  not  very 
prominent. 

Underside  pale,  but  median  interspaces  deeper  brown,  at  least  on  forewing,  than 

in   the   Sumatran   and   Malaccan   forms. Forewing :    postdiscal,   angle-shaped, 

brown  patches  very  prominent ;  median  interspace  M' — M^  narrower  than  discal 

one,  median  bar  R- — R'  nearly  4  mm.  distant  from  bar  R'— R^ Hindwing  : 

bar  D,  very  prominent,  median  bars  R' — M^  closer  to  discal  bars  than  in  the 
other  forms. 

? .  Unknown. 

Length  of  forewing  :   t?,  52  mm. 

Hab.  Borneo.  In  the  Tring  Museum  1  S  {fype)  from  Bukan,  N.  Borneo,  July 
(A.  Everett) ;  single  specimens  also  in  other  collections.  . 


(  292  ) 

i'.  c?  diflferent  from  ? ,  basal  half  of  wings  being  creamy  olive  bnff  above  in  cJ, 
olive  tawny  in  ?  . 

2.  Charaxes  nitebis  (Nov.  Zool.  VII.  t.  6.  f.  6,   ?,  Celebes). 

<J.  Nymphalis  nitebis  Hewitson,  Eiot.  Butt.  II.  Nymph,  t.  2.  f.  7.  8  (1859)  (Celebes)  ;  Kirby,  Cat. 

Dium.  Lep.   p.  272.  n.  48  (1871)  (Celebes). 
g  ?.  Chnrnxes  nitebis,  Staudinger,  Exot.  Tugf.  p.  17,^  (1886)  (Celebes,  Minahassa). 

$.  Body  above  raw  nmber  colour,  thora.x  somewhat  olivaceous  green  :  under- 
side creamy  bnff,  sides  of  sterna  somewhat  darker. 

Wings  ahote  black,  basal  half  of  forewing  and  basal  two-thirds  of  hindwing 
(abdominal  fold  excepted)  covered  with  creamy  scaling  which  appears  creamy  olive 
buff  where  both  upper  and  under  layer  are  pale,  as  is  the  case  from  base  of  M^  of  fore- 
wing  to  near  outer  edge  of  pale  area,  and  anteriorly  on  disc  of  hindwiug,  while  the 
remainder  of  the  pale  area  is  greenish  olive  buff  owing  to  the  under  layer  of  scales 

being  black. Forewing  :  olive  buff  area  reaching  anteriorly  just  to  upper  angle 

of  cell,  but  there  is  an  olive  creamy  buff  patch  beyond  apex  of  cell  between  R'  and 
R^  generally  divided  by  the  black  median  bar  R'— R^  and  separated  from  the  area 
only  by  the  black  bar  D,  outer  edge  of  area  sinuate  between  veins  R^  and  M-,  less  so 
between  M"  and  8M-,  obliijue,  crossing  M-  about  II  mm.  from  edge  of  wing  and 
reaching  internal  margin  0  to  8  mm.  from  posterior  angle  ;  median  bars  R' — M' 
sometimes  marked,  separating  from  the  area  a  rather  thin  Innnle,  bar  M'— M^ 
sometimes  vestigial  ;  two  discal  and  a  series  of  postdiscal  spots  creamy  olive  buff : 
discal  spots  between  SC^  and  R^  2  to  4  mm.  long,  separated  from  each  other,  about 
8  to  9  mm.  from  upper  angle  of  cell  ;  postdiscal  spots  smaller,  the  series  concave 
from  R- — M'',  spot  R' — R^  a  little  more  proximal  than  the  next,  spot  SO" — R' 
sometimes  vestigial,  spots  M''— SM^  not  seldom  absent,  spot  R^— R'  7  mm.  from 

outer  margin. Hindwing  :  olive  buff  area  extending  costad  beyond  SC^,  here 

the  median  bar  C — SC^  generally  marked  and  the  cellule  C— S(J^  from  base  to 
median  bar  black,  but  mostly  an  olive  buff  stripe  along  SC-,  at  outer  side  of  the 
bar  the  pale  colour  forms  generally  a  triangular  patch  that  reaches  C  and  is 
separated  from  the  rest  of  the  area  only  by  the  more  or  less  obviously  black  vein 
SC-,  bar  SC- — R'  seldom  marked  ;  abdominal  region  up  to  M  and  31-  raw  umber 
colour,  middle  and  base  of  fold  somewhat  whitish  ;  black  outer  marginal  area 
widest  in  front,  measuring  at  SC^  about  12  to  15  mm.,  the  olive  bnff  scaling  extends 
distad  along  veins  R^ — M-  and  reaches,  at  M'  and  M-  often  the  ad  marginal  spots  ; 
submarginal  white  dots  minute,  the  second  the  largest  ;  admarginal  interspaces 
occupied  by  greenish  olive  buff  spots,  which  are  widely  separated  from  one  another, 
are  externally  straight  or  slightly  convex,  proximally  triangularly  dilated  at  ends, 
and  are  often  divided  at  the  internervnlar  folds  into  triangular  spots  ;  last  spots 
more  or  less  shaded  with  yellow  ;  bptween  these  spots  and  the  white  dots  there  are 
the  submarginal  black  dots,  which  are  generally  deeper  black  than  the  remainder 
of  the  black  outer  area. 

Underside  huffish  wood-brown,  discal  interspaces  creamy  white  at  median  bars, 
outer  marginal  area  down  to  discal,  luniform,  bars  slightly  washed  with  wax-yellow; 

bars  in  basal  half  somewhat  olive,  not  deep  black. Forewing  :    median  bars 

R'— SM^  continuous  or  nearly  so,  bar  R*— R^  closer  to  cell,  bars  SC — R^  about 
midway  between  cell  and  discal  series  of  bars  ;  the  latter  concave  from  R' — M',  the 
upper  two  more  proximal  than  bar  R' — R'  ;  discal  interspaces  R' — M'  much  wider 
than  the  median  interspaces  ;  postdiscal  spots  light  chestnut  with  an  olivaceous  tint, 


(  293  ) 

spots  M* — SM^  well  marked,  the  others  gradually  fading  away  as  one  approaches  the 
costal  margin,  the  spots  separated  from  the  discal  bars  by  thin  pale  wood-brown 
interspaces;  black  snbmarginal  dots  more  or  less  faintly  vestigial,  white  scaling 
between  the  postdiscal  and  submargiual  spots  obvious  at  apical  and  posterior  angles 

of  wing. Hind  wing :  costal  snbbasal  bar  (at  outer  side  of  PC)  absent ;  median  bars 

almost  continuous,  forming  a  slightly  convex  line  from  costal  to  abdominal  margin, 
bars  M^— SM^,  though  broken  twice,  much  more  regular  than  in  the  tawny  Charaxes ; 
submedian  series  of  bars  stops  generally  at  (SM'),  but  sometimes  bar  (SM')— SI\P  is 
marked,  forming  an  acute  angle  with  bar  M— (SM') ;  discal  interspaces  C— R^  wider 
than  median  ones  ;  postdiscal  spots  of  the  same  colour  as  on  forewing,  more  or  less 
halfmoon-shaped,  spot  SC^— R'  more  or  less  obsolete,  spot  R'— R^  the  heaviest  ;  the 
white  and  the  black  snbmarginal  dots  separated  by  blue  or  greyish  blue  scaling, 
black  dot  C — SC-  absent  or  vestigial;  admarginal  interspaces  pale  buff-yellow, 
separated  at  veins,  nearly  straight  outwardly  ;  admarginal  brown  line  thin  ;  edo-e 
of  wing  washed  with  brown  and  ochraceous  ;  upper  tail  3  to  5  mm.  long,  second 
a  very  short  tooth. 

? .  Body  above  tawny  olive,  hairs  on  thora.x  somewhat  olivaceous  green  ;  under- 
side cream  colour. 

Wings  above  olive  tawny,  sometimes  rather  darker  brown,  apical  two-thirds  of 

forewing  brownish  black. Forewing  :  the  black  bars  not  defined  owing  to  the 

outer  two-thirds  of  the  wing  being  suffused  with  black,  but  their  position  indicated 
by  creamy  white  or  somewhat  huffish  markings  which  occupy  part  of  the  discal  and 
postdiscal  interspaces  ;  the  series  of  discal  markings  consists  of  seven  spots,  of 
which  spots  R^— M-  are  strongly  arched,  spot  SC=— R'  generally  preceded  by  a 
creamy  white  dash,  occasionally  there  are  some  creamy  scales  near  upper  angle  of 
cell  between  SC^°  and  R- ;  postdiscal  spots  SC^— SM''  placed  like  postdiscal  inter- 
spaces of  underside,  spot  SC^— SC^  often  obsolete,  the  two  submedian  ones  fused, 
occasionally  rather  obscurely  marked,  posterior  spots  larger  than  anterior  ones  ; 
posterior  admarginal  interspaces  sometimes  marked  as  ill-defined  bnffish  or  russet 

spots. Hindwing  :  median  bars  C — R'  fused  with  the  2Kirpli!ih  black  area  that 

extends  from  these  bars  to  base  and  gradually  fades  away  into  the  olive-tawny  colour 
of  the  disc  ;  two  creamy  white  patches  at  outer  side  of  these  bars,  often  washed 
over  with  brown,  followed  sometimes  by  some  whitish  scaling  behind  R'  ;  postdisco- 
submarginal  black  patches  C— R'  extended  basad  to  discal  creamy  patches,  but 
patch  SC^— R'  only  so  along  SC^,  patches  R' — M-'more  or  less  incompletely  isolated, 
longer  than  broad,  their  submarginal  portions  deep  black,  patches  M- — SM-  isolated; 
white  snbmarginal  dots  large  ;  admarginal  interspaces  shaped  as  in  6,  of  the  colour 
of  the  disc  or  paler  ;  admarginal  line  dark  brown. 

Underside  as  in  <?,  somewhat  iialer,  the  white  patches  in  discal  interspaces 
larger  ;  tail  as  in  cf ,  somewhat  broader. 

Length  of  forewing  :  S,  40—44  mm. 
„         „         „  ?  ,  44 — to  mm. 

Tenth  abdominal  tergite  deeply  sinuate,  the  two  processes  not  quite  so  slender 
as  in  Ch.  durnfordi ;  dentition  of  penis  less  heavy,  claspers  narrower. 

llab.  Celebes,  and  Sulla  Islands. 

The  male  bears  a  superficial  resemblance  on  the  upperside  to  Eulepis  pyrrkus. 


(  294  ) 
We  recognise  two  geographical  races  : 

a.  CL  nitebis  nitebis  (Nov.  Zool.  VII.  t.  6.  f.  6,  ? ). 

Nymphalis  nitebis  Hewitson,  I.e. 

Charaxes  nitebis,  Butler,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Land.  p.  635.  d.  51  (18G5) (Celebes) ;  Stand.,  l.c.  ;  Eothsch., 

Iris  V.  p.  4.37.  t.  G.  f.  .S,  ?  (1892)  (S.  Celebes). 
Xymphalis  nitebis,  Pagensteober,  Abh.  Senl:  GeselUch.  XXIII.  p.  403.  n.  188  (1897)  (Minahassa  ; 

Dongala). 

cJ.  Discal  series  of  bars  of  underside  not  heavier  than  median  one,  the  upper 
discal  bars  of  forewing  rather  feeble  ;  median  interspace  M' — SM-  of  forewing 
narrower  than  the  median  interspaces  before  it ;  black  submarginal  dots  of  hind  wing 
smaller  than  the  greyish  blue  ones. 

? .  The  pure  creamy  white  portions  of  the  discal  patches  C — R'  of  the  hindwing 
above  wider  than  long  ;  discal  lunnles  R'— M*  of  forewing  1 — IJ  mm.  thick  at  inter- 
nervular  folds  ;  on  underside  the  median  interspaces  of  forewing  and  the  black  and 
blue  dots  of  hindwing  as  in  c?. 

Hab.  Celebes.  In  the  Tring  Mu.'^enm  2t  <?  cJ,  5  ?  ?  :  from  Maros  country,  August 
and  September  1891  (W.  Doherty),  Dongala  and  Tawaya,  Palos  Bay,  August  and 
September  1896  (W.  Doherty),  Toll  Toli,  November— December  1895  (H.  Frnhstorfer). 

We  do  not  find  any  constant  difl'erence  between  the  examples  from  North  and 
South  Celebes.  The  males  from  the  South  are  on  the  whole  somewhat  paler  beneath 
than  those  from  the  North,  and  onr  fimg\e  female  from  the  Sonth  has  the  postdiscal 
spots  of  the  forewing  above  rather  huffish. 

b.  Ch.  nitebis  sulaensis  Rothsch.,  subsp.  nov. 

c?.  The  discal  spots  SC° — R"  of  the  forewing  above  generally  larger  than  in 
nitebis,  the  postdiscal  spots  M* — SM-  less  often  absent ;  submarginal  dots  M^ — SM^ 
present.  The  underside  is  less  pale  than  in  nitebis,  the  discal  bars  are  heavier  black, 
the  median  interspace  M^ — SM"  of  the  forewing  is  broader  than  the  interspace 
M' — W-,  the  black  submarginal  dots  of  the  hindwing  are  much  larger  than  in  nitebis, 
and  the  blue  spots  at  their  proximal  side  brighter  blue. 

? .  The  discal  spots  of  the  forewing  aboi-e  are  rather  wider  than  iu  nitebis  and 
purer  cream-colour,  lunule  R^ — M'  nearly  2  mm.  thick  at  internervular  fold,  small 
creamy  dots  beyond  upper  angle  of  cell  more  distinct,  admarginal  spots  M'— SM' 
better  marked,  the  others  faintly  vestigial  ;  on  hindwing  the  creamy  white  discal 
spots  are  larger,  being  longer  than  broad,  the  admarsriual  spots  are  obviously  paler 
than  the  disc,  and  the  black  submarginal  spots  are  larger  than  in  nitebis  nitebis. 

The  umlerside  exhibits  the  same  differences  from  nitebis  as  the  3  does. 

Hab.  Sula  Islands.  In  the  Tring  Museum  from  :  Mangoli  (^yjoe),  W.  Doherty, 
October  and  November  1S97,  13  SS,  1  ?;  Besi,  W.  Doherty,  October  1897,  1?; 
Mangoli  (Dr.  Platen),  1  cJ. 

b^.  Forewing  above  without  a  series  of  creamy  white  halfmoons  on  disc. 

c^.  Up]ierside  of  hindwing  without  a  band  of  large  postdiscal,  pale  blue, 
halfmoon-shaped  patches. 
«■*.  Forewing  above  without  a  creamy,  postdiscal,  narrow  band. 

rt'.  Bars  of  underside  not  pale  chestnut,  white  band  of  forewing,  if 
present,  not  considerably  narrowed  behind. 
a'.  Forewing  above  not  blue  iu  S,  white  band  not  widely  inter- 
rupted at  R^  in  ? . 


(  295  ) 

The  "  tawny  "  Charaxes  which  follow  here  have  so  many  characters  in  common 
that  we  give  a  general  description  of  all  the  species  in  order  to  avoid  repetition. 

3  ? .  Wings,  upperside,  varying  according  to  species  and  sex  from  rich  tawny 
orange  to  buff  yellow,  base  generally  deeper  in  tint  than  disc. Forewing  :  cell- 
bars  generally  not  marked,  bnt  in  the  paler  forms  mostly  shining  through  from  the 
underside  ;  bar  D  more  or  less  heavy,  dilated  costally,  mostly  divided  Ijy  the  tawny 
orange  discocellular  vein  ;  submedian  bars  M' — SM^  often  showing  through  from 
below,  median  bars  R^ — SM^  often  all  or  partly  well-marked,  sometimes  absent, 
median  bar  R- — R-  about  1  or  2  mm.  from  cell,  median  bars  SC — R'  not  often 
absent,  generally  rather  heavy,  sometimes  forming  patches  ;  discal  bars  luniform, 
black  or  brown,  the  series  about  jiarallel  to  margin,  but  costally  somewhat  cnrviug 
basad,  the  upper  bars  often  patch-like,  closer  to  outer  margin  than  to  cell  ;  discal 
interspace  mostly  paler  than  rest  of  wing,  often  white  ;  postdisco-submarginal  black 
or  brown  patches  more  or  less  rounded,  if  isolated,  the  postdiscal  interspaces 
separating  them  from  the  discal  lunules  either  tawny  orange  or  more  or  less  white  ; 
outer  edge  of  wing  black  or  brown,  admarginal  interspaces  paler  brown,  or  tawny 
orange  ;  very  often  the  discal,  postdisco-submarginal  and  marginal  black  or  brown 
markings  all  fused  together  to  form  a  broad  border  to  the  wing,  which  border  often 
includes  a  series  of  brown  resp.  tawny  orange  spots,  in  some  cases  the  black  border 

is  costally  dilated  to  apex  of  cell. Hindwing  :  abdominal  fold  jiale  buff-yellow  ; 

median  bars  C — R'  mostly  marked,  the  other  median  bars  as  well  as  the  submedian 
and  discal  ones  either  not  visible,  or  showing  through  from  below,  discal  interspace 
often  pale,  sometimes  white,  at  least  in  front  ;  a  series  of  postdisco-submarginal 
patches,  the  anterior  ones  the  largest,  including  a  series  of  white  submarginal  dots, 
of  which  often  only  the  last  two  are  developed  ;  an  admarginal  black  or  brown 
line  mostly  visible,  sometimes  complete,  often  interrupted  at  veins  ;  the  postdisco- 
marginal  area  often  all  black,  with  or  without  tawny  admarginal  interspaces  ;  tails 
varying  in  length  according  to  species,  sex  and  individual,  longer  in  ?  than  cj  as  a 
rule,  the  second  generally  short,  with  the  exception  of  the  ?  ?  of  a  few  species, 
the  tails  seldom  both  reduced  to  mere  teeth. 

Underside  in  various  tints  of  brown  and  yellow,  according  to  species,  sex,  or 
individual,  olivaceous  brown,  yellowish,  ferruginous,  buff-yellow,  the  darker  parts 
more  or  less  glossy  ;  discal  interspace  at  distal  side  of  median  bars  often  pale, 
sometimes  white  ;   median  intersjiace  generally  (with  some  exceptions)  darker  in 

tint  than  the  discal  and  submedian  interspaces. Forewing  :  cell  with  three  arched 

or  undulated  bars,  sometimes  with  a  fourth  bar  at  base  indicated  by  a  dot,  cell-bar  3 
often  separated  into  dots ;  submedian  and  median  bars  generally  well  marked,  mostly 
sharply  defined  ;  submedian  bar  R' — M'  often  present,  very  short,  close  to  base  of 
M'  ;  discal  bars  luniform,  in  most  species  more  proximal  than  the  black  or  brown 
discal  lunules  of  the  upperside  ;  postdiscal  and  submarginal  bars  mostly  indistinct, 
generally  fused  together  to  form  Ul-defined  patches  which  often  bear  white  scaling 
in  centres  representing  the  white  submarginal  dots,  the  submarginal  spots  are 
occasionally  more  bar-like,  and  the  white  (silvery)  scaling  is  often  much  extended, 
in  which  case  the  postdiscal  indistinct  dark  blotches  are  well  separated  from  the 

submarginal  black  or  brown  spots  or  bars. Hindwing  :  basal  costal  bar  never 

absent,  though  sometimes  rather  faintly  marked,  curved  distad  ;  costal   subbasal 
bar  seldom  present,  then  situated  at  the  outerside  of  the  praecostal  veiulet;  subbasal, 
submedian  and  median  bars  more  or  less  discontinuous,  forming  irregular  series 
the  bars  on  the  abdominal  fold  absent  or  short,  but  sometimes  scarcely  interrupted 


(  296  ) 

between  M  and  SM^  and  occasionally  joined  to  each  other  by  a  longitndinal  line  : 
discal  bars  regularly  arched,  bar  SC-— R'  the  most  proximal  of  the  series ;  post- 
discal  Innnles  broader,  ill-defined,  often  much  less  arched,  sometimes  nearly  straight, 
especially  the  posterior  ones,  the  discal  and  postdiscal  series  meeting  at  SIVP,  the 
series  being  farther  apart  in  front  ;  a  row  of  black  snbmarginal  dots,  about  midway 
between  edge  of  wing  and  postdiscal  Innnles,  more  or  less  shaded  proximally  with 
metallic  bine  scales  ;  at  their  proximal  side,  often  joined  to  them,  stand  white  dots  ; 
postdiscal  and  admarginal  interspaces  not  glossy. 

Body  above  of  the  colour  of  the  base  of  the  wings  ;  underside  paler,  middle  of 
sterna  buff  or  whitish  ;  palpi  above  (free  portions)  black,  underside  bnff  or  white. 

In  this  group  we  find  the  commonest  Charaxes  of  the  Indo-Malayau  fauna  ; 
the  range  of  the  group  extends  from  Ceylon,  N.W.  India  and  China  to  the  Bismarck 
Archipelago. 

The  Indian  and  Malayan  species  are,  in  the  male  sex,  very  fond  of  moisture  : 
they  assemble  on  wet  places  of  roads,  sometimes  in  great  numbers. 

a}.  Discal  bars  of  hindwing  below  all  regularly  arched,  and  the  series  of 
postdiscal  bars  convex  in  middle,  nearly  parallel  to  outer  margin. 

3.  Charaxes  latona  (Nov.  Zool.  VII.  t.  11.  f.  5,  ?). 

Charaxes  latona  Butler,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Land.  p.  631.  n.  37.  t.  37.  f.  1,  ?  (1805)  ("  Timor"  loc.  err.). 

c?  ? .  Bodi)  above  tawny  orange,  rather  darker  in  front  than  behind  ;  below 
more  tawny  at  sides,  but  paler  in  middle  ;  middle  or  sterna  and  tip  of  anterior  tarsi 
pale  buff ;  femora  buffish  white,  speckled  with  black  scales  ;  underside  of  palpi 
whitish  buff,  paler  than  middle  of  prosternum. 

cJ.  Winqs  above  slightly  paler  than  thorax,  both  with  a  broad  black  border,  or 
the  discal  luniform  markings  of  the  forewing  and  the  postdisco-submarginal  patches 
of  the  hindwing  isolated,  with  intergradations. 

Undenide  deeper  fulvous  than  the  upperside,  less  orange,  sometimes  partly 

slate-colour,  the  bars  well   defined. Forewing  :    row  of  median   bars   R-— SM» 

oblique,  hence  discal  interspace  R^— SM-  narrower  behind  than  at  R=,  bar  R^— M'  just 
behind  bar  R^-R',  or  very  little  more  proximal,  bars  M^— SM^  resembling  in  shape 
the  number  3,  seldom  less  pointed  at  (SM^)  ;  median  bars  SC— R'  continuous, 
formino'  an  angle  upon  R'  and  reaching  R-  midway  between  median  and  discal  bars 
R2_R3;  discal  bars  fulvous  brown  or  black,  well  defined,  deeply  and  regularly 
arched,  continuous,  prolonged  distad  upon  the  veins  ;  the  postdisco-submarginal 
patches  seldom  distinct,  the  paler  scaling  within  them  developed  costally  to  some 

silvery  white  patches. Hindwing  :  median  bar  R'— M\  1  or  2  mm.  beyond  origin 

of  M',  bar  M'— M"  exactly  behind  it  or  very  little  more  proximal  or  distal,  bar  R^— 
R'  just  in  front  of  it,  seldom  more  proximal  ;  discal  bars  strongly  arched,  con- 
spicuous, the  series  curving  distad  in  middle,  hence  more  parallel  to  outer  edge  of 
wing  than  in  the  other  fulvous  Charaxes  ;  black  and  blue  snbmarginal  dots  convex 
outwardly,  admarginal  fulvous  brown  bars  arched,  hence  the  paler  admarginal 
interspaces,  at  the  outcrside  of  those  dots,  much  narrowed  midway  between  the 
veins,  being  here  not  wider  than,  scarcely  as  wide  as,  the  black  dots  ;  upper  tail 
variable  in  length,  triangular,  second  a  mere  tooth. 

? .  Larger  than  cJ ;  wings  broader,  paler,  but  basal  region  often  darker  ;  upper 
tail  longer,  but  sometimes  very  short,  triangular  or  of  nearly  even  width,  not 
spatulate,  second  tail  always  very  much  shorter  than  the  first. Wings,  upijerside : 


(297  ) 

forewing,  median  bars  R^ — M'  always  marked,  bar  M' — M^  also  often  present,  median 
bars  SC — R^  generally  developed  to  triangular  patches  ;  discal  bar  deeply  incurved, 
more  or  less  arrowhead-shaped,  especially  bar  R^ — R',  black  or  fulvous,  prolonged 
distad  at  the  veins,  these  luniform  markings  in  nearly  the  same  position  as  the 
discal  lunnles  of  the  underside,  the  latter  markings,  therefore,  not  shining  through 
above,  or  the  discal  Innules  of  the  upperside  are  partly  a  little  more  proximal  than 
those  of  the  underside  (in  the  allied  species  the  reverse  is  the  case)  ;  postdisco-sub- 
marginal  patches  more  or  less  ovate,  2  to  7  mm.  in  diameter,  patch  SC— SC'^  the 
largest,  black  or  brownish  black,  separate  from  the  black,  or  blackish  brown,  edge  of 
the  wing,  but  sometimes  the  adiuarginal  interspace,  except  the  last  ones,  so  densely 
shaded  with  black  that  the  rounded  outer  edge  of  the  spots  is  scarcely  traceable  ; 
discal  and  postdiscal  interspaces  paler  than  the  basal  area  of  the  wing,  sometimes 

white. Hindwing  :  median  bars  C — W  seldom  absent,  the  following  two  or  three 

seldom  present ;  bar  D  present  only  in  a  few  forms  ;  discal  luniform  bars  present 
in  some  subspecies,  in  the  subspecies  from  New  Hanover  very  heavy  ;  postdisco- 
sulimarginal  jiatches  ovate,  the  second  the  largest,  the  white  snbmarginal  dots  within 
them  sometimes  absent  from  the  upper  patches. 

Underside  paler  than  in  c?,  the  submedian,  discal,  postdiscal  and  adraarginal 
interspaces  of  both  wings  especially  pale,  bars  as  in  cJ,  discal  ones  of  forewing  more 
arched,  the  discal  interspaces  of  both  wings  with  fulvous  yellow  or  lilackish  scaling 
distally,  this  scaling 'forming  triangular  patches  which  arc  distally  bordered  by  the 
discal  lunules. 

Length  of  forewing  :    S,  38 — 45|  mm. 
„         „         „  ? ,  47— .57  mm. 

Penis  with  one  prominent  tooth  before  the  tip  (PI.  VIII.  f  1,  papuensis),  usually 
accompanied  by  one  or  two  minute  teeth,  a  few  more  small  ones  about  2  mm.  from 
the  tip ;  the  dentition  varies  a  little,  but  is  essentially  the  same  in  all  the  sul)species 
of  latona  ;  no  other  Ckaraxes  has  the  same  armature. 

Hah.  Sulla  Islands,  Northern  Moluccas,  Aru  Islands,  New  Guinea  and  the 
islands  near  its  coast,  Bismarck  Archipelago.  Not  recorded  from  the  Southern 
Moluccas  (Ceram,  Amboina),  the  Key  Islands,  North  Australia,  and  the  Solomon 
Islands.  The  species  is  geographically  very  variable;  the  extreme  subspecies  {diana 
from  New  Hanover  and  mcridionalis  from  British  N.  Guinea)  are  very  different  in 
appearance,  but  are  connected  by  intermediate  forms. 

((.  Ch.  latona  artemis  Rothsch.,  subsp.  nov. 

c?.  Wings  above  :  black  border  of  forewing  extending  at  costal  margin  nearly 
to  apex,  its  inner  edge  concave  from  SO  to  M',  crossing  R^  0  mm.  from  D^,  an 
indistinct  fulvous  (discal)  spot  in  the  border  behind  R',  no  median  bars  R' — M*  ; 
discocellnlar  bar  obsolete  behind,  being  black  only  in  front;  outer  margin  of  forewing 

somewhat  more  concave  than  in  latona  latona. Hindwing  as  in  Batjan  specimens, 

the  black  border  rather  narrower  ;  the  three  last  adiuarginal  fulvous  inters})aces 
marked,  of  which  the  anal  one  is  more  yellow,  edge  of  wing  (not  fringe)  brown 
between  R'  and  SM',  except  at  veins. 

Underside  on  the  whole  somewhat  paler  than  in  Batjan  and  Halmahera 
examples,  especially  the  forewing,  the  bars  thinner  and  tlieir  whitish  plumbeous 
edges  much  less  distinct  ;  on  the  hindwing  the  median  bars  R' — M'  are  not 
continuous,  upper  end  of  bar  R'^ — R^  more  distal  than  lower  end  of  bar  R' — R-, 
and  lower  end  of  bar  R^ — R^  more  proximal  than  upper  end  of  bar  R' — M'. 

21 


(  298  ) 

?.  Uppersit/e  as  in  the  ]iiilei'  tawny  orniigc  cxaiuiiles  from  Halmnliera,  the 
markings  very  variable  individnally  in  distinctness  and  size  ;  liar  D  of  forewiiis: 
obsolete  behincl  ;  the  last  five  ijostdisco-snbraarginal  patches  of  the  hindwin? 
mostly  smaller  than  in  hit.  hitonn  ;  the  discal  Innnles  of  the  fnrowing'  either  tawny 
oehraceons  or  blackish  ;  enter  edge  of  forewing  and  admarginal  line  nf  hindwing  in 
two  specimens  deep  tawny  oehraceons,  in  one  more  blackish. 

I'ndeviiidi'  as  in  Halmahera  examples,  or  the  discal,  postdiscal  and  admarginal 
interspaces  more  bnff-colonr  :  the  bars  thinner  ;  median  bars  I!'  —  ]\I'  sitnated  us  in 
(?,  not  continuons. 

Length  of  forewing  :  $,  4ii  mm. 
„        „        „         ? ,  50 — 00  mm. 

Hah.  Maugioli  (=  Mangoli  =  JIangola),  Snlla  Archijielago  :  type  i  (Platen)  in 
coll.  Staudinger,  1  ?  (Platen)  in  coll.  Stand.:  1  ?  (Platen)  and  1  ?  fDoherty,  October 
1897)  in  Mns.  Tring. 

In  the  ?  canght  by  W.  Doherty  the  median  and  discal  markings  of  the  njijier- 
side  are  mostly  much  darker,  and  hence  more  conspicnous,  than  in  the  other  two  9  ? 
examined  by  ns. 

I).  Ch.  latona  latona  (Xov.  Zooi..  VII.  t.  11.  f  ."i,  9). 

Chanixes  lalniiii  Butler,  Proc.  Zool.  Sur.  Laml.  p.  G31.  n.?u.  t.  .37.  p.  1.  9  (LSI')."))  (■•  Timor"  he.  err.)  : 

Stand.,  E.rol.  Tnqf.  p.  172  (ISBC)  (/«/<»«»   ?,  =  cimon  ^,  Batj.iu,  Halmahera):  Hour.,   Bnl. 

Kill.  Zcihrhr.  XXX.  p.  131  (1886)  U'doiia  ?  ,  =  cUnaii  ^,  =  hyenmix  $  )  :  Butl.,  Jniirii.  Linn.  Soc. 

Land.  XXV.  p.  .S97.  n.  136  (1896)  (■".'/n.  '■.'■  pnrtf  :  "  Timor  "  Inr.  en:  ;  "  «.  Maca-ssar,  h.  Amboyna, 

(/.  Aru  "  =  tiffiiiis,  c  is  (^ ,  not  $  ). 
CliariLces  bremnm  Felder,  Reisc  yoram,  hep.  p.  430.  u.  715.  t.  69.  f.  1.  i,   $   (1867)  (Cilolo)  ;  Biitl., 

Trans.  Eiil.  Sue.  Ltmil.  p.  120.  n.  6  (1870)  (hreniiH.-:  J  of  nffinis  ?). 
Charcnm  cimmi  Felder,  /..-.   n.   716.  t.   58.  f.  6.    7,    ^    (1867)   (Batjan)  ;   Butl.,    I.e.  n.  7  (1870) 

(distinct  ;  both  sexrs  seen)  ;  id.,  Jovvii.  Linn.  Soe.  Lnnd.  XXV.  p.  .395.  u.  130  (1896)  (Batj.an). 
X>/nijilmli.<i  liitomi,  Kirby,   Cat.  Diiini.  Leji.  p.  272.  n.   49   (1871)  ("Timor"  loe.  en:  ;    Gilolo)  : 

Pagenst.,  Ahh.  Send:  Geselheh.  XXIII.  p.  404.  n.  189  (1897)  (Batjan  ;  not  "  Celebes  "). 

6.    }V//ii/6,    iipperside. Forewing :    black   outer   area   occupying  anteriorly 

move  than  half  the  wing,  extending  often  along  SC  to  apex  of  cell,  being  here 
20  mm.  (or  more)  wide,  the  area  gradually  narrowing  beliind,  measuring  8  or  9  mm. 
at  SM-,  more  or  less  obviously  incised  at  R'  and  M'  :  discal  bars  SC" — R-  fused 
with  the  black  area,  but  sometimes  (in  a  Halmahera  specimen)  partly  separated  from 
it  by  two  fulvous  orange  spots  ;  (the  same  individual  has  a  fulvous  orange  postdiscal 
spot  before  SM-)  ;  median  bars  R- — M'  always  (2)  present  in  Batjan  individuals, 
occasionally  also  bars  M' — (SM'),  in  most  Halmahera  examples  only  tlie  median 
bar  R- — R'  is  marked,  and  this  is  occasionally  also  wanting  ;  bar  D  mostly  feebler 
behind  than  in  front,  in  some  Halmahera  specimens  obsolescent  behind. Hind- 
wing  :  median  bars  C — R'  present  in  all  Batjan  siiecimen,s,  which,  moreover,  have 
also  the  disco-cellular  bar  feebly  marked  ;  in  Halmaliera  individuals  the  bar  SC- — 
R'  is  mostly  absent  ;  the  black  outer  area  is  12  to  1.")  mm.  wide  behind  SC-,  its  edge 
so  irregular,  the  black  scaling  extending  along  the  npper  veins  ;  the  ronnded  post- 
disco-submarginal  patches  are  traceable  in  the  area,  the  posterior  patches  are  partly, 
and  more  or  less  obviously,  separated  from  one  another  and  from  the  black  marginal 
line  ;  the  three  upper  submarginal  white  dots  are  sometimes  minute  or  obsolete. 

Underside  dark  rnsset,  distal  portion  of  discal  interspace  of  forewing  and  post- 
disco-snbmarginal  interspaces  of  hindwing  slaty  grey  and  glossy,  forewing  at  outside 
of  median  and  discal  bars  and  hindwing  at  outside  of  discal  bars  fnlvous-ochr.acoous; 


(  299  ) 

the  bars  heavy,  their  plumbeous  edges  also  conspicuous  ;  admarginal  interspaces  of 
hiudwiiig  dirty  gallstone-yellow.    Upper  tail  4 — 5  mm.,  second  half  the  length  or  less. 

? .  Wi/iffg,  nppersidc,  basal  area  up  to  median  bars  varies  from  brownish  tawny 
orange  to  ochraceous  tawny  orange,  being  on  the  whole  browner  in  the  specimens 
from  Batjan  than  in  those  from  Halmahera;  the  discal,  postdiscal  and  admarginal 
interspaces  paler,  being  dark  orange  ochraceous,  except  the  outer  portion  of  the 
discal  interspaces  at  the  postdiscal  bars,  and  the  posterior  portion  of  the  disc  of  the 
hindwing,  which  are  of  nearly  the  same  tint  as  the  bases  of  the  wings. Fore- 
wing  :  median  bars  SC= — W  forming  triangular  patches,  bars  R- — M'  generally  also 
heavy,  while  median  bar  M' — M-  is  mostly  feebly  marked  ;  of  the  discal,  Inniform, 

barSj  the  upper  three  are  the  heaviest,  the  others  are  often  fulvous,  not  black. 

Hindwing  with  two  median  bars,  only  in  one  specimen  (type  of  brenmis)  with  one  bar. 

Underside  :  submedian,  pro.ximal  portion  of  discal,  and  admarginal  interspaces, 
buff-colour,  median  interspace  ranch  more  brown  ;  all  the  bars  heavy,  inclusive  of 
those  on  the  abdominal  fold  ;  jMstdiscal  hmiform  spots  of  the  hindwing  tawny 
russet ;  the  discal,  black,  lunules  of  the  furewing  a  little  more  distal  in  the  Batjan 
specimens  than  in  most  individuals  from  Halmahera.  Upper  tail  6 — 8  mm  long, 
second  2 J — 3|  mm. 

Length  of  forewing  :   c?,  39—45  mm. 
„  „  -  ? ,  48—55  mm. 

Ihh.  Northern  Moluccas.  In  the  Tring  Museum  from  Halmahera,  4  (?<?,  5  9  ?  ; 
Batjan,  5(?cJ,  7  ?  ?  (W.  Doherty,  March  1892,  1  ?). 

The  tt/pe  of  latona  was  said  to  be  from  "  Timor,"  but  it  does  not  differ  from 
Halmahera  individuals  ;  the  figure  in  P.Z.S.  1865  is  rather  roughly  executed.  The 
specimen  was  bought,  according  to  the  "  Register,"  from  Mr.  Stevens,  together  with 
a  number  of  other  Lepidoptera,  all  said  to  be  collected  by  Mr.  Wallace  on  Timor. 
This  collection  contained  several  well-known  North  Moluccan  forms  which  cannot 
be  expected  to  occur  as  such  on  Timor  (see  Nov.  Zool.  VI.  p.  442). 

The  specimens  from  Batjan  are  on  the  whole  darker  than  those  from  Halma- 
hera; but  the  distinctions  do  not  hold  good  according  to  the  material  from  both 
islands  submitted  to  us  for  examination  and  selection  by  Messrs.  Staudinger  and 
Bang-Haas.  In  one  of  our  Batjan  SS  the  black  scaling  of  the  upperside  is  much 
more  extended  than  in  ordinary  specimens,  the  costal  margin  of  the  forewing  and 
anterior  third  of  the  cell  are  black,  the  tawny  area  of  both  wings  is  also  less  bright 
than  in  ordinary  iS- 

i\  Ch.  latona  ombiranus  Rothsch.,  subsp.  nov. 

$.  As  large  as  the  largest  specimens  of  latona  latona. 

Wings,  upperside. Forewing  :  black  area  fully  as  wide  as  in  the  average 

example  oi  latona  latona  ;  bar  D  obsolete  behind  ;  median  bars  R- — M'  developed; 

edge  of  black  area  not  obviously  incised  upon  R^  and  BI'. Hindwing  :  black  area 

wider  behind  than  in  latona  latona,  a  slight  indication  of  the  tawny  admarginal 
intersp)aces  M'— SM-. 

Underside  darker  than  in  latona  latona,  the  bars  still  heavier. Forewing  : 

the  i)ost(iisco-submarginal  patches  very  indistinctly  marked,  extending  close  to  the 
discal  lunules,  admarginal  interspaces  less  yellow  than  in  latona  latona,  interrupted 
at  the   veins  ;   in   one   specimen  the   outer   half  of  the    wing   minutely  striolate 

transversely. Hindwing  :  admarginal,  gallstone-yellow,  interspaces  more  deeply 

concave  outwardly  than  in  the  allied  form  ;  tails  somewhat  longer. 


(  300  ) 

?.  Much  more  different  from  latona  latona  than  i. 

Winqii,  Ujiiier.-'iilf,  basal  area  darker  than  in  subspecies  latona  (as  is  also  the 

liody). Forewing  :    the  median   bars    SC"— M'    very    heavy,   bar  M' — M=  also 

heavy,  all  black  ;  discal  Inniform  bars  brownish  black,  all  shari)ly  marked,  bnt  not 
heavy,  the  upper  ones  not  heavier  than  the  others  ;  postdisco-submarginal  patches 
sharply  defined,  well  separated  from  the  brownish  black  outer  border  of  the  wing, 
patches  S(;' — SC^  fused  together,  larger  than  in  latona,  vein  SO*  not  tawny  within 
this  patch  ;  the  discal  postdiscal  and  admarginal  interspaces  buff  or  whitish  buff, 

more  yellow  at  the  proximal  side  of  the  discal  lunules. Hindwing  :  median  bars 

(; — H'  present,  the  upper  three  heavy,  discal  interspace  between  these  bars  and  the 
black  postdisco-submarginal  patches  buff  ;  discal  lunules  of  the  underside  faintly 
marked  ;  jiostdisco-submarginal  patch  larger  than  in  the  other  Moluccan  subspecies  ; 
admarginal  interspace  buff,  hence  black  marginal  line  very  conspicnons. 

Underside :  bars  very  heavy  ;  submedian  (]iartly),  discal,  i)0stdiscal  and 
admarginal  interspaces  bnff  ;  basal,  subbasal,  and  median  intersi)aces  much  deeper 
brown  than  in  latona  latona  ;  postdisco-submarginal  si>ots  of  forewmg  indistinct 
and  small  ;  jiostdiscal  Inuules  of  hindwing  dark  chestnut,  the  contiguous  patches 
outside  them,  which  include  the  white  submarginal  dots  and  extend  distally  to  the 
black  submarginal  dots,  hair  brown,  darker  than  in  latona. 

Length  of  forewing  :   c?,  4oi  mm. 
„  „  ?  ,  54 — 56  mm. 

Halj.  Laiwui,  Obi,  "^  cJcJ,  2?  ¥  (W.  Doherty,  Sept.  1897). 

The  differences  from  the  other  forms  of  latona  are  very  consi)icuous  in 
the  ?.  The  ?  of  latona  ombirauus  resembles  more  the  ?  of  latona  diana 
from  New  Hanover  than  the  ?  ?  of  those  subspecies  which  are  geograjihically 
nearer. 

'/.  Ch.  latona  papuensis. 

Chnmrrs  pnpinmis  Butler,  /,,/>.  Exi,l.  p.  10.  t.  0.  f.  1,  ^  (1809)  (Dory  =  Dorey,  ^,  not  ?, 
from  Aru)  ;  id.,  Joiiru.  Linn.  Soc.  Land.  XXV.  p.  395.  n.  131  (I89C)  (N.W.  Guin,  ;  cimonides 
"  Rothschild  "  rr  err.). 

Xi/mpli'ilh  ((/i'h/.s-  var.  b.  C.  j«q>unisis,  Kirby,  Cul.  Dhirii.  Lcp.  p.  272.  sub.  u.  50  (I.STI)  (Papua). 

CtinraxfR  cimnnkhs  Grose-Smith,  XiiV.  Zocil..  II.  p.  3o6.  n.  124  (ISOfi)  (Humboldt  Bay). 

i.    Winqs,  iqjperside. Forewing:    the  black  outer  border  not  so  wide  in 

front  as  in  latona  latona,  hence  less  narrowing  behind ;  black  median  bars  SC" — R- 
standing  separate  from  the  black  border,  often  absent,  the  same  in  position  as  the 
respective  bars  of  the  underside  ;  discocellular  bar  mostly  obsolete  behind,  very 
seldom  the  posterior  portion  of  the  bar  black  ;  median  bars  R- — SM-  absent,  or 
slightly  showing  through  from  below,  only  in  one  individual  from  Humboldt  Bay 

are  median  bars  R-— M-  marked. Hindwing  :  no  constant  difference  from  the 

exam]iles  oi  latona  latona,  except  that  the  tails  are  shorter  ;  the  white  submarginal 
dots  are  minute,  the  u))i)er  ones  mostly  absent ;  of  the  admarginal  tawny  spots  only 
the  last  one  before  SM-  is  always  indicated,  the  one  in  front  of  M'-  is  also  often 
traceable,  while  the  preceding  ones  are  very  seldom  vestigial. 

Underside :  paler  brown  than  in  latona  latona,  not  appearing  so  much  variegated 
in  colour  ;  the  bars  much  thinner,  the  bars  on  the  abdominal  fold  thin  or  absent  ; 
postdiscal  interspaces  of  hindwing  much  less  bright  in  colour,  the  postdisco-sub- 
marginal grey  interspaces  less  glossy,  the  admarginal  line  of  the  hindwing  much 
paler  brown,  wider,  less  sharply  defined,  the  yellow  admarginal  interspaces  of  the 


(  :^oi  ) 

same  wiug   much  less  conspicuous,  being  less   yellow  and   smaller  ;    tJje    brown 
marginal  line  broader,  less  well-defined  than  in  the  Moluccau  race. 

?.    W/iiffs,  fringe  (as  in  J)  less  extended  white  than  in  hifona  latoin. 

Uppeiside. Forewing  :    upper  discal  luuiform   bars   not  heavier   than  the 

others,  except  in  a  ?  from  Waigeu  and  another  from  Salwatti,  closer  to  the  post- 
disco-submarginal  black  (or  brownish  black)  jiatches  than  in  latona  lafona,  except 

in  the  Waigen  specimen. Hindwiug  :  black,  or  blackish  brown,  marginal  line 

broad,  interrupted  at  the  veins,  much   less  curved  between  veins  than  in   latona 
latona  ;  tails  shorter. 

Underside  differs  from  that  of  latona  latona  2  in  the  same  way  as  in  6  : 
besides,  the  buff  yellow  colour  at  the  distal  side  of  the  median  bars  of  lioth  wings  is 
more  restricted. 

Length  of  forewing  :   cf,  4ii — 43  mm. 
,,  „  ?,  47 — 53  mm. 

riab.  Dutch  New  Guinea.  In  the  Tring  Museum  from  Dorey,  2  cJc?,  3  ?  S  ; 
Humboldt  Bay,  3,  6  S  (Doherty)  :  tSkroe,  8.W.  New  Guinea,  2  ?  ?  ;  Kapanr,  S.W. 
New  Guinea,  14  S  S ,  2  ?  ?  (W.  Doherty,  December  1896  to  February  1S97)  : 
Waigeu,  2  i  i ,  \  ?  (Dr.  Platen,  rec.  from  Messrs.  Staudinger  and  Bang-Haas)  : 
Salawatti,  1   ?  (H.  Kiihn). 

Ti/pe  ot papuensis  in  coll.  Grose-Smith  from  coll.  Saunders. 

The  three  Humboldt  Bay  examples  (described  by  Blr.  Grose-Smith  as  cimonidea) 
approach  the  following  subspecies  in  the  median  bars  SC"' — R-  of  the  upperside  ot 
the  forewing  standing  closer  to  the  black  border  of  the  wing  than  in  the  ordinary 
individuals  of  papuensis  ;  in  one  of  the  three  individuals  the  median  bars  R- — M'- 
are  marked  on  the  upperside  of  the  forewing,  and  there  are  tawny,  jiostdiscal, 
rather  obscure,  Innules  in  the  black  border  of  the  forewing  between  R-  and  SM" : 
on  the  hindwing  of  this  specimen,  above,  the  tawny  admarginal  interspaces 
R' — SM-  are  marked,  the  three  last  are  especially  clearly  defined,  and  the  black 
postdisco-submarginal  patches  R'— SM-  are  partly  well-defined. 


e.  Ch.  latona  stephanus  Hothsch.,  subsp.  nov. 

C'liamxcs  lalutiii  r.  riiiioiiides,  Staudinger  («u«  Grose-Smitb,  1894),  /<■/.<  YII.  p.   1'2()  (1894)  (Kon- 

stantinhafen). 
Charaxcs  affiiiis  yar.  papuensis,  Hagen,  .falirb.  Xass.    \'ei:  Xtil.  L.  p.  94.  n.  160(1897;  (Germ.  N. 

Guinea). 

Though  the  country  inhabited  by  the  present  subspecies  is  farther  away  from 
the  Moluccas  than  the  area  occupied  by  the  preceding  subspecies  {papui'nsi-i),  ('It. 
latona  stephanus  is  nevertheless  intermediate  in  characters  between  latona  papuensis 
from  Dutch  New  Guinea  and  latona  latona  from  the  Northern  Moluccas.  This  fact 
is  so  interesting  and  is  of  so  high  importance  for  the  study  of  geographical  variation, 
that  we  must  fix  the  knowledge  of  it  by  giving  a  name  to  the  race  occupying  the 
eastern  part  of  northern  New  Guinea. 

<?.  Forewing  above  with  the  black  border  broader  in  front  than  in  latona 
papuensis,  its  inner  edge  more  irregular  ;  median  bars  S(  >' — R^  entirely  fused  witli 

black  border,  or  with  a  small  fulvous  spot  each  at  the  distal  side. Hindwing 

as  in  papuensis,  but  the  tails  very  short  as  a  rule,  and  the  black  border  on  the  wliole 
a  little  narrower. 

Underside  as  in  papuensis. 


(  302   ) 

?.    Wiiiffn  above  as  in  ?  papuensiis,  but  I  lie  discal  luniform  bars  of  the  forewing 

blacker,  deeper  iiicnrved,  more  angnlated,  especially  bar  R--  W. Hindwing  as  iu 

jxipuensin,  tails  sliortcr. 

Underside  :  funr  upper  discal  bars  of  forewing  more  angle-shaped  than  in 
papuensis. 

Length  of  forewing:  ^,  38 — 4o  mm. 
„         „         „  ?,50mm. 

Hub.  Northern  parts  of  German  New  Guinea.  In  the  Tiiiig  Mnsenm  :  1,'  S  d. 
5  ?  ?  from  Stepbansort  and  Erima  (Dr.  Hugen,  February,  April,  August,  .September, 
December). 

Dr.  Hagen  found  this  form  iu  February,  April,  -July,  August,  October, 
December,  and  concludes  that  ajiparently  a  new  brood  ajipears  regularly  every 
two  months. 

/■  Ch.  latona  layardi. 

Cluinijis  hitonn,  Pagenstecher  {non  Butler,  ISC.'i),  Jahrh.  Xosx.  I'lc.  Xal.  XLVII.  p.  77.  n.  32  (1894). 
(Neu  Lauenburg)  ;  Eibbe,  Irh  XI.  p.  132  (1898)  (Neu  Pommern  ;  Neu  Lauenburg)  ;  Pagenst., 
Lepklopl.  Bhmarck-Arch.,  in  Chun,  Zoologiai,  Heft  27.  p.  91  (1899)  (^p. parte  ;  Ralum). 

Charaxes  hiyanii  Butler,  Juurii.  Liii/i.  Soc.  Lontl.  XXV.  p.  ;i95.  n.  132  (1896)  (N.  Britain  ;  X. 
Ireland,  ^J). 

S  •  Very  close  to  Ch.  latona  stephanus,  but  the  postdisco-submarginal  patches 
of  the  upperside  of  the  hindwing  partly  separated  from  each  other,  the  admargiual 
tawuy  intersjiaces  at  least  vestigial  between  all  the  veins. 

?  .  Wings  aboce. Forewing :  discal  luniform  bars  appearing  farther  away  from 

the  ])Ostdisco-submarginal  patches,  the  latter  being  smaller,  than  in  papuensis  and 

stephanus,  well  separated  from  the  marginal  line. Hindwing  :  discal  bar  C — SO" 

well  marked,  all  the  other  discal  (luniform)  bars  vestigial;  the  ground-colour  between 
these  discal  Innules  and  the  marginal  line  of  (about)  the  same  pale  orange-yellow 
colour  as  the  disc  at  the  outside  of  the  median  bars  C — R- ;  postdisco-submarginal 
j)atches  farther  away  from  the  marginal  line  than  in  the  allied  races  from  German 
and  Dutch  New  Guinea,  more  triangular,  and  marginal  line  much  thinner. 

Underside  more  yellow  than  in  the  before-mentioned  races,  the  discal  (black) 
lunules  of  the  forewing  farther  away  from  the  rather  well-defined  jmstdisco-sub- 
marginal  patches,  the  interspace  between  the  lunules  and  the  patches  pale  yellow  ; 
cell  uniform  in  tint.  On  the  hindwing  the  interspace  between  the  discal  lunules 
and  the  tawny  chestnut,  postdiscal,  spots  broader  than  in  papuensis  and  stephanus, 
the  pale  yellow  admarginal  interspaces  more  than  twice  the  width  of  those  of  the 
allied  New  Guinean  subspecies  ;  marginal  line  thin,  well  separated  from  fringe  : 
median  interspace  of  both  wings  rather  dark  brown. 

Length  of  forewing  :  <J,  45  mm. 
,,        ,1        „         ? ,  54  mm. 

Ilab.  Bismarck  Archipelago  :  Neu  Pommern  (=  N.  Britain)  ;  Neu  Lauenburg 
(=  Duke  of  York  Is.)  ;  Neu  Mecklenburg  (=  N.  Ireland).  In  the  Tring  Museum 
from  :  Kiuigunang,  Neu  Pommern,  ]  S,  and  Mioko,  Neu  Lauenburg,  1  ?  (C.  Ribbe). 

Both  Dr.  Pagenstecher  and  Herr  Ribbe  say  that  the  specimens  they  have 
examined  are  not  distinguishable  from  the  individuals  from  German  N.  Guinea 
(Konstantinhafen),  while  Dr.  Butler  considers  them  to  be  specifically  distinct 
from  papuensis,  layardi  being  "  a  representative  of  C.  cimon"  Ch.  cimon  stands  in 
Dr,  Butler's  Revision  two  pages  separate  from  Ch.  latona,  of  which  it  is  a  synonym. 


!/.  Ch.  latona  diana  (Nu\-.  Zool.  V.  t.  T.  f.  ;\  ?). 

Chui-iixes  latona  diaiuc  Rothschild,  Nov.  Zooi,.  V.   p.  90.  n.  1  (1898)  (N.   Hannovei')  ;  Pagenst.. 
Lepiilnpt.  Bhmarch-Arrh.,  in  Chun,  Zoolngka,  Heft  27.  p.  91  (1899). 

6.    Willys,  vppersidc,  more  extended  black  than  iu  any  other  form  of  bitoiin, 

also  darker  orange  fulvons. Forewing  :  black  outer  area  extending  close  to  npper 

angle  of  cell  and  jiosteriorl^-  to  near  middle  of  internal  margin. Hindwing:  black 

disco-marginal  area  wider  than  iu  hitoiia  littoiia,  tawny  admarginal  interspaces  absent, 
except  anal  one  ;  median  bars  C — R^  heavy,  discal  interspaces  between  them  and 
black  area  paler,  median  interspaces  at  proximal  side  of  those  bars  darker  than  the 
rest  of  the  tawny  area  of  the  wing. 

Undi'i-side  darker  than  iu  latoini  liifoua  ;  median  line  of  black  bars  obviously 
bordered  white  distally,  discal  interspaces  pinkish  white  proximally  from  R-  of 
forewing  to  R^  of  hindwing. 

? .  The  markings  iu  the  same  position  as  in  the  other  forms  of  latona,  but  the 
black  colour  ver}-  heav}-,  and  the  ochraceous  colour  partly  replaced  by  white. 

Ujipersidc— — Forewing:  basal  area  dark  russet  brown;  median  bars  very 
heavy,  bars  SC^"* — R-' forming  a  large  black  patch  ;  discal  and  postdiscal  interspaces 
white  :  discal  line  of  bars  separating  them  well  marked,  the  bars  deeply  arched  ; 
postdisco-snbmargiual  black  spots  much  larger  than  in  lutona  lafomi,  merged 
together  with  the  marginal  line,  except  the  last  which  is  partly  separated  from  the 

marginal  border  by  a  tawny  line. Hindwing  :   russet  tawny  ;  median  bars  (! — R- 

as  in  (?,  median  interspaces  dark  brown  at  and  near  these  bars,  discal  ones  white  or 
nearly  white  lu'oximally  ;  a  discal  series  of  six  or  seven  black  lunnles  crosses  the 
wing  about  midway  between  cell  and  black  postdisco-submarginal  patches,  discal 
hiniform  bar  C — SC'-  in  one  of  the  two  specimens  not  separated  from  the  postdisco- 
submarginal  patch  ;  postdiscal  interspaces  tawny,  except  interspace  SC- — R'  ; 
postdisco-submarginal  patches  much  larger  than  in  all  the  other  forms  of  Intona, 
with  minute  white  centres,  all  touching  one  another,  except  the  last  two;  admarginal 
interspaces  bright  tawny  ochraceous. 

Underside  ditfers  from  that  of  latona  latona  in  the  cell  of  forewing,  proximal 
portions  of  discal  interspaces  of  both  wings,  and  greater  part  of  submedian  interspaces 
of  hindwing,  being  white  :  tail  broad. 

Length  of  forewing  :  S,  47  mm. 

„         „         „  J ,  53—57  mm. 

Ilab.  Neu  Hannover,  Bismarck  Archipelago,  1  6,'^'i  "i  (Capt.  H.  C.  Webster, 
February  and  March  1807_). 

/'.  Ch.  latona  gigantea. 

Clmruxcs  ijigantea  Hagen,  Jahrh.  A'««.v.  I'.  - .  Sat.  L.  p.  9-1.  n.  161  (1897)  (Simbaug). 

S.    Wings,  upperside. Forewing  :  discal  luniform  bars  separated  from  the 

black  postdisco-marginal  border  of  the  wings  by  tawny  orange  halfmoons;  the  three 
iipi^er  bars  heavy,  the  tawny  orange  spots  at  their  distal  side  small,  bar  R- — R-' 
indistinct,  almost  fused  with  the  black  border,  which  is  somewhat  widened  between 
R-  and  R^  bars  R'— SM-  orange  tawny,  about  1  mm.  distant  from  the  black  border 
between  veins;  median  bars  SC* — R-  midway  between  cell  and  discal  bars,  bars  R-— M- 
vestigial.^ — Hindwing:    postdisco-submarginal    patches  .R' — SM.'  more    or    les.s 


(  304  ) 

completely  isolated,  patches  C — R'  fused  witli  one  another,  but  separated  from  the 
black,  heavy,  marginal  line  by  a  small,  orange  tawny,  admarginal  spot,  the  distance 
from  jiroximal  edge  of  black  patches  to  tip  of  8(,'-  somewhat  sliorter  than  tlie 
distance  from  the  same  point  to  black  median  bars  ;  tails  very  short. 

Underside  much  more  tawny  orange,  much  brighter,  than  in  popuensis  and 
stephanus  ;  discal  interspaces  of  fore-  and  hiudwing  at  outside  of  median  bars 
])artly  buff  yellow  as  in  ?  ?  of  the  allied  forms  ;  postdiscal  interspaces  of  hiudwing 
wider,  and  the  admarginal  ones  wax  yellow. 

?.  Wings,  upperside,  as  in  papuensis,  bnt  the  discal  Inuiform  bars  of  the 
forewing  more  tawny,  somewhat  thinner,  and  the  marginal  line  of  the  hiudwing 
also  thinner,  more  widely  separated  info  lunnles  at  the  veins. 

On  the  underside  the  discal  lunnles  of  both  wings  are  less  blackish,  the  discal 
interspaces  are  more  extended  pale  buff  at  the  median  bars,  the  postdiscal  interspaces 
of  both  wings  and  the  admarginal  ones  of  the  hindwing  are  wider  than  in  the  races 
from  northern  and  western  New  Guinea  ;  tails  as  in  p<(puensis. 

Length  of  forewing  :  cJ,  40  mm. 
„         „         „  ? ,  52—54  mm. 

llab.  Simbang,  Huon  Golfe,  German  New  Guinea:  1  i  {t'/pc),  December  10th 
1894  (Dr.  Hageu),  1  ?,  January  2Uth  1895  (Dr.  Hagen),  1  ?  ((,!apt.  Webster). 


i.  Ch.  latona  leto. 

Charaxes  latona  leto  Rothschild,  Nov.  ZooL.  V.  p.  97.  n.  2  (1898)  (Goodenough  ;  Ferguason). 

£?.  Agrees  with  C/i.  latona  gigantea,  except  in  the  following  particulars  : — 

Upperside. Forewing  :    a  series  of  browu   discal    luniform   bars  standing 

2J  mm.  from  the  black  border  of  the  wing  ;  these  bars  are  extremely  faint  in 
gigantea  and  only  1  mm.  distant  from  the  black  border,  which  is  broader  in  gigantea 
than  in  leto,  bar  SC^ — R'  twice  as  wide  in  leto,  the  tawny  orange  intersjjace  distal 

of  it  larger  than   in  gigantea,  no   tawny   orange   interstitial  spot   SC— SC^ 

Hindwing  :  postdisco-submarginal  black  patches  smaller,  admarginal  orange  tawny 
interstices  larger,  than  in  gigantea. 

Underside :  no  small  yellowish  buff  discal  patches  at  outer  side  of  median  bars, 
bnt  ground-colour  in  discal  interspaces  of  forewing  proximally  paler  than  elsewhere  ; 
hindwing  with  a  greyish  plumbeous  gloss,  except  a  marginal  aud  a  postdiscal  band. 

? .  Unknown. 

Length  of  forewing  :  c?,  45 — 47  mm. 

Ilab.  D'Entrecasteaux  Islands  :  Goodenough  I.,  1  tS  Qj/pe)  (A.  S.  Meek, 
December  1896),  Fergusson  1.,  1  J  (A.  S.  Meek,  between  September  and  December 
1894). 

J.  Ch.  latona  meridionalis  Rothsch.,  subsp.  nov. 

t?.  The  specimens  in  which  the  discal  lunulas  of  the  forewing  above  are  least 
isolated  (tgpe)  agree  almost  with  gigantea,  but  can  be  distinguished  by  the  discal 
lunnles  R^— M-,  which  are  almost  completely  fused  with  the  black  border  of  the 
wing,  being  more  black  ;  further,  by  the  median  bars  C — R'  of  the  hiudwing  being 
absent  or  very  feeble  ;  the  postdisco-submarginal  patches  C— R^  of  the  hindwing 
are,  moreover,  fused  with  the  heavy  marginal  bars,  but  remain  separated  from  each 


(  305    ) 

other,  the  veius  being  tawuy  ;  tail  somewhat  longer  than  in  yiyaulea.  In  other 
iadividnals  the  discal  lunnles  of  the  forewing  are  all  separated  from  the  black 
border  of  the  wing,  and  all  the  black  postdiseo-submarginal  patches  of  the  hindwing 
stand  separate  from  each  other  and  from  the  marginal  bars  ;  snch  specimens  differ 
very  little  from  leto,  but  the  median  bars  SC^ — R'  of  the  forewing  above  are 
somewhat  more  proximal,  the  median  bars  C — R'  of  the  hindwing  nboci'  are  feebler, 
and  the  posterior  postdiscu-snbmarginal  patches  of  the  hindwing  are  comparatively 
larger. 

? .  Winys  abocc  darker  tawny  orange  in  basal  region  than  in  yiyantea,  the  discal 
Innules  of  the  forewing  almost  as  in  stepkanus,  more  blackish  than  in  giynntcci,  and 
heavier  ;  discal  and  postdiscal  interspaces  more  orange  than  in  ufA'phanus  ;  marginal 
line  of  hindwing  nearl}'  as  in  stephatms,  heavier  and  blacker  than  in  qiqiintcfi  \  tails 
as  in  yigantea  aud  papuensis,  longer  than  in  stepkanus. 

Underside  mnch  darker  than  in  gigantea,  agreeing  with  that  of  steplianus,  the 
median  and  discal  interspaces,  however,  more  extended  yellow-buff,  especially  the 
former. 

Length  of  forewing  :  S,  41—45  mm. 
„         „         „  ? ,  51—57  mm. 

Hab.  Milne  Bay,  Brit.  New  Guinea,  a  series  of  both  sexes  caught  by  Mr.  A.  S. 
Meek  iu  December  1898,  and  in  January,  February,  and  March  1899. 


/'.  Ch.  latona  aruanus. 

Charaxes papuensis  Butler,  Lrp.  Ej-oI.  p.  15.  n.  G,  J  ,  )iot  (J,  t.  6.  f.  4,  J  (18tJ9)  (Aru). 
Chat-axes  aruanus  Butler,  I.e.  p.  100  (1872)  (Aru)  ;  Ribbe,  Iris  I.  p.  84.  n.  80  (188G)  (Aru). 
Chamxes  latona  Butler,  Jourii.  Limi.  Soc.  Land.  XXV.  p.  397.  n.  136  (1896)  {siih  sijnon.  ;  Aru  "  J  ' 
is  (J  affinis). 

(?.  Unknown  to  us,  no  description  published  anywhere.  Most  likely  similar  to 
the  3  of  me?idio/ialis  or  papuensis. 

S .  Similar  to  the  S  of  C/i.  latona  papuensis  from  N.W.  Dutch  New  Guinea, 
but  differs  in  the  following  details  : — 

Upperside. Forewing   a   little   more   falcate,   the    discal   arched   bars    not 

black,  but  tawny  orange,  only  bar  SC — SC"  being  marked  by  some  black  scales, 
hence  these  bars  much  less  prominent  than  in  the  New  Guinea  races  ;  j)ostdisco- 

submarginal  patches  not  touching  the  narrow  black  marginal  border. Hindwing  : 

postdiseo-submarginal  patch  C — SO"  much  larger  than  patch  SC" — R',  the  other  six 
patches  very  much  smaller  than  in  the  average  New  Guinea  ?  ;  admargiual  bars 
tawny,  npper  three  somewhat  blackish,  not  prominent. 

Underside :  discal  arched  bars  of  both  wings  less  black  than  in  the  allied  races, 
discal  bars  SC^— R'  of  forewing  very  ill-defined,  not  being  deeper  in  colour  than  the 
ochraceous,  triangular  patches  standing  at  their  proximal  side  ;  tawny  ochraceous 
admarginal  spots  of  hindwing  ill-defined  ;  tail  triangular,  4  mm.  long. 

Length  of  forewing  :  ?  ,  48  mm. 

Hab.  Arn,  described  from  the  type  in  the  Oxford  IMuseum,  which  Prof.  E.  B. 
Poulton  kindly  sent  us  for  comparison  mth  females  of  latona  from  other  localities. 

Ribbe  collected  this  species  on  Arii,  but  where  his  specimens  have  gone  to  we  do 
not  know.  The  individuals  labelled  Aru  in  the  Godman-Salvin  collection,  now  in 
the  British  Museum,  are  ajfi/iis,  which  occurs  only  in  Celebes. 


:in6  ) 

//.   J)i>(.':il  IjiU-s  of  hiiiilwiiig  below  less  regularly  air.lied,  espeeially  tlic  iiostefior 

ones,  postdiscal  series  of  bars  almost  straight,  hence  lunch  farther 

from  onter  margin  near  }V  than  near  8C"-. 

a\   S,  hindwing  above  with  a  black,  scarcely  interruiited,  admarginal  line, 

])eiiis  with  a  patch  of  teeth  on  the  right  side  (PI.  VIII.  f.  •,'.  :i)  : 

?,   black   postdisco-ad marginal    jjatches    of  forewing    above   all 

separated,  patch  SC^— S('<  small,  isidated. 

4.  Charaxes  affinis(Xov.  Zool.  Vll.  i.  IJ.  f.  li,  ?  ). 

(J.    ChanuTs    ajfiiiis    Butler,     Prur.    Z',,,1.     Sw.    Oiml.     p.     (IM.    n.    58.   t.   37.  f.   4,    ^   (1805^ 

(Macassar)  ;  Honr.,  Berl.  Enl.  Z,dsd„:  XXX.  p.  131  {im\\){nffiiiis  J,  =  icallarei  ?  )  ;  Stand.. 

E.n>t.   Ttiijf.  p.   17-2  (188i;)  (gynandrom.  specim.)  ;  Honr.,  nrrl.  Kni.  Zritschr.  XXXII.  p.  49'.l. 

fig.   A  (1888)  (gynandrom.   special.);   Rothsch.,  Iris  V.  p.  438  (1892)  (S.   Celel)e8);  Butl., 

Juuni.  Lhiii.  Sor.  Loud.  XXV.  p.  39G.  n.  135  (1896)  (Macassar,  Menado  ;  "  Ternate  "  lur.  err.). 
.\i/m/jli(iVs  (ifiinis,  Klrby,  Cut.  Diiirii.  Lip.  p.  272.  n.  50  (1871)  (y<^  :  Celebes). 
Chara.ris parmeiiioii  Felder,  lieUr  Xnriini,  Lrp.  p.  439.  n.  717(1867)  (Macassar)  :  Butl..  Trun^.  Enl. 

Soc.  Loud.  p.  1211.  n.  8  (1870)  (jiarmiumii  =  affiiiis). 
Cltariuces  demonax  Felder,  /.c.  p.  440.  n.  718  (1867)  (Celebes)  ;  Butl.,  I.e.  n.   9   (1870)  (drmoMU  =t 

affinis)  ;  Jan.i.,  Cruise  Manhcm  II.  p.  375.  n.  56  (1886)  (Maros). 
XijiiiphtiUs   polijj-nia   var.    C.   jmniiriiinii,   Kirby,    C-il.    Dinrii.    Leji.    p.    272.    sub    n.    52    (1871) 

(Macassar). 
Xi/mjiliaU.f  pn/i/.r,  nil  var.  C.  demuna.r.  Kirby,  I.e.  (Celebes). 
?.  Charaxes  icalhieei  Butler,  if/i,  E.nit.  p.  100.  t.  .38.  f.  2  (1872)  (Macassar). 
CA»m.i'cs /otoH,(  Butler  (ko«  Butler,  1865),  /oK/'«.   Linii.  Soc.  Lnnd.  XXV.  p.   397.  n.    131!    (1896) 

(/larliin  ;  Macassar  :  "  Aru,"  "  Amboina"  Inc.  err.,  Aru  "  J  "  is  (J). 
Xi/inji!ialis  uffinh,  Pagenstecher,  .{bli.  Srnek.  Xaturf.  Ges.  XXIII.  p.  403.  n.  185  (1897)  (Celebes). 
XiimphiiViK  latnnii,  id.,  /.,-.  p.  404.  n.  189  (1897)  (Celebes,  not  "Batjan"). 

cJ?.  Body  aboce,  especially  tlic  thora.x,  less  bi-iglif  tawny  orange  than  the 
wings,  more  ochraceons. 

S.    Wings,  upperside,  bright  tawny  orange,  abdominal  fold  for  the  greater  jiart 

buff. Forewing  rather  falcate,  onter  edge  either  nearly   entire,  or  denticulate  ; 

posterior  half  or  two-thirds  of  bar  D  obsolete  ;  median  bars  SC''— R-  heavy,  forming 
generally  triangular  patches  which  are  more  or  less  fused  with  the  black  outer  area, 
but  the  second  stands  sometimes  ipiite  isolated,  median  bar  R' — M'  seldom  clearly 
marked  above,  abont  (i  mm.  distant  from  origin  of  M'  (as  on  underside)  ;  black 
postdisco-marginal  area  much  narrower  behind  than  in  front,  measuring  abont  4  mm. 
at  SM- ;  discal  bar  M- — SM-  present,  either  heavy  and  separated  from  black  border 
of  wing  by  a  small  tawny  orange  spot  between  veins,  or  feeble  and  then  more  or  less 
comjiletely  isolated  (in  all  s])ecimens  from  North  Celebes  ?),  bar  M' — W  stands  also 
often  partly  separated  from  the  black  border,  these  discal  bars  much  more  distal 
than  the  discal  bars  of  the  underside  ;  edge  of  wing  with  two  minute  tawny  dots 
between  M=  and  SIVP  in  the  greater  nnmber  of  individuals  ;  fringe  white  between 

veins. Hindwing  somewhat  variable   in  shape,  anal  angle   more  prominent   in 

some  specimens  than  in  others  ;  median  bar  ( '— SC-  seldom  absent,  in  some  speci- 
mens also  bar  SC-— R'  marked  ;  postdisco-submarginal  jjatches  C — R'  large,  the 
others  small,  patch  SC^ — R'  at  least  6  mm.  long,  the  black  scaling  extending, 
moreover,  in  many  specimens  along  SC-  basad  for  several  millimetres,  all  the  other 
patches  separated  from  one  another  ;  white  submarginal  dots  within  those  patches 
variable,  often  partly  absent  ;  admarginal  line  black,  sharply  marked,  sejiarated  from 
edge  of  wing,  at  least  posteriorly  between  the  veins  where  it  is  generally  thin,  from 


(  307  ) 

('  to  W  it  is  geuerally  heavy,  dilated  along  tUe  veins  and  joined  to,  or  partly  fused 
with,  the  postdisco-submarginal  patches  ;  iijjper  tail  acute,  3  to  4  mm.  long,  second 
very  short,  sometimes  not  so  much  prominent  as  the  teeth  SC^ — R". 

Underside  :  varying  from  ochraceous  to  ochre  yellow,  the  glossy  parts  appearing 
darker  (slaty  grey)  in  side  light,  the  discal  interspaces  lighter  at  the  median  bars, 

all  the  bars  much  thinner  than  in  lafona. Forewing  :  submediau  bar  M'— M- 

rather  oblique,  bar  M- — (SM')  about  midway  between  base  of  M-  and  bar  M' — M^ 
often  also  oblique,  bar  R^— M'  always  about  (in  both  sexes)  ;  discal  bars  more  distal 
than  in  latoiia,  less  arched,  the  series  not  interruj)ted  at  R-  ;  postdiscal  patches 
very  obscurely  marked,  with  ill-defined,  white  patches  at  their  distal  side,  of  which 
the  middle  ones  are  mostly  very  feeble  ;  upper  cell-bar  curved  twice,  the  middle 
portion  pointing  distad,  basal  cell-spot  at  least  vestigial,  costal  margin  somewhat 

greyish  at  base. Hindwing  :  median  series  of  bars  much  broken,  none  of  the  bars 

contiguous,  bar  R^ — M'  several  millimetres  distant  from  base  of  M',  not  standing  very 
far  from  the  discal  series,  bar  R- — R^  much  more  distal  than  bar  R' — R-,  the  discal 
interspace,  therefore,  not  half  the  width  between  R^  and  M'  as  between  C  and  R-; 
discal  bars  mncli  less  arched  than  in  latona,  the  posterior  ones  almost  straight,  the 
series  not  parallel  to  outer  margin  of  wing,  it  being  slightly  curved  basad  from 
C — R'  and  then  running  nearly  straight  to  SIVP,  which  it  reaches  close  to  anal 
angle  ;  postdiscal  bars  indistinct,  represented  by  blackish,  ill-defined,  feebly  curved 
lunules,  interspace  between  them  and  the  discal  bars  tawny  outwardly,  more  yellow 
proximally;  admarginal  blackish  brown  line  thin,  but  well-defined,  not  touching 
edge  of  wing,  sometimes  interrujited  at  veins. 

? .  Often  confounded  with  the  ?  of  latona. 

Wings,  uppermle. Forewing  :  outer  margin  more  concave  than  iu  latona  ; 

median  bars  SC° — R^  less  enlarged  than  in  latona,  somewhat  more  distal  ;  discal 
luniform  bars  more  distal  than  in  latona  and  also  much  more  distal  than  the  discal 
bars  of  the  underside,  which  show  through,  the  upper  ones  more  or  less  enlarged  ; 
postdisco-submarginal  patches  more  triangular  than  in  latona,  closer  to  edge  of 
wing,  often  fused  with  the  black-brown  margin  ;  marginal  line  much  thinner  than  in 
latona,  very  indistinctly  defined,  the  pale  tawny  orange  colour  extending  close  to  the 

fringe  at  the  veins. Hindwing  :  median  bars  C— SO"  always  (?),  SC-— R'  mostly 

present,  bar  R' — R-  seldom  distinctly  marked,  disc  outside  these  bars  often  very 
pale  ;  discal  lunules  shining  through  from  below  ;  there  is  often  a  very  indistinct, 
baud-like,  dark  shade  from  the  inner  edge  of  the  upper  postdisco-submarginal  patches 
straight  to  anal  angle,  corresponding  to  the  black  postdiscal  band  of  the  underside, 
this  shadowy  band  sometimes  ending  iu  a  conspicuous  blackish  half-moon  at  anal 
angle  ;  postdisco-submarginal  patches  closer  to  margin  than  in  latona,  the  posterior 
ones  always  small,  the  middle  and  upper  white  snbmarginal  dots  seldom  obliterated; 
admarginal  line  thin,  but  well-defined,  broken  up  into  slightly  arched  lunules,  the 
upper  ones  heavier  ;  upper  tail  spatulate,  7  mm.  long,  second  a  very  short  and 
blunt  tooth. 

Underside  :  discal  interspaces  of  both  wings,  the  greater  part  of  the  postdiscal 
and  submediau  interspaces  of  the  forewing  ochre  yellow,  median  interspace  of  both 

wings  more  or  less  brown  ;  bars  thinner  than  in  latona. Forewing  :  submediau 

bar  M'— M^  always  considerably  more  distal  than  submediau  bar  M" — (SM'),  and 
median  bar  R'— M'  much  more  so  than  median  bar  M' — M^ ;  discal  luniform  bars 
less  deeply  arched  than  in  latona,  more  distal  in  position  ;  postdisco-submarginal 
spots  much  shaded  with  white  scales,  consisting  generally  of  a  blackish  proximal 


(  308  ) 

(postdiscal;  dot  or  dash  which  is  separated  from  a  similar,  but  loss  obvious,  spot  by 
whitish  scales;  from  the  postdiscal  dots  extend  basad  fine,  yellow,  lines  situated  at 

the  internervular  folds  R''— S.M-,  these  lines  sometimes  very  faint. Hindwing: 

discal  interspace  very  much  narrowed  between  R-'  and  M',  the  median  bars  R-— M' 
not  far  from  the  discal  series,  esjiecially  bar  R'— M'  ;  discal  bars  luniform,  the 
posterior  ones  very  feebly  arched,  the  series  very  slightly  convex  from  SC;*— M', 
reaching  SM-  much  nearer  tip  of  that  vein  than  in  latona  :  postdiscal  bars  slate- 
black,  much  less  arched  than  in  lulona,  the  series  almost  straight. 

Length  of  fore  wing  :   i,  38—44  mm. 
),  „  ? ,  -50—53  mm. 

Ilab.  Celebes,  23  c?cJ,  7  ?  ?  in  the  Tring  Museum  from  South  Celebes  :  Maros 
country  (W.  Doherty,  August— September  1891),  Patunuang  (H.  Fruhstorfer, 
January  1896)  ;  Macassar  (Wallace)  ;  Menado  (Dr.  Meyer)  ;  North  Celebes  : 
Minahassa  (Dr.  Platen),  Toli-Toli  (H.  Fruhstorfer,  November— December,  1895), 
Dongala,  north  of  Palos  Bay  (W.  Doherty,  August— September  1806). 

There  are  two  specimens  in  the  Felder  collection  which  are  labelled  "  Amboina. 
Loniuin."  The  British  Museum  received  from  the  Godman  and  Salvin  collection 
also  a  specimen  of  ajjiids  from  "  Amboina,"  another  from  "  Aru  "  (both  standing  in 
Dr.  Butler's  Revision  of  Ckaraxes  under  latonaW),  and  a  third  from  "  Ternate."  All 
these  specimens  are  identical  with  affinis,  and  those  localities  are  certainly  erroneous. 
We  know  from  experience  that  the  material  bom/kt  by  travellers  in  the  Dutch  East 
Indies  from  cajitains,  natives  or  dealers,  is  often  wholly  unreliable  as  regards 
localities,  specimens  from  different  islands  being  often  mixed  together  ;  we  have 
found  Javanese  species  among  material  from  Amboina,  Celebes  sjiecies  in  a  lot  from 
Java,  Java  examples  in  a  collection  said  to  be  from  Timor,  etc.,  forms  of  which 
we  are  absolutely  certain  that  they  do  not  occur  in  the  localities  from  which  the 
specimens  were  said  to  come.  Nobody  will  convince  ns  that  ( 'It.  a/jjins  occurs  on 
Ternate,  Amboina  and  Aru,  unless  he  is  able  to  show  authentic  specimens,  collected 
recently  by  careful  scientists.* 

Felder's  Ck.  demonax  is  identical  with  uffiids  and  not  a  car.,  as  Dr.  Butler  says 
(l.c.~)\  FeUer's  parme?don,  erroneously  said  by  Dr.  Butler  (I.e.)  to  be  a  synonym  of 
lato?ia,  is  also  a0nis,  but  differs  from  the  average  specimen  of  affitds  in  the  anal 
angle  of  the  hindwing  being  more  produced,  and  in  the  second  tail  being  scarcely 
indicated. 

The  7Ha/es  of  ajfini.-i  are  easily  distinguished  from  all  more  western  species  by 
the  black  admarginal  line  of  the  hindwing  and  the  structure  of  the  penis  ;  from 
latona,  moreover,  by  the  pattern;  Vae  JhrMle  resembles  somewhat  fhe  female  of 
latona,  but  the  spatulato  upper  tail,  the  extremely  short  second  tail,  and  the 
different  position  of  the  discal  lunnles  of  the  iipperside  of  the  forewing  and  of  the 
discal  and  jiostdiscal  lunules  of  the  underside  of  the  hindwing  are  characters  by 
which  affinh  can  readily  be  recognised. 

A  cJ  in  the  Tring  Museum  without  locality,  but  clearly  belonging  to  affinis 
according  to  pattern  and  penis,  has  all  the  tawny  postdiscal  interspaces  of  the 
forewing  vestigial,  the  specimen  somewhat  resembling  in  this  character  Gh. 
aristogiton. 

Professor  Kukenthal  seems  to  have  bought  up  a  great  many  of  the  Lepidoptera  recorded  by 
Dr.  Pagenetecber,  I.e. ;  the  list  furnishes  illustrations  of  what  we  said  above,  and  should  be  used  with 
caution. 


(  309  ) 

i'.   S,  hindwing  above  with  the  admarginal  line  feebly  marked,  tawny,  or,  if 

black,  interi-npted  at  the  veins,  penis  without  a  lateral  patch  of  teeth 

or  this  ])atch  is  on  the  left  side  ;   ?,  postdisco-admarginal  patches  of 

forewing  above  more  or  less  merged  together,  at  least  the  upper  ones. 

«".   c?,  postdiscal  tawny  interspace  R' — 11^  of  forewing  above  at  least  as  large 

as  the  black  (or  tawny)  bar  standing  at  its   proximal  side,  or 

the  tawny  interspaces  W — M'  small  bnt  present  and  both  tails 

developed;     ?,  discal  l)ar  R' — R- of  forewing  above  not  mnch 

heavier  than  posterior  discal  bars,  much  closer  to  outer  margin 

than  to  median  bar  R' — R^,  or,  if  heavy,  the  hindwing  with  two 

tails  and  the  median  interspaces  SC'^ — R^  not  black,     ilarmax 

grouj). 

•"i.  Charaxes  distanti. 

Chnraxes  dhlanii  Honrath,  Berl.  Eiit.  Zeilschr.  XXIX.  p.  277  (1885)  (Perak  :  Borneo)  ;  Dist., 
Rhq).  Mfil.  p.  434.  n.  li  t.  36.  f.  2,  ^  (1886)  ;  But!.,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Lond.  XXV.  p.  398. 
n.  143  (1896)  (Borneo)  ;  Hagen,  Inn  IX.  p.  187.  n.  251  (1896)  (N.E.  Sumatra). 

Clmraxes  (llariclra)  lUsUinti,  Nice'ville  it  Martin,  Journ.  As.  Soe.  Beng.  LXIV.  2.  p.  438.  n.  265 
(1895)  (N.E.  Sumatra  ;  Middle  Tenasserim). 

cJ  ? .  Underside  of  palpi,  and  middle  of  pro-  and  of  anterior  portion  of  meso- 
sternum,  almost  pure  white  ;  sides  of  sterna  of  the  colour  of  the  wings  ;  underside 
of  abdomen  often  slightly  paler. 

c?.    1Vin(/»,  ujjjjers/de :  markings  tawny,  not  black,   which  gives  the  wings  a 

uniform  ajipearauce. Forewing:  median  bars  R^ — M'  mostly  marked,  bar  R- — M' 

mostly  angle-shaped,  bars  SC** — R'  heavier,  darker,  the  upper  of  the  two  oblic^ne, 
forming  an  angle-shaped  spot  together  with  the  streak-like  bar  SC* — SC"  ;  discal 
bars  luniform,  the  posterior  ones  often  ill-defined,  washed  out,  lunule  R^ — M' 
7  to  9  mm.  from  edge  of  wing  (between  veins),  ujjper  bars  widened  basail  and  also 
more  or  less  broadly  connected  along  the  veins  with  the  brown  postdisco-submarginal 
patches  ;  of  the  latter  the  middle  ones  often  reach  the  edge  of  the  wing,  patches 
R' — SM"  about  as  wide  as,  or  smaller  than,  the  interspaces  between  them  and  the 

discal  lunnles. Hindwing  :  outer  area  from  edge  of  wing  as  far  as  the  postdiscal 

bars,  which  shine  through  from  below,  darker  tawny  orange  than  the  rest  of  the  wing, 
costal  margin  somewhat  whitish  ;  median  bar  C — SC^  straight,  or  slightly  arched, 
often  faintly  marked,  median  bar  ISC' — R'  mostly  absent,  sometimes  vestigial  : 
postdisco-submarginal  patches  all  small,  the  postdiscal  portions  (pro.ximal  of  the 
white  dots)  obliterated,  except  between  C  and  R^  wliere  they  are  more  or  less  clearly 
marked,  sometimes  nearly  all  the  patches  reduced  to  minute  spots,  the  last  two  dots 
more  black  than  the  others  ;  admarginal  line  separated  into  lunnles,  mostly  rather 
clearly  defined,  seldom  shadowy  ;  tails  reduced  to  short  teeth. 

Underside  varying  from  orange  ochraceous  rnfous  to  yellowish  ochraceons  ; 

bars  tawny  or  ochraceous  tawny,  postdiscal  series  of  hindwing  mostly  slaty  black. 

Forewing  :  costal  margin  to  a  little  beyond  apex  of  cell  white  ;  basal  dot  of  cell 
absent,  cell-bar  :\  never  entire,  broken  up  into  dots,  the  dots,  however,  often  all 
fused  together,  sometimes  the  posterior  dots  obliterat<'d,  the  bar,  if  nearly  entire, 
heavier  than  the  other  cell-bars,  cell-bar  4  often  straight,  reaching  M  at  or  before, 
never  distally  of,  point  of  origin  of  M' ;  median  bars  R" — SM*  stand  in  an  oblique, 
almost  continnous,  series,  bar  R- — -R'  exactly  (or  almost)  in  front  of  bar  R-^ — M'  : 
the  discal  inters))acos  narrowing  behind  :  white  submarginal  scaling  band-like,  the 


(  310  > 

apical  patches  often  much  smaller  than  those  towards  internal  angle. Hindwing  : 

the  two  cell-bars  converging  in  front,  here  often  fnsed  together  ;  the  npper  post- 
discal  bars  are  Inniform,  more  or  less  completely  fused  to  a  nearly  straight  band  ; 
white  snbmarginal  dots  all  prominent. 

?.  Like  c?,  larger,  the  disc  of  the  wings  very  slightly  paler,  the  postdisco- 
snbmarginal  spots  and  the  white  snbmarginal  dots  of  the  hindwings  larger,  the 
iidmarginal  interspaces  of  the  hindwing  below  more  wax-yellow;  tails  as  short 
as  in  d". 

Length  of  forewing  :  6,  41 — 4(5  mm. 
„        „  ?,52mm. 

//<i/i.  Tenasserim  and  Sumatra  to  Borneo.  Li  the  Tring  Museum  from  :  Dawnat 
Range,  Tenasserim,  March  1895  (Hauxwell),  1  S :  Perak,  1  J,  1  ?  (Kinta  distr., 
coll.  by  Mr.  Goldham)  ;  N.E.  Sumatra,  'J  S<S:  Selesseh,  January,  April,  May,  June, 
August  (Dr.  Martin);  Bunguran,  Natuna  Islands,  2  c?c?(Hose,  July — September 
1894)  ;  Borneo,  10  cJc?  :  Lawas,  April  1892  (A.  Everett),  Mt.  Dnlit,  February  and 
March  1894  (Hose),  Kina  Bain,  Pengaron  (S.E.  Borneo). 

A  ?  from  Borneo  in  Mr.  Grose  Smith's  collection. 

The  Bornean  c?  J  have  the  underside  more  tawny  than  the  specimens  fiom 
Sumatra,  Perak  and  Tenasserim  ;  one  only  of  the  Bunguran  <S  <S  agrees  in  this 
respect  with  the  Bornean  ones,  the  other  being  paler.  Specimens  that  have  been 
on  the  wing  for  a  longer  time  have  the  umlerside  apparently  paler  than  fresh  ones. 

The  Tenasserim  example  in  the  Tring  JIusenm  is  the  smallest  of  all  specimens 
we  possess  of  the  species  ;  the  discal  lunnles  of  the  forewing  are  very  obscurely 
marked,  washed  out  (as  they  sometimes  are  in  Bornean  specimens),  the  admarginal 
line  of  the  hindwing  is  also  very  indistinct,  and  the  tawny  snbmarginal  spots  are 
minute. 

Dr.  Hagen  (I.e.)  received  about  a  dozen  specimens  from  his  collectors  who 
brought  them  from  the  Gajo  country,  while  Dr.  Martin  (Lc.)  found  it  "  in  the 
forests  of  the  plains,  at  Paya  Bakong  and  Selesseh,  perhaps  not  higher  than  Namoe 
Oekor." 

<i.  Charaxes  kahniba. 

C'haraxes  (Ffaridm)  Inmtimra,  Doherty  {nmi  Butler,   1872),  .Jviini.  .la.  ,S'yc.  Heiig.  LV.  2.  p.   124. 

n.  9fi  (1886)  (Kamaon);  Wood-Mas.  &  Nici'v.,  ihid.,  p.  363.  n.  103  (1887)  (Cacljar,  July)  ; 

Nicev.,  in  Kisley,  Go:elleer  of  Sikkim  p.  148.  n.  23.5  (1894)  (Sikkim). 
Charaxes  hiimwara,  Xicoville,  I3utt.  nf  Imlin  II.  p.  282.  n.  572  (1880)  (Kumaon  ;  Sikkim;  N.E. 

Bengal;  Cachar)  ;  Elwea,   Tniii^.  Ent.  Soc.  I.nml  p.  308.  n.  213  (1888)  (Sikkim);  id.,  Proc. 

Zonl  Snr.  Lnml.  p.  284  (1801)  (Karen  Hills,  Burma). 
Harkhn  binav-arm  ('.),  Swinhoe,  Tmiis.  Enl.  Soc.  Laiirl.  p.  289.  n.  19.5  (1893)  (Khasia  Hills). 
Harklm  kahrnha  Moore,  Lrp.  Iiul.  II.  p.  235.  t.  171.  f.  1.  1».  \h.  Ir.  jj,?  (lH9t;)  (Sikkim  ;  Assam  ; 

Burma  ;  Tenasserim). 
diamxt's  kahriilKi,  Butler,  Jnurn.  Linn.  Snc.  Loml.  XXV.  p.  .'i'.i8.  n.  141   (IK'JG)  (Sikkim  ;  Bhutan  ; 

Assam  ;  Burma). 

Differs  from  the  allied  species  constantly  in  a  number  of  characters,  and  is 
most  easily  recognised  by  the  strongly  pronounced  markings  of  the  underside. 

6.    Wings,  upperside. Forewing  :  discal  halfmoons  R^ — M'-  sharply  defined, 

black  or  dark  tawny,  the  upper  discal  bars  SC — R"  much  heavier,  bars  SC^ — R' 
joined  along  veins  to  the  black  border  of  the  wing  ;  postdiscal,  iialfmoon-shaped 
interspaces  slightly  deeper  in  tint  than  tlie  middle  of  the  wing,  the  upper  three 
smaller  than  the  others,  interspace  SC — SC"  isolated,  nioic  or  less  elongnte,  never 


(  311   ) 

absent ;  admarginal  tawny  orange  interspace  M- — 8M-  always  well  marked,  some- 
times connected  along  (SM')  with  the  jiostdiscal  interspace,  the  other  admarginal 
interspaces  vestigial  between  veins  ;  median  bars  SC^ — R^  generally  rather  heavj', 
black,  seldom  tawny. — ■ — Hindwing  :  snbmedian  bar  C — SG°  present,  though  not 
heavy  ;  median  bar  C — St!-  always  conspicnons,  obliqne,  slightly  S-shaped  ;  post- 
disco-submarginal  black  ])atches  with  the  white  dots  generally  obsolete,  the  dots,  if 
better  marked,  of  a  bnffish-colonr,  not  pnre  white,  patch  80- —R'  at  least  twice  the 
size  of  patch  C — SC-,  veins  C  and  SO'  often  black  near  these  patches,  the  following 
three  patches,  rhomboidal,  well  separated  from  one  another  ;  marginal  tawny  line 
more  clearly  defined  than  in  tlie  allies  of  hnhriihn  ;  edge  of  wing  dentate,  n]iper  tail 
3  to  :VJ  mm. 

Viuleraiihi  maize  yellow,  this  colour  strongly  contrasting  with  the  russet-tawny 
colour  of  the  median  interspaces  R^ — M'  of  forewing,  of  all  the  median  interspaces 
of  hindwing,  the  postdiscal  interspaces  of  tlie  hindwing  and  of  the  small  triangular 

patches  at  the   proximal  side  of  the   discal  lunules   of  fore-  and  hindwing. 

Forewing :  basal  cell-spot  always  present,  heavy;  cell-bar  3  heavy,  sometimes 
interrupted  ;  bar  D  very  heavy  ;  subbasal  bar  M- — (SM')  sometimes  vestigial  ; 
snbmedian  bar  M' — M"  just  behind  point  of  origin  of  IP,  or  more  distal,  bar  R- — R' 
barely  1  mm.  distant  at  R'  from  bar  D,  often  fused  with  the  latter  behind  ;  median 
liar  M' — M-  angle-shaped,  bar  R^ — M'  mnch  more  distal,  the  median  interspace 
M' — M-  barely  half  the  width  of  median  interspace  M^ — (SM')  ;  postdiscal  inter- 
spaces R' — SM-  with  rather  large  tawny  patches  :  brown,  postdiscal,  short  streaks 
upon  iuternervular  folds,  followed  by  wliite  scaling  which  is  distally  limited  by  a 

brown  line,  of  which  the  partitions  between  veins  are  not  obviously  luniform. 

Hindwing  :  subbasal  interspaces  more  or  less  tawny  russet ;  snbmedian  interspaces 
partly  of  the  same  colour,  but  a  spot  in  cell  at  cell-bar  4  and  interspaces  CM — SO 
mnize-colour  ;  basal  costal  bar  closer  to  PC  than  in  the  allied  species,  long,  S-shaped, 
basal  cell-spot  marked  in  all  sjiecimens  ;  subbasal,  snbmedian  and  median  bars 
heavy,  but  costal  subbasal  bar  mostly  absent,  seldom  vestigial ;  cell-bar  3  repre- 
sented by  a  black  dot,  which  is  sometimes  absent ;  subbasal,  snbmedian  and  median 
bars  M — (resp.  M^) — SM^  form  continuous  zigzag  lines  ;  a  black  line  upon  SM- 
between  submedi.in  and  median  bars,  another  at  base  of  abdominal  margin  of  wing  : 
median  bar  R' — M'  much  more  distal  than  the  lower  end  of  bar  R- — R''  and  upper 
end  of  bar  M' — M*;  jwstdiscal  interspaces  rnsset  tawny  except  at  discal  Innules  : 
jiostdiscal  bars  black,  arrowhead-shaped ;  admarginal  interspaces  wide,  maize- 
colour  ;  marginal,  tawny,  line  sharjily  defined,  scarcely  thinner  near  veins  than 
between. 

? .  Differs  from  the  allied  species  in  the  same  way  as  the  i  does. 

Wings  above  somewhat  jialer  on  disc  than  in  <?. Forewing  :  discal  Innules 

SC — R-  not  much  heavier  than  the  others  ;  postdiseo-submarginal  patches  more  or 
less  indistinctly  sep,T.rated  from  one  another,  the  veins  between  them  being  tawny  : 
admarginal  tawny  interspaces  more  obvious  than  in  S ,  at  and  between  veins;  median 

bar  R^ — M'  more  distal  than  in  the  allied  species,  bar  R^ — R^  more  proximal. 

Hindwing  :  the  wliite  submarginal  dots  within  the  black  postdiseo-submarginal 
patches  all  developed,  the  middle  one  rather  strongly  angle-shaped  :  dark  tawny 
marginal  line  liroadcr  tlian  in  S :  upper  tail  8^  to  I'iA  mm. 

Underside  as  in  c?,  but  the  forewing  has  the  middle  discal  lunules  somewhat 
more  proximal,  and  the  postdiscal  interspaces  mnch  less  variegated  with  tawny 
russet. 


(  312  ) 

Length  of  forewing  :  S,  41 — ^o  mm. 
„         „         „  5 ,  47—56  mm. 

The  penis  is  very  strongly  denticulate  (PI.  VIII.  f.  4),  the  number  of  teeth  is 
large  ;  they  stand  in  an  irregular  donble  or  treble  series  which  widens  out  proximally 
into  a  sinistro-lateral  patch  ;  penis-funnel  long  and  slender. 

Had.  Kumaon  to  Teuasserim.  In  the  Tring  Museum  17  SS,  9  ?  ?  from: 
Sikkim,  the  Khasia,  Naga,  and  Garo  Hills. 

The  species  is  rarer  than  <  'h.  marmax.  It  was  generally  considered  to  be 
lunawara,  until  Moore  pointed  out  tliat  lunawara  was  nothing  else  but  marmax. 
In  Sikkim  it  is  met  with  at  lower  elevations.  Doherty  found  it  to  be  rare  in  the 
Lower  Kali  valley,  Knmaon. 

7.  Charaxes  marmax. 

Charaxes  marmax  Westwood,  Cut.  Or.  Ent.  p.  43.  t.  21,  (J,  J  (1848)  (Assam  ;  Sylhet)  ;  Butl.,  Pmc 
Zool.  Soc.  Loiiil.  p.  ()3G.  n.  57  (18G5)  (Assam  ;  Silhet)  ;  Moore,  ibid.,  p.  831  (1878)  (Moolai, 
Upp.  Tenasserim,  3-6000  ft.);  Nicev.,  Butt,  of  IikUk  II.  p.  -281.  n.  571  (IHSrt)  (Sikkim; 
Assam  ;  Sylbet ;  Upp.  Tenass.)  ;  Elwes,  Trans.  Ent.  Sue.  Loud.  p.  3G8.  n.  212  (1888)  (Sikkim)  ; 
Butl.,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Land.  XXV.  p.  308.  n.  140  (1896)  (Darjiling  ;  Silhet  ;  Khasia  Hills  ; 
Buxa  ;  Mungphu  ;  East  Pegu). 

.Vi/mj>Iiali.'i  niarma.r,  Doubleday,  Westwood  &  Hewitson,  Gen.  Diurn.  Lej>.  II.  p.  309.  n.  37  (1850) 
(Silhet ;  Assam)  ;  Horsf.  &  Moore,  Cat.  Lip.  Mux.  E.  I.  Comji.  I.  p.  206.  n.  422  (1857)  (Dar- 
jiling ;  Cherra  Punji). 

Nyniphalis  jmlyxemi  var.  k.  C.  marmax,  Kirby,  Cat.  Diurn.  Leji.  p.  272.  sub  n.  52  (1875)  (Ind.  bor.). 

Charaxes  lunaiiara  Butler,  Lep.  Exot.  p.  99.  t  .37.  f.  2,  (J(1872)  (N.E.  Bengal ;  ?  =aihycus carolm). 

Xymphnlis  (Iluridra)  marma.r,  Wood-Ma.son  &  Nici'ville,  Journ.  As.  Sue.  Beng.  LV.  p.  306.  n.  102 
(1887)  (N.  Caehar,  Silcuri,  June— July) ;  Nicev.,  in  Risley,  Guzettter  of  Sik-kim  p.  148.  n.  234 
(1894)  (Sikkim,  April  to  October). 

Nymphalis piolyxemi  var.  marmax,  Robbe,  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  Bcl(j.  XXXVI.  p.  130.  n.  53  (1892)  (Dar- 
jiling ;  Kuraeong). 

Haridra  viarmax,  Swinhoe,  Trans.  Ent,  Soc.  Land.  p.  289.  n.  194  (1893)  (Khasia  Hills)  ;  Moore, 
Lep.  Ind.  U.  p.  233.  t.  170.  f.  1.  In.  16.  \c.  J,  ?  (1896)  (Sikkim,  Bhotan,  to  Tenasserim  ;  Mai. 
Pen.). 

S.  Willys  above. — Forewing  :  median  bars  .SC— R'  midway  between  apex  of 
cell  and  the  respective  discal  bars,  in  the  specimens  which  have  the  latter  much 
enlarged  a  little  nearer  these  black  discal  patches  ;  discal  Inniform  bars  R' — SM' 
tawny  ochraceous,  seldom  blackish  ;  postdiscal  tawny  orange  interspaces  SC^ — S(f 
sometimes  very  small,  but  apjiarently  never  quite  replaced  by  black;  admarginal  tawny 
line  generally  developed  behind  and  near  apex,  much  less  in  middle  of  margin,  where 

the  tawny  colour  appears  often  only  at  the  tij)  of  the  veins,  or  is  quite  absent. 

Hindwing  :  postdisco-submarginal  patches  very  variable  in  size,  the  middle  ones 
pointed  externally,  postdiscal  portions  of  these  smaller  than  submarginal  ones,  white 
submarginal  dots  sometimes  absent,  the  second  the  last  to  disappear :  marginal 
line  indistinct  ;  tails  short,  upper  one  1 J  to  4  mm.,  dentition  of  edge  of  wing  some- 
times feebly  developed. 

Viider.vde  pale  ochre  yellow,  median  inters])aces  R- — M-  of  forewing,  all  the 
median  interspaces  as   well  as  the  middle,  submedian  and  subbasal  ones  of  the 

hindwing  more  or  less  pale  russet  tawny. Forewing  :  median  interspace  M' — M* 

half  the  width  of  interspace  M" — (SM') ;  median  bar  R- — R'  more  proximal  than  bar 
R' — M',  bar  R' — R"  touching  R-  midway  between  the  median  and  discal  bars  R- — R^. 

Hindwing:  basal  costal  bar  halfway  between  base  of  wing  and  Pt',  not  reaching 

tJ;  no  vestige  of  cell-bar  3;  npjjer  lunules  of  postdiscal  series  much  less  distinct 


(  313  ) 

than  the  others  ;  marginal  line  indistinct  or,  at  least,  not  conspicnons  ;  postdisco- 
snbmarginal  interspaces  glossy,  pinkish  buff  or  vinaceons  buff ;  discal  interspaces 
not  glossy. 

? .  Discal  interspaces  of  upper-  and  underside  somewhat  paler  than  in  c? ;  median 
bars  of  forewing  above  often  patch-like,  closer  to  cell  than  to  discal  bars  ;  discal  bars 
more  blackish  than  in  S,  the  upper  ones  not  (or  little)  heavier  than  the  others. 

Hindwiug  :   white   submarginal  spot  within  postdisco-snbmarginal  patches  all 

developed,  the  upper  one  often  obsolete,  never  larger  than  the  second. 

Underside:  postdiscal  slate-black  bars  of  hindwing  heavier  than  iu  S,  the  upper 
ones  more  luniform  than  the  others  ;  tail  8  to  10  mm.  long. 

Length  of  forewing  :  (J,  37 — 44  mm. 
„         ,,         „  ? ,  49 — 65  mm. 

Penis  with  few  teeth  above,  but  with  a  lateral  patch  of  teeth  about  3  mm.  from 
the  apex  (PI.  VIII.  f.  5)  ;  penis-funnel  long,  slender,  its  extremity  convex  above. 

Hab.  Sikkim  to  Malaeca  and  Tonkin.  In  Tring  Museum  29  <?(?,  In  ?  ?  from : 
Sikkim  ;  Khasia  Hills  ;  Garo  Hills  ;  Naga  Hills  ;  Katha,  Burma  ;  Theiping,  Mai. 
Pen. ;  Tonkin. 

A  common  species  at  lower  altitudes,  occurring  in  Sikkim  from  Ajnil  to  October; 
apparently  not  varying  according  to  season. 

8.  Charaxes  aristogiton. 

Charaxes  arislogilon  Felder,  Beise  Novara,  Lep.  p.  444.  n.  727  (1867)  (hub.  ?)  ;  But!.,   Trans.  Eiit. 

Soc.   Land.  p.  121.  n.  18   (1870)  (Sikkim)  ;  Nicev.,  Btitt.  of  India  II.  p.  282,  n.  573  (1886) 

(Sikkim  ;  Sylhet ;  Upp.  Tenasserim)  ;  Manders,    Trans.  Ent.  Soc.  Lond.  p   526.  n.  93  ( 1890) 

(Shan  States)  ;  Adams.,  Cat.  Butt.  Burma  p.  20.  n.  207  (1889)  ;  Nic^v.,  Joarn.  Bombay  N.   //. 

Soc.  V.  p.  296.   n.    50   (1890)  (Chin  Lnshai)  ;  Butl.,  Joam.  Linn.  Soc.  Lond.  XXV.  p.  397. 

n.  139  (1896)  (Darjiling  ;  Upp.  Tenasserim). 
Nymphalis polymna  var.  C.  aristogiton,  Kirby,  Cat.  Diurn.  Lep.  p.  273.  sub  n.  52  (1895). 
Charaxes  desa  Moore,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Lond.  p.  832.  (1878)  (Moolai  ;  Upp.  Tenass.) 
Charaxes  aristogeton  (!),  Elwes,  Tram.  Ent.  Soc.  Lond.  p.  368.  n.  214  (1888)  (Sikkim). 
Haridra  arislogon  (!),  Swinhoe,  ibid.,  p.  289.  n.  196  (1893)  (Khasia  Hills). 
Charaxes  (Haridra)  aristogiton,  Niceville,  in  Risley,   Gazetteer  of  Sikkim  p.   148.  n.  236  (1894) 

(Sikkim)  ;  id.,  Journ.  As.  Soc.  Beng.  LXVI.  p.  552.  n.  8.  t.  2.  f.  11.  12  (1897)  (si/n.  jiro  parte  ; 

gynaDdromorph.  spec.). 
Haridra  aristogiton,  Moore,  Lep.  Ind.  II.  p.  236.  t.  173.  f.  1.  la  (1896)  (Sikkim  ;  Bhotan  ;  Naga 

Hills  ;  Sylhet). 
Haridra  desa  Moore,  I.e.  p.  235.  t.  172.  f.  1.  la.  U.  Ic.  J,  ?  (1896)  (Tenasserim  :  Moolai,  Toungoo, 

Thoungyeen). 
Haridra  adamsoni  Moore,  I.e.  p.  236.  t.  173.  f.  2.  2a.  (J  (1896)  (Mepley  Valley,  Upp.  Tenass.,  Feb.). 

cJ.    Witiffs,  upperside. Forewing  :    discal   bars   R^ — SM*  brownish   black, 

luniform,  bars  SC'' — R^  very  heavy,  fused  with  one  another  and  with  the  postdisco- 
submarginal  band,  also  prolonged  basad  along  veins  towards  median  bars  SC^ — R^ 
which  are  sometimes  reached  ;  postdiscal,  tawny,  halfmoou-shaped  interspaces 
R' — M-  about  half  the  breadth  (or  less)  of  the  respective  postdisco-submarginal 
patches,  interspaces  R' — R^  much  smaller,  sometimes  vestigial,  interspace  SC — R' 
vestigial,  or  filled  up  with  black,  interspace  SC^ — SC^  very  seldom  vestigial  :  edge 

of  wing  as  in  marmax. Hindwing :  postdisco-submarginal  black  spots  C — R' 

fused  together,  sometimes  extended  to  edge  of  wing,  the  vein  between  them  very 
rarely  tawny  ;  the  white  submarginal  spots  as  in  marmax,  but  the  first  on  the  whole 
larger  and  the  last  of  the  npper  ones  to  disappear  (while  iu  marmax  the  second  is 
the  last  to  disappear). 

22 


(  314  ) 

Underside  more  or  less  uniformly  pale  vinaceons  rnsset,  the  discal  interspaces 
of  the  forewing  and  the  discal  and  admarginal  ones  of  the  hindwing  a  little  more 

clay-colonr. Forewing  :  interspace  between  median  bars  M' — M'-  about  one-third 

narrower  than  interspace  between  bars  M-— (SM'),  median  bar  R- — R'  continnoiis 
with   bar  R' — M',  not   mnch   more   proximal  (as  it   is   in   marmax),  costal  edge 

more   or   less   obvionsly   scaled   white   at   base. Hindwing :    basal   costal    bar 

placed  as  in  marmax ;  median  bars  R' — M'  continnons  ;  rest  as  in  marmax ;  discal 
interspaces  glossy. 

?.    Wi7)gs,  upprrside. Postdiscal,  tawny  interspaces  of  forewing  narrower 

than  in  marmax,  especially  the  upper  ones  ;  the  first  white  siibmarginal  dot  of  the 
hindwing  larger  than  the  second. 

Underside  as  in  <?;  median  bar  R' — R''  of  forewing  mnch  closer  to  median  bar 
R' — R'  than  to  discal  bar  R- — R^  ;  first  and  second  white  submarginal  spot  wider 
apart  from  the  resjiective  postdiscal  slate-black  bars  than  in  marmax,  the  white 
spot  C— SC^  well  marked,  withont  blackish  bar  at  distal  side  (the  bar  present 
in  marmax). 

Penis  with  rather  heavy  denticnlatiou  above,  bnt  withont  the  lateral  patch  of 
teeth  which  is  found  in  marmax  ;  penis-funnel  much  shorter  than  in  marmnx,  its 
upperside  concave  to  tip. 

Hab.  Sikkim  to Tenasserim.  In  the  Tring  Museum  21  6  S ,  4?  ?  from:  Sikkim; 
Khasia  Hills,  Naga  Hills  ;  Katha,  Burma  ;  S.  Shan  States,  Siam  frontier  ;  Toungoo, 
April. 

The  specimens  from  Tenasserim  have  the  discal  bar  R' — R'  thinner  than  the 
individuals  from  N.  India,  the  bar  not  being  much  wider  than  the  tawny  postdiscal 
spot  at  its  distal  side  ;  in  these  examples  the  black  area  is  suddenly  dilated  in  front, 
but  the  black  scaling  is  not  so  much  extended  as  in  the  North  Indian  individuals  ; 
the  median  bars  SC^ — R'  stand  abont  midway  between  the  cell  and  the  black  outer 
area  in  the  Tenasserim  specimens.  In  the  female  sex  from  the  same  country  the 
discal  bars  SC — R'  are  much  wider  (according  to  Moore's  figure)  than  in  females 
from  North  India.  Dr.  F.  Moore  considers  these  Tenasserim  specimens  to  be 
specifically  distinct  from  aristogitoii,  and  calls  them  desa.  It  is  possible  that  desa 
represents,  indeed,  a  geographical  form  of  aristogiton.  The  penis  and  penis-funnel 
are  as  in  aristogiton. 

The  specimens  of  marmax  and  aristogiton  from  North  India  are  easily  distin- 
guished from  one  another  by  the  colour  of  the  underside  of  the  wings,  the  shape  of 
the  penis-funnel  and  the  denticnlatiou  of  the  penis;  intergradations  do  not  seem  to 
occur  either  iu  Sikkim  or  Assam.  From  an  examination  of  North  Indian  material 
only  one  must,  therefore,  necessarily  arrive  at  the  conclusion  that  marmax  and 
aristogiton  are  two  distinct  species.  But  the  matter  becomes  comi)licated,  if  one 
takis  into  consideration  the  specimens  from  the  Shan  States  and  Tenasserim.  In 
these  countries  there  occur,  besides  ordinary  aristogiton,  individuals  which  combine 
characters  of  marmax  and  aristogiton,  specimens  which,  besides,  vary  inter  se  very 
much,  and  exhibit  sometimes  characters  not  found  either  in  marmax  or  aristogiton. 
The  following  specimens  (S  d)  of  the  size  of  our  smallest  marmaxsLud  aristogiton,  or 
even  smaller,  are  in  the  Tring  Museum  : 

(1)  A  specimen  from  Muong  Gnow,  Shan  States,  caught  in  the  second  half  of 
the  year. 

Wings,  upperside. Forewing  :  median  bars  SC'' — M'  not  marked  ;  bar  D 


(  315  ) 

feeble,  tawny  ;  ditical  bars  R^ — S5P  feebly  curved,  closer  to  postdisco-submarginal 
patches  than  in  aristogiton,  fused  with  them  at  veins  (except  at  SM^),  discal  bars 
SC^ — R^  much  enlarged,  extending  basad  at  veins  to  near  the  median  bars  which 
shine  through  from  below  in  cei'tain  lights,  postdiscal  tawny  spots  smaller  than  in 
aristogito)!,  s])ot  SC"* — SC  absent,  the  following  one  vestigial,  the  third  somewhat 
larger,  the  dark  scaling  separating  it  from  the  tawny  orange  area  tawny  brown 
between  veins  ;  tawny  admarginal  spots  obsolete,  except  the  last,  represented  by 
some  tawny  scales  between  veins  as  in  kahruba. Hiudwing  :  all  the  postdisco- 
submarginal  spots  separated  from  one  another,  the  first  like  the  second,  4i  mm. 
long,  with  heavy  white  centres,  the  other  spots  all  very  much  smaller,  with  white 
dots,  admarginal  line  indistinct ;  a  trace  of  a  wax-yellow  spot  at  anal  angle,  found 
sometimes  in  aristogiton. 

Underside  &%  in  marmax,  the  median  interspaces  less  prominent ;  median  inter- 
space M' — M*  of  forewiug  as  wide  as  in  aristogiton,  upper  tail  4i  mm. 

Penis  as  in  marmax,  but  the  lateral  patch  of  teeth  just  indicated  ;  penis-funnel 
as  in  marmax. 

Length  of  forewing  :  38  mm. 

(2)  The  same  locality  and  time  of  the  year  as  No.  1. 

Wings,  Kppei-side. Forewiug  :  median  bars  SC* — M^  feebly  marked,  bar  D 

black  costally;  discal  bars  and  postdiscal  tawny  interspaces  as  in  No.  1,  but  the 
upper  interspaces  somewhat  larger  and  less  shaded  with  brown,  discal,  patch-like, 
bar  R' — R^  black,  not  dark  tawny  between  veins  ;   admarginal  orange-tawny  line 

well  developed  as  in  ordinary  marmax  and  aristogiton. Hind  wing  :  as  in  No.  I, 

tail  a  little  shorter,  yellow  spot  at  anal  angle  distinct,  snbmarginal  white  dots  a  little 
smaller. 

Underside  of  the  tint  of  aristogiton,  but  admarginal  interspaces  of  both  wings 
as  yellow  as  in  marmax,  discal  interspaces  also  with  a  trace  of  the  yellow  colour  of 
marmax  ;  median  bar  R^ — R^  of  forewing  and  R^ — M'  of  hiudwing  placed  as  in 
marmax,  median  interspace  M' — M-  of  forewing  as  white  as  in  aristogiton,  snbmar- 
ginal, blackish,  bar  C — SC  of  hiudwing  marked,  but  placed  as  far  from  the  white 
submarginal  dot  as  in  aristogiton,  cell-spot  3  of  hiudwing  present  (as  in  most 
s])ecimeQS  of  kahruba'). 

Penis  above  denticulated  as  in  aristogiton,hw.ii\ie  lateral  patch  of  teeth  present; 
penis-funnel  as  in  aristogiton. 

Length  of  forewing  :  37  mm. 

(3)  A  specimen  from  Chiengkong,  S.  Shan  States,  Siamese  frontier,  March 
(ex  coll.  Watson). 

Wi)igs,  upperside. Forewing  as  in  No.  3,  but  median  bars  more  distinct, 

discal  bar  R' — R^  as  in  No.  1,  and  postdiscal  tawny  spot  SO* — SC*  present,  postdisco- 
submarginal,  black,  patches  somewhat  heavier,  orange-tawny  line  obsolete  in  middle. 

Hiudwing  with  the  postdisco-submarginal  patches  larger  than  in  Nos.  1  and  2, 

the  upper  two  not  separated,  the  others  touching  one  another  (except  the  last  three), 
white  dots  C — R'  obscure,  the  following  four  absent ;  edge  of  wing  less  sharply 
dentate  than  in  Nos.  1  and  2. 

Underside  as  in  aristogiton  ;  tail  short,  2  mm.  long. 

Penis  and  penis-funnel  as  in  aristogiton. 

Length  of  forewing  :  37  mm. 


(  316  ) 

(4)  A  specimen  from  the  Salween  Valley,  N.  Shan  States,  3000  ft.  (ex.  coll. 
Watson). 

Wings,  upperside. Forewing  as  in  marwax,  median  bars  SC — R°  very  thin. 

Hindwing :  postdisco-submarginal  patch  C" — SO"  with  white  dot,  the  following 

withont  white  dots,  second  patch  one-fourth  larger  than  the  first,  patches  R' — M* 
gradually  diminishing  in  size. 

Underside  as  in  aristogiton,  median  bar  R* — R'  of  forewing  closer  to  cell, 
admarginal  region  of  hindwing  more  yellow  ;  npjier  tail  short,  very  broad  at  base, 
second  tail  scarcely  indicated,  dentition  of  wing  obsolete. 

Penis  with  some  lateral  teeth,  dorsal  teeth  as  in  marmax,  penis-funnel  as  in 
aristogiton. 

Length  of  forewing:  35J  mm. 

(5)  A  specimen  without  locality  agrees  with  No.  4,  it  has,  however,  the  outer 
edge  of  the  forewing  more  extended  tawny  yellow,  the  underside  a  little  more 
variegated  with  yellow  ;  cell  with  dot  3  present.  Penis  feebly  denticulated  above, 
without  lateral  patch  of  teeth,  penis-funnel  as  in  aristogiton. 

(tj)  A  specimen  labelled  "  Shan  States  ?  "  has  the  median  bars  of  the  forewing 
above  well-marked  ;  the  discal  interspaces  are  paler  than  in  marmax  a,nd.  aristogiton; 
postdiscal  tawny  orange  spots  and  discal  bars  as  in  aristogiton,  but  tawny  spot  SC — 
SO'  marked,  margin  all  black,  except  before  SM-,  the  tawny  colour  faintly  vestigial 
between  veins.  The  postdisco-submarginal  patches  all  large  as  in  No.  3,  second 
only  with  a  distinct  white  dot. 

Underside  as  in  No.  2,  but  admarginal  interspaces  less  yellow  ;  tail  short, 
dentition  not  obsolete. 

Penis  nearly  as  in  marmax. 

Length  of  forewing  :  39  mm. 

Moore's  adamsoni  is  based  upon  a  single  specimen  from  the  Mepley  Valley, 
Upper  Tenasserim,  resembling  specimen  (2)  ;  the  tawny  interstitial  spots  SC^ — R* 
of  the  forewing  above  are  completely  isolated,  the  black  postdisco-submarginal 
patches  C — R- of  the  hindwing  have  no  white  centres  and  spots  R' — SM-  are  minute. 

9.  Charaxes  harmodius. 

Charaxes  hurmncthix  Felder,  Rchr   Xoi-iini,   Lrp.   p.   445.  n.  720  (18G7)  (Java)  ;  Fruhstorf.,  Ent. 

Nadir.  XXIV.  p.  .'57  (1898). 
Charaxes  scylax,  Butler  (non  Felder,  1867),  Jouni.  Lhm.  Sm:  Land.  XXV.  p.  397.  d.  137  (1896) 

(Java). 
Charaxes  {Haridra)  aristogiton, '^ic&viUe,  Journ.  As.  Soc.  Seng.  LXVI.  2.  p.  552.  n.  8(1897)  (j/artim). 

S .   Wings  above  similar  to  those  of  Ch.  marmax. Forewing  :  discal  luniform 

bars  R" — SM"  thin,  the  posterior  ones  often  obsolete,  bars  SC^ — R^  varying  in  width, 
the  uppermost  one  often  comjiletely  fused  with  the  postdisco-submarginal  patches  ; 
postdiscal  interspaces  SC* — SM"  always  developed,  the  posterior  ones  wider  than  the 
black  postdisco-submarginal  patches,  interspace  SO' — SO^  mostly  filled  up  with 
black  ;  of  the  postdisco-subniargiual  patches  patch  R' — R"  obvionsly  smaller  than 
patches  80^ — R'  and  R^ — R^  all  the  patches  separated  from  edge  of  wing,  but  the 
middle  ones  often  extending  very  close  to  it ;  middle  of  wing  paler  than  basal  area. 

Hindwing  :    median   bar  0 — SC*  or   bars    C — R"   black,   bar   R'' — R^  seldom 

vestigial  ;  submedian  bar  V, — SO^  black  or  brown,  at  least  vestigial  ;  postdisco- 
submarginal  patch  0 — SO^  not,  or  not  much,  smaller  than  the  following  patch,  the 


(  317  ) 

other  patches  very  variable  in  size,  often  tonching  one  another,  sometimes  well 
separated,  pointed  distall\-,  the  snbmarginal  portions  black,  the  postdiscal  portions 
brown,  sometimes  obsolete,  centre-parts  brown  ;  white  snbmarginal  spots  in  most 
specimens  conspicuous,  especially  the  upper  two,  spot  C — SC^  never  absent,  large. 

Underside  tawny  cinnamon  rufous  or  ochraceous,  the  glossy  ])arts  with  purplish 
reflections,  the  discal  interspaces  of  the  same  tint  as  the  postdiscal  ones,  but  more 

or  less  glossy,  not  paler. Forewing :  discal  lunules  more  proximal  than  in  the 

allied  aristogiton  and  marmax,  the  discal  interspaces  often  narrower  than  the  darker 
median  ones  ;  discal  bars  black,  at  least  the  posterior  ones  ;  median  interspace 
M' — M-  nearly  as  wide  as  median  interspace  M' — SAP,  or  about  one-third  narrower. 

Hindwiug  :    glossy   all  over,  except  postdiscal   and  snbmarginal  interspaces, 

discal  luniform  bars  black,  placed  as  in  marmax,  lunule  SC^ — R'  being  more 
proximal  than  the  one  before  it ;  submarginal  white  dots  seldom  minute  or  obsolete, 
the  first  never  absent,  the  black  submarginal  dots  C — R'  seldom  indicated  ;  the 
glossy  postdisco-submarginal  band  as  broad  as  in  aristogiton,  the  section  C— SC'^ 
wider  than  in  marmax  ;  admarginal  line  thin  ;  last  discal  lunule  turning  round, 
at  anal  angle,  to  join  the  admarginal  line  ;  upper  tail  2  to  5  mm.  long,  second  a 
short  tooth. 

¥  .  Resembling  the  ?  of  aristogiton. 

Upperside  :  disc  in  the  Palawan  form  very  pale. Forewing  :  postdiscal  inter- 
spaces nearly  as  broad  as  in  marmax,  except  upper  ones,  which  are  as  in  aristogiton  ; 
discal  bars  SC^ — R'  either  fused  with  postdisco-submarginal  patches,  or  isolated, 
and  then  bar  8C* — SC°  not  more  proximal  than  bar  SU^ — W  ;  postdisco-submar- 
ginal patch  R' — R-  considerably  smaller  than  patch  SC^ — R'. Hindwing  as  in 

aristogiton,  upper  two  submarginal  dots  always  large  ;  central  and  postdiscal  portions 
of  postdisco-submarginal  patches  more  or  less  obviously  brown. 

Underside  either  as  in  (J,  with  the  proximal  parts  of  the  discal  interspaces, 
especially  of  the  forewing,  butfish,or  much  paler  than  J,  except  median  interspaces, 
which  are  darker,  the  discal  interspaces  entirel}'  bnft-colour  ;  upper  two  white 
submarginal  spots  of  hindwing  large  ;  upper  tail  spatulate,  about  S  mm.  long, 
second  a  blunt  but  prominent  tooth. 

Length  of  forewing  :  S,  40 — 44  mm. 
„         „         ,,         ?  ,  45 — 51  mm. 

Penis  and  penis-funnel  as  in  aristogiton. 

Hab.  Java,  Sumatra,  and  Palawan  ;  not  yet  known  from  Borneo,  nor  from  the 
Malay  Peninsula,  where  the  species  most  likely  occurs. 

The  forms  united  here  \mi\ev  harmodiiis  are  evidently  the  insnlar  representatives 
of  the  Indian  Ch.  aristogiton.  We  should  not  hesitate  in  treating  aristogiton  as  a 
subspecies  of  Ch.  harmodius,  if  it  were  quite  beyond  doubt  that  Ch.  marmax  (which 
name  is  older  than  harmodius)  is  specifically  distinct  from  aristogiton. 

For  the  present,  we  consider  it  more  opportune  to  keep  harmodius  specifically 
apart,  feeling  the  more  justified  in  doing  this  as  there  are  no  intergradations  between 
aristogiton  and  harmodius  known.  Such  intergradations  can  be  expected  to  occur 
in  the  Malay  Peninsula,  where  as  yet  no  representative  has  been  obtained. 

Ch.  harmodius  has  generally  been  overlooked  or  misidentified  by  entomologists. 
Herr  Frnhstorfer  {I.e.),  drawing  attention  to  the  species  in  a  note  entitled  :  "  Ein 
arg  verkaunter  Charaxes  ans  dem  Malayischen  Archij)el,"  shortly  criticises  Staudiiiger, 
Semper,  Nic(5ville,  and  Hagen  ;  but  unfortunately  he  makes  himself  a  mistake  in 
maintaining  that  the  specimens  from  Java,  Sumatra  and  Palawan  are  identical. 


(  318  ) 

There  is  no  diflScnlty  whatever  in  distinguishing  the  three  subspecies  from  these 
three  islands. 

a.  Ch.  harmodius  harpagon. 

Charaxes  marmar  Westw.  var.  harjmgoii  Staudinger,  Jrh  II,  p.  85  (1890)  (Palawan). 

Cfiaraxes  inarmaj-  var.  harpugmi,  Semper,  Tiitif.  Philijip.  p.  33G.  d.  520  (1892)  (Palawan). 

Charaxes  harmodius,  Butler  {non  Felder,  1867),  Joum.  Linn.  Soc.  Land.  XXV.  p.  398.  n.  142  (1896) 

(Palawan;  "  luirpagon  manuscript  name"  ex  errore  U)  ;    Fruhst.,  Ent.  Nachr    XXIV   p    57 

(1898)  (Palawan). 
Haridra  harjiagun,  Moore,  Lejj.  Ind.  II.  p.  247  (1896)  (Palawan). 

<?.    Wi//ps,  upperside. Fore  wing  :    median   bars   SC— R^  marked  ;    discal 

Inniform  bar  SC^ — E'  much  thinner  than  the  tawny  postdiscal  spot  at  its  outside, 
bar  SC^— SC;-"  fused  with  the  postdisco-submarginal  patch,  smaller  than  in  the  other 
subspecies,  the  black  colour  not  extending  so  much  i)roximad,  tawny  postdiscal  spot 

SC* — SC°  sometimes  vestigial. Hindwing  :  white  submarginal  dots  C — R'  larger 

than  in  h.  martinus  and  h.  harmodius,  central  portion  of  the  black  patches  in  which 
these  dots  are  situated  more  or  less  tawny  ;  median  bar  SC- — R'  present. 

Underside  ochraceous,  with  the  median  interspaces  darker,  bars  faintly  edged 

with  white. Forewing  :  white  snbmarginal  scaling  forming  two  triangular  patches 

at  apex  of  wing  ;  and  thin  dashes  upon  the  folds  between  veins  SC^— SM-. 

Hindwing  :  postdiscal  intersjiaces  C— R'  very  wide,  discal  and  jjostdiscal  bars  SC— 
R'  6  to  6  mm.  distant  from  one  another,  distance  between  bars  R^ — M  about  3  mm.  ; 
postdiscal  bars  indistinct,  tawny,  not  black. 

?  .    Wings  aboce  :  discal  interspaces  creamy  or  yellow-buff. Forewing  :  discal 

baud  limited  proximally  by  the  median  bars  ;  median  bars  SC^— R^very  much  closer 
to  cell  than  to  discal  lunules  ;  discal  lunule  SC^— SC*  jnst  in  front  of  lunnle  SC*— R', 
not  more  proximal,  sometimes  very  faint,  tawny  like  the  other  lunules,  not  widened 

out  basad,  lunule  SC«— R'  thin,  not  being  heavier  than  the   other  lunules. 

Hindwing  :  median  bars  C— R'  heavy,  bar  R'— R-'  also  present  as  a  short  oblique 
line  ;  discal  band  outwardly  limited  by  faint  indications  of  discal  lunules  ;  upper 
tail  strongly  spatulate. 

Underside  much  paler  than  in  c?,  median  interspaces  brown,  discal  ones  buff, 
onter  region  more  or  less  ochraceous  ;  postmedian  bars  of  hindwing  darker  brown 
than  in  cj. 

Length  of  forewing  ;  3,  40—42  mm. 
)j         ),         „  ?,  51  mm. 

Eab.  Palawan,  4  <?c?,  2  ?  ?  (Dr.  Platen). 

This  form  reminds  one  by  the  pale  tint  of  the  upper-  and  underside  of  Ch. 
marmax,  of  which  Staudinger  considered  it  to  be  a  variety. 

h.  Ch.  harmodius  martinus  Ruthsch.,  subsp.  nov. 

Charaxes    marmax   Westw.    var.     hurpugu,,    Staudinger,    Iris   II.    p.    85    (1890)    (Sumatra  ;    mil 

Palawan). 
Charaxes   {Haridra)   aristogilu,,,  Nic^ville  &  Martin   (wot.   Felder,   1867),  Journ.  As.  Snc.    Ikng. 

LXIV.  2.  p.  438.  n.  264  (1895)  (N.E.  Sumatra)  ;  Nic^v.,  I.e.  LXVI.  2.  p.  552.  n.  8  (1897) 

(partim  ;  Sumatra). 
Charaxes  aristogiton,  Hagen,  Iris  IX.  p.  187.  n.  250  (1896)  (Karo,  N.E.  Sum.). 
Charaxes  harmodiw,  Fruhstorfer,  Ent.  Nadir.  XXIV.  p.  57  (1898)  (pt. ;  Sumatra). 

(?.  Winffs,  upperside. Forewing:  median  bars  SC*— R^  both  strongly  marked; 

discal  bar  S("'— R'  thinner  than  the  tawny  postdiscal  spot  at  its  distal  side. 

Hindwing  :  median  bar  SC"— R'  black  like  bar  C— SC^  bar  R'— R^  vestigial. 


(  319) 

Underside:  tawny  cinnamon  rufons,  sometimes  approaching  in  tint  the  pre- 
ceding subspecies;  bars  conspicuously  edged  with  white  ;  white  submarginal  scaling 
prominent  on  forewing  ;  postdiscal  interspaces  of  the  hindwing  (outside  the  discal 
Innules  nearly  as  broad  as  in  harpagon,  discal  and  postdiscal  bars  SC^— R'  being 
about  5  mm.  distant  from  each  other,  interspaces  R'— SM^  gradually  becoming 
thinner,  inter8])ace  R' — M'  about  three  times  as  wide  as  interspace  M- — SM';  post- 
discal bars  black,  heavy,  standing  in  an  almost  straight  line,  upper  cues  more 
obviously  luniform  than  the  others. 

?.  Unknown  ;  most  likely  similar  to  S ,  with  the  discal  interspaces  of  under- 
side paler  and  the  tail  longer. 

Length  of  forewing  :   <J,  40 — 42  mm. 

Hab.  Sumatra.  In  the  Tring  Museum,  A,  i  S  from  the  Bettak  Mountains, 
February,  March,  April,  Ma^y,  June,  July  (Dr.  Martin);  Gayoe  Mountains,  January, 
May  (Dr.  Martin)  ;  Karo,  January,  September  (Dr.  Hagen). 

Herr  Fruhstorfer  maintained  {I.e.)  that  the  Sumatra  examples  oiharmodius  were 
absolutely  identical  with  those  from  Java  ;  in  this  he  was  wrong.  We  did  not  find 
it  difficult  to  distinguish  all  the  Sumatran  individuals  that  we  have  seen  from  an 
equally  long  series  of  Java  examples  by  the  black  discal  bar  SC° — R'  of  the  forewing 
above  being  thinner  than  the  tawny  interstitial  patch  at  its  outer  side. 

Martin's  collectors  found  this  insect  only  at  higher  elevations  from  Bekantschan 
to  the  Central  Plateau  ;  it  is  not  very  common  (I.e.). 

c.  Ch.  harmodius  harmodius. 

Charaxes  harmodius  Felder,  Reise  Novara,  Lep.  p.  445.  n.  726  (1867)  (Java)  ;  But].,  Trans.  Ent. 

Soc.  Land.  p.  121.  n.  17  (1872)  ;  Fruhst.,  SHz.-Ber.  Berl.  Ent.  Zeitschr.  p.  12  (1895)  (Java)  ;  id., 

Ent.  Nwhr.  XXIII.  p.  236  (1897)  (Java  ;  descr.  of  ?  !)  ;  id.,  Bed.  Ent.  Zeitschr.  XLI.  p.  301 

(1897)  (Java)  ;  id.,  Eut.  Nachr.  XXIV.  p.  57  (1898)  (pt. ;  Java). 
Charaxes  sci/lax  Butler  (noii  Felder,  1867),  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Lorul.  XXV.  p.  397.  n.  137  (1896) 

(Java). 

(?.  Resembles  h.  martimis,  but  differs  as  follows  : 

Upperside. Forewing  :     median    bar    R' — R-   faint,   discal    bar    SC' — R' 

developed  to  a  large  black  patch  which  is  at  least  twice  as  wide  as  the  tawny  post- 
discal spot  at  its  distal  side,  discal  bar  SC"— SC"  completely  fused  with  postdisco- 
submarginal  patch,  the  black  colour  more  protruding  proximad  than  in  the  other 
subspecies  of  harmodius,  the  interspace  between  median  bar  SO" — R'  and  black 
disco-submarginal  markings  about  one-half  or  one-third  as  wide  as  the  interspace 
between  that  bar  and  the  cell,  while  in  h.  martinus  the  bar  stands  about  midway 
between  cell  and  disco-submarginal  jjatches,  and  in  k.  harpagon  somewhat  closer  to 

cell  than  to  discal  Innules. Hindwing  :  median  bar  SO" — R'  vestigial  only,  tawny 

or  brown,  not  black. 

Under-side  as  in  /(.  martimis,  but  postdiscal  interspaces  of  hindwing  narrower, 
the  discal  and  postdiscal  bars  R^ — SM^  especially  close  together,  upper  postdiscal 
bars  in  most  specimens  straight  or  almost  so,  seldom  luniform. 

? .  Similar  to  S. 

Upperside  :  discal  interspaces  of  forewing  more  yellowish  than  basal  area  of 

wing,  discal  lunules  R' — M'  more  blackish. Hindwing  :  discal  interspace  C — SC* 

whitish,  interspace  SC^ — R'  pale  buff-yellow. 

Underside :  discal  interspaces  with  bufi'  patches  at  median  bars  ;  postdiscal 
black  bars  of  hindwing  heavier  than  in  c?  ;  tail  7  mm.  long,  slightly  spatnlate. 


(  320  ) 

Length  of  forewing  :   cj,  40 — 44  mm. 

„  ,,  ? ,  45  mm. 

Hab.  Java.     In  the  Tring  Museum  9   Si,\    ?   from:  "Java";  Sukabumi, 
2000  ft.  (Frahstorfer)  ;  Mount  Gede,  400U  ft.  (Prillwitz). 


lu.  Charaxes  amycus. 

Cltaraxes  amycus  Felder,  Wien.  Ent.  Mon.  V.  p.  303.  n.  21,  (J  (1861)  (Luzon)  ;  id.,  Reise  Novnra, 
Lep.  p.  441.  n.  719  (1867)  (^g  Luzon  ;  ?  xpej;.  alt.)  ;  Semp.,  Trig/'.  Philipp.  p.  80.  n.  101  (1887) 
(Luzon,  Bohol,  Camotes,  Camiguin  de  Mindanao,  Mindanao). 

I^ymphalh  polyxeim  var.  i.  C.umycus,  Kirby,  Cat.  Diurn.  Lep.  p.  272.  sub  n.  62  (1871)  (pt.). 

c?.    Wings  above  richer  taway  than  in  marmax  and  aristoqiton,  in  the  forms 

from  Luzon  and  Mindoro  somewhat  shaded  with  olive. Forewing  :  median  bars 

SC^ — R°  mostl}'  joined  along  veins  to  black  outer  area,  which  extends  always  to 
upper  end  of  bar  SC^— R'  or  farther  basad  ;  discal  bars  R- — SM^  very  variable, 
dark  tawny  or  black,  the  last  one  sometimes  obsolete,  bars  SC — R^  always  develojjed 
to  j)atche8,  sometimes  tawny  brown,  not  black  ;  postdiscal  tawny  spots  SC — SM^ 
always  developed,  the  second  and  third  sometimes  very  small,  spot  SC — SC*  seldom 
faintly  vestigial  ;  postdisco-marginal,  purplish  black,  band  extending  to  internal 
margin,  the  last  partition  often  separated  by  the  tawny  vein  SM^,  the  other  veins 
show  some  tawny  scaling  at  ends,  but  there  is  never  a  tawny  marginal  line,  not  even 

at   hinder   angle. Hindwing  :  postdisco-submarginal   ])atches   C — R'  nearly  all 

fused  together  to  a  band,  or  patches  R' — SM-  isolated  ;  white  submarginal  dot  G — 
SO*  never  quite  absent,  but  often  obscure,  generally  smaller  than  dot  SO^ — R'  as  in 
Ck.  marmax ;  admarginal  line  mostly  very  prominent,  better  marked  than  in 
marmax  and  aristogiton  at  least  between  veins. 

Underside  dift'erent  in  tint  in  the  three  subspecies,  resembling  on  the  whole 
that  of  aristogiton  and  harmodius  harpagoii  ;  discal  interspaces  of  both  wings  glossy 

as  in  aristogiton. Forewing  :  submedian  and  median  bars  R' — SM'  ou  the  whole 

more  oblique  than  in  the  allies. Hindwing  :  discal  and  postdiscal  series  of  bars 

atraighter  than  in  marmax,  agreeing  in  this  respect  with  typical  aristogiton  and 
harmodius  ;  median  and  submedian  bars  M' — SM-  farther  apart  than  in  the  allies  ; 
tails  very  variable  in  length,  in  Mindanao  individuals  sometimes  reduced  to  short 
teeth. 

?  .  Wings,  iipperside  either  tawny  olive  or  nearly  orange  oohraceons. Fore- 
wing :  discal  bars  R' — SM-  luuiform,  bar  R- — R'  either  also  Inniform  or  extended 
basad  behind  R*,  bars  SO* — R^  developed  to  patches,  which  are  black  or  tawny, 
and  are  joined  to  the  black  outer  area  along  veins  ;  median  bars  SO'' — R- (seldom 
absent)  closer  to  those  patches  than  to  apex  of  cfeU  ;  postdiscal  interspaces  orange 
ochraceous  or  cream-buff,  all  developed,  but  sjiot  S(  '^ — S(J''  iu  the  Mindoro  form  only 
vestigial ;  discal  interspaces  filled  up  by  a  creamy  butf  or  orange  ochraceous  band, 
which  anteriorly  extends  basad  to  bar  D  and  median  bar  R^ — R'  ;  veins  within 
black  marginal  area  more  or  less  orange   tawny,    sometimes   with  orange  tawny 

scaling  between  veins,  or  veins  quite  black. Hindwing  :  disc  very  faintly  paler 

in  front  than  behind,  median  bars  C — R-  absent  (but  showing  through  from  below), 
or  the  upper  one  vestigial  ;  white  submarginal  dots  all  present ;  postdisco-sub- 
marginal patches  R' — SM''  becoming  gradually  smaller,  patch  SG* — R'  much  larger, 
fused  with  patch  G — SG". 

Underside :  creamy  butf  or  buff  yellow,  median  as  well  as  outer  portions  of 


(  321  ) 

discal  interspaces  more  or  less  brown,  bnt  interspace  between  median  bars  SC° — R^ 

of  forewing  and  cell  of  the  same  light  colour  as  the  discal  interspaces. Forewing: 

median  bar  R' — M'  midway  between  most  proximal  point  of  discal  bar  R' — M'  and 

base  of  M'  or  closer  to  the  latter. Hindwing  :  discal  Inniform  bars  C — R'  evenly 

arched,  not  almost  angle-shaped  ;  discal  interspaces  C — R'  twice  as  wide  as  the 
respective  median  interspaces  ;  two  tails,  upper  one  spatulate,  7  to  9  mm.  long, 
second  curved  costad,  6  to  7  mm.  long. 

Length  of  forewing  :  S,  34 — 39  mm. 
„  „  ?,  42— 48  mm. 

Penis  with  a  lateral  patch  of  teeth  as  in  marmax;  penis-funnel,  however,  as 
broad  as  in  aristogifon. 

Hub.  Philippine  Islands,  apparently  on  all  the  islands  of  the  group. 

The  race  from  Mindanao  is  so  different,  especially  in  the  ¥ ,  from  those  found 
on  Mindoro  and  Luzon,  that  we  should  have  treated  it  as  specifically  distinct,  if  we 
had  not  a  7nale  specimen  from  Mindanao  which  resembles  the  Mindoro  individuals 
more  than  the  extreme  Mindanao  examples.  Besides,  caroltis,  amycua  and  georgius 
are  clearly  geographical  representatives  of  one  another  ;  we  must,  therefore,  expect 
that  iutergradatious  also  between  the  females  will  be  found  when  more  material 
from  all  the  islands  of  the  Philippine  group  has  come  to  hand. 

Drs.  Staudinger  and  Butler  made  a  mistake  in  identifying  the  Mindanao  insect 
with  the  form  described  by  Felder,  which  came  from  Luzon.  This  erroneous 
identification  misled  Dr.  Staudinger  to  describe  the  Mindoro  form,  which  is  very 
slightly  difl'erent  from  that  inhabiting  Luzon,  as  a  distinct  species.  Dr.  Butler,  in 
his  revision  of  the  genns  r^«;r/ic('«,  brings  the  Mindoro  race^fo;y?'««  in  the  '■^  psaphon 
group,"  while  the  Mindanao  race  stands  under  the  name  of  amycus  in  the  "  marmax 
group." 

Gh.  amycus  connects  the  allies  of  Ch.  marmax  with  those  of  Ch.  polyxena. 


a.  Ch.  amycus  carolus  Rothsch.,  subsp.  nov. 

Charaxes  Imiaivura  Butler,  Lep.  Exvt.  p.  99.  n.  6.  t.  37.  f.  2,  ?  (1872)  (no  loc,  J  ;   ^J  =  marmax). 
Charaxes  amycus,  Semper  (iwn  Felder,  1867),  Tat^f.  PhiUpp.  p.  80.  n.  101  (1887)  (Camiguin  de 

Mind.  ;  Mindanao  ;  "  Bohol,"  "  Camotes,"  huec  mbsp.  ?)  ;  Butl.,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Loud.  XXV. 

p.  397.  n.  138  (1896)  (Davao,  S.E.  Mindanao). 

S.  Wings  above  rich  tawny  orange. Forewing  :  median  bars  R- — M'-  ves- 
tigial, the  last  often  absent,  or  bars  R-— M'  black,  but  short  and  thin  and  not  curved, 
median  bars  SO' — R-  often  tawny  ;  discal  bars  R=— SM-  thin,  often  tawny  brown, 

sometimes  not  arched,  the  last  one  often  very  faint. Hindwing  :  postdisco-sub- 

marginal  patches  R' — R'  very  much  smaller  than  patches  C — R\  but  in  one  example 
as  in  the  following  subspecies. 

Underside  :  median  bars  R^ — M'  of  both  wings  continuous,  or  R= — R'  a  little 
more  proximal  ;  postdiscal  interspace  SC" — R'  of  hindwing  about  as  wide  as 
respective  discal  interspaces  ;  tails  very  variable  in  length,  upper  one  2  to  4  mm., 
second  1|  to  3|  mm. 

? .    Wings  abore  orange  ochraceous,  discal  area  of  forewing  somewhat  paler. 

Forewing  :  median  bars  feeble,  often  vestigial  only,  sometimes  absent  ;  discal  bars 
often  all  tawny,  postdiscal  interspaces  of  the  same  colour  as  disc,  s])ot  SC^ — SC  well 
marked  ;  bar  D  sometimes  vestigial  only  ;  veins  within  black  postdisco-marginal 
area  with  orange  ochraceous  scaling. Hindwing  :  postdisco-submarginal  patches 


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Ri — M'  isolated,  pointed  distall.v,  their  snbmarginal  parts  black  npon  internervnlar 
folds  :  white  submarginal  dots  somewhat  linear,  but  not  half  so  long  as  the  cellules 
are  broad,  except  the  upper  two. 

Underside  :  lighter  parts  buff-yellow,  this  colour  often  occupying  the  greater 

part  of  the  wings. Forewing  :    median  bars  R^ — M'  continuous,  or  nearly  so  ; 

median  interspaces  M' — SJP  considerably  narrower  than  the  respective  discal  ones  ; 
postdiscal,  blackish,  ill-defined,  inconspicuous  patches  SC^ — M-  about  one-third  the 

way  from  the  edge  of  the  pale  tawny  orange  marginal  band  to  the  discal  luuules. 

Hindwing  :  white  submarginal  dots  C — R^  larger  than  the  others,  all  rather  sharply 
defined  ;  postdiscal  interspace  SC^ — R^  very  little  smaller,  or  even  larger,  interspace 
C'—SC- always  larger,  than  the  resj)ective  greyish  postdisco-submiirginal  patches; 
upper  tail  8  to  0  mm.  long,  second  6i  to  7  mm. 

Length  of  forewing  :  S,  36 — 39  mm. 
„         „         „         9 ,  44—48  mm. 

Hab.  Mindanao  (t>/pe)  and  Camiguin  de  Mindanao.  In  the  Tring  Museum 
3  (Jc?,l  ?  from  Mindanao  ;  several  ?  9  from  Mindanao  in  Dr.  Staudinger's  collection. 

The  specimens  from  Bohol  and  Camotes  recorded  by  Semper  as  amycus  belong 
perhaps  to  this  race,  or  may  be  intermediate  between  carolus  and  amyous  ;  we  have 
not  seen  any  examples  from  those  islands.  AVe  have  no  doubt  that  the  individuals 
from  Camiguin  de  Mindanao  are  carolus. 

b.  Ch.  amyous  georgius. 

Charaxes  georgius  Staudinger,  Iria  V.  p.  262  (1892)  (Mindoro)  ;  Semp.,  Tagf.  Philipp.  p.  335.  n.  519 
(1892)  (pt.  ;  Mindoro)  ;  Butl.,  Joum.  Linn.  Soc.  Land.  XXV.  p.  391.  n.  121  (1896)  (Mindoro). 

cJ.    Wingis  above  tawny  orange,  much  shaded  with  olive  brown. Forewing  : 

median  bars  SC°— M^  strongly  developed,  the  last  of  them  seldom  feeble,  bar 
M'— (SM')  also  developed  as  a  rule,  bars  R' — M-  luniform,  bar  R" — R'  very  much 
nearer  cell  than  bar  R^ — M'  ;  discal  bars  R- — SM"  rather  thin,  black  or  brown,  very 
much  thinner  than  the  tawny  orange  spots  at  their  distal  side  ;  black  border  of  wing 
posteriorly  broader  than  in  the  preceding  subspecies,  being  between  M'  and  M-  three 
times  as   wide  as  the  respective  postdiscal,  tawny  orange  interspace  ;  veins  more 

or  less  black  from  cell  to  black  area,  especially  in  front. Hindwing  :  postdisco- 

snbmarginal  patches  almost  gradually  decreasing  in  size  abdominad,  the  upper  four 
fnsed  together  or  touching  each  other,  patches  R' — M^  pointed  distally,  sometimes 
produced  to  the  admarginal  line,  which  is  conspicuous  ;  discal  Innule  C — SC* 
vestigial. 

Underside:  median  bar  R^— M'  much  more  distal  than  bar  R-— R''  on  both 
wings  ;  postdiscal  interspaces  C. — R'  of  hindwing  very  much  smaller  than  the 
respective  discal  ones  ;  tails  of  about  equal  length,  upper  one  5  to  5^  mm.,  second 
4|  to  5  mm. 

?.    \V//ii/s  abote  tawny  olive. Forewing  :  less  falcate  than  in  carolus,  discal 

band  and  postdiscal  spots  creamy  buff';  median  bars  R^— M^  heavy,  black,  bars 
R^ — M''  more  or  less  strongly  luniform,  bars  SC* — R-  much  thinner,  sometimes 
obsolete  ;  discal  bars  R' — SM''  thin,  but  sharply  defined,  black  or  brownish  black, 
strongly  arched,  bar  R= — R^  also  curved,  but  dilated  basad  behind  R^  bars  SC* — R^ 
developed  to  one  large  black   patcli  which  is  about  as  wide  at  R-  as  at  SU°,  fused 

with  the  black  outer  area  ;  postdiscal  creamy  but!'  spot  SO*— SC°  vestigial. 

Hindwing :    postdisco-submarginal  patches    larger   than   in   carolus,  close   to   the 


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admarginal,  cons{)icnons  line,  tlie  Llaek  scaling  extending  close  to  the  discal  lunnle 
C — SC^,  which  shines  through  from  below,  snbmarginal  parts  of  patches  deep  black, 
this  colour  forming  regular  lunnles  or  angle-shaped  markings,  central  parts  greyish, 
postdiscal  parts  of  patches  R' — M^  often  obsolete  ;  white  snbmarginal  spots  larger 
than  in  carolus,  longer  than  half  the  width  of  the  cellules. 

Underside  cream}'  buff,  variegated  in  the  usual  way  witli  olive-brown  ;  median 
bar  W — M'  much  more  distal  on  both  wings  than  bar  R- — R^  ;  white  snbmarginal 
scaling  on  fore-  and  hindwing  more  extended  than  in  carolus. Forewing  :  post- 
discal, brown,  indistinctly  defined  patches  R'^ — M^  about  midway  between  discal 
lunnles  and  outer  edge  of  white  snbmarginal  scaling,  much  more  proximal  than  in 

carolus. Hindwing  :    postdiscal  interspace  SC'^ — R'  about  half  the  size  of  the 

respective  postdisco-submarginal  glossy  jjatch  ;  black  snbmarginal  dots  much  closer 
to  admarginal  line  than  in  carolus. 

Length  of  forewing  :  c?,  34 — 39  mm. 
?,  42— 43  mm. 

Hab.  Mindoro.  In  the  Tring  Museum  6  c?  (^,  3  ?  ?  from  :  "  Mindoro  "  (Platen); 
Mt.  Dulangan,  4  to  5000  ft.,  November  189.5  to  January  1896  (J.  Whitehead)  ;  low 
lands,  November  1895  to  January  1896  (J.  Whitehead). 


c.  Ch.  amycus  amycus. 

Charaxes  amycus  Felder,  Wien.  Ent.  Mm.  V.  p.  303.  n.  21,  J  (1861)  (Luzon)  ;  But].,  Proc.  Zovl. 
Soc.  Loud.  p.  636.  n.  55  (1865)  (Philipp.)  ;  Feld.,  Rehe  Novara,  Lep.  p.  441.  n.  719  (1867) 
{Luzon  (J;  not  S  =  Imia)  ;  Semp.,  Tiuif.  Pliilipp.  p.  80.  n.  101  (1887)  (pt.,  Luzon). 

Charaxes  antonius  Semper,  I.e.  sub  n.  100  (1887)  (Guimaras  J  ,  haec  snbsp.  ?). 

Charaxes  georgius,  Semper,  I.e.  p.  335.  n.  519  (1892)  (pt.  ;  Polillo,  Guimaras,  haec  subsp.?). 

c?.  Very  close  to  amijcus  georgius,  but  the  black  colour  of  the  upper  side  more 

extended. Forewing  :  discal  bars  R" — M-  heavy,  wider  than  the  tawny  postdiscal 

s])ots,  disc  shaded  at  the  base  with  brown  ;  black  marginal  area  at  least  as  wide 

behind  as  in  georgius. Hindwing  :  jiostdisco-submarginal  patches  less  pointed 

distally  than  in  georgius,  the  upper  five  (or  nearly  all)  fused  together  ;  disco-mar- 
ginal area  generally  darker  tawny  than  in  the  other  two  subspecies. 

Underside  on  the  whole  somewhat  darker  than  in  georgius. 

?.  Unknown. 

Ilab.  Luzon.  In  the  Tring  Museum  A  S  6  from  :  "  Luzon"  (Lorqnin,  type)  ; 
N.  Luzon  (J.  Whitehead). 

The  sjiecimen  described  as  amijcus  ?  by  Felder  was  said  to  be  from  Celebes  ; 
it  bears  on  the  pin  one  of  Felder's  labels  on  which  is  written  :  "  Celebes,  coll.  v. 
d.  C!apellen,  type."  The  specimen  does  not  belong  to  amijcus,  nor  is  it  from  Celebes, 
but  is  an  individual  of  the  Javan  Ch.  polyxena  bai/a.  The  ?  from  Polillo  is, 
according  to  Semper,  the  same  as  georgius,  but  we  have  some  doubt  that  this  is  so  ; 
a  close  comparison  will  most  likely  reveal  similarly  slight  differences  between  the 
Polillo  ?  ¥  and  those  oi georgius  from  Mindoro,  as  are  found  in  the  cJcJ  from  Luzon 
{amycus)  and  Mindoro  {georgius). 

The  Guimaras  ?  first  recorded  by  Semper  as  a  sjiecimen  of  antonius  is  badly 
preserved  ;  it  represents  jierliaps  a  race  intermediate  between  amycus  and  carolus, 
judging  from  the  geographical  jiosition  of  the  locality. 


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i'.  (?,  postdiscal  tawny  interspace  R^ — E'  of  forewing  smaller  than  the 
black  patch  at  its  proximal  side,  or  absent ;  ?  ,  discal  bar  R' — R'  of 
forewing  above  mnch  heavier  than  posterior  discal  bars,  about 
midway  between  outer  margin  and  median  bar  R' — R',  or  nearer 
the  latter.     Poli/.tena  group. 

The  forms  of  Ckaraxes  we  are  now  going  to  deal  with  are  more  perplexing  than 
any  others.  We  can  roughly  divide  them  into  two  groups,  according  as  the  males 
have  a  white  discal  band  on  forewing,  or  not.  On  the  islands  of  Palawan,  Borneo 
and  Sumatra,  in  the  Malay  Peninsula,  and  in  China,  there  occur  both  a  banded  and 
a  not-banded  form  without  there  being  found  any  intergraduate  s])ecimens  between 
the  two.  We  must,  therefore,  conclude,  for  want  of  evidence  showing  the  reverse  to 
be  true,  that  in  those  localities  the  two  forms  are  j)erfectly  independent  of  one 
another,  or,  in  other  words,  belong  to  two  distinct  species.  But  if  we  examine  the 
material  from  Burma  and  North  India,  we  find  no  longer  two  well-separated  forms, 
but  meet  with  a  great  number  of  different-looking  insects  which  entomologists  have 
been  at  pains  to  describe  as  distinct  species,  but  which  are  all  connected  with  one 
another  by  intergradations.  However,  if  we  group  the  individuals  again  according 
to  the  presence  or  absence  of  a  white  discal  band  on  the  forewing  of  the  males,  we 
observe  that  the  number  of  specimens  which  have  the  band  more  or  less  vestigial 
and  connect  the  two  groups  of  individuals  comjiletely  is  much  smaller  than  the 
number  of  specimens  of  either  grouji.  We  have  vainly  endeavoured  to  find 
characters  in  the  sexual  organs  by  which  the  forms  could  be  constantly  separated. 

Have  we  then  to  deal  with  one,  two  or  more  "  species "  in  North  India  and 
Burma  ?  It  might  be  suggested  that  the  intergraduate  specimens  were  hybrids. 
But  that  explanation  is  not  admissible,  (1)  because  the  number  of  "  hybrids  "  would 
be  much  too  large,  hybrids  being  rare,  if  not  produced  in  confinement  ;  (2)  because 
the  fact  that  no  intergraduates  between  the  banded  and  not-banded  forms  of  Sumatra 
and  Borneo,  whence  large  material  has  come  to  Europe,  are  known,  speaks  entirely 
against  the  Burmese  and  North  Indian  "  species  "  hybridizing  so  freely.  Hence  we 
disregard  this  assumption  of  general  interbreeding  of  "  two  species  "  altogether,  and 
consider  all  the  numerous  forms  known  from  Burma  and  N.  India  as  specifically 
identical.  Some  authors  have  avoided  the  difficulty  presented  by  the  insects  in 
question  by  2)ickiug  out  certain  specimens  as  specifically  distinct  and  including  the 
intermediate  examples  arbitrarily  into  one  or  the  other  of  those  "species"  ;  others 
preferred  enumerating  the  insects  as  a  dozen  or  more  "  species,"  but  lea\Tng  it 
doubtful  whether  the  "  species  "  were  all  distinct.  We  agree  with  those  who 
suggested,  like  Watson  and  Elwes,  that  the  insects  in  question  belonged  all  to  one 
and  the  same  very  variable  species.  To  clear  up  the  matter  entirely  as  regards 
the  specific  identity  of  the  various  Burmese  and  North  Indian  forms,  it  is  necessary 
to  rear  the  insects  from  the  eggs  of  ?  ?  which  have  copulated  with  S  <S  that  are 
similar  to  them  in  colour.  It  would  be  a  long  stej)  forward  if  one  of  the  officers 
in  Burma  who  takes  an  interest  in  Natural  Science  would  try  to  obtain  eggs  from 
one  ? ,  rear  the  insects,  and  send  the  ? ,  together  with  the  oftspring,  carefully 
marked,  to  a  public  collection  or  to  an  expert. 

There  is  one  other  point  to  be  noted.  The  individuals  which  are  intermediate 
between  the  banded  and  not-banded  forms  are  mostly  small  specimens,  being  not 
only  rarer,  but  on  an  average  also  decidedly  less  robust  than  the  forms  which 
approach  the  extremes  in  colour.     Therefore,  if  it  is  true  that  we  have  to  do  only 


(  325  ) 

with  one  variable,  polj'chromatic,  species,  we  may  say  that  this  species  is  in  a 
process  of  being  evolved  into  a  dimorphic  species  by  the  elimination  of  the  inter- 
mediate links.  But  it  is  surely  fntile  to  speculate  any  further  on  this  subject, 
before  we  know  precisely  the  life-history  of  the  insects. 

However,  by  uniting  the  various  North  Indian  and  Burmese  examples  to  one 
species,  we  create  another  difficulty,  respecting  the  Chinese  and  Malayan  forms. 
For  if  we  assume,  as  we  are  bound  to  do  with  our  present  incomplete  knowledge, 
that  forms  like  khasianus  and  eorax  are  the  same  species,  it  would  only  be  con- 
sistent to  regard  also  the  banded  and  not-banded  specimens  from  Sumatra,  Borneo, 
etc.,  as  individuals  of  a  dichromatic  species.  This,  however,  we  cannot  do,  as 
regards  the  Malayan  insects,  because  the  banded  Malayan  forms  are  all  well-defined, 
being,  so  far  as  we  know,  constantly  different  from  the  Indian  banded  individuals, 
while  the  not-banded  extra-Indian  individuals  are  in  the  male  sex  not  always  distin- 
guishable from  the  Indian  not-banded  specimens.  Therefore  we  think  it  justifiable 
to  treat  the  Malayan  banded  forms  as  specifically  distinct,  whereas  we  must 
include  the  forms  with  not-banded  c?c?  in  the  same  species  to  which  the  various 
banded  and  not-banded  Indian  forms  belong.  The  Chinese  banded  and  not-banded 
males  we  consider  also  to  be  specifically  identical  ;  it  is  true,  there  is  no  complete 
chain  of  intermediate  specimens  known,  but  the  material  in  collections  is  so  scanty 
and  shows  yet  so  much  variability  that  the  course  we  adopt  is  the  best  to  follow  at 
present. 

The  South  Indian  and  Ceylonese  Ch.  psaphon  is  only  a  geographical  offshoot  of 
the  species  under  discussion,  but  we  treat  it  nevertheless  as  a  distinct  species, 
because  it  is  apparently  always  well  distinguishable  in  both  sexes  from  all  other 
forms.  Ch.  psaphon  is,  moreover,  in  so  far  of  particular  interest  as  the  S  is  not- 
banded,  while  the  ?  agrees  to  a  certain  extent  better  with  the  ?  ?  of  the  banded 
than  with  those  of  the  not-banded  forms,  and  might  therefore  be  called  a  rejwesenta- 
tive  of  the  banded  as  well  as  of  the  not-banded  Malayan  species.  It  is,  however, 
possible  that  a  larger  material  from  the  North-West  Himalayas  and  Nepal  of  the  form 
called  hemana,  of  which  we  have  seen  only  a  few  individuals,  will  contain  gradations 
from  hemana,  to  psaphon,  in  which  case  psaphon  will  sink  as  a  subspecies  of  the 
variable  Indo-Malayan  Ch.  polyxena. 

11.  Charaxes  polyxena. 

5  .  Pap'dio  Eques  Achiviis  polyxena  Cramer,  Pup.  Exot.  I.  p.  85.  t.  54.  f.  A.B.  (1775)  (China  ;    ?  , 

mutilatfcl). 
?  .  Papilio  Eques  Achirus  bernardus  Fabricius,  EhI.  Syst.  III.  1.  p.  72.  n.  223  (1893)  (China)  (1775) 

(China,  ?  ). 

cJ.    Wings,  upperside. Forewing  :  black  outer  area  broad,  at  least  in  front, 

the  black  discal  lunnles  merged  together  with  it,  but  Innnles  M' — SM"  sometimes 
almost  separate,  occasionally  obsolete  ;  postdiscal  tawny  or  white  interspace  M- — 
SM*  seldom  filled  up  with  black  scaling,  the  other  postdiscal  iutersj)aces  often  also 
more  or  less  marked,  but  interspace  B? — R^  always  very  much  smaller  than  the 
discal  portion  R^ — R'  of  the  black  area  at  its  proximal  side,  and  situated  halfway 
between  median  bar  R' — R^  and  outer  margin  of  wing  ;  discal  interspaces  varying 

from  being  bluish  white  to  being  concolorous  with  the  basal  area. Hindwing  less 

dentate  than  in  marmax  and  allies,  tooth  M'  less  prominent. 

Underside :  discal  bars  SC* — SC*  of  forewing  about  a  third  the  way  between 


(  326  ) 

mediau  bars  aud  outer  margin  of  wing,  being  like  tlie  other  median  bars  much  more 
j)roximal  than  in  nuirmax  and  allies. 

? .   Wings,  upperside. Forewing :  black  discal  bars  R'— SM-'  more  or  less 

thin,  arched,  joined  at  veins  to  the  black  postdisco-marginal  band  ;  postdiscal  inter- 
space R' — R-  a  third  the  way  between  outer  margin  and  median  bar  R' — R-,  more 
distal  than  spot  R- — R^,  generally  smaller  than  the  black  discal  patch  standing  at 
its  proximal  side,  but  occasionally  larger,  buffish  or  white  like  the  other  postdiscal 
interstitial  spots  and  the  discal  band,  discal  bars  SC — R-  very  much  heavier  than 
bars  R' — SM-,  mostly  merged  together  with  the  black  outer  area  excejrt  for  post- 
discal interstitial  spots  SC^ — R-  or  SC — R*. 

Underside  :  discal  bars  SC* — R'  of  furewiug  very  much  nearer  the  median  bars 
than  outer  margin. 

Length  of  forewing  :   cj,  32 — 48  mm. 
„  „  ?  ,  43 — 58  mm. 

The  denticnlation  of  the  penis  is  individually  variable  ;  in  the  more  robust 
specimens  the  teeth  are  generally  heavier  than  in  the  smaller  specimens  and  more 
numerous  before  the  apex  standing  here  mostly  in  two  irregular  rows. 

llab.  From  N.W.  India  to  China,  Palawan  and  .Java. 

The  Ckaraxes  figured  by  Cramer,  I.e.,  from  Cinua,  is  doubtless  &  female  of  this 
species  with  the  tails  broken  off ;  aud  Fabricius's  bernardus  is  also  this  species,  as 
the  description  and  Donavan's  figure  prove.  Moore,  in  Lep.  Ind.  11.  p.  246,  refers 
the  name  of  bernardus  to  a  white-banded  Chinese  species,  but  in  that  he  is  surelv 
wrong,  as  Fabricius  describes  the  forewing  as  having  a  yellow  band.  The  name  of 
bernardus  was  published  eighteen  years  aXt&v  polyxena. 

The  males  of  all  the  forms  of  Ck.  polyxena  are  very  partial  to  decaying  fruits, 
dung,  and  assemble  often  in  great  numbers  on  damp  places  of  roads  in  and  near  the 
forest.  The  females  do  not  share  the  habit,  aud  are  consequently  much  less  often 
caught.  The  sap  of  trees  is  a  great  attraction  for  the  cJ  cf ;  they  come  also  to 
sugar,  which  can  be  used  as  bait. 

a.  Ch.  polyxena  bajula. 

(J  ?  .  Ckaraxes  bui/a  Moore  var.  ?  bajula  Staudinger,  Iris  11.  p.  86  (1889)  (Palawan). 
Haridra  bajula,  Moore  Lep.  Ind.  II.  p.  248  (1895)  (Palawan). 

Churaxes  corax  dwarfed  form  =  batjula,  Staud.  in  litt.  (sic  !)  Batler,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Land.  XXV. 
p.  391.  sub  n.  120  (1896)  (Palawan). 

S.    Wings  above,  basi-discal  area  rather  brighter  orange  than  in  repetitus  aud 

baya,  uniform  in  colour. Forewing  :  median  bars  SC*-" — R''  absent  or  slightly 

vestigial,  bars  R- — M-  marked,  or  just  traceable  ;  black  outer  area  only  9  to  11  mm. 
wide  between  R'  and  R-,  somewhat  produced  basad  behind  R-  and  before  SC  ;  discal 
bar  M-— SIP  vestigial,  tawny,  tlie  tawny  orange  patch  separated  by  it  from  the 
basi-discal  area  2  mm.  broad,  bar  M' — M-  tawny  or  black,  in  the  latter  case  merged 
together  with  the  black  area,  but  there  remains  generally  a  small  tawny  orange 
spot  at  its  distal  side. Hindwing  :  postdisco-submarginal  patches  C — R^  con- 
tiguous, their  postdiscal  (proximal)  portions  developed,  patches  C — R'  together 
convex  proximally,  their  edge  well  defined,  uot  produced  iiroximad  at  veins,  white 
dots  in  centre  of  patches  R' — M',  dots  C — R'  much  larger  than  the  others. 

Underside  apparently  less  variable,  rather  paler  ferruginous  tawny  than  in  the 
allied  forms  ;  discal  bars  of  both  wings  less  arched,  white  borders  of  bars  feeble. 

? .    Wings  above,  basal  area  pale  orauge  bufl',  paler  than  in  the  other  subspecies 


(327  ) 

of  polyxena. Forewing  :  median  bars  R- — M'  more  or  less  marked,  but    bars 

SC* — R^  not  present,  or  very  faiatl}'  indicated  ;  disc  pale  buff  yellow,  paler  in  front 
than  behind  ;  discal  barsi  M' — SM-  faintly  indicated  as  orange  buff  lunules,  the 
respective  postdiscal  interspaces  therefore  not  clearly  separated  from  the  discal  area, 
the  same  is  the  case  with  interspace  R' — R^,  the  black  area  convex  between 
M.^  and  SM^,  but  incised  at  (SM'),  also  convex  between  the  veins  from  R^ — M-, 
more  produced  proximad  between  R-  and  M\  sinuate  between  R'  and  R^,  here  only 
6 — 7  mm.  broad  ;    postdiscal  interspace  SC* — R'    sometimes   separated  from  the 

discal   area. Hindwing  :    discal  area  pale  buff  yellow  in  front ;   median    bars 

O  -R2  marked  ;  postdisco-submarginal  patches  all  with  the  proximal  portions 
developed,  hence  the  white  dots  within  the  patches,  patch  R^ — R'  a  little  larger 
than  patch  R' — R-,  white  dots  large,  especiall}'  upper  two. 

Underside  as  in  the  palest  specimens  of  repetitus,  median  interspaces  of 
forewing  less  brown,  much  shaded  with  buff;  discal  interspaces  R' — SM^  of  fore- 
wing  much  broader  than  median  ones  ;  tail  short,  rounded  at  tip,  not  spatulate. 

Length  of  forewing  :  J,  35 — 37  mm. 
„  „  ?,  41  mm. 

Eab.  Palawan.     In  the  Tring  Museum  2  i  S,  1  ?. 

b.  Ch.  polyxena  fervens. 

$  .  Charaxes polyxemi,  Weymer  (nun  Cramer,  1775),  Stett.  Eiit.  Zeit.  p.  269  (188j)  (Nias). 
(J.  CJiaraxes psajihon,  id.  {/ion  Westwood,  1848),  I.e.  (Nias). 

(J.  Charaxes fervens  Butler,  Jourii.  Linn.  Snc.  Lund.  XXV.  p.  396.  n.  134  (1896)  (Nias). 
¥  .  an  raxes  fervens,  Lathy,  Entom.  XXI.  p.  228  (1898)  (Nias). 

S.    Wings  above  as  in  bright  specimens  of  repetitus. Forewiug  :  median 

bars  not  marked  ;  black  outer  area  variable  in  width  in  front,  always  very  narrow 
behind,  measuring  about  5  mm.  behind  BI^,  and  18  to  21  mm.  at  R',  sometimes  inter- 
rupted at  (SM'),  in  which  case  the  tawny  admarginal  patch  M- — SM^  is  connected 
with  the  liasi-postdiscal  area  ;  discal  bar  M" — SM"  absent,  or  indicated  as  a  faint 
tawny  lunnle,  bar  M' — M^  black  in  upper  half,  bar  R^ — M'  also  black,  mostly 
completely  merged  together  with  the  black  area  ;  tawny  postdiscal  interstitial 
spot  R'— R^  sometimes  present. Hindwing  :  proximal  portions  of  postdisco- 
submarginal  patches  R' — SM''  absent,  hence  white  dots  at  proximal  side  of  the 
remaining  submarginal  portions  of  the  black  patches,  size  of  these  patches  variable, 
but  patch  R'— R-  smaller  than  the  following  two  or  three. 

Underside  bright  ferruginous  tawny,  discal  interspaces  paler  proximally,  bars 
very  prominent,  especially  on  account  of  their  conspicuous  white  borders,  discal 
bars  regularly  arched,  on  the  whole  more  deeply  concave  than  in  the  other  forms 

oi  polyxena. Forewing  :  position  of  bars  as  variable  as  in  repetitus  and  other 

subspecies  of  poli/xena,  but  median  bars  R- — SM-  rather  more  often  continuous  ; 
white  submarginal  scaling  prominent,  distally  generally  limited  by  black  scaling. 

Hindwing  :  admarginal  interspaces  ochraceous,  submarginal  black,  blue,  white 

spots  prominent  ;  tail  4 — 7  mm.  long. 

? .  Resembling  certain  ?  ?  of  repetitus.  Wings  ahore,  discal  area  white,  with 
a  yellow  tint,  more  distinctly  yellow  buff  at  internal  margin  of  forewing,  on 
hindwing  the  pale  colour  gradually  merging  between  R^  and  M'  into  the  tawny 

colour  of  the   basi-discal   area. Forewing  :    median  bars  SC'-*— M^   marked  ; 

discal  bars  R' — M"  very  thin,  deeply  arched,  the  postdiscal  interspace  M' — M- nearly 


(  328  ) 

as  broad  in  middle  as  the  black  outer  area,  discal  bar  M- — SM"  faiutly  vestigial, 
bar  R' — R'  rather  heavier,  the  postdiscal  spot  at  its  distal  side  small,  two  more 

postdiscal   spots   in   black   area   between   SC*   and    Rl Hindwing  :    postdiscal 

portions  of  postdisco-snbmargiual  patches  tawny  olive,  not  black,  the  patches  larger 
than  in  repetitits  except  patches  C — R' ;  white  submargiual  dots  long. 

Underside,  discal,  great  part  of  postdiscal,  a  jwrtiou  of  the  snbmediau  inter- 
spaces of  both  wings  and  the  admarginal  interspaces  of  the  hindwing  more  or 
less  maize  j'ellow  ;  discal  bars  deejdy  arched  ;  tawny  ochraceons  marginal  band 
of  forewing  about  5  mm.  broad  at  R',  here  wider  than  in  repetitus  ;  tawny  russet 
postdiscal  half-moons  of  hiudwiug  with  few  black  scales  at  outer  side  ;  tawny 
admarginal  line  of  hindwing  very  prominent  ;  tail  R^  slightly  widened  before  end, 
rounded  at  tip,  tail  IP  indicated  by  a  sharp  tooth. 

Length  of  forewing  :   S ,  43 — 46  mm. 
„  „  ? ,  57  mm. 

Hab.  Nias.     In  the  Tring  Museum,  6  cJcJ,  1   ?. 

This  large  form  of  polyxena  is  fairly  constant ;  the  conspicuously  marked 
underside  distinguishes  it  from  all  other  forms  of  poli/xena.  Ch.  polyxena  fervens 
does  not  seem  to  be  rare,  as  we  have  seen  several  dozens  of  it. 

c.  Ch.  polyxena  baya. 

Nymphalis  haya  Moore,  in  Horsf.  &  Moore,  Cat.  Lep.  Ins.  Mnis.  E. I.C.I,  p.  207.  n.  424  (1867)  (Java: 

not  "  N.  India,"  nor  larva  and  chrysalis)  ;  Pagenst.,  Jalirb.  Xass.  Ver.  Nal.  XLIII.  p.  97.  n.  64 

(IS'.IO)  (E.  Java). 
Charaxes  bat/a,  Butler,  Proc.   Zool.  Soc.  Lmut.  p.   636.  n.  5,S.  t.  37.  f.  5,   ,J   (1865)   (Java  ;  not 

"  Borneo  "  and  "  India  ")  ;  Druce,  ibid.  p.  346  (1873)  (Java) ;  Butl.,  Jnurn.  Linn.  Soc.  Land. 

XXV.  p.  391.  n.  119  (1896)  (pt.  ;  Java). 
J  .  Charaxes  amyous  Felder,  Reise  Nofiiru,  Lrp.  p.  441.  n.  71'.l  (1867)  (pt.  ;    ?  ,  "  Celebes  "  loc.  err.). 
Charaxes  scylax  Felder,  Heise  Norara,  Lep.  p.  442.  n.  720  (1867)  (Java)  ;  But).,  Tr.  Enl.  Soc.  LmuL 

p.  120.  n.  11  (1870)  (=  baya). 
Nymphalis  j>olyxe}ia  var.  h.  C.  baya,  Kirby,  Cat.  iJiurn.  Lep.  p.  272.  sub  n.  52  (1871)  (pt.  ;  Java). 
Nymphalis  polyxena  var.  j.  C.  scylax,  id..  I.e.  (Java). 
Nymphalis  polyxena,  Pagenstecher,  I.e.  n.  65  (1890)  (E.  Java,  July). 
Charaxes 2'olixeiui,  Snellen,  Tijdschr.  r.  Ent.  XXXIII.  p.  290.  n.  26  (1890)  (pt.  ;  Java). 
Haridra  scylax,  Moore,  Lep.  Lid.  II.  p.  247  (1895)  (Java), 
Haridra  baya,  id.,  /.<•.  p.  248  (1895)  (Java). 
Charaxes  baja  (!),  Fruhstorfer,  Berl.Ent.  Zeitschr.  XLI.  p.  302(1896)  (Java  ;  —scyllax  !  loco  sylax). 

c?.  Winc/s  above. — Forewing :  black  outer  area  broader  between  M-  and  internal 
margin  and  narrower  between  R'  and  JP  than  in  re  pet  it  as,  black  discal  liuiiform 
spots  R^ — SM"  close  to  the  black  band,  of  the  tawny  iiostdiscal  interspaces  only  the 
last  one  to  four  developed,  but  sjjots  R' — R'  sometimes  vestigial ;  median  bars 
SC*' — R''  seldom  absent,  seldom  entirely  merged  together  with  the  black  area,  as  a 
rule  separated  from  the  latter  by  a  doable  tawny  i)atch,  but  joined  posteriorly  to  it 
behind  R^,  where  the  black  area  is  dilated  basad;  disc  between  cell  and  black  outer 

area  near  costal  margin  sometimes  rather  pale. Hindwing  :  postdisco-snbmargiual 

patches  gradually  smaller  behind,  the  postdiscal  portions  of  patches  IP — M*  not 
absent,  though  not  so  large  as  the  snbmarginal  portions,  the  white  dots  consequently 
within  the  black  ])atches,  that  of  patch  R' — IP  nearer  the  outer  than  the  inner  edge 
of  the  patch;  black  scaling  more  or  less  extending  basad  along  SC. 

Underside  variable  as  in  the  allied  forms  ;  median  interspaces  R^ — !SM^  of  the 
forewing  on  the  whole  wider  than  the  discal  ones,  while  in  repetitus  the  reverse  is 
generally  the  case  ;  second  tail  well  indicated,  rather  longer  than  in  repetitus,  those 


(  329  ) 

Sumatran  specimens  of  that  subspecies  excepted  which  are  specially  mentioned 
under  d. 

?.    Wings   above   olive   tawny,  variable  in   the  depth  of  the   olive  tint. 

Forewing:  median  bars  SC"^ — R^  and  upper  part  of  bar  D  merged  together  to  a  rather 
large  triangular  patch,  to  which  is  joined  the  median  bar  W — R' ;  discal  band 
varying  from  creamy  white  to  pale  buffish  yellow,  ochraceous  beyond  SM^ ;  discal 
bars  R' — SM-  rather  thin,  dark  tawny  olive,  not  black  ;  postdiscal  interspaces 
SC* — SM^  all  marked  as  a  rule,  but  interspaces  SO* — R'  and    R^ — R'  sometimes 

absent. Hindwing  :  postdisco-submarginal  patches  closer  to  outer  margin  than  in 

polyxena  repetitus,  their  proximal  portions  at  least  vestigial,  that  of  patch  R' — R'' 
well  marked,  hence  this  patch  especially  larger  than  in  repetitus. 

Underside  similar  to  repetitus,  but  the  brown  median  band  of  forewing 
anteriorly  limited  by  cell-bar  4  and  median  bars  SC^— R^  while  in  repetitus  the 
interspace  between  median  bars  SC — R^  and  bar  D  is  buff  colour  ;  hindwing  with 
two  tails,  the  first  strongly  dilated  at  end,  8  mm.  long,  the  second  curved  costad, 
obliquely  and  obtusely  cut  off,  6  to  7  mm.  long. 

Length  of  forewing  :  $,  36 — 41  mm. 
?,  43—45  mm. 

Hah.  Java.  In  the  Triug  Museum  18  cfc?,  5  ?  ?  from:  "Java"  (type  of 
scylax)  ;  S.  Java,  1500  ft.  (H.  Fruhstorfer)  ;  Mt.  Gede,  4000  ft.  (Prillwitz)  ; 
Sukabumi,  2000  ft.  (H.  Fruhstorfer). 

The  ?  described  by  Felder  as  that  sex  of  amycus  and  said  to  be  from  Celebes 
agrees  with  the  ¥  ?  of  baya,  and  is  certainly  a  Java  specimen. 


d.  Ch.  polyxena  repetitus. 

$  .  Charaxes  borneensia,  Butler,  Lep.  Exot.  p.  16.  n.  7.  ?  (1869)  (Borneo,  $  ,  non  cJ). 

Charaxes  harpax.  Distant  (rton  Felder,  1867),  Rhop.  Mai.  p.  109.  n.  8.  t.  13.  f.  1    ^  (1883)  (Prov. 

Wellesley,  Mai.  Pen.)  ;  Nic^v.,  Butt,  of  Ltd.  II.  p.  288.  n.   581   (1886)  (pt.  ;  Prov.  Wellesley  ; 

Borneo)  ;  Hagen,  Iris,  IX.  p.  187.  n.  249  (1896)  (N.E.  Sum.) ;  Butl.,  Journ.  Linn.  Hoc.  Land. 

XXV.  p.  390.  n.  118  (1896)  (pt. ;  Borneo  ;  Sumatra);  Bartl.,  Note  Book  of  Sarawak  II.  p.  68. 

n.  125  (1896). 
Charaxes  polixena,  Snellen  {)wn  Cramer,   1775),   Tijdsckr.  v.  Erit.  XXXIII.  p.  290.  n.  26  (1890) 

(Billiton).  ♦ 

Charaxes  polyxena,  id.,  in  Snellemann,  Midd.  Sumatra  II.  p.  16  (1892). 
Charaxes  {Haridra)  harpax,  Nici'ville  and  Martin,  Journ.   As.  Soc.  Beng.  LXIV.  2.  p.  437.  n.  263 

(1895)  (N.E.  Sumatra). 
Haridra  harpax,  Moore,  Lep.  Lid.  II.  p.  237.  t.  174.  f.  li.  Ic.  ?  (1895)  (pt.  ;  Mai.  Pen. ;  Sumatra  ; 

Borneo). 
Charaxes  baya,  Butler  {non  Moore,  1857),  Jount.   Limi.  Soc,  Land.  XXV".   p.   391.  n.   119  (1896) 

(Sarawak  ;  non  Java)  ;  Bartl.,  I.e.  n.  126  (1896). 
Charaxes  repetitus  Butler,  I.e.  p.  392.  n.  123(1896)  (Sarawak,  (^). 
Charaxes  ajax  Fawcett,  Ann.  Mag.  N.B.  (6)  XX.  p.   112  (1897)  (Battak  Mts.,  Sumatra,  June, 

July). 

cj.  We  cannot  find  any  constant  character  by  which  to  distinguish  all  the  males 
from  the  Malay  Peninsula,  Sumatra,  the  Natuna  Islands,  and  Borneo  from  the 
continental  Ch.  polyxena  hierax  S-f.  corax.  Major  Fawcett  described  individuals 
from  the  Battak  Mountains,  Sumatra,  as  a  new  species,  Ch.  ajax ;  we  have 
compared  a  number  of  specimens  from  that  locality,  but  failed  to  see  that  the 
greater  percentage  of  them  were  any  more  different  from  the  examples  from  the 
lowlands  of  Sumatra  or  from  Borneo  than  the  specimens  from  either  of  these  latter 

23 


(  330  ) 

localities  are  inter  se,  though  some  individuals  have  a  slightly  different  aspect  ou 
account  of  the  larijer  postdisco-suhmarginal  patches  of  the  hiudwiug.  Dr.  Butler's 
repedtus  from  Borneo  is  based  upon  an  individual  in  which  the  discal  and  median 
interspaces  of  the  forewing  above  are  whitish  buff  in  the  costal  region  ;  transitions 
from  the  ordinary  Bornean  examples  to  this  form,  which  agrees  with  certain 
examples  of  Ch.  pohjxena  hierax  S-i.jaUnder,  are  not  rare,  bnt  examples  with  the 
discal  band  so  clearly  indicated  as  in  the  t>/pe  specimen  of  rcpetitus  are  rare,  there 
being  only  one  in  the  Tring  Museum  among  the  hundred  cJc?  selected  from  large 
quantities.  This  specimen  came  from  Bukan,  N.  Borneo,  and  was  collected  (like 
the  type  I)  by  the  late  Mr.  A.  Everett,  in  July  1891.  On  the  whole  the  S  S  of 
repetitus  have  tlie  black  admarginal  lunnles  of  the  hindwing  ahore  better  marked 
than  the  individuals  of  the  continental  t?-f  corax,  and  the  submedian  and  median 

bars   of  the    underside  are   nearly   always   conspicuously   edged    with   white. 

Upperside  :  black  area  of  forewing  variable  in  width,  often  reaching  cell  along  SC*^, 
postdiscal,  interstitial,  tawny  spots  variable  in  number,  discal  bars  BP— SM-  often 
absent,  sometimes  completely  merged  together  with  the  postdisco-marginal  band  : 
postdisco-submarginal  jiatches  of  hindwing  either  as  in  6-t  corax,  the  postdiscal 
portions  of  patches  R' — SM-  absent  or  obsolete,  or  as  in  c?-f.  hierax,  the  white 
dots  standing  in  the  centre  of  the  rather  large  and  continuous,  or  subcontinuous, 
jiatches,  with  all  intergradations  from  the  same  places  :  in  a  few  examples  some  of 
the  postdisco-submarginal  spots  join  the  black  admarginal  lunules.  The  underside 
varies  much  in  the  general  tint  ;  russet  specimens  are  the  commonest,  but  there  are 
also  olive  buff  and  bright  cinnamon  rufous  ones. 

? .  Upperside  :  basal  area  varying  from  bright  tawny  ochraceous  to  tawny 
cinnamon  ;  band  of  forewing  pale  ochreous  buff,  postdiscal  interstices  R' — SM- 
the  same  colour,  discal  bars  M^ — SM-  often  feebly  marked,  median  bars  SC^' — M- 
vestigial  or  even  absent,  bar  R^— M',  however,  sometimes  heavier;  or  the  discal 
band  is  white  down  to  M-  or  (SM'),  the  postdiscal  interstitial  spots  are  smaller, 
partly  absent,  and  tlie  median  bars  R^ — M-  are  heavier  ;  white  submarginal  dots 
R' — SM-  of  hindwing  always  at  proximal  side  of  the  black  patches,  the  jiostdiscal 
portions  of  these  patches  being  obsolete  ;  Sumatran  individuals  occasionally  with 
two  tails  like  the  ?  of  CA.  pohjxena  haya  from  Java. 

Ilab.  Malay  Peninsula,  Sumatra,  Banta,  Billiton,  Natuna  Islands,  Borneo.  In 
the  Tring  Museum  lOn  S$,>^  ?  ¥. 

In  Sumatra  the  insect  is  found,  according  to  Dr.  Martin  "from  the  sea  (Paya 
Bakong)  to  Bekantschan.  It  occurs  in  every  forest,  where  it  is  especially  partial  to 
faeces  and  moist  spots.  It  is  a  very  variable  insect  as  regards  the  extent  of  the 
black  colouration  on  the  npi)erside  of  the  forewing,  and  the  colouring  of  both  wings 
on  the  underside."  Dr.  Hagen  calls  it  the  most  common  of  all  the  tawny  species  of 
Charaxes.  In  Borneo  it  must  also  be  common,  judging  from  the  number  of  speci- 
mens that  are  found  in  collections  sent  from  there.  Amongst  the  specimens  which 
Dr.  Martin's  collectors  brought  from  the  Battak  Mountains  are  some  in  which 
the  tawny  postdiscal  spots  R'— SM-  of  the  forewing  above  are  all  developed,  the 
jiostdisco-submarginal  patches  rather  longer  than  in  ordinary  individuals,  and 
second  tail,  more  obviously  indicated  ;  it  is  possible  that  these  specimens  together 
with  the  two-tailed  ?  recorded  by  Dr.  Martin  belong  to  a  mountain  race,  the  name 
of  which  would  eventually  be  ajax. 


(331   ) 
e.  Ch.  polyxena  hierax. 

Charaxes  bermrdn.i,  Doubleday,  List.  Lep.  Ins.  Brit.  Mus.  I.  p.  112  (1844)  (partim). 
Nymphalis  beniarilus,  Doubleday,   Westw.  &    Hew.,  Gen.   Diurn.  Lep.   II.   p.   309.  n.  35  (1850) 
(pt.  1  N.  India);  Horsf.  &  Moore,  Cat.  Lep.  Lis.  Mus.  E.l.C.  I.  p.  206.  n.  423  (1857)  (pt.  ; 
Silhet ;  DarjiUng). 
JVi/mphalis  haija,  Moore,  in  Horsf.  &  Moore,  Cat.  Lep.  his.  Mus.  E.l.C.  I.  p.  207.  n.  424.  t.  12. 

f.  14.  14o.  (1857)  (pt.  ;  N.  India). 
Charaxes  baya,  Butler,  Froc.  Zool.  Soc.  Land.  p.  636.  n.  53  (1865)  (pt.  ;   India) ;    Nicev.,  Butt. 

oflnd.  II.  p.  286.  n.  578  (1886)  (pt.). 
Charaxes  bernardus,  Butler,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Lowl.  p.  636.  n.  54  (1865)  (pt. ;  N.  India)  ;  Wats., 
Journ.  Bombay  N.  H.  Soc.  VI.  p.  42.  n.  96  (1891)  (Chin  Lushai);  But].,  Jourii.  Linn.  Soc.  Land. 
XXV.  p.  .392,  n.  125  (1896)  (pt.). 
Charaxes  hierax  Felder,  Reise  Novara,  Lep.  p.  442.  n.  721  (1867)  (Assam) ;  Butl.,  Tr.  Eiit.  Soc. 
Loml.  p.  120.  n.  12  (1870)  {  =  beriiardus)  ;  Nic<;v.,  Butt,  of  hid.  II.  p.  290.  n.  583  (1880)  (pt.)  ; 
Elwes,  Tr.  Enl.  Soc.  Lond.  p.  369.  n.  215  (1888)  (Sikkim) ;  Wats.,  Journ.  Bombay  N.  H.  Soc. 
VI.  p.  42.  n.  95  (1891)  (Pauk  to  Tilin,  Oct.) ;  Butl.,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Lond.  XXV.  p.  390. 
n.  117  (1896)  (Upp.  Assam  ;  Silhet ;  non  "  China  "). 
Charaxes  hipponax  Felder,  I.e.  p.  443.  n.  722  (1867)  (Assam)  ;  Butl.,  Tr.  Ent.  Soc.  Lond.  p.  120. 
n.  13  (1870)  (  =  bernardus)  ;  NiceV.,  Butt,  of  Ind.  II.  p.  290.  n.  584  (1886)  (Cachar ;  Sylhet  ; 
Khasi  Hills  ;  Sikkim)  ;    Butl.  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Lond.  XXV.  p.  393.  n,  126  (1896)  ;  Wats., 
Journ.  Bombay  N.  H.  Soc.  X.  p.  636  (1896)  (Manipur  R.,  Tiddim,  2000  ft.). 
Charaxes  pleistoanax  Felder,  I.e.  p.  443.  n.  723  (1867)  (Assam)  ;  Butl.,  Tr.  Ent.  Soc.  Lond.  p.  121. 
n.  14  (1870)  (=race  of  bernardus)  ;  Nicev.,  Butt,  of  hid.  II.  p.  292.  n.  587  (1886)  ;  Elwes, 
Tr.   Ent.  Soe.  Lond.   p.  369.   n.   216  (1888)  (Sikkim)  ;   Nicev.,  Journ.  Bombay  N.  H.  Soc. 
V.  p.  297.  n.  51  (18<(0)  (Chin  Lushai)  ;  Butl.,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Lond.  XXV.  p.  394.  n.  129 
(1896)  (Sikkim  ;  Bhutan  ;  Assam). 
Charaxes  eorax  Felder,  I.e.  p.  444.  n.  724  (1867)  (Ind.  sept.)  ;  Butl.,  Tr.  Ent.  Soc.  Lond.  p.  121. 
n.  15  (1870)  (Silhet)  ;  Nicev.,  Butt,  of  Ind.  II.  p.  287.  n.  580  (1886)  ;  Butl.,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc. 
Lond.  XXV.  p.  391.  n.  120  (1896)  (pt.). 
Charaxes  harpax  Felder,  I.e.  p.  444.  n.  725  (1867)  (hab.  ?)  ;  Moore,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Lond.  p.  832 
(1878)  (Moulmein  to  Meetan  ;  Moolai,  3-6000  ft.)  ;  Nicev.,  Butt,  of  Ind.  II.  p.  288.  n.  581  (1886) 
(pt.)  ;  Butl.,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Lond.  XXV.  p.  390.  n.  118  (1896)  (pt.  ;  Silhet;  E.  Pegu)  ; 
Wats.,  Journ.  Bombay  N.  II.  Soc.  VI.  p.  42.  n.  94  (1891)  (Chin  Lushai,  iii.  v.  x.  xi). 
Nymphalis  polyxena,  Kirby,  Cat.  Diurn,  Lep.  p.  272.  n.  52  (1871)  (pt.). 
Nymphalis  polyxena  var.  a.  Char,  pleistoanax,  Kirby,  I.e.  p.  272.  sub.  n.  52  (1871)  (Assam). 
Nymphalis  polyxena  var.  c.  C.  hierax,  Kirby,  I.e.  (1871)  (Assam). 
Nymphalis  polyxena  var.  e.  C.  hippomix,  Kirby,  I.e.  (1871)  (Assam). 
Nymphalis  polyxena  var.  h.  C.  baya,  Kirby,  I.e.  (1871)  (pt. ;  India). 
Nymphalis  polyxena  var.  1.  C.  corax,  Kirby,  I.e.  p.  273  (1871)  (Ind.  bor.). 
Charaxes  khimalara  Butler,  Lep.  Exot.  p.  97.  n.  2.  t.  37.  f.  1  (1872)  ("  N.  W.  Himalayas  "  err.  loc.  ; 

Nepal)  ;  Nic^v.,  Butt,  oflnd.  II.  p.  292.  no.  588  (1886). 
Charaxes  khasianus  Butler,  Lep.  Exot.  p.  98.  n.  3.  t.  37.  f.  6  (1872)  (Khasia  Hills  ;  N.  E.  Bengal)  ; 

Nicev.,  Butt,  of  Ind.  II.  p.  293.  n.  589  (1880)  (Jorehat ;  Sikkim). 
Charaxes  jalinder  Butler,  Lep.  Exot.  p.  98,  n.  4.  t.  37.  f.  4  (1872)  (N.  E.  Himalayas)  ;  Nice'v., 

Butt,  oflnd.  II.  p.  291.  n.  585  (1880). 
Charaxes  hindia  Butler,  Lep.  Exot.  p.  99.  n.  6.  t.  37.  f.  5  (1872)  (Darjiling,  (J,  not  $  ;    ?  =imua, 

loc.  err.)  ;  Kiciv.,  Butt,  oflnd.  11.  p.  291.  n.  586  (1886) 
Cluiraxes  agna  Moore,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Lond.  p.  832  (1878)  (Moolai,  Upp.  Tenas.s.,  3-6000  ft.) ; 

Nicev.  Butl.  of  Ind.  II.  p.  289.  n.  582  (1886). 
Charaxes  walti  Butler,  Proc.  Zool.  Soe.  Lond.  p.  148.  n.  6.  t.  15.  f.  2  (1880)  (Bishnath,  Assam)  ; 
Nicev.,  Butt,  of  Ind.  II.  p.  287.  n.  579  (1886)  ;  Butl.,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Loml.  XXV.  p.  390. 
n.  118  (1896)  (pt.). 
Nymjthalis polycena,  Niceville,  Journ.  As.  Soc.  Beng.  L.  2.  p.  58.  n.  100  (1881)  (Sikkim). 
Ilaridra  jiolyxena,  Nici^ville,  Journ.  As.  Soc.  Beng.  1.  2.  p.  61  (1882)  (Sikkim). 
Haridra  agna,  Butler,  Ann.  Mag.  N.  H.  (5).  XVI.  p.  306.  n.  49  (1885)  (Manipur). 
Haridra  hindia,  Butler,  Ann.  Mag.  N.  II.  (5).   XVI.  p.  306.  n.   50  (1885)  (Manipur)  ;  Swinh., 

Tr.  Ent.  Soc.  Lond.  p.  290.  n.  203  (1893)  (Khasia  Hills). 
Charaxes  (Haridra)  corax,  Wood-Mas.  &  Nici'V.,  Journ.  As.  Soc.  Beng.  LV.  2.  p.  363.  n.  104  (1886) 
(Cachar,  June— August)  ;  Elwes  &  Nic^v.,  ibid.,  p.  427.  n.  85  (1886)  (Tavoy). 


(  332  ) 

Haridra  khimahiru  Butler,  Aim.  Mug.  N.  TI.  (5).  XVI.  p.  300.   n.  51   (188a)   (near  Assam)  ; 

Swinh.,  Tv.  Ent.  Soc.  Loml.  p.  290.  n.  202  (189.1)  (Khasia  Hills). 
Uaridra  boriieensis,  Moore  (mn  Butler,  1809),  Juiirii.  Lhiii.  Soi\  Lunil.  XXI.  p.  38  (1886)  (Mergui, 

Elphlnstone). 
C/ianues   (Harklra)  Jalhuhr,  Wood-Mas.   &   Nicfiv.,  I.e.  LV.    p.   303.    u.   105  (1886)   (Cachar  : 
Dhurmkhal,  Nemotha)  :  Niciv.,  in  Risley,  Gazelleer  uf  Sikhim  p.  148.  n.  239  (1894)  (Sikkim). 
Oiaraxis  {Iltirkh-a)  himlki,  Wood-Mas.  &  Nici^v.,  I.e.  LV.  p.  304.  n.  100  (1886)  (Cachar,  Silcuri, 

June  to  August)  ;  Nicev.,  in  Risley,  Gazetteer  of  Sikhim  p.  148.  n.  240  (1894). 
Churaxes  {lluridra)  ugna,  Elwes  &  Nicev.,  Joum.  As.  Sue.  Bnnj.  LV.  2.  p.   427,  n.  84  (1886) 

(Tavoy). 
Nymphalh  hindia,   Robbe,    Ann.   Soe.   Ent.   Bily.    XXXVII.    p.    130.    n.    54   (1892)   (Darjiling, 

Kurseong). 
lUmdrii  comr,  Swinhoe,  Tr.  Ent.  Soe.  Loml.  p.  289.  n.  197  (1893)  (Khasia  Hills)  ;  Moore,  Lep. 
In,/,  n.  p.  238.  t.  175.  f.  1.  Irt.  U.  (J,  1.,  p.  (1896)  (Sikkim  ;  Bhotan  ;  Assam  ;  Khasia  HUls  ; 
Burma). 
Haridra  hltasiana,  Swinhoe,  I.e.  p.  290.  n.  198  (1893)  (Khasia  Hills)  ;  Moore,  I.e.  p.  245.  t.  182. 

f.  1.  I«.  cj.  ?   (1896)  (Khasia  Hills  ;  Burma). 
Haridra  hienr.r,  Swinhoe,  he.  n.  199  (1893)  (Khasia  Hills)  ;  Moore,  I.e.  p.  239.  t.  176.  f.  1.  1".  h. 

S-  ?  (1896)  (Assam). 
Haridra  hipponax,  Swinhoe,  I.e.  n.  200  (1893)  (Khasia  Hills)  ;  Moore,  I.e.  p.  242.  t.  198.  f.  1.  1<(. 

?  .cJ  (1890)  (Sylhet  ;  Khasia  Hills  ;  Naga  Hills). 
Haridra  pUistoaiinx,  Swinhoe,  I.e.  n.  204  (1893)  (Khasia  Hills)  :  Moore,  /.--.  p.  244.  t.  181.  f.  1. 

la.  b.c.  tJ.  ?   (1880)  (Sikkim  :  Bhotan  ;  Naga  Hills). 
Haridra  jalimler,  Swinhoe,   I.e.  n.  204   (1893)  (Khasia  Hills);   Moore,  I.e.  p.  243.   t.   179.  f.  1. 

la.  h.  c.  (J.  ?   (189C)  (Khasia  and  Naga  Hills  ;  Upp.  Burma). 
Oiuraxes  {Haridra)  liierax,  Nic(5ville,  in  Risley,  Gazetteer  of  Sikhi m .  p.  148.  n.  237.  (1894)  (Sikkim, 

rare,  low  eler.). 
Charaxes   (Haridra)   hipponac,   NicevUle,    I.e.    n.   238   (1894)   (Sikkim)  ;   Wats.,  Jmirn.    Bomhaij 

N.  H.  Soe.  X.  p.  057.  n.  122  (1896)  (Manipur  R.,  =  liimlia  =  jalimler). 
Haridra  harpax,  Moore,  Lep.  Lul.  II.  p.  237.  t.  174.  f.  1.  la.  (1896)  (pt.). 

The  various  difFereutl)'  coloured  forms  united  here  under  /lierax  are  neither 
local  nor  seasonal.  In  man)'  places  all  the  i'orm.s  occur  together  at  the  same 
time  of  the  year,  but  one  form  may  be  much  rarer  than  the  other.  The  inter- 
gradations  also  occur  together  with  the  more  extreme  varieties.  Judging  from 
the  dated  specimens,  it  appears  that  individuals  from  pupae  that  have  hibernated 
are  small,  and  have  the  band  of  the  forewing  never  all  white. 

The  males  can  conveniently  be  divided  into  some  main  groups  of  individuals, 
each  main  group  again  being  arbitrarily  divisible  into  a  number  of  groups,  as 
the  individuals  vary  so  much  that  scarcely  any  two  are  found  alike,  if  one 
compares  the  upper-  and  undersides.  Although  it  is  convenient  for  the  student 
of  variation  to  have  names  for  the  individual  varieties,  we  think  it  would  not 
be  wise  to  introduce  new  names  for  those  forms  of  the  present  subspecies  which 
have  escaped  being  baptized  by  Felder,  Butler,  or  Moore.  We  arrange,  therefore, 
the  following  exposition  in  such  a  manner  that  the  ten  names  given  by  those 
authors  to  individuals  of  C/i.  polijxena  kierax  are  a  sufficient  supply.  It  is 
needless  to  say  that  the  groups  of  specimens  arc  not  sharply  defined. 

S.  I.  White  band  of  forewing  extending  to  internal  margin.  Basal  area 
of  wings,  above,  blackish  tawny  olive  to  tawny,  mostly  with  white  scaling  at 
proximal  side  of  median  bars  ;  specimens  without  postdiscal  interstitial  spots 
on  forewing  are  cJ-f.  pUistoanax  {^  Ithimalaru),  specimens  with  such  spots 
are  <J-f.  khasianus. 

II.  White  band  of  forewing  stopping  at  SM',  or  absent,  with  intergradations. 
I«.  White  submarginal  dots  of  hindwiug  in  centre  of  postdisco-submarginal 
patches  B,' — SM',  or  nearer  their  outer  edge. 


(  333  ) 

2a.  Black  disco-marginal  area  of  forewiiig  very  wide  in  costal  region, 
the  tawny  or  wiiite  median  and  discal  interstices  SC^'* — R- 
small,  often  filled  up  with  black  ;  discal  band  of  forewing 
varying  from  being  white  to  being  only  a  little  paler  than 
the  basal  area  ;  median  bars   R' — (SM')  of  forewing  well- 
marked  also  ill  the  tawny  specimens  :   (J-f.  hipponax. 
2h.  Discal  and  median  interspaces  SC^'* — R-  of  forewing  above  well 
developed. 
3a.  Band    of    forewing   varying    from    white    to    pale    yellow. 
Specimens  with  the   black   median   bars   SO'° — M^  of 
forewing  above  absent  are  Bntler's  himlia  :  S-i.  jalbuhr. 
'ib.  Discal  interspaces   of    forewing   above    scarcely   paler  than 
basal  area,   sometimes   slightly  bnffish  or  whitish    in 
costal  regions,  with  or  without   obvious  black  median 
bars.     c?-f.  hierax  {=zwatti). 
ib.  White  snbmarginal  dots  *  of  hindwing  standing  at  the  proximal  edges 
of  the  black  postdisco-snbmarginal  patches  R^ — SM',  the  post- 
discal  portions  of  these  patches  being  obsolete,  the  patches  small 
and,  generally  well  separated   from   each  other  ;  patches  C — R' 
large    and    merged    together,   seldom    also    small  ;     J-f.   corax 
(^  =  aff/ia  =  /larpax). 
? .  In  this  sex  the  band  of  forewing  is  always  more  or  less  white,  seldom  all 
yellowish  white.     If  we  divide  here  the  ?  ¥  into  several  groups  we  must  expressly 
state  that  we  do  not  mean  to  say  that  the  females  and  males  called  by  the  same 
aberrational   name  do   not   mate  with   the  individuals   called  by  other  names  ;  a 
pleisfoanax  ?   is  not  only  a  ?   of  the  c?-f.  pleistonax,  but  also  of  c?-f.  jalinder, 
t?-f.  kierax,  etc.     Though  it  is  known  from  some  mammals,  especially  domesticated 
ones,  that  they  prefer  associating  (and  copulating)  with  similarly  coloured  individuals^ 
such  an  association  rendering  the  single  individual  less  conspicuous,  and  hence 
more  protected,  it  is  scarcely  admissible  to  assume  that  the  individuals  of  the 
present  variable  insect  gave  preference  in  mating  to  those  colours  that  came  nearest 
their  own.     The  names  of  aberrations  have  not  the  same  biological   meaning  as 
specific  and  subspecific  names,  but   express   simply  the  fact  that  the  individuals 
so  named  have  certain  characters  in  common. 

I.  Discal  band  of  forewing  white,  reaching  internal  margin  ;  white  scaling 
extending  basad  at  least  to  point  of  origin  of  M'  (  ?  -f.  khasianus),  not  extending  so 
far  down  (  ?  -f.  pleistoanax). 

II.  Band  stopping  at  SJP. 

la.  White   snbmarginal   dots   of  hindwing   in   centre   of    black   postdisco- 
snbmarginal  patches,  or  nearer  their  outer  edges. 
2a.  White  discal  interstices  SC* — R-  of  forewing  smaller  than  the  re- 
spective median  ones  :    S  -f.  hipponax. 
2b.  .  .  .  larger  than  the  median  ones,  the  black  median  bars   nearer 
the  inner  than  the  outer  edge  of  the  band  :    ?  -f.  hierax.     The 
specimens   do   not   exhibit   characters    which    would    justify    a 
separation  into  two  forms  as  in  the  case  of  the  ii  (cJ-f.  hierax, 
3 -i.  jalinder). 

'  If  the  dots  are  absent  their  position  can  be  ascertained  by  holding  the  specimen  against  the  light  ; 
the  dots  of  the  underside  will  then  show  through. 


(  334  ; 

lb.  White  submarginal  dots  of  tlie  hindwiug  at  the  proximal  edge  of  the 

black  postdisco-snbmarginal  patches  R' — SM-,  the  proximal  parts  of 

these  patches  being  obsolete  :    ?  -f.  corax. 

Hah.  Sikkim  to  Tenasserim,  more  or  less  common  ;  the  $  S  without  bands  rare 

in  Sikkim,  occurring  there  only  at  low  elevations,  the  aberrations  named  jalinder 

and  Itindia  apparently  the  commonest  of  all. 

The  number  of  teeth  on  the  penis  varies  much  individually  ;  the  snbapical 
teeth  are  not  so  strong  as  in  psaphon  ;  in  many  specimens  there  is  a  lateral  patch 
of  minute  teeth  as  in  Ch.  marmax,  but  this  character  is  not  only  extremely  variable 
individually,  but  occurs  independently  of  the  characters  of  the  wing  which  dis- 
tinguish the  various  forms  enumerated  above. 

/  Ch.  polyxena  hemana. 

Charaxes  bernardus,  KoUar  (mm  Fabricius,  1793),  in  HUgel,  Kaschmir  IV.  2.  p.  434.  t.  II  f.  1.  2. 

g  (1844)  (Massuri). 
Charaj-es  hnnaiu,   Butler,  Tr.  Eiit.  Sue.  Luwl.  p.  122.  t.  4.  f.  1   jj  (1870)  (Nepal)  ;  Nicuv.,  Butt,  nf 

India  II.  p.  283.  n.  575  (1886)  (Nepal ;  Kumaon)  ;  Butl.,  Jniirn.  Linn.  .Sue.  Land.  XXV.  p.  391. 

n.  122  (1896)  (Mussuri  ;  north  of  Landoor  ;  "  North  India"  !). 
Ni/mpha!is  poli/xeua  var.  g.  Ch.  h'nmna,  Kirby,  Cat.  Diurn.  Lep.  p.  273.  sub  n.  52  (1871)  (Nepal). 
Chai-a.rcs  {llaridra)  hemana,  Doherty,  Jouni.  As.  Soe.  Beng.  1887.  II.  p.  124.  n.  97  (1886)  (Kumaon); 

Mackin.  &  Nicev.,  Journ.  Bombay  N.  H.  Soc.  XI.  p.  .377.  n.   124  (1897)  (Mussoorie,  Sept., 

4000  ft.). 
Haridni  hemana,  Moore,  Lep.  Ind.  H.  p.  240.  t.  177.  f.  1.   1".  1'/.  S,  ?   (1896)  (N.W.  Himalayas; 

Nepal). 

S.  Similar  to  Ch.  psaphon  mwa,  but  forewing  above  with  two  or  more  post- 
discal  interstitial  lunules  and  with  tawny  ochraceons  outer  margin  ;  postdisco- 
submarginal  patches  of  hiudwing  without  white  dots,  except  last  two  ;  apex  of 
forewing  more  acute  than  in  the  not-banded  SS  from  N.E.  India  and  Burma,  outer 
margin  less  deeply  concave,  and  anal  angle  of  hindwing  more  ronnded. 

S .    Wi)iffs  above  pale  tawny  ochraceons,  approaching  buff  yellow. Forewing : 

median  black  bars  SC^— SM-  all  present,  or  bar  (SM')— SM=  absent  ;  outer  margin 

tawny  ochraceons,  especially  below  apex   and  near  hinder  angle. Hindwing  : 

jiostdisco-submarginal  patches  C — R'  much  larger  than  the  others,  confluent,  all 
the  others  separated,  sometimes  touching  each  other  ;  marginal  line  very  little 
darker  than  disc. 

Butler's  and  Moore's  figures  of  the  S  disagree  considerably  ;  though  Moore 
says  that  his  figure  was  taken  from  a,  d  "  identical  with  the  type."  The  form 
seems  to  be  distinguishable  from  the  not-banded  examples  from  the  more  eastern 
parts  of  India,  but  the  few  specimens  we  have  seen  vary  infer  se. 

Hah.  N.W.  India  and  Nepal  ;  1   ?  in  the  Tring  Museum. 

The  insect  is  rare.  Doherty,  I.e.,  records  it  from  "  Kapkot  on  the  Sarju, 
perhaps  the  western  limit  of  the  group  ;  also,  Eori  and  Kali  valleys."  He  adds  : 
"  my  specimens  seem  to  correspond  well  enough  with  Mr.  Butler's  figure  and 
description,  but  the  markings  are  not  very  constant." 

Mackinnon,  I.e.,  found  it  "  near  Mussoorie  in  September  at  4000  ft.  elevation." 

g.  Ch.  polyxena  polyxena. 

?.  Papilio  Eques  Achivm  polyxena  Cramer,  Pap.  Ezot.  I.   p.  85.  t.  hi.  f.  A.B.  (1775)  (China 

taiU  broken). 
Pamlio  Nymphalis  Gemmalus  polyxena,  Goeze,  Ent.  Beylr.  III.  1.  p.  288.  n.  65  (1779). 


(  335  ) 

?.  Papilio  Eques   Achiviis  beriiririlus  Fabricius,  Eiit.  Sysl.  III.   1.  p.  72.  n.  223  (1793)  (China; 

desci'.from  Jones's  drmmiig .'). 
$  .  Papilio  benuirdiis,  Donovan,  Tiia.  of  Chiiui  t.  35  (1798)  (China). 
Doxocfipa  epilais  Htibner,  Ver-..  bek.  Schmett.  p.  aO.  n.  464  (181G-27). 
yymphdis  2iol!/.co  Godart,  Enc.  MHh.  IX.  p.  399.  n.  169  (1823)  (China). 
Siityriis  herucirdus,  Godart,  I.e.  p.  477.  n.  2  (1823). 
NymphiHs  hernardus,  Doubleday,  West.  &  Hew.,  Genera  Diiini.  Lep.  II.  p.  309.  n.  35  (1850)  (China  ; 

nnn  "  N.  India.") 
Charajes  beniardus,  Butler,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Loud.  p.  636.  n.  54  (1865)  (China  ;  nnn  "N.  India"); 

id.,  Cat.  Diurn.  Lep.  desn:  by  Fabr.  p.  50.  n.  2  (1809)  (China)  ;  id,,  Jourii.  Linn.  Soc.  Loiul. 

XXT.  p.  392.  n.  125  (1896)  (pt. ;  China). 
Nymphtdis  pohi.eena,  Kirby,  Cat.  Dinrii.  Lep.  p.  272.  n.  52  (1871)  (part.). 
CJmraxes  jmly.rena,  Druce,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Lond.  p.  346  (1873)  (China)  ;  Leech,  Butt,  of  China,  etc. 

I.  p.  125  (1893)  (Owei-shan  ;  Mupin)  ;  Butl.,  Joiirn.  Linn.  Soc.  Lond.  XXV.  p.  392.  n.  124 

(1896)  (China). 
Ilaridra  hernardus,  Moore,  Lep.  Iml.  II.  p.  246  (4896)  (Hong-Kong,  May). 
Ilaridra  poly.r.ena,  Moore,  I.e.  p.  247  (1896)  (S.  China). 
Clwra.rcs  hierax,  Butler,  I.e.  p.  390.  n.  117  (1896)  (pt.  ;  China,  J".). 

Dr.  F.  Moore  describes  (Lc.)  hernardus  and  pobjxena  as  two  distinct  species  ; 
the  S  S  are  indeed  as  different  as  the  Indian  banded  and  not-banded  c?  S  of 
hierax,  but  the  description  of  what  Moore  regards  to  be  the  S  of  pobjxena,  is 
almost  verbally  the  same  as  that  of  the  ?  of  hernardus.  One  of  the  two  ?  ?  iu 
the  British  Museum  has  the  discal  band  of  the  forewing  much  more  ochraceons  than 
it  is  in  Cramer's  and  Donovan's  fignres,  being  only  slightly  paler  than  the  basal 
area  of  the  wing,  while  the  other  ?  agrees  fairly  well  with  those  fignres  ;  a  ?  in 
the  Tring  Museum  has  the  band  almost  pure  white. 

S.  Dichromatic  :  in  some  specimens  of  the  not-banded  form  there  is  a  vestige 
of  the  band  iu  the  costal  region. 

a'.  Forewing  with  a  white  band,  stopping  at  SM^,  bluish  at  edges,  sharply  defined, 
composed  of  three  large  patches  R' — SM',  and  a  small  one  R^ — R'  which  is  more 
proximal,  two  median  spots  SC^^ — R^,  often  absent,  and  two  discal  dots  SC" — R^, 
also  often  absent  ;  postdiscal  tawny  interstitial  halfmoons  R' — SM-  more  or  less 

marked,  or  absent. Hindwing  :  discal  interspaces  C — R-  whitish  at  median  bars, 

the  white  scaling  restricted,  shaded  with  fulvous  ;  postdisco-snbmarginal  black 
patches  C — R'  large,  extended  to  outer  margin  between  C  and  SC',  the  other 
patches   gradually  smaller  ;   white  dots  within  the  patches  marked,  often  absent, 

except  last  two. Underside  :  discal  arched  bars  of  both  wings  tawny,  not  black, 

the  postdiscal  brown  or  black  patches  of  forewing  of  other  forms  vestigial  only  in 
costal  region  ;  black  basal  to  snbmedian  bars  of  hindwing  partly  obsolete  ;  tail 
3|  mm.  long. <S-f.  pobjxena. 

6'.  Forewing  without  white  baud,  or  only  with  a  trace  of  it  in  costal  region  ; 
median  bars  SC° — SM-  marked  ;  postdiscal  tawny  interstitial  spots  R' — SM'  marked, 

variable  in  size,  sometimes  also  spots  R' — R-  present  or  indicated. Hindwing  : 

postdisco-submargiual  patches  more  or  less  contiguous,  except  the  last  three,  with 

or  without  white  dots  in  centre. Underside:  discal  arched  bars  feebly  marked, 

tawny,  black  basal  to  median  bars  of  hindwing  better  marked  than  in  c?-f.  polyxenn  : 
postdiscal  patches  of  forewing  vestigial  or  absent  ;  tail  as  in  preceding  form,  rather 
broad  and  long.     Scarcely  distingnishable  from  the  Indian  form  hierax  (see  p.  333). 

c?-f.  sinensis  Rothsch.,  nom.  nov.  {pohjxena,  Moore  non  Cramer). 

?.  Forewing  ahom,  discal  band  varying  from  yellowish  white  to  pale 
ochraceons,  the  extremes  can  be  matched  with  the  two  forms  of  the  i  ;  the  band 
stopping  short  at  SM'-  ;  median  bars  SC — R^  present  or  not,  postdiscal  interstitial 


(  336  ) 

spots   variable   in   size   and   unmber. Hindwing :   postdisco-submarginal    black 

patches  separated,  except  npper  two,  or  more  or  less  contignons  ;  discal  interspaces 
C — R^  very  restricted  white  or  whitish  ochraceons  at  enter  side  of  median  bars,  the 
whitish  scaling  not  extended  to  the  black  postdisco-submarginal  patches,  not  even 

in  the  examples  with  the  band  of  the  forewing  nearly  pure  white. Underside  : 

discal  arched  bars  better  marked  than  in  S,  but  more  tawny  than  in  Indian  ?  ?, 
basal  to  submedian  bars  sometimes  partly  obsolete;  white  submarginal  scaling  very 
variable  in  extent ;  postdiscal  patches  small,  tawny,  not  black. 

Length  of  forewing  :   cf ,  38 — 42  mm. 
„  „  ? ,  48 — 53  mm. 

Ilab.  China,  rare  :  known  from  Hong-Kong,  Mnpin,  Omei-shan  (W.  China). 
In  the  Tring  Museum  2  d  d  and  1  ?  from  between  Shanghai  and  Kiukiang,  of  the 
banded  form,  all  three  with  the  bars  in  the  basal  half  of  the  hindwing  below  more 
or  less  obsolete  ;  3  c?  c?  of  the  not-banded  form  labelled  "  China  "  and  Hong-Kong. 

12.  Charaxes  psaphon. 

Clwi raxes psaphon  Westwood,  Cab.  Or.  Ent.  t.  21.  f.  1,  2  (1848)  (Ceylon). 

i  ? .  Body  abore  olivaceous  tawny  ochraceons. 

(J.    Wings,  iipperside,  tawny  orange  colour. Forewing  :  cell-bar  3  generall)' 

vestigial ;  bar  D  heavy,  but  occasionally  abbreviated  behind  ;  median  bars  very 
seldom  vestigial  (but  shining  through  from  underside  in  certain  lights)  ;  disco- 
marginal  black  area  very  wide,  measuring  at  least  20  mm.  in  front  and  9  to 
10  mm.  before  SM',  its  edge  irregular,  the  black  colour  extending  basad  especially 
behind   R^  and   M',  but  taken  as  a  whole  almost  gradually   narrowing   behind  ; 

tawny   marginal   line   sometimes  vestigial   between  veins. Hindwing  :   median 

bars  C — R'  always  more  or  less  clearly  marked,  sometimes  also  bar  R' — R-, 
tawny  colour  at  outer  side  of  these  bars  occasionally  rather  pale  ;  postdisco-sub- 
marginal black  patches  C — R-  or  C— R'  so  far  extended  basad  as  to  cover  the  place 
where  the  discal  bars  would  stand,  if  they  were  developed,  hence  forming  a  large 
black  patch,  which  becomes  narrower  behind,  veins  black  near  the  patch,  postdisco- 
submarginal  spots  R- — SftP  or  R^ — SM-  more  or  less  isolated,  but  often  not  clearly 
defined  owing  to  the  tawny  ground-colour  near  the  postdisco-submarginal  spots 
being  generally  much  shaded  with  cinnamon ;  white  submarginal  dots  mostly 
absent,  dot  C — SC^  often  well-marked,  the  two  anal  ones  always  present ;  anal 
admarginal  interspace  olive  yellow. 

Underside  somewhat  variable  in  general  tint  ;  admarginal  interspaces  of 
hindwing  and  sometimes  also  those  of  forewing  wax -yellow  ;  basal  two-thirds  of  cell 
of  forewing,  submedian  interspaces  of  hindwing  and  proximal  portions  of  discal  ones 

of  both  wings  mostly  buff  colour. Forewing  :    median   bars    R^ — SM^  almost 

continuous  ;  postdiscal  black  blotches  obvious,  submarginal  black  or  brown  bars 
sharply  limiting  the  glossy  white  scaling  at  their  jiroximal  side  ;  median  bar 
R' — R^  closer  to  cell  than  to  discal  bar  R" — Rl Hindwing  :  postdiscal  inter- 
spaces sometimes  with  a  greenish  tint,  admarginal  line  well  defined  ;  tail  2i  to 
6J  mm.  long. 

?.    Wings  above  often  much  darker  in  basal  half  than  in   6. Forewing: 

cell-bar  3  sometimes  rather  well  marked,  also  bar  4  occasionally  vestigial,  upper 
angle  of  cell  with  black  scaling,  seldom  with  a  white  spot ;  bar  D  very  heavy, 
median  bar  R^— R'  fused  with  it,  or  absent,  median  bars  R'— (SM")  often  very 


(  337  ) 

coDspicnons.  seldom  obsolete  :  a  white  discal  band,  slightly  curved,  reaching  to 
SM^  bat  more  or  less  extendedly  shaded  with  orange-ochraceous  in  front  of  SM-, 
outer  edge  of  band  sinuated  between  veins  ;  tawny  postdiscal  interspace  M- — SM* 
mostly  marked,  sometimes  divided  into  two  dots,  sometimes  there  is  another 
postdiscal  spot  present  before  M* ;  spots  R'— R^  and  R=— M'  seldom  vestigial; 
outer  edge  of  wing  mostly  black,  but  in  some  specimens  somewhat  tawny  ;  median 

bars  SC= — R^  absent  (but  showing  through  from  underside). Hiudwing :  median 

bars  C — R''  present,  the  wing  at  the  outer  side  of  these  bars  varying  from  pale 
orange  buff  to  white,  postdisco-snbmarginal  patches  C — R'  broader  than  the  inter- 
space between  them  and  the  median  bars,  the  other  patches  smaller,  diminishing  in 
size  behind,  the  last  four  isolated,  the  white  dots  all  present,  but  the  third  some- 
times vestigial  only  :  discal  lunules  R'— SM-  marked  as  dark  shadows  between  the 
postdisco-snbmarginal  patches  and  the  discal  lunules  of  the  underside,  which  latter 
shine  through  above  ;  admarginal  line  faintly  marked  ;  anal  admarginal  interspace 
olive-yellow. 

Underside :  russet  brown,  seldom  more  or  less  dirty  buff  yellow  with  the 
median  interspaces  russet  brown  ;  discal  interspaces  of  both  wings  varying  from 
pale  buff  yellow  to  cream  colour,  their  distal  portions  (at  discal  lunules)  more  or 
less  extended  russet  brown  ;  submediau  interspaces  also  partly  cream  colour  or  pale 
buff  yellow ;  postdiscal  interspaces  pale  buff  yellow  at  discal  jlnuules  ;  marginal 
band-like  area  of  forewing  as  sharply  defined  as  in  tS  ;  admarginal  interspaces 
of  hindwing  maize  yellow,  admarginal  line  sharply  defined  ;  upper  tail  spatulate, 
8  to  10  mm.  long,  second  4  mm.  or  less. 

Penis  strongly  denticulate,  the  teeth  heavier  and  more  densely  set  than  in  the 
allied  species.     Penis-funnel  comparatively  short  and  broad. 
Length  of  forewing  :   <?,  40 — 44  mm. 
?,  47— .52  mm. 
Hab.  Ceylon  and  South  India. 

The  specimens  from  South  India  are,  in  the  opinion  of  some  Lepidopterists, 
specifically  distinct  from  those  obtained  in  Ceylon.  But  on  examination  of  a  series 
of  individuals  from  both  countries  we  find  that  it  is  impossible  to  keep  them  apart 
specifically.  The  characters  by  which  Moore  and  others  have  thought  to  distinguish 
the  two  "  species  "  are  so  variable  in  the  specimens  of  both  countries  that  there  is  in 
thejemale  sex  a  complete  gradation  from  one  extreme  to  the  other,  while  in  the 
male  sex  some  Ceylonese  specimens  agree  with  typical  South  Indian  ones  and 
certain  South  Indian  examples  exhibit  typically  Ceylonese  characters.  However, 
the  greater  percentage  of  specimens  from  both  countries  are  distinguishable,  in  the 
female  sex  especially,  and  hence  we  keep  them,  with  some  reluctance,  subspecifically 
separate. 

n\  Ch.  psaphon  imna. 

Charaxes  imna.  Butler,  Tr.  Ent.  Soc.  Land.  p.  122.  t.  4.  f.  2  (1870J  ("India");  Nic^v.,  Butt,  of 
India  II.  p.  285.  n.  577  ( 188G)  (Orissa  ;  Bombay ;  Khandalla ;  Wynaad ;  Matheran  ;  Travancore ; 
Beypoor)  ;  Aitk.,  Journ.  Bombay  N.  H.  Sot:  I.  p.  132.  n.  24  (1886)  (Matheran,  Gh.lts, 
XII.  to  XIII.)  ;  Hamps.,  Journ.  As.  Soc.  Beng.  LVII.  2.  p.  355.  n.  83  (1888)  (Nilgiris,  3-4000 ft., 
rare)  ;  Davids.  &  Aitk.,  Journ.  Bonihai/  N.  H.  Soc.  V.  p.  278.  n.  40.  t.  A.  f.  4.  ia.  larva,  chrys. 
(1890)  (life  hist.)  ;  Betham,  ibid.  p.  285.  n.  51  (1890)  (Centr.  Prov.)  ;  Ferg.,  ibid.  VI.  p.  440. 
n.  82  (1891)  (Travancore)  ;  Betham,  ibid.  VIII.  p.  423.  n.  16  (1893)  (Matheran,  IV.  V.)  ; 
Davids.,  Bell,  &  Aitk.,  ibid.  X.  p.  258.  n.  67  (North  Canara). 

Charaxes  hindia  Butler,  Lep.  Exot.  p.  99.  n.  5.  t.  37.  f.  5  ?  (1872)  ("Darjeeling"  loc.  err.). 


(  338  ) 

(V)  Charaxes  jtrox.  hindia,  Nicdville.  ./num.  Af.  Soc.  Bcng.  LIV.  2.  p.  45.  n.  53  (1885)  (AUpur,  near 

Calcutta,  1   ?  ). 
Uaridrn  imna  Moore,  Lep.  Ind.  II.  p,  231.   t.    169.   f.    1.    1«.    b.  r.    ^.      J,  larv.,  chrys.  (1896) 

{ti/pe  in  coll.  Grose  Smith  ;  Parasnath  Hill,  Behar,  $  =  li/j/r  himliu  J   Butl.  :  Ranchi,  Chota 

Xagpore  ;   Nagpur  ;   Alipur,  Calcutta  ;   Khorda,  Orissa  ;    Khandalla,   IV.   X.  :    Lanaoli,   II.  ; 

Coonoor  ;  Nilgiris  ;  Shevaroy  Hills  ;  Kathlekan,  Mysore,  XI.  ;  Travancore  ;  Wynaad  ;  Beypur  ; 

Matheran). 

S .  The  black  colour  of  the  upperside  iu  most  specimens  a  little  more  restricted 
than  in  Ceylonese  e.xamples,  tails  shorter  on  an  average  ;  submeJiau  and  median 
bars  less  obviously  bordered  white. 

?  .  Wings  above  brighter  tawny  orange  than  in  jimphon  innphon  ;  discal  baud 
of  forewing  posteriorly  more  e.xtendedl}-  shaded  over  with  orauge-ochraceous  ; 
postdiscal  tawny  interspaces  of  forewing  more  often  developed  than  in  the  Ceylonese 
form,  the  outer  edge  of  the  wing  often  somewhat  tawny. 

Hab.  South  India  to  Lower  Bengal.  In, the  Tring  Museum  8  cJ  (?,  5  ?  ?  from  : 
Kanara,  Kavwar,  Kathlekan  (Mysore),  Travancore,  Lanaoli,  JIarableshwar. 

Though  (.'h.  pmjihon  imna  does  not  seem  to  be  abundant  anywhere,  it  is  found 
in  suitable  localities  all  over  the  peninsula,  and  goes  as  far  north  as  Calcutta,  if 
Moore  is  correct  in  referring  the  specimen  recorded  by  Niceville  as  Ck.  pro.r.  hindia 
{I.e.)  to  imna. 

The  habits  of  this  insect  aud  the  life  history  have  been  made  known  by  Messrs. 
Betham,  Davidson,  Bell,  and  Aitken. 

Mr.  Aitken,  I.e.,  1886,  says  iu  his  list  of  the  Bombay  Butterflies,  that  he 
"became  aware  of  the  existence  of  this  striking  butterfly  only  last  December,  when 
Mr.  J.  Davidson  and  I  spent  jiart  of  two  days  at  Matheran  in  trying  to  capture  two 
specimens,  or  rather,  I  should  say,  one  specimen,  for  when  we  got  them  we  found 
that  only  half  of  each  remained.  I  have  found  since  that  the  species  is  by  no 
means  uncommon  on  the  ghats  from  December  till  March  at  least ;  but  it  does  not 
put  itself  in  the  way  of  being  converted  into  specimens.  It  comes  out  about 
10  o'clock,  and  selecting  a  tree  with  bright,  shiny  leaves,  perches  bolt  upright  in  the 
middle  of  a  particular  leaf  just  a  foot  above  the  highest  point  yon  can  reach  with 
yonr  net.  Whether  by  accident  or  design,  the  position  is  fenced  on  all  sides  with  a 
creeper  whose  sharp-curved  thorns  lay  hold  of  everything  that  passes  them  and  let 
go  nothing.  There  the  proud  creature  sits,  chasing  away  any  other  butterfly  that 
approaches,  and  returning  to  the  same  leaf.  If  you  i)elt  it  with  stones,  it  darts  oft', 
takes  a  short  circuit  and  returns  to  the  same  leaf.  You  may  pelt  it  for  an  hour 
with  the  same  result.  You  may  easily  circumvent  it,  however,  by  erecting  a 
jdatform  of  stones  under  its  percli,  but  your  aim  must  be  sure  and  your  stroke 
sudden,  for  no  other  butterfly  goes  off  with  such  rapidity.  There  is  only  one 
specimen  of  this  in  the  Society's  collection,  a  male  which  I  ('aught  at  Khandalla." 

Mr.  Betham,  ibid.  V.  p.  285,  says  :  "  This  is  truly  a  beautiful  creature.  The 
colours  are  a  deep  rich  chestnut  with  a  velvety  black  border  in  the  malf,  relieved 
in  the/emale  by  a  broad  white  band  across  the  forewing.  It  has  the  most  powerful 
flight  of  any  butterfly  I  know  (while  E.  athamas  has  the  fastest),  and  looks  like  a 
bird  while  on  the  wing. 

"  The  female  is  larger  than  the  male  and  much  more  conspicuous,  because  of 
the  broad  white  band  aforesaid.  It  is,  however,  a  very  foul  feeder  and  greedily 
fond  of  mhowa,  so  much  so  that  it  can  be  approached  and  taken  by  the  fingers 
while  engaged  in  its  meal.  One  year  I  took  several  of  these  arid  C.  /abius  and 
a  few  C.  athamas,  at  a  sirris  tree,  Acacia  speciosa,  which  had  a  bough  injured  in 


(  339  ) 

some  way,  and  from  which  a  juice  exuded.  Several  other  kinds  of  insects,  chiefly 
ants  and  flies,  were  attracted  by  this  juice,  and  a  number  of  small  green  bee-eaters, 
Merops  viridis,  the  magpie  robin,  Copsychus  salamis,  and  the  king  crow  or  arongo 
shrike,  Bnchanga  atra,  were  attracted  b}'  the  insects.  The  wiugs  of  several  of  the 
Charaxes  that  I  took  had  bits  clipped  out  of  them  by  the  beaks  of  birds.  Toddy 
is  also  a  good  bait  for  butterflies,  after  it  has  fermented  a  little.  I  was  induced 
to  try  it  f.fter  seeing  the  attraction  the  sirris  juice  had,  and  I  found  it  very 
successful." 

Messrs.  Davidson  and  Aitken  describe  the  larva  thus  (Joiirn.  Bombai/  y.H. 
V.  p.  278)  :  "  Larva  of  the  usual  form,  head  very  broad,  outer  pair  of  horns  longest, 
last  segment  flat,  square,  and  ending  in  two  points  ;  last  pair  of  legs  almost 
aborted ;  colour  rich,  dark  green,  with  a  large  semicircle  of  pinkish-white  in  the 
middle  of  the  back  and  a  yellow  lateral  line  ;  horns  and  sides  of  face  rusty  brown. 
We  reared  three  specimens  of  this  on  Aglaia  roxburqliiuna,  a  very  common  tree 
in  Canara,  belonging  to  the  order  MeliacesB.  Among  butterflies  the  length  of  the 
larval  life  seems  to  be  generally  proportional  to  the  robustness  of  the  insect  in  its 
perfect  state  ;  and,  as  might  be  expected,  C.  imna  is  a  Methuselah  among  butterflies. 
One  found  on  the  6th  of  October,  then  evidently  a  few  days  old,  became  a  pupa 
on  the  25th  of  November.  The  butterfly  emerged  on  the  9th  of  December.  Like 
most  smooth  caterpillars,  this  species  eats  its  skin  when  cast,  but  not  the  head 
case.  When  touched  it  appears  to  use  its  horns  defensively,  as  does  also 
C.  atkamas." 

h.  Ch.  psaphon  psaphon. 

Charaxes  psaphon  Westwood,  Cab.  Or.  Eiit.  t.  21.  f.  1.  2.  J  (1848)  (Ceylon);  Butl.,  Proc.  Zool. 

Soc.  Land.  p.  636.  n.  52  (1865)  (Ceylon)  ;  Nicev.,  Butt,  of  Indw.  II.  p.  284.  n.  576  (1886) 

(Ceylon);  Butl,  Jourii.  Lhin.  Soc.  Loud.  XXV.  p.  390.  n.  116  (1896)  (Ceylon). 
NijmphaUs  psaphon,   Doubleday,  -Westw.   &    Hew.,    Gen.   Diuni.  Lep.  II.   p.   309.  n.    36  (18.50) 

(Ceylon). 
K ijmpJialh pohjxena  var.  e,  C.  pmphon,  Kirby,  Cat.  Diurn.  Lep.  p.  272.  sub  n.  52  (1871)  (Ceylon). 
(J.  Haridra  psaphon,  Moore,  Lep.  of  Ceylon  I.  p.  30.  t.  15.  f.  2.  (J  (1880)  (Ceylon)  ;  id.,  Lep.  Lid, 

11.  p.  230.  t.  168.  f.  1.  la.  16.  If.  (J,  ?   (1896)  (Ceylon). 
?  .  Haridra  screndiba  Moore,  Lep.  of  Ceylon  I.  p.  30.  t.  15.  f.  3.   ?   (1880)  (Ceylon). 

(?.  Black  area  of  forewing  barely  3  mm.  distant  from  bar  D,  measured  behind 
R' ;  black  area  of  hindwiug  produced  basad  along  SC"  to  near  median  bars,  the 
area  almost  gradually  narrowing  behind,  or  suddenly  restricted  at  R^,  seldom 
restricted  in  width  behind  R'  as  in  t)'pical  imna. 

? .  Upperside  more  brownish  tawny  than  in  imna  ;  discal  band  of  forewing 
pure  milky  white  down  to  (SM'),  very  slightly  shaded  with  orange-ochraceous 
between  (SM')  and  SM*  ;  discal  band  of  hindwing  mostly  a  little  broader  and  more 
white  than  in  imna  ;  postdisco-submarginal  patches  R' — R'  generally  somewhat 
larger  than  in  ordinary  specimens  of  imna. 

Hub.  Ceylon.  8  (?c?,  3  ?  ?  in  the  Tring  Museum.  Moore,  in  Lep.  Ind., 
records  it  from  Arisvawalle  (March),  Trincomali  (August),  Kandy,  Kanthalla 
(October). 

13.  Charaxes  borneensis. 

Charaxes  borneensis  Butler,  Lep.  Exot.  p.  16.  t.  6.  f.  2  (1869)  (J  only,  Borneo)  ;  Druce,  Proc. 
Zool.  Soc.  Land.  p.  346  (1873)  (Borneo)  ;  Dist.,  Rhop,.  Mai.  p.  433.  n.  10.  t.  37.  f.  6.  ^  (1886) 
(Mai.  Pen.)  ;  Hagen,  Iris.  IX.  p.  187.  n.  247  (1896)  (N.E.  Sumatra)  ;  Butl.,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc. 
Lond.  XXV.  p.  394.  n.  128  (1896)  (Borneo). 


(  :540  ) 

Nymphalis polyxena  var.  b.  C  boriievnsis,  Kirby,  Cat.  Diuni.  Lep.  p.  273.  sub  n.  52  (1871)  (Borneo). 
Charaxes  {Haridra)  bomeensis,  Nic^ville  &  Martin,  Jonni.  As.  Soc.  Beng.  LXIV.  p.  437.  n.  261 

(1895)  (N.E.  Sumatra). 
ffaridiri  Imrnmtxis,  Moore,  Lep.  hid.  II.  p.  247  (1896)  (5Ial.  Pen.  ;  Borneo). 

(?.    Wings,  vppersitle,  tawny  or  russet  tawny,  sometimes   mncli  shaded  with 

black. Forewing  :    upper  angle  of  cell  mostly  blackish,  generally  with   some 

white  scales,  which  occasionally  are  so  nnmerons  as  to  form  a  distinct  spot ;  bar  D 
heavy  in  front  ;  median  bars  SC — R-  joined  to  the  black  enter  area,  seldom 
isolated,  and  then  obsolete,  sometimes  also  joined  to  bar  D,  in  which  case  the  white  ' 
discal  band  is,  between  R^  and  SC*-',  represented  by  two  or  four  small  spots  only  ; 
median  bar  R- — R^  close  to  bar  D,  with  which  it  is  often  fused,  bars  R^ — M-  always 
present,  arched,  the  second  occasionally  small,  bars  M- — SftP  thinner,  seldom 
absent  ;  discal  bars  all  fused  with,  or  joined  to,  the  black  outer  area,  postdiscal 
interspaces  R' — SM-  seldom  all  marked,  then  the  upper  ones  minute,  more  or  less 
white,  often  only  the  submedian,  double,  spot  present,  seldom  all  these  spots 
absent ;  discal  interspace  white,  or  slightly  yellowish  as  a  rule,  this  colour  mostly 
extending  a  little  basad  along  R' — M',  and  M-,  so  that  the  median  bars  R' — M^  have 
in  most  specimens  some  white  scaling  at  their  proximal  side  ;  seldom  are  these 
bars  entirely  separated  from  the  tawny  area  ;  the  white  band  is  distal  ly  concave 
between  the  veins,  the  veins  themselves  more  or  less  black  within  the  band,  the 
partitions  R^ — M'  of  the  band  often  less  than  a  third  the  size  of  partition  M- — SM', 
the  band  generally  not  extending  beyond  SM'',  but  in  some  individuals  there  is 

white  scaling  also  behind  SM^ Hindwing  :  median  bars  C — R-  more  or  less 

obvions,  with  pale  tawny  or  whitish  scaling  at  outside,  at  least  between  C  and  SC^ 
this  scaling  palest  in  the  darkest  individuals  ;  postdisco-submarginal  jiatches 
varying  in  size,  patches  C — R'  large,  but  generally  ill-defined,  the  black  colour 
extending  basad  along  veins,  about  as  broad  as  the  interspace  between  them  and 
the  median  bars,  patches  R- — SM^  much  smaller,  separated  from  one  another,  the 
white  submarginal  dots  situated  just  at  their  proximal  edge  or  a  little  within  the 
black  patches  ;  the  npper  white  submarginal  dots  seldom  marked  ;  admarginal 
line  brown  :  the  disco-marginal  area  often  much  shaded  with  black,  the  tawuy 
admarginal  interspaces  sometimes  obsolete  ;  discal  lunules  faintly  indicated  in  the 
darkest  examples  by  dark  clouds. 

Underside  very  constant  in  general  appearance,  blackish   bistre  brown,  outer 
marginal  region  pale  sepia  and  olive  ;  sub-basal  to  median  bars  conspicuously  edged 

with  white,  no  white  discal  patches. Forewing  :  median  bars  R' — SM^  more  or 

less  angle-shaped,  bar  R-— R'  more  proximal  than  bar  R'— M'  ;  upper  postdiscal 

bars  replaced  by  more  or  less  obvions,  but  ill-defined,  spots. Hindwing  :  discal, 

deeply  arched,  lunule  C — SC'  closer  to  the  respective  median  bar  than  this  is  to 
submedian  bar  C— SC^  ;  upper  two  or  three  submarginal  dots  absent ;  upper  tail 
short,  triangular,  second  just  indicated. 

?.    Wings,   upperside  darker  than  in   <^. Forewing:   interspace  between 

median  bars  SC— M'  and  cell  filled  up  with  black,  of  the  three  black  patches  thus 
formed  the  middle  one  is  much  shorter  than  the  others,  median  bar  M' — M'''  more 
proximal  than  the  outer  edge  of  the  black  patch  in  front  of  it,  also  somewhat  dilated; 
discal  band  extending  to  internal  margin,  where  it  is,  however,  shaded  with  tawny  ; 
postdiscal  spots  R'— SM=  generally  larger  than  in  S,  the  npper  two  or  the  second 

sometimes  absent. Hindwing  :   median  bars  C— R'   black,  the  following   ones 

down  to  M'  more  or  less  vestigial  ;  discal  bars  R'— SM^  marked  as  dark  luniform 


(  341   ) 

clouds,  the  bars  0 — R'  completely  fused  with  the  postdisco-submarginal  patches  ; 
discal  interspaces  white  or  yellowish  white  in  front,  this  colour  shading  off  behind 
into  tawny,  forming  an  irregular  band  which  extends  to  near  abdominal  fold,  bat  is 
very  indistinct  behind ;  postdiscal-submarginal  patches  R' — SM"  larger  than  in  S, 
often  touching  each  other,  sometimes  their  postdiscal  portions  well  developed,  in 
which  case  the  linear,  white,  submarginal  spots  stand  in  the  centres  of  the  patches, 
outer  edges  of  the  patches  (submarginal  bars),  however,  always  deeper  black  than 
rest  of  the  patches  ;  admarginal  line  more  distinct  than  in  S. 

Underside  similar  to  that  of  S,  but  proximal  portions  of  discal  interspaces 
cream  colour,  outer  marginal  region  of  both  wings  also  much  paler  than  in  S, 
the   discal   lunules   bordered  with  cream   colour   distally  ;    submedian   interspaces 

more  or  less  creamy,  at  least  at  bars. Forewiug  :  median  bar  R' — M'  much 

more  distal  than  the  bars  R- — R'  and  M' — M',  interspace  between  median  bars 

SC^ — R°  and  cell  coloured  like  rest  of  median  interspaces. Hindwing  :  line  of 

median  bars  much  broken  ;  postdiscal  bars  broad,  deeply  triangularly  concave, 
proximally  shading  into  the  raw  umber  colour  of  the  postdiscal  interspaces,  bar 
SC*—  R'  sometimes  absent ;  upper  tail  7  mm.  long,  not  spatulate,  second  tail  just 
indicated. 

Length  of  forewing  :  c?,  41 — 45  mm. 
„  „  ? ,  47—50  mm. 

Ilab.  Borneo  ;  Sumatra ;  Malay  Peninsula  ;  much  rarer  than  Ch.  polyxena 
repetitus  of  the  same  countries. 

In  the  Tring  Museum  :  5  t?(^,  2  ?  ?  from  Borneo  ;  8  c?  <?  from  the  Gayoe  and 
Battak  countries  of  N.E.  Sumatra  ;  1  <S  from  the  Palembang  district,  S.E.  Sumatra  ; 
1  ?  from  the  Malay  Peninsula.  The  last-mentioned  ?  has  the  postdisco-sub- 
marginal patches  of  the  hindwing  larger  than  the  Borneau  examples.  Dr.  Hagen 
says  that  he  received  this  insect  only  from  the  Gayoe  countries  in  Sumatra,  but 
rather  commonly,  and  that  he  caught  one  example  at  Singapore  ;  and  notes  the 
variability  of  the  specimens  as  regards  the  white  band  of  the  forewing.  Dr.  Martin 
also  notices  that  it  was  caught  only  in  the  forests  west  and  north  of  Selesseh  by  the 
Gayoes,  except  a  few  specimens  from  the  Battak  Mountains. 

14.  Charaxes  bupalus. 

Charaxes  hupalus  Staudinger,  Iris  II.  p.  84  (1890)  (Palawan,  cJ,  S  )  ;  Butl.,  Jnurn.  Linn.  Soc.  Land. 

XXV.  p.  394.  n.  127  (1896)  (Palawan). 
Haridra  biqxilus,  Moore,  Lep.  Iiid.  II.  p.  247  (1895)  (Palawan). 

(S.  Similar  to  Ch.  bornee/ms,  but  the  band  of  the  forewiug  above  is  pure  white, 
more  regular,  sharply  limited  by  the  median  bars  R- — SM'-  which  stand  in  a  regular 
oblique,  row,  bar  R^ — M'  being  less  distal  than  in  borneensis ;  there  are  no  post- 
discal spots  marked. Hindwing  :  median  bars  C — R-  marked,  the  following  one 

vestigial,  there  is  a  little  white  scaling  at  bar  C— SC" ;  postdisco-submarginal 
patches  R' — M'  larger  than  in  boi-neemis. 

Underside  tawny  russet,  postdiscal  interspaces  more  tawny,  the  snbbasal  and 
submedian  bar  much  less  edged  with  white  than  in  borneensis,  lines  of  bars  much 

more  regular. Forewiug  :  median  bars  R- — SM-  continuous,   with   or   without 

yellowish  white  patches  at  their  outer  side. Hindwing  :  median  bars  8C- — W 

nearly  continuous,  very  much  closer  to  discal  lunules  than  to  submedian  bars  ; 
white  submarginal  spots  linear,  heavy,  except  the  third  ;  admarginal  interspaces 
pale  tawny  ;  admarginal  line  tawny  ;  upper  tail  4i  mm.  long,  second  a  short  tooth. 


(  342  ) 

?  .  Upperside. Forewiiig  :  discal  baud  pure  white,  broader  than  in  borneemis, 

especially  anteriorl}-  ;  median  bars  SC — R'  within  the  band,  the  interspace  between 
them  and  the  cell  not  filled  up  with  black  ;  median  bar  R' — M'  close  to  apex  of 
cell,  with  white  scaling  all  round  ;  postdiscal  intersjiaces  R' — SM-  white,  partl_v 
tinged  with  tawny,  somewhat  longer   than   in   borneensis  ;  some  white  scales  in 

upper  angle  of  cell  and  at  M^  proximally  of  median  bars. Hindwing :  median 

bars  C — M'  almost  continuous,  with  a  white  discal  band  at  the  outer  sides  which  is 
broader  than  in  borneensi.-i,  and  shades  posteriorly  into  tawny  olive,  the  white  scaling 
anteriorly  almost  reaches  between  the  veins  the  black  postdisco-submarginal  patches, 
and  extends  distad  also  posteriorly  upon  the  internervular  folds  ;  postdisco- 
submarginal  patches  becoming  gradually  smaller  behind,  the  upper  two  patches 
not  being  twice  the  size  of  the  following  two,  black  scaling  produced  basad 
upon  veins  C — R'  ;  white  submarginal  spots  linear,  heavy  ;  admarginal  interspaces 
brighter  tawny  than  in  borneensis. 

Underside,  median  interspaces  about  as  dark  as  in  borneensis,  outer  half  of 
wing  more  or  less  yellowish  cinnamon,  postdiscal  patches  of  forewing  and  outer 
portions  of  postdiscal  interspaces  of  hindwing  dark  tawny  olive  ;  discal  interspaces 

more  white  than  in  borneensis,  the  white  colour  also  more  extended. Forewing  : 

median  bars  R- — M'  continuous,  bar  M' — M^  a  little  more  proximal. Hindwing  : 

line  of  median  bars  C— M'-  less  irregular  than  in  borneensis,  with  the  discal 
interspaces  about  half  the  width  of  the  median  ones  ;  admarginal  interspaces  dark 
straw-yellow  :  white  submarginal  spots  linear,  lieavy,  all  marked  ;  admarginal  line 
consjiicuous  ;  upper  tail  not,  or  not  distinctly,  spatulate,  second  tail  longer  than  in 
the  allied  white-banded  Charaxes,  mostly  curved  costad  as  in  nntonius. 

Length  of  forewing  :   S,  44  mm. 
„  „  ? ,  52  mm. 

Hub.  Palawan.  In  the  Tring  Museum  3  cJc?,  1  ?,  collected  by  Dr.  Platen 
and  Mr.  Waterstradt. 

15.  Charaxes  plateni. 

$  9  .  Chara.,:es  plahmi  Staudinger,  Iris  II.  p.  82  (1889)  (Palawan) ;  Semper,   T(ia.f.  PhiUjij).  p.  335. 
n.  517  (1892)  (Palawan)  ;  Butl.,  Jmon.  Linn.  Sor.  Lund.  XXV.  p.  390.  n.  115  (I89G)  (Palawan). 
Haridm  pluteni,  Moore,  Lcp.  Ind.  II.  p.  248  (1896)  (Palawan). 

S  ? .  Body  above  dark  tawny,  thorax  and  head  with  an  olivaceous  green  tint  ; 
underside  pale  cream-buff,  tibiae  a  little  more  buff,  palpi  white. 

cJ.  Winys,  upperside,   dark   tawny   orange. Forewing  :    black   outer  area 

extended  to  apex  of  cell,  the  black  scaling  produced  basad  along  S(J  to  middle  of 
cell,  bar  D  separated  from  black  area  b}-  a  small  tawny  spot,  inner  edge  of  the  area 
very  oblique,  crossing  SM-  about  10  mm.  from  tip  of  vein,  no  tawny  spots  within 

black  area  ;  cell-bar  3  faintly  vestigial. Hindwing  :  median  bars  C — R'  marked, 

the  following  one  vestigial,  interspace  at  outer  side  of  bars  C — SG^  pale  tawny 
orange  ;  discal  luniform  bars  R' — SM"  more  or  less  faintly  indicated  by  brown  clouds, 
discal  bars  C — R^  completely  fused  with  the  respective  postdisco-submarginal  patches, 
but  there  are  generally  some  tawny  scales  left  in  front  of  R^ ;  white  submarginal 
dots  all  developed,  but  the  third  often  only  vestigial  ;  tawny  admarginal  interspace 
C — St!^  absent,  the  following  one  sometimes  partly  marked  ;  brownish  marginal 
line  indistinct. 

Underside :  creamy  white,  silvery  in  side  light,  outer  margin  of  forewing,  and 
postdiscal   interspaces   of  hindwing    olive    yellow    or    yellowish    olive,   postdiscal 


(  •'543  ) 

interspaces  of  the  forewing  somewhat  clouded  with  the  same  colonr  ;  admargiiial 
interspaces  of  the  hindwing  yellowish  wood  brown  to  yellowish  buff ;  subbasal  and 

median  interspaces  more  or  less  pale  olive  brown  ;  bars  rather  weak. Forewing  : 

interspaces  between  snbmedian  and  median  bars  M' — (SM')  of  about  equal  width. 

Hindwing :    admarginal    line   tawny   cinnamon,   clearly   defined ;    upper   tail 

4|  to  5i  mm.  long,  second  If  mm. 

?.    WiiH/s  above  olive  tawny. Forewing:    upper   angle   of  cell   somewhat 

blackish,  coil-bar  3  vestigial  at  SC ;  bar  D  heavy;  median  bars  SC'' — SO"  heavy, 
upper  2  only  3^  mm.  from  upper  angle  of  cell,  no  white  scaling  at  basal  side  of 
bars  ;  discal  band  white,  broadest  (11  mm.)  between  R'  and  R^,  narrowest  behind 
R-,  extended  to  0  (not  to  edge  of  wing),  shaded  with  olive  tawny  at  internal 
margin  of  wing,  its  outer  edge  sinuate  between  veins  R* — SM" ;  an  elongate  post- 

discal,   huffish,   spot  between    M"   and   SMI Hindwing ;    median   bars   C — B^ 

forming  a  black  continuous  line,  curving  basad,  sharply  limiting  the  olive  tawny 
colour  of  the  basal  region,  crossing  R-  3  mm.  from  D  ;  a  broad  white,  faintly 
yellowish,  band  from  costal  margin  to  M'  posteriorly  shading  into  olive  tawny, 
9  mm.  wide  at  SC",  little  narrower  behind  ;  discal  bars  R' — (SM')  clearly  defined, 
continuous,  luniform,  separated  from  the  black  postdisco-submarginal  patches  by 
olive  tawny  interspaces,  these  interspaces  becoming  wider  behind,  interspace 
SC^ — R'  vestigial,  discal  bar  C — SC^  completely  fused  with  postdisco-submarginal 
patches  ;  the  latter  heavy,  patches  R' — M'  of  the  same  size  (T  mm.  in  diameter), 
the  following  one  somewhat  smaller,  all  these  not  separated  ;  white  submargiual 
spots  rather  heavy  ;  admarginal  olive  tawny  interspaces  all  developed  except  the 
first,  anal  one  filled  up  with  olive  buff  scaling. 

Underside  as  in  c?  ;  upper  tail  spatulate,  8  mm.  long,  second  4  mm. 

Length  of  forewing  :   cj,  40 — 42  mm. 
,,  ,,  ?,  46  mm. 

Hab.  Palawan,  8  SS.  One  female  in  Dr.  Staudinger's  collection.  The  white 
underside  distinguishes  this  species  from  all  allies.  The  most  interesting  feature  of 
the  ?  is  the  development  of  the  discal,  luniform,  bars  of  the  npperside  of  the 
hindwing,  which  do  not  appear  with  the  same  distinctness  in  any  other  tawny 
Chamxes. 

16.  Charaxes  antonius. 

Charaxes  antonius  temper,  Verh.  Ver.  Nat.  Unterh.  Hamhurg  III.  p.  113  (1878)  (Mindanao)  ;  «/., 
Tmif.  PhUipiK  p.  80.  n.  100.  t.  14.  f.  6.  7.  S-  8.  ?  (1887)  (Mindanao  ;  u„n  ?  Guimaras, 
=  amycus)  ;  Butl.,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Land.  XXV.  p.  38;).  n.  114  (1896)  (Mindanao). 

Ifiiridra  anUmiun,  Moore,  X,e;j.  Iml.  II.  p.  248  (1887)  ("Philippines"). 

(J  ? .  Body  above  raw  umber  colour,  head  and  thorax  with  an  olive-green  gloss. 
Underside  brownish  sepia  colour;  palpi  cream  colonr,  middle  of  prosternum  and 
the  tibiae  and  tarsi  somewhat  darker  ;  femora  black  with  a  dense  sprinkling  of 
white  scales. 

(?.   WinffS  above  glossy  tawny  olive. Forewing  :  black  outer  area  extending 

to  upper  angle  of  cell,  strongly  narrowing  behind,  about  9  to  10  mm.  wide  at  SM-,  its 

edge  not  sharply  defined,  bar  D  faint,  no  other  bars  present,  no  postdiscal  spots. 

Hindwing  :  discal  bars  vestigial  as  dark  luniform  clouds,  often  extremely  faint, 
njiper  two  fused  with  the  postdisco-submarginal  patches  ;  of  the  latter  series  the 
upper  four  are  fused  together,  and  generally  also  with  the  admarginal  line,  patches 
R' — SM^  isolated,  their  proximal  portions  obsolete. 


(  344) 

Umlersicle  brown  sepia  colour,  variegated  witli  bistre. Forewiug  :  median 

bars  R- — SM-  continnons,  median  interspace  M- — SM*  narrower  than  interspace 
M' — M-,  the  darker  median  band  hence  narrowing  behind,  median  bars  SC° — R- 

somewhat  nearer  discal  series  than  apex  of  cell. Hindwing  :  interspace  between 

snbmedian  and  median  lines  of  bars  from  costal  margin  to  M  resp.  R^  narrower 
than  in  borneensis,  npper  two  median  bars  CM — SC"  nearly  contiuuons  ;  postdiscal 
bars  slightly  arched,  or  almost  straight,  standing  in  a  straight  line  ;  upper  tail 
somewhat  spatnlate,  about  8  mm.  long,  second  tail  also  widened  towards  apex, 
curving  costad,  6  mm.  long. 

? .  Wings  above  slightly  paler. Forewing  :  a  white  band  with  a  faint  tawny 

olive  tint,  posteriorly  strongly  shaded  with  tawny  olive,  extends  from  SC"  to 
internal  margin,  the  baud  is  widest  in  middle,  anteriorly  it  reaches  apex  of  cell,  its 
outer  edge  (taken  as  a  whole)  is  convex,  its  inner  edge  ill-defined  ;  postdiscal  spots 
W — SM^  luniform,  separated  from  discal  band  by  black,  tbin,  discal  Innules,  post- 
discal spots  SC° — R-  about  7  to  8  mm.  distant  from  band  ;  no  median  bars  SC — R-, 

nor  any  other  median  bars. Hindwing  :  median  C — SC*  extremely  faint,  discal 

bars  C — R'  ill-defined,  partially  separated  from  postdisco-snbmarginal  patches  by 
two  light  patches  ;  scaling  between  these  discal  bars  and  the  vestigial  median 
bars  somewhat  greyish,  veins  SC  and  R'  especially  pale  ;  postdisco-snbmarginal 
purplish  black  patches  C — R^  gradually  decreasing  in  size,  fused,  the  following 
four  sejiarated,  with  the  postdiscal  portions  obsolete,  the  submarginal  jiortions  deep 
black  ;  submarginal  white  spots  linear,  heavy  ;  admarginal  interspaces  C — R' 
obsolete. 

Underside  somewhat  paler  than  in  3,  the  snbmedian  and  discal  interspaces 
partly  creamy  buff,  but  not  white  ;  postdiscal  and  admarginal  interspaces  of  hind- 
wing greenish  bistre  ;  bars  nearly  as  in  <?,  upper  three  submediau  and  median  bars 
of  hindwing  continuous  ;  upper  tail  strongly  spatulate,  9  mm.  long,  second  almost 
boot-sha]ied,  carving  costad,  broadest  in  middle,  about  7  mm.  long. 
Length  of  forewing  :   6,  37 — 41  mm. 

„  „  ?,  50  mm. 

Hab.  North,  East,  and  South-East  Mindanao.  In  the  Tring  Museum  2  S  <S , 
1  ¥ ,  collected  by  Dr.  Platen  (received  from  Messrs.  Staudioger  and  Bang-Haas)  ; 
May,  August  to  October,  December  to  March,  according  to  Semper. 

i".  S ,  forewing  above  blue  ;    ? ,  white  band  of  forewing  interrupted  at  R^ 


17.  Charaxes  mars. 

jj   Charaxes  mars  Staudinger,  Exot.  Tagf.  p.  172  (1886)  (Minabassa,  N.  Celebes). 

$    Charaxes  mars,  Oberthiir,  Bull.  Soc.  Enl.  France,  p.  194.  f.  12  (1897)  (Maros  country). 

cJ.  Upperside  of  body  olivaceous  black,  sides  faintly  fulvous,  abdomen  russet. 
Underside  of  palpi  and  abdomen,  and  four  posterior  tibiae  and  tarsi  pale  drab  or 
wood  brown,  sterna  brownish  black. 

6  ■    Wings  above. Forewing  :  strongly  glossy  greenish  blue,  changing  into 

bluish  green  in  side  light,  costal  and  outer  margins  black  with  a  slight  greenish 

gloss. Hindwing  also  glossy  blue,  especially  if  viewed  from  behind,  except  base, 

abdominal  fold,  and  costal  margin  ;  the  greater  part  of  tlie  winp-  tawny  orange, 
cellules  (' — R'  nearly  totally  blaek,  cell  more  or  less  shaded  with  black  ;  jiKstdisco- 


(345) 

snbmarginal  black  patches  inostl}'  touching  admarginal  line  between  veins,  white 
snbmarginal  dots  minute  or  obsolete. 

Underside  olivaceous  slate-colonr,  with  greenish  and  purplish  reflections  in  side 
light,  glossy  except  postdiscal  interspaces  and,  ou  forewiug,  part  of  median  inter- 
spaces ;  submedian  bars  edged  proximally,  median  bars  distally,  with  white  ;  post- 
discal interspaces  mostly  somewhat  ochraceous  at   discal   bars,   this  colour  more 

extended  anteriorly  on  forewing. Forewing  :   median  bars  nearly  continuous  ; 

outer  edge  of  wing  glossy  to  postdiscal,  indistinct,  bars,  glossy  band  wider  in  middle 
than  behind  ;    white  submargiual  scaling  visible  in  a   front  view,  much  reduced, 

except  at  apex  of  wing. Hindwing  :  bars  on  abdominal  fold  obsolete  ;  series  of 

median  bars  crossing  M  just  at  origin  of  M' ;  black  and  blue  snbmarginal  dots 
present,  white  ones  generally,  obsolete  ;  admarginal  interspaces  somewhat  brown, 
narrow,  last  one  yellowish  as  a  rule  ;  admarginal  line  very  thin,  not  consjjicuons, 
separated  from  edge  of  wing  ;  upper  tail  5  to  6  mm.  long,  second  a  very  short  tooth. 

? .  According  to  Oberthiir's  description  and  cut :  Wings  above :  black, 
slightly  bluish,  this  colour  shading  oif  into  the  brown-yellow  colour  of  the  base  and 
external  margin  ;  discal  interspaces  white,  forming  a  broad  band  from  R^  to  internal 
margin,  the  two  spots  SC^ — R-  more  distal  and  separated  ;  postdiscal  inters2)aces 
8C'' — SM^  luniform,  heavy,  not  so  large  as  the  black  discal  patches  at  their  proximal 

side,   tawny. Hindwing  :   tawny ;  postdisco-submarginal   black   patches    C — R^ 

large,  not  completely  fused,  patches  R^ — M'  about  half  the  size  of  patch  R' — R^ ; 
snlimarginal  white  dots  all  present,  upper  two  largest  ;  median  bars  C — R'  marked 
as  black  spots,  discal  interspace  occupied  by  a  white  band  in  front,  which  shades 
oif  into  the  tawny  ground-colour  ;  basal  area  np  to  median  bars  tawny  brown  ; 
admarginal  line  very  thin  (as  in  c?),  partly  well  separated  from  the  brown  edge 
of  the  wing  ;  admarginal  interspaces  all  marked,  but  the  upper  ones  narrow. 

Underside  paler  than  in  (J,  discal  intersi)aces  (except  distal  portions)  white  ; 
submedian  interspaces  partly  white  ;  postdiscal  interspaces  yellowish  at  discal 
lunules  ;  tail  broader  than  in  c?,  not  spatulate. 

Length  of  forewing  :   <?,  36 — 41  mm. 
,,  ,,  ?,  48  mm. 

Hab.  Celebes. 

The  two  specimens  of  C/tarazes  mars  found  by  Dr.  Platen  in  North  Celebes, 
Minahassa,  and  those  obtained  by  W.  Doherty  in  South  Celebes  differ  in  some 
details,  as  most  butterflies  from  North  and  South  Celebes  do.  This  beautiful  species 
does  not  seem  to  have  been  met  with  by  any  other  explorers  than  Platen  and 
Doherty.  Neither  A.  Everett  nor  H.  Frnhstorfer  came  across  it  during  their  stay 
in  Celebes. 

a.  Ch.  mars  dohertyi. 

Charaxes  mars  Staudinger  var.  dohertyi  Rothschild,  Iris  V.  p.  437.  t.  6.  f.  2  ^J  (1892)  (S.  Celebes, 
Marcs  country)  ;  Oberth.,  Bull.  Soc.  Eiit.  France  p.  194.  f.  12  J  (1897)  (Maros  country, 
Petoenoeang,  Asoewe,  July  14.  1896). 

d .  Winffs  above  on  the  whole  more  extended  blue  than  in  mars  mars  ;  hind- 
wing :  tawny  colour  reaching  costad  beyond  R',  there  being  a  tawny  spot  in  front 
of  that  vein,  sometimes  another  before  SC^  postdisco-submarginal  patches  W — M* 
isolated,  patch  R'^ — R-  almost  isolated,  patch  M' — M''  about  as  broad  as  long. 

?  .  Descrii>tion  see  above. 

24 


(  34fi  ^ 

Hab.  South  Celebes,  7  Si:  Maros  connti-v,  \V.  Doherty,  Angast — September 
1802  ;  both  sexes  iu  coll.  Oberthnr  caught  by  W.  Doherty  between  Maros  and 
Tjamba. 

b.  Ch.  mars  mars. 

Charaxes  mars  Staudinger,  Ej-.ol.  Tngf.  p.  172  (188ij)  (Minahassa) ;  Butl.,  Jnum.  Linn.  Soc.  Lmiil. 
XXV.  p.  396.  n.  133  (1896). 

S.  Tawny  colour  of  iippersirh  of  bindwing  not  reaching  in  front  of  R' ;  black 
postdisco-submarginal  patches  all  fused  together  (except  dots  M-'S — M-),  patch 
M' — IP  elongate,  vein  R'  and  outer  half  of  M'  black,  tawny  admarginal  inter8])aces 
SC — R"  faintly  indicated  ;  tail  shorter  than  in  mars  dohertiji. 

?.  Unknown. 

Hab.  Minahassa,  N.  Celebes  :  1  cJ  iu  Dr.  Standinger's  collection,  another  in 
that  of  Mr.  Adams  (ex  coll.  Honrath). 

18.  Cliaraxes  madensis  (Nov.  Zooi..  VI.  t.  ?>.  f.  4.). 

Charaxes  matlensis  Rothschild,  Entom.  XXXII.  p.  172.  n.  2  (1899)  (Mt.  Mada,  Buni). 

(S.  Unknown.     Most  likely  resembling  that  of  f'//.  mars. 

? .  Allied  to  (7i.  mars.     Ujjjjersiib'. Fori'wing  :    blackish   brown,  no  blue 

tone,  white  discal  baud  broader  than  iu  mars  ? ,  farther  from  cell,  its  inner  edge 
deeply  concave  at  M-,  discal  bars  R' — M^  vestigial  within  band,  postdiscal  inter- 
stitial patches  R' — SM'^  completely  merged  together  with  band,  while  in  mars  they 

are  separate. Hindwing  :  baud  more  sharply  defined  than   in  mars,  narrower, 

white,  the  blackish  brown  postdisco-submarginal  area  much  wider  than  in  mars, 
posterior  postdisco-submarginal  patches  not  separated  from  one  another,  at  least 
four  times  as  wide  as  iu  i/iars. 

Underside  :  white  scaling  of  forewing  anteriorly  more  extended  than  in  mars, 
the  black  median  bars  are  more  distal,  and  the  distal  ones  much  feebler  ;  the  black 
snbmarginal  sjiots  of  the  hindwing  are  well  marked  and  stand  about  4  mm.  from 
the  edge  of  the  wing. 

Length  of  forewing  :    ?  ,  60  mm. 

Hab.  Mt.  Mada,  Burn,  3,00ii  ft.,  August  1898  (Dumas). 

The  basal  costal  bar  of  the  hindwing  below  is  not  marked  in  the  figure,  but  i.s 
vestigial  in  the  rather  damaged  specimen. 

A'.  Basal  to  median  bars  of  underside  pale  chestnut,  white  baud  of  forewing 
above  narrower  behind. 

10.  Charaxes  ocellatus. 

$.  Charaxes  ocellaliis  Friihstorfer,  Surlel.  Enl.  XI.  p.  lo8  (IH9G)  (Lonibok,  2000  ft.);  id.,  Berl. 

Em.  Zeihch:  XLI.  p.  388.  t.  9.  f.  4.  (IHli"), 
$  .  Charaxes  sumharnm  Rothschild,  Entom.  XXIX.  p.  308  (1896)  (Sumba  ;  Sambawa). 

c?  ? .  Body  above  tawny,  thorax  somewhat  olivaceous  ;  underside  creamy  white. 

(J.    Winffs  aboce  chestnut-tawny,  forewing  darker  than  hindwing,  outer  region 

of  forewing  and  postdisco-submarginal    patches  of  hindwing   black. Forewing 

falcate,  crossed  by  an  oblique  discal  band  of  pure  white  ])atches,  the  band  not 
reaching  SM-',  widest  in  front,  bordered  proxinially  by  tlie  median  bars  R- — SM'-  and 


(  347  ) 

bar  D,  median  bars  SC^'— R*  within  band,  bars  R'— M^  arched,  patch  M^— SM^  very 
much  smaller  than  the  one  before  it ;  one  or  two  whitish  or  pinkish  buff  postdiscal 
spots  between  SO*  and  R'  about  halfway  between  band  and  apex,  the  second  spot 
most])'  absent,  sometimes  both  scarcely  traceable  ;  internervular  folds  with  huffish 

longitudinal  lines  at  margin  ;  fringe  white  except  at  veins. Hindwing  ;  median 

bars  C — R^  present,  standing  in  an  oblicpiely  curved  row,  bars  R^— M"  also  often 
indicated,  more  proximal  than  bar  R'' — R^,  a  series  of  patches  at  the  outer  side  of 
these  bars,  the  upper  one  white  and  largest,  the  other  gradually  becoming  smaller 
and  more  and  more  tawny  ;  discal  bars  luniform,  dark  tawny,  or  blackish,  the 
upper  ones  forming  the  border  of  the  pale  discal  patches  often  obsolete,  tlie  series 
strongly  and  obliquely  curved  ;  postdisco-submarginal  black  patches  very  large,  the 
upper  two  always  fused  together,  mostly  the  upper  four  not  separated,  patch 
SC" — R'  10  mm.  long,  the  patches  becoming  gradually  smaller,  they  are  separated 
from  the  discal  bars  by  ochraceous  balfmoons ;  white  submarginal  dots  all  present, 
the  upper  two  the  largest,  the  last  three  sometimes  vestigial;  adinarginal  interspaces 
ochraceous,  the  last  three  joined  along  veins  to  postdiscal  luuules  of  the  same 
colour,  the  upper  four  more  restricted,  separated  between  veins  into  dots,  in  which 
case  cellule  S— SC'  has  no  such  admarginal  spots,  the  black  postdisco-submarginal 
patches  being  completely  fused  to  the  margini-admarginal  line,  or  the  spots  are  not 
divided  at  internervnlar  fold  ;  admarginal  line  touching  postdisco-submarginal 
patches  at  veins  C— R',  extended  to  edge  of  wing,  black  in  front,  more  tawny 
behind,  tails  dark  tawny  or  blackish,  tips  edged  with  buif  or  white,  fringe  white 
between  veins. 

Underside  fawn-colour,  basal  to  median  bars  pale  chestnut,  heavy,  basal  cell- 
spot  present  on  both  wings. Forewing  :  cell-bar  4  touching  M  closer  to  M-  than 

M',  its  shorter  costal  portion  curved,  about  at  riglit  angles  to  the  longer  and 
obliquely  placed  hinder  portion  :  median  bars  M^ — SM^  very  oblique,  reaching 
SM-  8  mm.  from  end,  hence  median  interspace  considerably  widening  behind  ; 
white  band  as  above,  posteriorly  bordered  by  the  discal  bars,  but  as  the  series  of 
bars  is  almost  parallel  to  margin  it  recedes  costad  more  and  more  from  band,  the 
interspace  is  pale  drab  ;  discal  bars  outwardly  bordered  with  creamy  scaling  which 
forms  generally  halfmoons  ;  postdiscal  bars  represented  by  patches  of  variable  and 
different  size,  patches  M' — SM'  black,  triangular,  the  others  somewhat  chocolate, 
the  snbmedian  ones  fused  together,  but  generally  incised  externally  upon  (SM'), 
patches  R^ — M'  and  SC*^ — R'  much  smaller,  often  also  patch  R' — R'-,  outwardly  the 
postdiscal  spots  bear  whitish,  triangular  dots,  or  greyish  Innules,  excejjt  the  last 
patch,  which  is  bordered  externally  with  a  bluish  grey,  sometimes  M-shaped,  patch  ; 

admarginal  interspaces  more  or   less  grey. Hindwing  :    median  series  of  bars 

obliquely  curved  from  C  to  R^  then  again  from  R'  to  (SM'),  forming  an  angle  upon 
R',  bars  M^ — SM-  forming  an  acute  angle  upon  (SM')  pointing  basad,  often  reaching 
the  angle  which  is  formed  by  the  respective  snbmedian  bars  and  which  points  distad  ; 
basal  and  subbasal  costal  bars  present ;  a  longitudinal  line  upon  fold  SM- — SM^  as 
in  oi-ilus  ;  SM-  mostly  chocolate  in  middle  ;  discal  interspaces  filled  up  by  a  white 
band  which  is  more  or  less  widely  separated  from  the  discal  lunules  by  rather  well- 
defined  continuous  patches  of  Isabella  colour  ;  discal  and  postdiscal  bars  luniform, 
the  former  not  prominent,  partly  obsolete,  separated  from  the  postdiscal  ones  creamy 
Innules  which  are  somewhat  thicker  than  the  discal  bars  ;  postdiscal  bars  chestnut, 
bars  C— SC^  and  R'— R-  are  always  patch-like,  while  bar  R^ — M'  and  mostly  also 
bar  SC — R'  are  thin  ;  submargmal  white  dots  present,  but  spot  R^ — JI'  sometimes 


(  348  ) 

iuconspicuons  owing  to  the  respective  interspace  between  the  black  and  bine  siib- 
luargiual  dot  and  postdiscal  bar  being  much  shaded  with  cream  colour  ;  admarginal 
interspaces  cream-bnff,  small  ;  admarginal  line  pale  drab  :  edge  of  wing  greyish 
between  veins  ;  tails  i)ak'  drab,  creamy  at  tips,  botli  somewhat  sjiatnlati'.  npper  9 
to  9i  mm.  long,  second  slightly  cnrved  costad,  7  mm.  long. 

?.  Like  c?,  but  somewhat  larger,  fore  wing  above  slightly  darker  in  ba.sal  half, 
tails  somewhat  longer. 

Length  of  forewing  :  c?,  38 — 40  mm. 
,,  „  ?,  44 — 50  mm. 

Penis  similar  to  that  of  Ch.  oriliis. 

Hab.  Lombok,  Samba wa,  Flores,  and  Samba. 

This  very  remarkable  insect,  discovered  by  W.  Doherty  in  February  1896  on 
Sambawa  and  Sumba,  was  shortly  afterwards  also  found  on  Lombak  by  W. 
Frnhstorfer.  The  name  of  ocellatus  has  two  or  three  days'  priority  over  that  of 
sumbanus,  and  hence  must  be  employed  to  designate  the  species. 

The  close  relationship  of  Ch.  ocellatus  with  the  very  aberrant-looking  Timorese 
Ck.  oriliis  becomes  apparent  on  comparison  of  the  coloration  of  the  underside  ;  the 
penis  has  also  a  close  resemblance  in  both  insects,  its  dentition  being  peculiar  to 
these  two  species. 

a.  Ch.  ocellatus  sumbanus. 

?  .  Clniraxes  sujnbaims  Rothschild,  Entum.  XXIX.  p.  308.  n.  1  (1896)  (Sumba). 

c?  ? .  White  band  of  forewing  above  stopping  at  80°,  with  a  very  few  white 
scales  before  SC"*^  ;  white  patch  M^ — SM-  deeply  incised  upon  (SM')  at  both  sides, 

.'5  mm.  long,  measuring  diagonally  6  mm. Hindwing  :    series  of  median   bars 

C — R'  more  strongly  arched  than  in  the  other  local  forms,  )iale  discal  spots  R^ — M'' 
very  indistinct,  spots  V — R-  plainly  marked  in  ¥  only  ;  black  postdisco-snbmarginal 
patch  R^ — M'  not  pointed  proximally,  the  postdiscal  halfmoon-shaped  interspaces 
deeper  ochraceous  than  in  the  races  from  Lombok  and  Sambawa ;  white  sub- 
marginal  dots  M' — SM-  in  cj,  and  R'— SM-  in  ?,  minute;  admarginal  ochraceous 
interspaces  C — R'  not  divided  into  small  spots,  the  uppermost  well  marked  ; 
admarginal  line  posteriorly  and  tails  rather  bright  tawny. 

Underside. Forewing ;    median    bar    M* — SM^    very   oblique,    posteriorly 

almost  reaching  discal  bar,  discal  bar  M' — M-  straight,  curved  only  at  ends  ;  post- 
discal  patch    R'— R-   little   larger   than    patch    R- — R^   patch    M- — SM"   incised 

outwardly  upon  (SM*),  with  a  bluish  grey  patch  which  resembles  figure  3. 

Hindwing  :  discal  interspace  C — SO'  wider  than  median  one,  median  bars  0 — R' 
more  jiro.ximal  than  in  the  races  from  Lombok  and  Sambawa  ;  jiostdiscal  chestnut 
liar  SC- — R'  patch-like,  heavier  than  patch  R-— R^,  lunules  M' — SM-  about  1  mm. 
thick  in  middle,  admarginal  creamy  bntf  interspaces  all  well  marked. 

Length  of  forewing  :   (J,  40  mm. 
„  „  ?,44mm. 

I/ab.  Sumba:  W.  Doherty,  Febr.  1890,  below  200U  ft.,  1  ?  ;  A.  Everett, 
November  1896,  1  cJ. 

b.  Ch.  ocellatus  florensis  Rothsch.,  subsp.  no  v. 

cf    Wi?igg,  aboce. Forewing  :  white  band  somewhat  curved  owing  to  patches 

R'— M-  being  nearer  cell  than  in  the  other  races,  some  white  scaling  in  front  of 


(  349  ) 

patch  SG'-5— R',  patch  BI'— SM-  proximally  not  incised  upon  (RM'),  straight  or 
convex,  outwardly   incised,  measuring  4K   to   6   mm.   in   length,   and    diagonally 

6  to  9  mm.,  black  area  extending  basad  behind  SM-  beyond  band. Hindwing  : 

discal  bar  C— SO-  obsolescent,  white  discal  patch  extending  to  postdisco-snb- 
marginal  black  patch  ;  median  bars  C— R'  more  arched  than  in  the  other  races,  bar 
R'— BI'  visible,  the  pale  spot  at  its  cater  side  marked  ;  postdiseo-snbmarginal 
patches  IP— M"  not  distinctly  isolated,  the  spots  touching  each  other  ;  white  sub- 
marginal  dots  larger  than  in  sumbamis  ;  admarginal  spot  C— SC"  absent,  spots 
SC-— R'  separated  into  tiny  dots  ;  admarginal  line  from  R'  to  SM'  and  tail  darker 
than  in  sumbamis. 

Unili'rsid,: Forewing  :  median  bars  M-— SM-  3  to  4  mm.  from  discal  liar 

at  SM-,  slightly  produced  basad  upon  (SM')  into  a  point  ;  upper  white  discal 
patches  more  or  less  pointed  outwardly  ;  discal  bars  SC^— M-  arched,  the  pale 
lunulas  at  their  distal  side  conspicuous  ;  postdiscal  patches  SG»— M'  of  about  the 
same  size,  small,  the  creamy  white  dashes  or  angles  at  their  outer  side  conspicuous  ; 

greyish  white  sealing  at  margin,  between  veins,  also   conspicuous. Hindwing  : 

median  bars  nearly  placed  as  in  sumhani's,  the  series  sharply  angled  upon  R^ ;  discal 
interspace  C — SC^  wider  between  veins  than  median  one  ;  postdiscal  chestnut  Innule 
SC-— R'  thinner  than  patcli  R-— R',  chestnut  halfmoons  M'— SM"  about  1  mm. 
thick  in  middle. 

?.  Unknown. 

Length  of  forewing  :   <S,  38  to  40  mm. 

Had.  South  Flores,  2  c?  <?  (A.  Everett,  November  1896,  dry  season). 


c.  Ch.  ocellatus  sambavauus. 

? .  CharaxeK  sumhanm  sambammus  Rothschild,  Entom.  XXIX.  p.  309.  n.  2  (1896)  (Bima,  Sambawa). 

S.  Unknown. 

? .    Wings,  above. Forewing  :  a  broad  white  costal  streak  in  front  of  band  ; 

inner  edge  of  patch  R^— M'  1|  mm.  more  distal  at  M'  than  edge  of  patch  M'— M', 
patch  M^— SM-  strongly  convex  distally,  but  incised  upon  (SM')  proximally 
produced   basad   upon    (SM')    into   a   point ;    internal   margin   with   an   indistinct 

ochraceons  patch  as  continuation  of  band. Hindwing  :  discal  patch  C— SC"  only 

3i  mm.  long,  discal  patches  marked  down  to  M^  but  last  one  indistinct  ;  median 
bars  C — R'  blackish  as  in  florensis,  but  not  arched  or  angled  ;  discal  bars  dark 
tawny,  not  blackish  brown  ;  postdiscal  interspaces  as  pale  as  the  second  discal 
l)atch,  much  jialer  than  in  sumhanus;  postdiseo-snbmarginal  patches  R' — M^  pointed 
l)roximally,  patches  R' — M"  isolated  ;  admarginal  spots  paler  than  in  Jiorensis  and 
siimbanus,  admarginal  line  as  in  Jlorensis. 

Underside. Forewing:  cell-bar  3  separated  into  a  number  of  dots  ;  median 

bar  M'^ — SM-  as  in  ,//oi-en.^is,  rather  more  angled  upon  (SM'),  bar  R^— M'  1  mm. 
bej'ond  bar  M' — M*,  arched,  bars  SC' — R'  much  closer  to  outer  edge  of  white 
patches  than  to  bar  D,  interspace  between  white  baud  and  discal  bars  darker  than 
in  sumhaniis  &nA  florensis  ;  discal  bars  SC — M'  strongly  arched,  the  pale  lunules  at 
their  outside  very  conspicuous  ;  postdiscal  patch  M' — SM*  not  incised  outwardly, 
the  grey  scaling  at  its  outside  more  restricted  than  in  the  preceding  forms,  post- 
discal patch  R'— R2  larger  than  patch  SC— SC. Hindwing  :  median  bars  C— R' 

more  distal  than  in  Jiorensis  and  sumbanus,  discal  interspace  C — SC  narrower  than 


(  350  ) 

mediau  one  ;  postdiscal  bar  8C' — H'  obsolescent,  not  chestnut,  wliile  chestnut 
halfmoons  M' — SM-  are  heavy,  measnrinjj  in  middle  abont  4  mm.  :  white  sub- 
marginal  dots  11' — M'  clearer  defined  than  in  the  preceding  forms. 

Length  of  forewiug  :    ?  ,  50  mm. 

Hah.  Sambawa:  Bima  (W.  Doherty,  February  1896),  1   ?. 

(I.  Ch.  ocellatus  ocellatus. 

?.  Chiiraxes  oceUatus  Frnhstorfer,  Suckt.  Ent.  XI.  p.  108  (18SIG)  (Lombok,  2000  ft.)  ;  /rf.,  Bed. 
Ent.  Zeitschi:  XLI.  p.  .■?88.  t.  9.  f.  4  (1897) ;  id.,  I.e.  XLII.  p.  6  (1897). 

cJ.  Unknown. 

?.  Like  .sambavanus,  but  the  upper  discal  patch  of  hindwing  above  is  purer 
white,  the  other  patches  of  the  discal  series,  especially  patches  R- — M-,  are  better 
marked,  the  median  and  discal  bars  are  blacker.  On  the  underside,  the  mediau  bars 
R' — M^  of  theforewing  are  closer  to  cell,  cell-bar  3  is  complete,  median  bars  of 
hindwing  thinner  than  in  sambavanus,  postdiscal  chestnut  patch  C — SC^  smaller. 

Length  of  forewing  :    ? ,  46  mm. 

Hab.  Lombok,  1   ¥  (Jijpe,  H.  frnhstorfer)  in  the  Tring  Museum. 

These  differences  may  bo  purely  individual,  but  until  it  is  proved  that  they  are 
so,  we  must  keep  the  Lombok  and  Sambawa  individuals  subspecifically  separate. 

b*.  Forewing  above  with  a  narrow,  creamy,  submarginal  band,  which  does 
not  reach  the  costal  margin. 

20.  Charaxes  orilus. 

jj.  Charaxes  oriliis  Butler,  Lep.  Exot.  p.  13.  t.  5.  f.  5  (1869)  (Timor)  ;  id.,  Juurn.  Linn.  Soc  Land. 
XXV.  p.  357.  n.  20  (1896)  (Timor). 

(?  ? .   Bodi/  ahoie  olive  russet,  abdomen  more  chestnut ;  underside  cream  colour. 

cJ.    Wings  above,  seal  brown,  basal  area,  especially  of  forewing,  washed  with 

chestnut. Forewing  :  a  submarginal  band  of  creamy  patches,  anteriorly  gradually 

becoming  narrower  and  fading  away,  at  SM^  H  to  6  mm.  broad  and  close 
to   margin,   straight,  nearly   parallel   to   edge   of  wing  ;   creamy  white   marginal 

spots   between   veins,    small,   sometimes   ])roduced   proximad   as   a  fine  line. 

Hindwing  :  discal  bars  C — R'  very  obscure,  just  traceable,  sometimes  with  some 
creamy  scales  at  their  distal  side,  bars  R' — SM-  mostly  better  visible,  as  the 
interspaces  between  them  and  the  median  bars  are  generally  cream-colour,  but  the 
bars  are  often  obsolete,  discal  bar  R' — M*  proximal  of  bent  of  R' ;  postdiscal  bars 
much  more  proximal  than  in  any  other  Charaxes,  the  upper  three  jiatch-like, 
entirely  fused  with  the  brown  basal  area,  bar  R- — R'  in  front  of  bent  of  R',  luuiform, 
but  mostly  fused  with  brown  area,  as  are  bars  R' — SM^,  these  latter,  however,  more 
distal,  bar  M' — M^  10  mm.  from  base  of  M'  ;  submarginal  bars  represented  by 
black  triangular,  transverse,  spots,  of  which  the  upper  4  are  somewhat  convex 
proximally  and  are,  between  veins,  barely  1  mm.  distant  from  the  admarginal  line, 
spots  R' — SM^  smaller  ;  admarginal  line  complete,  rather  heavy  down  to  R^  thin 
and  often  partly  obsolete  from  R'  to  SM- ;  interspaces  between  postdiscal  and 
submarginal  bars,  as  well  as  admarginal  interspaces  and  edge  of  wing  inclusive  of 
tails,  yellowish  cream-colour,  anal  region  mostly  paler,  patch  (J — SC-  also  often 
whitish,  admarginal  line  extended  to  near  tips  of  all  veins  ;  fringe  of  both  wings 
white  between  veins. 


(  351   ) 

Uiidermle  pale  drab  or  fawn-colour,  sometimes  ecru  drab ;  basal  to  median  bars 

light   chestnut. Forewing  :   basal  cell-spot  conspicuous,  three  cell-bars  heavy  : 

median  bars  li^— SM-  in  a  nearly  straight  row,  almost  at  right  angles  to  veins,  bars 
R'—M-' curved  distad,  ends  pointing  basad,  bar  R^— R^  about  ^  to  2  mm.  from  cell, 
2|  mm.  from  bar  R" — R- ;  discal  interspaces  ecm  drab  at  median  bars,  this  colour 
forming  an  inconspicuous  baud  of  about  3  mm.  width,  rest  of  discal  interspaces 
bistre  colour  ;  postdiscal  bars  strongly  arched,  black,  the  series  turning  basad  from 
R'  to  SC* ;  j)ostdiscal  bars  represented  by  patches,  of  which  the  submedian  ones  are 
black  and  nearly  fused  together,  while  the  others  are  chestnut,  patches  SO'— R^  and 
R^ — M'  small ;  these  patches  followed  posteriorly  by  creamy  ones,  of  which  only 
patches  M' — SM^  are  clearly  marked,  wliile  the  others  become  somewhat  con- 
spicuous only  in  consequence  of  the  snbmarginal  luniform  bars,  which  border 
them  distally,  being  rather  obviously  marked  in  this  species  ;  tips  of  veins  chestnut; 

margin  with  creamy  spots   between  veins. Hindwihg  :    median  series  of  bars 

nearly  continuous,  curving  distad  in  middle,  crossing  M'  2i  mm.  from  base  of  vein  ; 
basal  costal  bar  and  basal  cell-spot  present,  subbasal  costal  bar  also  marked,  cell-bar 
3  sometimes  indicated  by  a  dot ;  submediau  bars  M — SM-  forming  together  an 
acute  angle  which  points  distad,  a  pale  chestnut  line  along  part  of  fold  SM- — SM^ 
another,  shorter,  one  behind  SM^ ;  discal,  strongly  arched,  bars  blackish  chestnut, 
close  to  median  series,  the  distance  being  nearly  the  same  from  C  to  M",  about 
1  to  2  mm.  between  veins  ;  postdiscal  bars  halfmoon-shaped,  chestnut,  the  second, 
fourth  and  fifth  vestigial,  all  separated  from  discal  bars  by  pale  halfmoons,  of  which 
the  last  three  are  cream-colour  or  yellowish  cream-colour ;  the  postdiscal  spots 
outwardly  shading  into  drab,  this  colour  much  extended  between  C  and  R'  ;  sub- 
marginal  black  dots  shaded  proximally  with  bluish  grey  scaling,  and  the  upper 
three,  besides,  with  drab  scales,  which  form  a  halfmoon  the  ends  of  which  point 
distad,  the  wide  interspace  between  the  series  of  submarginal  and  postdiscal 
spots  pale  cream-colour;  admarginal  interspaces  bnff;  admarginal  line  as  above, 
anteriorly  broader ;  veins  brown  within  i)ale  area  ;  upper  tail  slightly  widened 
beyond  middle,  8  to  9  mm.  long,  second  thinner,  faintly  curved  costad,  0  to 
mm.  long. 

?.  Like   cj,  larger,  wings  broader,   creamy   colour   slightly   more   extended; 
upper  tail  9  mm.,  second  7  mm.  long. 
Length  of  forewing  :   S  39 — 44  mm. 

„  ,,  ?  47  mm. 

Clasper  broad,  produced  into  a  rather  short,  evenly  curved,  slender,  but  strongly 
chitinised  hook  ;  10th  tergite   broadly  sinuate,  the  two   processes  conical,  rather 
thin  ;  penis  with  one  large  tooth  standing  before  the  apex  and  a  few  minute  ones 
further  back  (PI.  H.  f.  6.)  ;  penis-funnel  as  in  Ch.  marmax. 
Hab.  Timor  and  Wetter. 

The  most  interesting  feature  of  this  peculiar  species  is  the  development  of  what 
is  in  other  species  a  series  of  white  submarginal  dots  on  the  hindwing  to  a  very 
broad  band,  necessarily  accompanied  by  a  basad  movement  of  the  postdiscal  bars, 
which  in  the  other  species  of  this  grouji  are  fused  with  the  snbmarginal  bars.  The 
submarginal  band  on  the  upperside  of  the  forewing  corresponds  to  the  white 
submarginal  scaling  of  the  underside  found  in  all  the  tawny  Ckaraxes.  Dr.  Butler, 
in  his  Revision  of  the  genus  Churaxes  put  orilus  between  fabius  and  etkeocles 
from  which  it  is  very  dilfereut  both  in  structure  and  pattern.  It  is  like  ocellatus  a 
member  of  the  polyxena  group. 


(  352  ) 

n.  Ch.  orilus  wetterensis  Rothsch.,  subsp.  nov. 

S .  Differs  from  the  Timor  race  in  the  marginal  spots  of  the  forewiug  above 
being  larger  and  the  snbmarj;inal  band  wider,  the  latter  measuring  at  SM-  5  to  6  mm., 
the  bar  separating  patch  M- — SM"  from  the  cream}-  marginal  s])ot  narrow,  and 
partlj"  suffused  with  cream-colour  ;  on  the  hindwing  the  submarginal  spots  R^— SM" 
are  smaller  than  in  orilus  orilus. 

Underside  drab  colour,  darker  than  in  the  Timor  form. 

?.   Unknown. 

Hab.  Wetter,  May  1892  (W.  Doherty),  3  Jc?. 

h.  Ch.  orilus  orilus. 

Charaxes  orilus  Butler,  I.e. 

S.  The  marginal  spots. of  the  forewing  above  minute;  submarginal  baud  2^  to 
4  mm.  wide  at  SM-,  brown  bar  separating  it  between  M''  and  SM'  from  marginal 
spot  nearly  half  the  width  of  the  band,  not  partly  obsolete. 

?.  Like  Si  but  submarginal  band  somewhat  wider  behind,  bar  M'''— SM'' 
separating  it  from  marginal  spot  complete. 

Hab.  Timor  :  Dili,  Blay  1892  (W.  Doherty),  1  ?  ;  Oiuanisa,  Dutch  Timor, 
November,  December  1891  (W.  Doherty),  b  Si. 

d^.  Upperside  of  hindwing  with  a  band  of  pale  blue  postdiscal  patches. 
21.  Charaxes  eurialus. 

Seba,  Thesaurus  IV.  p.  57.  t.  46.  f.  21.  22  (1764)  (lad.  or.). 

S-  Papilio  Eques   Achirus   eurialus    Cramer,   Pap.  Exot.   I.  pp.  116,   153.  t.  74.  f.  A.   B  (1776) 

(Amboina) ;   Goeze,  Enl.  Beylr.  III.  1.  p.  79.  n.  36  (1779). 
S.  Papilio  Eques  Achirus  euryalus  (!),  Fabricius,  SjKC.  Ins.  II.  p.  20.  n.  83  (1781)  (Amboina)  ; 

id.,  Mant.  Ins.  p.  11.  n.  95  (1787) ;  Jabl.  &  Herbst,  Naturs.  Ins.,  Schmelt.  4.  p.  49.  a.  147.  t.  61. 

f.  1.  2  (1790)  (Amboina) ;  Gmel.,  Si/st.  Nat.  V.   1.  p.  2240.  n.  324  (1790)  (Amboina) ;  Fabr., 

Ent.  Syst.  III.  2.  p.  70.  n.  218  (1793)  (Amboina). 
J.  Papilio  Eques  Achirus  nisus  Cramer,  I.e.  II.  pp.  85,  150.  t.  150.  f.  A.  B  (1778)   (Amboina)  ; 

Goeze,  I.e.  p.  87.  n.  67  (1779)  ;  Fabr.,  Spec.  Ins.  II.  p.  21.  n.  84  (1781)  (Amboina)  ;  id.,  Maul. 

Ins.  p.   11.  n.  96  (1787)  ;  Jabl.  &  Herbst,  I.e.  p.  51.  n.  148.  t.  61.  f.  3.  4  (1790)  (Amboina)  ; 

Gmel.,  I.e.  n.  325  (179U)  (Amboina)  ;  Fabr.,  Ent.  Syst.  HI.  1.  p.  70.  n.  219  (1793)  (Amboina). 
(J.  Papilio  Eques  Achirus  jasivs,  Fabricius,  Syst.  Ent.  p.  449.  sub  n.  29  (1775)  (pt.  ;  queried  Seba's 

fig.)  ;  Goeze,  I.e.  p.  51  sub  n.  26  (1779)  (pt.). 
S  ?  •  Xymphulis  nisus,  Godart,  Enc.  Meth.  IX.  p.  357.  n.  23  (1819)  (Amboina  ;  sub  synon.  "  nissus  " 

Herbst,  "euryalis  "  Herbst!). 
Erihoea  euriale  (!),  Hiibner,  Verz.  bek:  Schw.  p.  47.  n.  435  (1816-27). 
Nymj)halis  nisus,  Lucas,  Lep.  Exot.  p.  120.  t.  63  S  (1835)  (Amboina). 
Charaxes  nisus,  Thon,  Naturg.  Schnull.  p.  74.  t.  37.  f.  545.  546  (1837)  (Amboina). 
Nymphalis  euryalus  (!),  Doubleday,  Westw.  &  Hew.,  Gen.  Diurn.  Lep.  II.  p.  309.  n.  25  (1850) 

(Amboina)  ;  Kirby,  Cat.  Diurn.  Lep.  p.  270.  n.  34  (1871)  (Amboina)  ;  Pagenst.,  Jcihrb.  Nust. 

Ver.  y,tl.  XLI.  p.  93.  n.  63  (1888)  (Amboina)  ;  id.,  Abh.  Senk-enb.  Xaturf.  Ge.'!.  XXIII.  p.  403. 

n.  184  (1897)  (Ulyasser). 
Charaxes  eurialus,  Butler,  Cut.  Diurn.  Lep.  descr.  by  Fabr.  p.  50.  n.  3  (1869)  (Amboina). 
Charaxes  euryalus  (!),  Staudinger,  Exot.  Turjf.  p.  171.  t.  50.   J  (1886)  (Amboina  ;  Ceram)  ;  Ribbe, 

Iris  II.  p.  239.  n.  78  (1890)  (Ceram,  rare)  ;  Rober,  Tijdschr.  v.  Ent.  XXXIV.  p.  308  (1891) 

(Ceram) ;  But!.,  Jouru.  Linn.  Soc.  Loml.  XXV.  p.  399.  n.  144  (1896)  (Amboina). 
Charaxes  euryalus  (!)   Cr.    ?    nov.   aberr.   abruptus   Fruhstorfer,   Soc.  Ent.  XII.    p.    178   (1898) 

(Amboina). 

S  ? .  Head,  pronotum  and  anterior  part  of  mesonotnm  dark  chestnut,  rest  of 
■upperside  olivaceous  black,  with  a  slight  chocolate  tint.     Underside  chestnut,  palpi 


(  353  ) 

aud  middle  of  pro-  aud  of  anterior  ]iortioa  of  mesosternum  bulF,  middle  of  abdomeu 
ochraceous  bnff ;  middle  and  hinder  legs :  femora  black,  with  white  scaling,  tibiae 
and  tarsi  dark  clay  colonr. 

d.    Wi/iffs  above  purplish  black,  with  a  slight  brown  tint. Forewing  :  with 

an  obliijue  series  of  postdiscal,  tawny  ochraceous,  patches  of  variable  size  from  SO' 
to  internal  margin,  last  spot  buff  colour,  a  spot  before  SC=  sometimes  vestigial  ;  or 

these  spots  all  absent,  bnt  occasionally  the  last  one  or  two  indicated. Hindwing: 

postdiscal  interspaces  filled  up  by  pale  blue  patches  which  are  fused  with  the 
creamy  white  or  yellowish  admarginal  interspaces  to  a  broad  baud,  which  is  divided 
by  the  thin  black  veins  and  includes  the  black  postdisco-submarginal,  rounded  spots 
with  bluish  white  centres,  proximal  edge  of  band  convex  between  veins,  bine  scaling 
C — SC''  obsolete  in  most  individuals,  admarginal  black  line  continuous,  heavy. 

Underside  chestnut,  the  glossy  parts  somewhat  olivaceous,  bars  heavy,  rather 
variable  in  size  and  position,  mostly  edged  with  greenish  olive,  but  if  the  interspaces 
between  the  bars  are  pale  ochre  yellow,  the  respective  bars  are  edged  with  white; 
submedian  interspaces  of  fore-  and  hindwing  partly  pale   ochre  yellow  in  some 

specimens. Forewing  :  discal  interspaces  sometimes  with  pale  yellow  patches  at 

the  outer  side  of  the  median  bars  ;  discal  bars  halfmoon-shaped,  postdiscal  ones 
also  luniform  bnt  much  less  conspicuous,  the  postdiscal  interspaces  (between  these 
bars)  pale  yellow,  this  colour  mostly  extended  between  M-  and  SiP  to  near  edge  of 
wing,  including  two  black  spots,  the  upper  yellow  postdiscal  interspaces  sometimes 

obsolete;  white  submarginal   scaling  forming   small   patches   between   veins. 

Hindwing:  discal  and  postdiscal  black  luniform  bars  strongly  arched,  the  postdiscal 
halfmoon-shaped  interspaces  bright  chestnut,  mostly  somewhat  yellowish  at  discal 
bars  ;  postdisco-submarginal,  glossy  grey,  patches  SC* — M'  about  equal  in  size, 
except  patch  R^— M'  which  is  larger,  patch  C— SC  very  small  ;  submarginal  bars, 
which  form  the  outer  portions  of  these  patches,  black  ;  white  submarginal  dots 
within  patches  all  present ;  admarginal  interspaces  pale  ochre  yellow,  the  upper 
four  larger  than  the  glossy  grey  postdisco-submarginal  patches  ;  admarginal  line 
continuous,  blackish  chestnut ;  upper  tail,  5i  to  8  mm.  long,  second  a  short  tooth. 

?  .    Wtngs  ahore. Forewing  :  postdiscal  pale  ochre  yellow  patches  very  large, 

the  band  of  patches  either  complete,  often  with  the  discal  interspaces  SC* — R^  also 
pale  ochre  yellow,  or  incomplete,  the  band  extending  from  internal  margin  to  M' 

and  then  fading  away. Hindwing  as  in  S ,  but  the  postdisco-submarginal  black 

patches  much  larger,  the  blue  postdiscal  interspaces  only  partly  joined  along  veins 
to  the  pale  admarginal  ones. 

Undermde  nearly  as  in  c?,  except  that  the  submedian,  discal  and  postdiscal 
interspaces  are  more  extended  yellow,  hence  the  underside  appearing  more 
variegated  ;  median  bars  of  forewing  closer  to  the  discal  ones  than  in  most  t?, 
bars  R^ — M'  sometimes  touching  one  another  ;  upper  tail  broad,  6^  to  0  mm.  long, 
second  a  blunt  tooth. 

Length  of  forewing  :    c?,  42— 52  mm. 
„  ,,  ?  ,  55 — 65  mm. 

According  to  the  development  of  the  band  on  the  forewing  above  one  can 
separate  the  individuals  into  two  groups  the  names  of  which  are  : 

a.  Ch.  eurialus  ab.  eurialus  (syn. :  abruptus  P'rahst.,  I.e.). 
Band  absent  or  only  marked  behind  in  i^,  abbreviated  in  front  in  ?. 


(  -i'i  ) 
h.  Ch.  eurialus  ab.  nisus. 
Band  more  or  less  complete  in  both  sexes. 

Penis  irretrnlarly  dentate  above  near  the  tiji,  the  series  turning  laterad 
proximally  and  ending  in  a  jiatch  of  heavy  teeth  situated  on  the  right-hand  sid(! 
about  3  mm.  from  the  apex  ;  penis-funnel  long,  slender,  nearly  as  in  Cli.  marma.r. 

Hab.  Amboina  and  Ceram.  In  the  Tring  Museum  11  c?c?,  11  ?  ?.  Amboina: 
W.  Doherty,  February  1892. 

U.  Median  bar  St!* — SC*  of  forewing  below  much  more  distal  than  bars  SC'' — It'-'. 
'12.  Charaxes  varanes. 

Seba,  Thesmii:  IV.  p.  4S.  t.  3;>.  f.  13.  14  (1764). 

J'opiliu  Eques  Achimix  rnraws  Cramer,  Pap.  E.rot.  II.  p.  100.  and   151.  t.   160.  f.  D.  E  (1777) 

(Amboina  and  Coromandel !  !) ;  Goeze,  Ent.  Beijtr.  III.  2.  p.  87.  n.  69  (1779)  ;  Fabr.,  Spec.  Ins. 

II.  p.  14.  n.  55  (1781)  (India  !) ;  Stoll,  in  Cramer,  Pap.  E.cot.  IV.  p.  202.  t.  388.  f.  A.  B  (1782) 

(Amboina  !)  ;  Fabr.,  .Vanl.   Ins.  II.  p.  7.  n.  fil   (1787)  ;  Jabl.  &  Hbst.,  A'"(«r.s-.  Selimrtl.  IV. 

p.  22.  n.  133.  t.  56.  f,  3.  4.  5  (1790)  (India!);  Gmel.,  Syxt.  Nat.  I.  5.  p.  2236.  n.  309  (1790) 

(India  !). 
PapiUo  Nymphalis  mivHei,  Fabricius,  Ent.  .Si/.sf.  III.  1.  p.  06.  n.  206  (1793)  (India  !). 
Cuea  mtranesm  (!),  Hiibner,  IVrj.  Ink.  Sdinutt.  p.  48.  n.  442  (1816-27). 
Nymphalis  vemnes  (!),  Godart,  E,w.  Meth.  IX.  p.  364.  n.  48  (1823)  (Caffraria). 
PhyUophasls  veranes  (!),  Blanchard,  Hist.  Ins.  III.  p.  448.  n.  2  (1840)  (pt.). 

PhilognotiM  I'aranes,  Westwood,  in  Doubl.,  Westw.  &  Hew.,  Hfn.  Diiirn.  Lep.  p.  311.  n.  2  (1850). 
Palla  rarants,  Kirby,  Cat.  Diiirn.  Lep.  p.  274.  n.  3  (1871)  (pt.). 
C/iara.ces  raranes,  Butler,  Pior.  Zuul.  Sue.  Land.  p.  176  (1881)  ;  Auriv.,  Kon.  So.  Vet.  Ahitl.  llantU. 

XXXI.  5.  p.  241.  n.  56  (1899)  (pt.). 

S  ? .  Upperside  of  body  white  ;  head,  pronotum  and  anterior  edge  of  meso- 
notnm  ochraceous  buff,  often  shaded  with  grey,  head  with  two  white  dots  behind,  often 
also  with  two  pale  buff  dots  before,  the  antennae  ;  palj>i  above  more  or  less  black  : 
antennae  rufous  brown  or  rufous,  scaling  of  inner  two-thirds  of  dorsal  and  lateral 
surface  black,  of  outer  third  white.      Underside  buff  yellow,  abdomen  cream  colour. 

S.    Wings  above,  proximal  area  white,  shading  into  pale  ochreous  or  orange 

tawny  on  forewing,  distal  area  bright  chestnut  tawny. Forewing  :  costal  margin 

rather  strongly  curved,  outer  margin  distinctly  concave  ;  cell-bars  often  vestigial, 
especially  bar  3  ;  bar  D  thin,  cleft  costally  ;  no  submedian  bars ;  median  bar 
SC— SG*^  8  to  10  mm.  from  cell,  often  fused  with  the  discal  band  of  patch-like 
bars,  median  bars  SC^— R^  2  to  3  mm.  nearer  the  cell,  heavier,  bar  R^— R'  1  to 
2  mm.  from  cross-vein,  often  touching  bar  D,  sometimes  completely  fused  with  it, 
bar  R'— M'  somewhat  oblique,  seldom  at  right  angles  to  M',  often  angle-shaped 
or  resembling  number  3,  with  the  ends  pointing  basad,  3  to  4  mm.  from  base  of 
M',  bar  M'— M'"  thinner,  sometimes  abbreviated  behind,  or  vestigial,  also  oblique, 
:  to  8  mm.  from  base  of  M',  often  resembling  number  3,  with  the  ends  pointing 
basad,  bar  M*—SM' seldom  present  (in  8  out  of  112  specimens),  short:  discal 
bars  enlarged  to  patches,  fused  with  the  postdiscal,  submarginal  and  admarginal 
bars  to  a  disco-marginal  area,  which  includes  a  series  of  postdiscal  and  a  series  of 
submarginal  ochraceous  spots,  basal  edge  of  the  area  triangularly  convex  between 
the  veins  from  R*  to  M=,  often  produced  to  median  bar  R^— M',  and,  between  R-  and 
R',  to  median  bar  R'— R-;  postdiscal  interstitial  spots  SG^— M-  more  or  less  ovate, 
spots  R'— R-'  smaller  than  the  others,  no  spot,  or  only  a  vestige  of  one,  before  SG°, 


(  355  ) 

move  distal  thau  spot  SC^— R',  spots  IP— SM-  small,  the  last  often  vestigial  or 
absent,  the  series  about  parallel  to  outer  margin,  but  spot  SC*— R'  more  proximal  ; 
submarginal  series  of  interstitial  spots  almost  exactly  parallel  to  margin,  smaller 
than  postdiscal  spots,  spot  SC*— SC°  more  often  present  than  absent,  all  sub- 
triangular,  if  large,  basally  convex  or  straight,  distally  rounded  ;  postdiscal  bars  in 
most  specimens  deeper  brown  than  the  rest  of  the  outer  area,  rounded  ;  fringe  white 

at  internervular  folds. Hindwing:  the  white  area  concave  between  C  and  R-,  then 

gently  convex,  reacliing  abdominal  margin  about  4  mm.  from  tip  of  SM-,  slightly 
blnish  distally,  crossing  R^  at  or  before  its  bent;  about  midway  between  white  area 
and  margin  of  wing  there  is  a  series  of  postdisco-submarginal,  blackish  brown, 
patches,  with  the  centres  less  dark,  situated  between  ('  and  M\  mostly  followed  by 
a  small  spot  behind  M*,  the  patches  variable  in  size  and  distinctness  ;  a  series  of 
admargiual,  blackish  brown,  lunules,  the  posterior  ones  generally  more  or  less 
obviously  edged  with  glaucous  blue  distally,  admarginal  interspaces  more  or  less 
tawny  ochraceons  between  veins  ;  fringe  restricted- white  at  internervular  folds. 

Umlerside :  varying  in  the  tint  of  the  ground  colour,  generally  ochreous 
proximally,  more  clayish  ochraceons  distally,  but  often  all  clayish  ochvaceous, 
(■louded  all  over  with  black  scales,  apex  of  cell  of  forewing,  outer  area  of  both  wings, 
especially  at  discal  line,  and  abdominal  area  of  hindwing  more  or  less  glossy  ;  bars 
thin,  those  in  basal  half  very  irregular  in  shape,  brownish  black,  without  black 

borders,  but  on  hindwing  sometimes  glossy. Forewing  :  cell  without  basal  sjiot, 

cell-bar  2  arched,  ends  pointing  basad  resp.  upper  end  costad,  bar  3  interrupted,  bar 
4  very  irregular,  but  not  very  variable,  its  middle  portion  more  distal  and  bidentate; 
bar  D  very  thin,  vein  D^  varying  in  length  ;  two  snbmedian  bars  M'— (SM'),  con- 
tinuous, or  nearly  so,  bar  M'— M-  concave  basally,  closer  to  base  of  M'  than  to  that 
of  M';  median  bars  M'— (SM')  2  to  3  mm.  distant  from  snbmedian  bars,  bar  M'— M' 
angle-shaped,  the  angle  pointing  basad,  1  to  2  mm.  from  base  of  M',  median  bar 
E,3_M'  more  oblique,  0  to  H  mm.  from  bar  D,  bar  R^— R'  about  1  to  2  mm.  from  bar 
D,  bars  SC^—R^  generally  not  continuous,  5  or  6  mm.  from  apex  of  cell,  bar  SO*— SC^ 
2  or  3  mm.  more  distal  ;  discal  bars  fused  to  a  rather  heavy  continuous  line,  or 
narrow  baud,  beginning  at  costal  margin  25  mm.  from  apex,  forming  a  rounded 
angle  between  R'  and  R^,  where  it  is  about  11  mm.  distant  from  outer  margin,  and 
being  parallel  to  outer  margin  from  R^  to  internal  edge  of  wing,  the  line  often 
bordered  distally  with  clayish  grey,  somewhat  silvery  scaling  ;  a  series  of  black  or 
blackish  postdiscal  patches  or  dots,  the  posterior  ones  often  obsolete,  all  placed  in 
circular  buff  patches,  which  are  often  quite  indistinct ;  between  discal  line  and  post- 
discal patches  tbere  is  often  an  indistinct  brown  line.- Hindwing  :  basal  costal 

bar  arched,  pointing  distad,  not  reaching  C  ;  costal  subbasal  bar  absent,  subbasal 
bar  C — S(J-  absent,  or  represented  by  a  small  dot  in  angle  between  C  and  SC^  sub- 
basal cell-bar  concave  basally,  followed  by  a  short  bar  M— (SM')  or  M— SM^  whicii 
is  often  more  distal,  subbasal  bar  SM' — SM^  more  distal  again,  its  upper  end  pointing 
distad  and  often  reaching  the  upjier  end  of  the  respective  snbmedian  bar  :  snb- 
median series  of  bars  also  not  quite  continuous,  that  within  cell  forming  two  angles 
which  point  distad  ;  costal  median  bar  more  proximal  than  median  bar  C — SC-,  the 
upper  part  of  the  latter  more  distal  than  the  posterior  part,  bars  SC*— R^  gradually 
a  little- more  distal,  bar  R'^ — R'  touching  R'  close  to  its  origin,  bar  M' — M-  before 
origin  of  M',  bar  M'— (SM')  1  or  2  mm.  more  distal,  often  joined  to  snbmedian  bar 
M^— (SM')  along  (SM'),  median  bar  (SM')— SM=  often  joined  to  respective  sub- 
median  bar  in  a  similar  way  ;  discal  bars  fused  to  a  heavv  line  or  narrow  band  as  on 


(  356  ) 

forewing,  the  line  straight,  crossing  K^  2  to  :i  mm.  from  its  origin,  beginning  at  costal 
margin  8  to  I'l  mm.  from  tip  of  C  and  reaching  abdominal  margin  close  to  anal  angle, 
barely  J  mm.  broad  ;  a  postdisco-submarginal  series  of  pale  ochraceons  rings, 
parallel  to  onter  margin,  bordered  proximally  with  chestnnt  tawny;  within  the  rings 
are  the  blackish  postdiscal  bars,  of  which  bars  SC" — M'  are  absent  or  represented 
by  dots,  and  the  snbmarginal  bars  represented  by  dots,  central  parts  of  rings 
occnjiied  by  white  scaling,  which  is  consiiicnons  in  rings  M' — SM-  ;  a  series  of 
indistinct  pale  ochraceons  Innnles  often  between  discal  line  and  postdisco-snbmarginal 
rings  ;  black  admarginal  Innnles  short,  bnt  distinctly  transverse,  if  not  obsolete, 
bordered  white  distally,  especially  the  posterior  ones,  with  pale  ochraceons  half- 
moons  at  proximal  side,  whicli  halfmoons  often  touch  between  veins  the  pale 
ochraceons  jiostdisco-submarginal  rings,  often  reducing  the  interspaces  to  diamond- 
shaped  patches  ;  tail  U^  l)road,  of  even  width,  or  slightly  spatnlate,  about  6  to  8  mm. 
long,  tail  M^  represented  by  a  blnnt  angle. 

?.  Larger  than  (J,  white  basal  area  of  forewing  above  more  extended,  under- 
side occasionally  ])alc  olive,  with  a  greenish  tint ;  tail  longer,  and  broader  at  tip. 

Length  of  forewing  :   S,  36 — 45  mm. 
„  „  ? ,  39—50  mm. 

Penis  much  thinner  than  in  all  the  preceding  species  :  one  tooth  of  variable 
size  about  1  mm.  from  end,  followed  proximally  by  a  few  more  very  small  ones  ; 
])euis-fannel  slenderer  than  in  marmax,  its  npperside  convex  at  tip  ;  clasper  (PI.  8. 
f.  24.)  rather  slender,  the  apical  hook  broad,  concave  on  the  up])erside. 

Hab.  Africa  south  of  the  Sahara,  from  Senegambia  and  Abyssinia  to  the  Cape 
Colony. 

(Vamer's  figure  in  Paj).  Exot.  IL  represents  nndoubtedly  this  species,  bnt  is 
not  exact  enough  to  enable  us  to  say  which  of  the  forms  described  below  the  figure 
must  be  referred  to.    (Cramer  gives  Amboina  and  Coromaudel  as  locality  ! 

Ch.  varanes  varies  considerably,  especially  on  the  underside;  while  the 
individuals  from  South  Africa  are  different  on  the  upperside  from  the  remainder  of 
the  species,  and,  therefore,  are  kept  subspecifically  separate  in  this  monograph,  the 
specimens  from  tropical  East  and  AVest  Africa  do  not  seem  to  us  to  have  developed 
into  an  Eastern  and  a  Western  race.  Bnt  Ch.  varanes  from  the  East  Coast  is  by 
no  means  the  same  as  Ch.  varanes  from  the  western  forest  region.  On  the  former 
country  the  underside  presents  similar  variation,  as  does  the  underside  of  the  South 
African  race,  there  being  three  forms  distinguishable  :  one  with  the  wings  irrorated 
with  clouds  of  black  scales,  a  second  without  this  irroration  and  with  the  bars  clearly 
marked,  and  a  third  with  the  ground  of  wing  deeper  in  tint  and  the  bars  accordingly 
fainter  :  the  second  and  third  forms  run  into  one  another.  Li  West  Africa  only  the 
second  form  occurs. 

The  trichromatism  in  the  South  and  East  African  Ch.  varanes,  which  is  best 
marked  in  the  individuals  from  Cape  Colony  and  Natal,  may  be  the  outcome  of 
seasonal  changes  in  the  environment,  the  one  extreme  form  looking  more  like  a 
withered  leaf,  the  other  extreme  more  like  a  fresh  leaf ;  but  the  data  at  our  disposal 
are  not  sufficient  to  allow  us  to  express  an  opinion  on  the  question,  whether  those 
three  forms,  or  at  least  the  most  different  ones,  are  confined  to  certain  seasons,  or 
whether  the  differences  in  the  individuals  mean  simply  individual  variability  inde- 
pendent of  the  season  of  the  year.  It  will  be  difficult  to  settle  the  question  without 
careful  observations  on  the  spot,  as  even  material  with  exact  data,  day  of  capture, 
locality,  altitude,  will  not  tell  us  much  if  it  does  not  comprise  a  long  series  of 


(  357  ) 

specimens  from  the  same  place  from  all  times  of  tbe  year.  The  climate  iu  East  Africa 
is  often  locally  so  ilifterent,  that  individuals  caught  on  the  same  day,  but  a  few  miles 
apart,  may  have  i)assed  the  chrysalis  state  under  very  different  climatical  conditions. 
The  few  dated  specimens  we  have  iu  the  Tring  Museum  are  recorded  below. 

The  larva  and  chrysalis  of  the  South  African  subspecies  are  described  by  Trimen 
(see  below). 

".  Ch.  varanes  austrinus  Rothsch.,  subsp.  nov. 

(?)  PupiUo  Equcs  Achivus  varanes  Stoll,  in  Cramer,  Pap.  E.rnl.  IV.  p.  202.  t.   .388.  f.  A.B  (1782) 

(Amboina  !). 
Nijmplwllt  i-ennies  (!),  Godart,  Em:  MHh.  IX.  p.  364.  n.  48  (1823)  {syii.pni  p. :  CafEraria)  ;  Lucas 

Lep.  Ej:  p.  123.  t.  65.  f.  1  (1835)  (CafEraria). 
Philiifinamii  varanes,  Doubleday,  Westw.   &  Hew.,    Gen.  Dlurn.   Lep.ll.  p.  311.  n.  2  (1850)  (pt.  ; 

CafEraria)  ;  Trim.,  Rhnj,.  Afr.  Auxir.  p.  181.  n.   105  (1862—66)  {syn.  pro  p.  ;  Knjsna  ;  Natal; 

Pt.  Elizabeth  ;  King  Williamstown  ;  Grahamstown). 
Palla  varanes,  Staudinger,  Erot.  Tutif.  p.  174.  t.  60  (1886)  (pt.  ;  Natal). 
Chara.re.f  raranes,  Trimen  &  Bowker,  .S.  Afr.  Butt.  I.  p.  321.  n.  105  (1887)  (pt.);  Butl.,  Journ.  Linn 

S<ic.  Lonil.  XXV.  p.  400.  n.   149  (1896)  (pi);  Dist.,  Ann.  ihuj.  N.  H.  (7).  I.  p.  51    (1898) 

(Barbertou)  ;  Aurir.,  Konigl.  Sv.  Aknd.  Handl.  XXXI.  5.  p.  241.  n.  56  (1899)  (pt.). 
Chara-ies  fulreseeiis,  Karsch  {non  Aurivillius,   1891),  Berl.  Ent.  Zeitschr.  XXXVIII.  p.   192.  n.  57 

(1893)  (sub  itynim.) ;  Auriv.,  Ent.  Tiihlr.  XV.  p.  312.  n.  202  (1894)  (sub  synun.). 

5  ? .  White  colour  of  base  of  forewing  reduced  to  a  small  patch  at  internal 
margin  which  seldom  extends  to  M^,  distally  never  extending  to  discal  tawny 
chestnut  patches  ;  on  hindwing  the  white  area  does  not  quite  reach  the  bent  of 
vein  R^     Three  forms  according  to  coloration  of  underside  : — 

a\ 

c?  ¥  .  Underside  russet  or  pale  tawny  olive  in  S ,  clay  colour  or  greenish  olive  in 

"^         ^  (Syp<^  of  subspecies,  from  Natal),  ape.x:  of  cell  of  forewing  and  outer  marginal  area 

of  both  wings  conspicuously  glossy  ;  veins  prominently  green  ;  discal  line  heavy, 

bordered  with  greyish  white  outwardly,  bars  in  basal  half  feebly  marked,  partly 

absent,  markings  in  outer  region  also  partly  obliterate  or  vestigial. 

This  form  is  common  enough  in  Natal;  we  possess,  however,  only  one  specimen 
from   there   with   date   (Durban,   March).     A   second   dated   specimen   (?)   from 
Zululand,  Makuri  Hill,  was  caught  in  May  ;   it  has  the  forewing  more  extended 
white  than  our  Natal  specimens  have,  but  agrees  in  the  greenish  olive  tint  of  the 
underside  with  a  number  of  ¥  ?  from  that  country. 
bK 
i.  Underside   pale  clayish  ochreous  in  basal  half,  bars  prominent,  ocelli  of 
hindwing  all  well  marked,  as  are  the  other  markings  of  the  marginal  area. 
iSome  specimens  of  the  male  sex  only  from  Natal,  without  date  of  capture. 
c\ 

6  ¥ .  Underside  irregularly  irrorated  all  over  with  black  scaling,  apex  of  cell  of 
forewing  devoid  of  black  scales  (or  almost  so),  bars  generally  rather  heavy,  as  are 
the  postdiscal  sjiots  of  forewing  and  ocellate  patches  of  hindwing,  ?  paler  in  ground 
colour  than  S ,  less  tawny. 

A  series  of  individuals  of  both  sexes  from  Natal  and  Cajie  Colony;  no  dates. 

Hab.  Cape  Colony  :  Natal  ;  Zululand  ;  Transvaal. 

The  larva  and  pupa  are  described  by  Mr.  Trimen,  I.e.,  as  follows  : — 

"  Larva. Dull  bluish-green   above  ;    i)ale  whitish-green  beneath,  irrorated 

with  very  minute  silvery  dots.  On  the  sixth,  eighth,  and  tenth  segments,  a  j)ale- 
ochreous,  somewhat  crescentic,  mark  cm  the  back,  -that  on  the  tenth  segment  verv 


(  358  ) 

faint  and  only  found  in  full-grown  specimens.  A  thin,  sinuated,  silvery  lateral 
stripe.  Head  flat,  armed  with  four  backward-sloping,  recurved,  somewhat  serrated 
horns,  bright  turquoise-blne  beneath,  and  in  young  sjiecimens  edged  with  reddish. 
Anal  segment  flattened,  bifid.     Feeds  on  a  species  of  Rims  (]irobably  R.  Ineviguta). 

"  Pnpa. Pellucid  blue-green  with  a  delicate  ]ilum-liiie  bloom.     On  each  side 

of  abdomen  a  row  of  six  black  dots.  On  anal  pedicel  two  pairs  of  small  yellowish 
tubercles,  and  a  similar  pair  ou  ventral  surface,  close  to  pedicel,  facing  towards  the 
head." 

Mr.  Trimen  continues  to  say: — "This  very  fine  butterfly  is  common  in  the 
wooded  parts  of  South  Africa,  and  is  very  conspicuous  on  the  wing.  At  rest,  it  is 
by  no  means  easy  to  detect,  its  undersurface  colouring  being  so  like  faded  or 
withered  leaves,  and  its  accustomed  seat  being  on  the  stems  or  among  the  branches. 
Its  flight  is  not  so  rapid  as  that  of  several  of  its  near  allies,  and  it  often  descends  to 
sport  about  low  trees  and  even  bushes.  The  exuding  sap  from  wounds  of  trees  is 
very  attractive  to  it ;  and  I  once  enticed  a  specimen  by  honey  smeared  on  a  trunk 
at  Plettenberg  Bay.  The  species  seems  to  be  out  during  every  month  of  the  year, 
but  is  numerous  only  during  the  warmer  season. 

"  The  South  African  examples  difler  from  those  I  have  examined  from  different 
parts  of  Tropical  Africa  in  having  the  basal  white  of  the  forewing  so  much  restricted. 
They  are,  however,  variable  in  this  particular,  some  females  exhibiting  a  small 
inner-marginal  white  patch,  extending  as  far  as  median  nervnre  ;  but  none  that  I 
have  seen  present  nearly  so  much  white  as  is  found  in  specimens  from  ('ape  Coast 
Castle  and  Sierra  Leone  on  the  West  Coast,  or  Quilimane  and  Zambesi  on  the  East 
Coast,  in  which,  in  both  sexes,  the  white  largely  invades  the  discoidal  cell  and  in 
the  ?  nearly  fills  it.  In  the  hindwing,  also,  tlie  wliite  in  the  Tropical  examples  is 
extended  to  a  jioint  considerably  nearer  anal  angle." 


Ij.  Ch.  varanes  vologeses. 

Philoijniima  varanrx,  Doubled.iy,  Westw.  &  Hew.,  Geii.  Diiini.  Lep.  p.  311.  n.  2  (1850)  (pt. ;  Sierra 

Leone  ;  Ashanti)  ;  Butl.,  Cut.  Diiini.  Lep.  dexrr.  hy  Fohr.  p.  50.  n.  3  (1869)  (S.  Leone)  ;  Plotz, 

Stett.  Eut.  Ziit.  XLI.  p.  194.  n.  107  (1880)  (Victoria,  Gamer.,  VL  VIII.)  ;  Capronn.,  C.  R.  Sac. 

Em.  Beh/.  XXXIII.  p.  125.  n.  63  (1889;  (Kassai)  ;  Smith,  Pruc.  Zonl.  Sue.  Loud.  p.  472.  n.  90 

(1890)  (Aruwirai);  Godm.  &  Salv.,  in  Jameson,  Stony  i,f  Rmr  Ohimn  p.  441.  n.  90(1890) 

(Congo) ;  Hamps.,  Ann.  Mag.  A'.  LI.  (6).  VII.  p.  181  (1891)  (Sabaki  E.)  ;  Sharpe,  Proc.  Znol. 

Soc.  Loml.  p.  341.  n.  47  (1894). 
Palla  vologrses  Mabille,  Bull.  Sue.  Zool.  France  I.  p.  280  (1876)  (Congo ;  Landana). 
Palla  varam-i  Kirby,  Cut.  Diurii.  Lep.  p.  274.  n.  I!  (1871)  (pt.)  ;  Stand.,  E.rot.  Tag/,  p.  174  (1886) 

(pt.);  Butl.,  Ann.  .Vag.  X.  H.  (6).  VII.  p.  42.  n.  13  (1891)  (E.  Afr.)  :  Auri'v.,  Ent.  Tidskr. 

Xn.  p.  216.  n.  148  (1891)  (pt.  ;  Cameroons,  Gaboon)  j  Holl.,  Proc.  N.  S.  Nat.  Mits.  XVI. 

p.  .571  (18U3)  (Freetown)  ;  Butl.,  Pro,:  Zool.  Soc.  Lond.  p.  650.  n.  26  (1893)  (Lake  Mweri  ; 

Zomba,  January)  ;  id.,  I.e.  p.  562.  n.  18  (1894)  (Brit.  E.  Atr.  I  ;  Reb.  &  Rogenh..  in  Baumann, 

.yamiihmd  zur  Mlqiielle  p.  3.32.  n.  95  (1894)  (Mwansa  ;  Ufiomi)  ;  Holl.,  !.c.  XVIII.  p.  26* 

(1895)  (E.  Afr.)  ;  Lanz,  Iris  IX.  p.  143  (1896)  (Parumbira,  Oct.). 
Chara.ies  raranen,  Trimen  &  Bowker,  S.  Afr.  Butt.  I,  p.  321.  n.  105  (1887)  (pt.)  ;  Trim.,  Pvoe.  Zonl. 

Soc.  Lond.  p.  39.  n.  59  (1894)  (Manicai  Mimeni) :  Biitl..  ./oui-n.  Linn.  Soc.  Lond.  XXV.  p.  400. 

n.  149  (1896)  (pt.)  ;  id.,  Ami.  May.  X.  IL  (6).  XVIII.  p.  69.  n.  7  (1896)  (Nyassa)  ;  id.,  Proc. 

Zuol.  Soc.  Loml.  p.  256.  n.  21  (1898)  (Zomba);  id.,  I.e.  p.  397.  n.  11  (1898)  (Brit.  C.  Afr.) ; 

Auriv.,  Kongl.  Sr.  Vet.  Akad.  Hand!.  XXXL  5.  p.  241.  n.  56  (1899)  (pt.). 
Palla  (Chnra.rex)  varaties,  Schaus  &  Clements,  Sierra  Leone  Lep.  p.  9  (1893)  (S.  Leone). 

6  ?.  White  area  of  forewing  aboce  occupying  at  least  lialf  the  cell,  extending 
beyond  M-  and  coming  posteriorly  near  the  chocolate  tawny  outer  area  or  touching 


(  359  ) 

it ;  iu  ?  the  cell  is  often  all  white  ;  on  hindwing  the  white  area  reaches  the  bent 
of  R\ 

On  the  whole  the  West  African  specimens  have  the  outer  half  of  the  npperside 
a  little  deeper  in  tint  than  the  East  African  individnals. 

Three  forms  in  East  Africa,  one  of  them  only  in  West  Africa. 
<■/'. 

c?  S .  Underside  clayish  tawny,  the  bars  feebly  marked,  partly  obsolete,  discal 
line  heavy,  markings  in  onter  region  feeble,  except  ocellate  patches  C — SO"  and 
M' — SM^ ;  gloss  iu  outer  region  prominent.  The  underside  is  apparently  never  olive 
as  in  certain  South  African  specimens. 

Common  in  East  Africa.     In  the  Triug  Museum  from  Port  Alice,  Uganda, 
July  3rd  and  19th,  1894  (Dj.  Ansorge)  ;  Kibwezi,  Brit.  E.  Afr.,  April  7th,  1894 
(Dr.  Ansorge)  ;  Dar-es-Salaam,  Germ.  E.  Afr.  ;  Delagoa  Bay  ;  Zomba,  October- 
December  1895  (Dr.  Rendall). 
e'. 

S  ? .  Underside  paler,  bars  prominent,  markings  in  marginal  area  better 
defined. 

The  difference  between  form  i''  and  r/'  is  not  so  marked  as  in  the  case  of  the 
corresponding  forms  of  C/>.  earunes  uastrinus. 

In  the  Tring  Museum  from  Parurabira,  Lake  Nyassa,  October  23rd  and  24th, 
1894  (Dr.  Ansorge)  ;  Delagoa  Bay  ;  Chipaika  Estate,  near  Bandawa,  Nyassaland 
(Watkinson)  ;  Ft.  Johnstone,  January — February  1896  (Dr.  Rendall)  :  Dar-es- 
Salaara,  Germ.  E.  Afr.  ;  Mikindani,  Germ.  E.  Afr.,  January — May  1897  (Reimer)  ; 
Mombasa,  Brit.  E.  Afr. ;  Mazera's,  Brit.  E.  Afr.,  March  12th,  1895  (Dr.  Ansorge): 
Pabo,  Unyoro,  July  24th,  1897  (Dr.  Ansorge)  ;  Hoima,  Unyoro,  August  12th,  1897 
(Dr.  Ansorge)  ;  Salomona,  Eritrea,  November — December  1897  (Schrader)  ;  Bogos, 
Abyssinia  (Hausal)  ;  and  all  over  West  Africa  from  Seuegambia  to  Angola. 

/'• 

(?  ? .   Underside  irrorated  with  black  scaling. 

In  the  Tring  Museum  from  Masindi,  Unyoro,  April  14th,  1897  (Dr.  Ansorge)  ; 
Mombasa  ;  Mikindani,  January — May  1897  (Reimer)  ;  Dar-es-Salaam  ;  Delagoa 
Bay  ;    Chijmika  Estate,  near  Bandawa,  Nyassaland  (Watkinson). 


23.  Charaxes  fulvescens. 

Pdjiilio  Nymphalh  Gemmatus  imranrx,  Drury  (noii  Cramer,  1777),  Ilhistr.  Et.  Ins.  III.   p.  H  and 

Index  (1782)  (S.  Leone). 
NymphaVs  i-ermies  (!),  Godart,  Enc.  Meth.  IX.  p.  364.  n.  48  (1823)  (pt.). 
PlniUnpliuxis  vercmes,  Blanchard,  Hisf.  Nal.  /««.  III.  p.  348.  n.  2  (1840)  (pt.). 
Pliiliii/iinnui    rermies,  Westwood  in   Doubl.,  Westw.  &    Hew.,  Gfn.  Diiirn.  Lep.   II.   p.   311.   n.    2 

(1850)  (pt.). 
Palla  vanities,  Kirby,  Cat.  Dlurn.  Lepid.  p.  "274.  n.  3  (1871)  (pt.)  ;  Mab.,  Bull.  Soi-.  Zuul.  Fnince 

I.  p.  280  (W.  Afr.). 
PnUit   varaiies  V2a.  fnh-escens  Aurivillius,  Eiit.   Tiilikr.  Xll.  p.  21lj.  sub  n.   148  (1891)  ("type  " 

Drury's  fig.). 

c?  ? .  Differs  from  Ch.  varanes  as  follows  : 

Wings,  upperside :  basal  area  huffish  maize  yellow,  not  milky  white,  on  hind- 
wing  creamy  white  at  base  and  in  abdominal  fold;  outer  area  darker  than  in  varanes, 

blackish  chestnut  on  forewing  at  costal  and  outer  margins. Forewing  :  apex 

more  ronnded,  outer  margin  less  concave  ;  median  bars  more  distal  than  in  caranes, 


(  360  ) 

bar  R' — M'  fi  to  74  mm.  from  base  of  M',  bar  R- — R'  If  to  2i  mm.  from  cross-vein 
D',  never  touching  bar  D,  which  is  obsolete  behind  ;  discal  patches  R^ — SM'^  tawnv 
chestnut,  much  paler  than  the  postdiscal  patches  and  the  marginal  area  ;  postdiscal 
yellowish  buff  interstitial  spots  smaller  than  in  caranes,  spot  SC* — SO'  often  present, 
double  spot  M- — SM-  often  obsolete  ;  submarginal  interstitial  spots  also  smaller, 
often  minnte,  seldom  nearly  all  absent,  extreme  outer  edge  tawny,  fringe  not  dis- 
tinctly white  between  veins,  though  there  are  occasionally  a  very  few  white  scales  at 

the  interncrvnlar  folds  on  the  underside. Hindwing  :   the  creamy  ba'sal  area 

posteriorly  less  extended  than  the  white  area  of  caranes,  and  also  less  well  defined, 
gradually  shading  into  the  outer  area  ;  discal  line  of  underside  showing  through, 
anteriorly  generally  marked  by  tawny  scaling  ;  postdisco-submarginal  round  patches 
nearly  black,  variable  in  size,  seldom  with  a  white  dot  inside  :  brownish  black 
admarginal  bars  larger  than  in  caraytes,  less  arched,  the  upper  four  larger  than  the 
last  three,  margin  outside  these  bars  and  tail  distinctly  paler  than  admarginal  area, 
creamy  at  upper  angle  ;  tail  not  spatulate,  broader  at  base  than  in  varanes,  hence 
margin  more  oblique  from  tail  to  anal  angle,  tooth  at  M'  generally  less  obvious  than 
in  varani's. 

Underside  :  ground  colour  pale  straw  yellow,  much  shaded  with  clay  colour  ; 
bars  black,  thin,  prominent  on  account  of  the  pale  ground  colour,  with  a  thin,  glossy, 

whitish  border  in  side-light  ;  discal  line  less  black,  more  dark  clay  colour. 

Forewing :  discal  line  more  sharply  angled  before  R-  than  in  varanes,  and  more 
concave  behind,  its  costal  part  often  liroken  up  into  spots  ;  in  most  specimens  the 
I)0stdiscal  spots  represented  by  sharply  marked  dots  ;  median  bars  R^ — SM'  in 
varanes  at  about  equal  distance  from  discal  line,  in  fulvescens  bar  R' — M'  farther 

away  from  the  line  than  bars  M- — SM'. Hindwing  :  proximal  border  of  ocellate 

postdisco-submarginal  spots  not  chestnut,  but  tawny  olive,  black  ring  of  upper 
ocellus  heavy,  sharply  marked  also  distally,  submarginal  black  bars  of  ocelli 
SC' — M'  generally  represented  by  a  tiny,  but  conspicuous,  black  dot,  central  parts  of 
ooelli  M' — (SM')  all  white,  not  shaded  with  ochraceous  ;  admarginal  black  spots 
much  smaller  than  in  varanes,  but  sharper  defined,  more  obvious,  with  or  without 
tiny  white  spots  at  distal  side  which  are  never  distinctly  transverse  as  in  varanes ; 
fringe  with  dispersed  white  scales,  especially  behind  tail;  no  white  spots  at  inter- 
nervular  folds. 

Length  of  forewing  :  cJ,  39 — 48  mm. 
„  „  ? ,  48 — 54  mm. 

Penis  and  penis-funnel  as  in  Ck.  varanes  ;  clasper  constantly  different ;  the 
apical  tooth  thinner,  more  curved,  its  upper  surface  less  concave  (PI.  8.  f.  25.). 

Larva  and  chrysalis  unknown,  most  likely  not  essentially  different  from  those 
of  Cli.  varanes. 

Hah.  West  African  Forest  Region,  from  Sierra  Leone  to  Angola  and  Uganda. 

Ch.fuhescens  is  constantly  different  in  the  characters  of  the  wings  and  claspers 
from  varanes,  and  there  are  no  intergradations.  The  two  insects  occur  together  in 
the  same  place  at  the  same  time  of  the  year,  as  our  material  jiroves  ;  hence  varanes 
and  fulvescens  can  neither  be  geographical  nor  seasonal  varieties.  Against  there 
being  forms  of  a  dimorphic  species  tell  the  following  facts  :  (1)  that  two  insects  are 
distinguished  by  differences  in  the  claspers  of  the  6  6;  (2)  that  the  differences 
presented  by  the  wings  are  found  in  both  sexes,  without  there  being  any  intergrada- 
tions between  the  two  insects  ;  (3)  that  fulvescens  does  not  occur  in  East  Africa 
projier,  though  varanes  of  West  and  East  Africa  are  not  subspecifically  separable. 


(  361   ) 

We  do  not  see  any  reasou  for  the  assumption  tliat  ftdcescens  is  a  variety  of 
varanes  ;  everything  points  to  its  being  independent  of  it. 

We  recognise  two  geographical  races,  which  are  connected  by  intergradations 
occnrring  in  the  intermediate  countries. 

a.  Ch.  fiilvescens  fulvescens. 

Papilio  Nijmplmlis  Gemmatus  varanes  Drury,  I.e.  (Sierra  Leone). 

Palla  varanes  ya.v.  fulrescens  Aurivillius,  I.e. 

ChiraMS  fulvescens,  Karsch,  Berl.  Enl.  Zeitschr.  XXXVIII.  p.  192.  n.  57  (189.=S)  {sijn.  pro  p. ;  Adeli, 

Togo)  ;  Auriv.,  I.e.  XV.  p.  312.  n.  202  (189i)  (Bonge,  Cameroons,  Nov.,  Dec). 
Cliara.res  nigrescens  Butler,  Jeurn.  Linn.  Sac.  Loncl.  XXV.  p.  401.  n.   150  (1896)   (Sierra  Leone  ; 

Gold  Coast  ;  Ashinti). 
Charaxes  varanes  var.  ?  (ab.  ?)  nigrescens,  Aurivillius,  Kongl.  Sv.  Vet.  Akad.  Handl.  XXXI.  5.  p.  241. 

n.  56  (1899). 
Charaxes  varanes  var.  (temp.?)  (a.h.l) fulvescens,  id.,  l.c.  (1899)  (pt.). 

<?  ? .   Wings  above. Forewing  :  pale  basal  area  reaching  to  origin  of  M'  or 

beyond,  shading  distally  into  orange  ochraceous  ;  postdiscal  and  submarginal  inter- 
stitial spots  orange  ochraceous. — — Hindwiug  :  basal  area  whitish  cream-colour 
behind,  gradually  shading  into  the  outer  area. 

Underside :  ground  colour  very  pale  straw  yellow  in  basal  area. 

Hab.  Sierra  Leone  to  Gaboon.  In  the  Tring  Museum  from  :  Sierra  Leone, 
5  (Jc?,  1  ?;  Gold  Coast,  Accra,  33  cJc?,  4  ?  ?;  Agawasso,  middle  of  July  1897. 
4  c?c?;  Warri,  Niger  Coast  Protectorate,  caught  in  March,  April,  May,  June,  August, 
and  September  (Dr.  Roth),  0  c?cJ,  4  ?  ?  ;  Cameroons,  2  c?cf . 

Individuals  from  Gaboon  and  the  Cameroons  approach  the  ne.xt  subspecies. 

b.  Ch-  fulvescens  monitor  Rothsch.,  subsp.  nov. 

Charaxes  fulvescens,  Butler,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Land.  XXV.  p.  401.  n.  151  (1891))  (pt.  ;  Congo). 
Charuxes  varanes  var.  (temp,  i)  (ab.  ?)  fulvescens,  Aurivillius,  Kongl.  Sr.  Al:ud.  Hnndl.  XXXI.  5. 
p.  241.  n.  56  (1899)  (pt.  ;  Congo). 

c?  ? .    Wings  above. Forewing  :   basal  area  not  quite  so  pale  as  in  nigrescens, 

shading  on  disc  into  tawny  orange  ochraceous  ;  postdiscal  and  submarginal  inter- 
stitial spots  more  tawny  than  in  fulcescens. Hindwing  :  basal  area  more  white, 

better  defined,  posteriorly  more  restricted,  the  outer  area  darker,  especially  in  anal 
region  ;  black  admarginal  spots  large. 

Underside  more  clay  colour  than  iw fulvescens,  in  ?  with  a  greenish  olive  tint. 

Hab.  Congo :  Upoto  (Rev.  Oram),  2,  S  S ,  Kassai  country,  2  S3.    Fajao,  Unyoro, 

July  11th  {tgpe!)  and  Kith,  1897  (Dr.  Ausorge),  2  SS,  1   ?;  Mon3'onyo,  Unyoro, 

March  18tii,  1897  (Dr.  Ansorge),  1  c?;  Pt.  Alice,  Unyoro,  March  3rd,  1894,  and 

July  3rd,  1897  (Dr.  Ansorge),  2SS;  Mtebe,  Uganda,  July  30th,  1894  (Dr.  Ansorge), 

,1   ?  ;  Kampala,  Uganda,  March  21st,  1897  (Dr.  Ansorge),  1  ?. 

The  specimen  from  Mon3'onyo  has  a  distinct  white  dot  in  the  fir.st  black 
postdisco-submarginal  patch  of  the  upperside  of  the  hindwing,  and  traces  of  such 
dots  also  in  the  other  spots. 

24.  Charaxes  balfouri  (Nov.  Zool.  VII.  t^  11.  f.  3,  S). 

Charaxes  balfouri  Butler,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Lond.  p.  176.  t.  18.  f.  0  ?  (1881)  (Socotra)  ;  id.,  Journ, 
Linn.  Soc.  Lond.  XXV.  p.  400.  n.  148  (1896)  (Socotra)  ;  Auriv.,  Kongl.  So.  Akad.  Uandl. 
XXXI.  5.  p.  241.  n.  55  (1899)  (Socotra). 

3  ? .  Body  above  chestnut-hazel,  antennae  the  same  colour,  paler  at  ends,  their 
scales  also  chestnut  except  those  on  outer  surface,  which  are  white  ;  underside 
clayish  creamy  buff. 

25 


(  3r,a  ) 

cJ.    lV!>iffS  above  :  basal  area  bazel-cbestnut,  gradually  sbading  into  the  reddish 

chestnut  outer  area,  which  has  a  maroon  purple  tint,  especially  on  bindwing. 

Forewing :  similar  in  markings  to  CA.  varanes,  but  postdiscal  spots  rather  smaller, 
hence  the  series  of  postdiscal  and  submarginal  interstitial  s])ots  closer  together, 
these  series  of  spots  either  of  nearly  tlie  same  colour  as  the  base  of  the  wing,  or  tawny 
ochraceons  ;  outer  edge  scalloped  ;  fringe  white  except  at  ends  of  veins. Hind- 
wing  :  of  the  postdisco-snbmarginal  series  of  brownish  black  spots  of  CA.  varanes 
only  the  upper  two  are  marked,  small,  the  others  vestigial  or  absent ;  two  white 
submarginal  dots  between  M=  and  SM"  more  or  less  conspicuous  ;  black  admarginal 
lunules  large  ;  interspaces  between  them  and  fringe  bluisli  white  ;  fringe  buft';  edge 
of  wing  conspicuously  scalloped. 

Underside    bistre    brown,   bars   in    shape   and    position    similar   to   those   of 

CA.  varanes. Forewing  :  bar  D  complete,  with  a  white  proximal  border  which 

gradually  fades  away  proximally;  discal  line  as  strongly  angled  as  in  Cli.fi(lvescens, 
slightly  concave  between  R-  and  M',  then  somewhat  convex,  with  a  heavy  white 
outer  border  from  SC^  to  (SM'),  the  white  scaling  occupying  the  whole  area  between 

discal  line  and  postdiscal  dots,  but  gradually  sparser  distally. Hindwing  :  discal 

line  convex,  very  slightly  broken  at  some  of  the  veins,  two  upper  partitions  some- 
what concave,  with  a  heavy  white  outer  border  which  is  sharjily  limited  between 
C  and  SC-  and  again  between  M'  and  SM-,  while  between  SU^  and  M'  it  is  much 
broader  and  gradually  fades  away,  the  postdiscal-marginal  area  thinly  shaded  with 
white  scaling  ;  eye-spot  C — SC  sharply  marked,  composed  of  a  white  centre 
surrounded  by  three  rings ;  blackish  brown,  bistre,  dark  chestnut,  eye-sjwts  SC'-  -M' 
vestigial,  the  centres  of  spots  M'— SM-  white,  transverse,  tbe  proximal  portions  of 
the  wings  of  these  latter  spots  marked  or  obsolete,  the  distal  portions  obsolete  ; 
black  admarginal  spots  heavy,  but  widely  separate,  with  heavy,  transverse,  white 
outer  borders  ;  edge  of  wing  buff  and  fringe  white,  except  at  extremities  of  veins  ; 
tail  of  even  width,  not  distinctly  spatulate,  narrower  than  in  Cli.  varanes,  6  to  7  mm. 
long,  tooth  M^  prominent. 

?.  Similar  to   S,  ground  colour  paler,  the  reddish    chestnut   colour   of  the 
upperside  less  extended. 

Length  of  forewing  :  cJ,  36 — 40  mm. 
„  „  ?  ,  42 — 45  mm. 

Sexual  organs  similar  to  those  of  Ch.fulvescens  and  roranes,  clasper  resembling 
more  that  oi  fulrescens. 

Hah.  Socotra.  In  the  Tring  Museum  3  c?J,  collected  by  0.  Grant  at  150U  and 
31)00  ft.,  January  22nd  and  24th  and  February  7th. 

h.  Discal  line  of  hindwing  below  deeply  biconcave,  a  sliarj)ly  defined,  pale  b\iff, 
jiostdisco-submarginal  ring  C — SCI 

25.  Charaxes  analava  (Nov.  Zool.  VII.  t.  11.  f  1,  J). 

Ch/traxes  anaUimi  Ward,  Entum.  IX.  p.  .3  (1872)  (Madagascar);  Mab.,  in  Grandid.,  HM.  Mdd. 
XIX.  2.  Lfp.  I.  p.  194.  t.  25a.  f.  2.  '2a  (1885)  (Madaga.scar)  ;  Butl.,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Land. 
XXV.  p.  369.  n,  47  (1896)  (Antananarivo);  Auriv.,  Kongl.  Sv.  Akad.  Hamll.  XXXI.  .5. 
p.  241.  n.  54  (1899)  (M.adagascar). 

c?.  Body  above  cream  colour,  head,  collar,  and  anterior  part  of  mfsonolniu 
ochraceons  buff,  seldom  smoky  brown,  palpi  without  black  dorso-lateral  stripe, 
antennae  green,  with  creamy  scales  ;  underside  cream  colour,  or  creamy  buff,  breast 


(  363  ) 

with  buff  or  black  oblique  stripes  underneath  legs,  sides  of  metasternum  same  colour 
as  the  stripes,  tipperside  of  femora  also  buff  or  black. 

S.  Wings  above :  Naples  yellow,  changing  into  buff  yellow  in  anal  region  of 
hind  wing. Forewing  :  outer  area  from  apex  of  cell  to  margin  black,  this  area  nar- 
rowing posteriorly,  about  8  to  10  mm.  broad  at  SM'-,  its  inner  margin  conve.x  betwi^en 
veins,  no  separate  snbmedian  and  median  bars,  liasal  area  mostly  a  little  extended 
distad  beyond  lower  angle  of  cell,  but  lower  end  of  bar  D  tlien  obsolete  or  very  thin  ; 
the  black  area  includes,  as  in  CA.  candiope,  a  series  of  postdiscal  interstitial  spots  of 
the  same  colour  as  the  basal  area,  spot  SC* — SG*  absent,  the  next  one  about 
2  to  3  mm.  in  length,  spots  R' — R^  minute,  especially  the  npjier  of  tlie  two, 
spots  R^ — M-  larger  than  the  others,  diameter  about  2i  to  3J  mm.,  spots  IP— SM^ 
small,  close  together  at  (SM'),  mostly  fused  to  one  spot;  outer  edge  of  wing 
concave,  scalloped,  marginal  dots  small  ;  discal  interspaces  SC* — R"  somewhat 
closer  to  cell  than  in  Ch.  cancHope,  varying  in  width,  |-  to  J  as  wide  as  the  black 

area  between  them  and  apex  of  cell. Hindwing  :   postdisco-marginal  bhick  band 

from  C  to  R^,  continued  behind  by  dispersed  black  locales  and  the  slightly  curved 
admarginal  bars  R' — M^  and  the  two  dots  near  anal  angle,  the  band  stopping  in 
front  at  C,  but  its  outer  portion  sometimes  extended  to  costal  margin;  the  band 
consists  of  the  postdisco-snbmarginal  eye-spots,  the  admarginal  bars,  and  the  inter- 
spaces between,  the  latter  often  less  deep  black  than  the  eye-spots  and  bars  ;  the 
eje-spots  R' — M*  often  vestigial,  upper  three  marginal  buif  lunules  well  separated, 
posterior  ones  less  so,  because  here  the  ends  of  the  veins  are  not  deep  black,  but 
clayish,  shaded  with  few  black  scales  ;  outer  edge  deeply  scalloped,  anal  angle  not 
triangularly  produced,  while  the  outer  margin  is  more  produced  at  R'  tlian  nsunlly, 
hence  the  wing  somewhat  pentagonal,  with  three  tails. 

Underside  :  veins  green  ;  greenish  olive  cinnamon  from  base  to  irregular  discal 
line,  darker  near  the  latter,  much  variegated   with   white  ;  black   bars  thin,  bnt 

sharply  defined  in  basal  two  thirds. Forewing  :  base  of  costal  margin  white,  cell 

with  three  black  bars,  first  short,  bordered  with  white  basally,  second  before  middle, 
reduced  to  a  short  streak  behind  SC  which  is  placed  into  a  straight,  heavy,  wliite 
bar,  third  bar  thin,  complete,  straight,  faintly  irregular,  oblique,  reaching  M  at  or 
before  base  of  M',  mostly  nearly  parallel  to  bar  D,  apex  of  cell  all  white ;  submedian 
bar  M'  — M-  present;  median  bars  SC^ — IVP  conspicnons  on  the  dark  gniutid  on 
account  of  their  white  proximal  borders,  bar  M' — M^  2  to  3  mm.  from  base  of  M', 
slightly  incurved,  bar  W — M'  oblique,  posteriorly  more  distal  than  the  bar  behind 
it,  anteriorly  touching  lower  angle  of  cell,  bar  R^ — R^  in  front  of  it,  bars  SC^ — R" 
0  mm.  from  cell,  a  little  nearer  to  the  cell  than  to  the  discal  line,  at  right  angles  to 
veins,  or  slightly  inclining  basad  ;  interspaces  between  median  bars  R' — M"  and  cell 
respectively  submedian  bar  M' — M^  buff  cinnamon  ;  discal  bars  fused  to  a  continuous 
line  which  begins  at  costal  margin  12  to  14  mm.  from  apex,  is  strongly  convex  behind 
R',  then  irregularly  concave  down  to  be3'ond  M^  the  posterior  portion  more  distal, 
slightly  oblique,  straight,  reaching  SM'-  4  to  5  mm.  from  tip  of  this  vein,  distally 
this  line  is  bordered  white  (except  beyond  M-),  the  white  colour  shading  into  the 
cinnamon  buff  postdisco-marginal  area  ;  })Ostdiscal  bars  represented  by  a  series  of 
minute  dots,  spot  SC — SC^  only  being  larger,  ovate,  all  surrounded  by  some  grey 
scaling,  internal  marginal  area  from  base  to  near  discal  line,  and  anteriorly  to  M 

resp.  M-,  creamy. Hindwing  :  basal  costal  bar  absent,  or  very  short,  jilaced  along 

the  basal  branch  of  PC,  no  costal  snbbasal  bar,  subbasal  bar  C — S(J^  also  often 
absent,    subbasal    bars     SC— SM'    continuons,    heavily     bordered    white    basally, 


(  364  ) 

posteriorly  approachiug,  or  joining,  snbmedian  bar  SM^ — SM',  this  latter  much  more 
l)asal  than  the  other  snbmedian  bars,  anteriorly  joined  to  median  bar  (SM') — SJP 
by  means  of  an  irregular  longitndiual  line,  tlie  interspace  limited  by  these  median 
and  snbmedian  bars  as  well  as  the  cellnle  beyond  SM'  and  part  of  the  area  between 
median  and  discal  bars  (SM') — SM^  ecrn  drab  ;  median  bars  continuous  down  to 
(SM'),  the  line  crossing  M  at,  or  a  little  distal  of,  base  of  M'-,  regularly  convex  ; 
costal  median  bar  variable  in  position,  always  more  basal  than  the  other  median  bars, 
which  are  almost  continuous  to  (SM'),  this  line  convex  in  middle,  nearly  parallel 
to  snbmedian  line,  interspaces  between  the  two  lines  white  proximally,  cinnamon  butf 
distally  ;  discal  bars  all  continuous  representing  a  very  irregular  line,  which  forms 
nearly  a  half-ring  between  costal  margin  and  internervular  fold  K' — R'-,  tlien  runs 
obliquely  distad  to  beyond  It",  turns  sharply  back,  forming  a  concave  curve  down 
to  beyond  M",  where  it  forms  a  right  angle  ending  at  SM'^  about  5  mm.  from  anal 
angle  ;  at  W  the  line  comes  close  to  the  median  one  ;  distally  the  line  is  broadly 
bordered  with  white,  which  colour  is  very  much  extended  between  SC^  and  IV  ;  post- 
discal  and  submarginal  bars  not  sharply  defined,  brown,  the  former  distally,  the  latter 
proximally  bordered  with  creamy  butf,  curved  towards  each  other,  the  upper  ones 
meeting  to  form  rings,  the  rings  filled  up  with  brown  and  grey  scaling,  ring  C — SC* 
very  conspicuous  on  account  of  its  heavy  tawny  outer  border  and  its  regular  shape; 
irregular  ring-spots  R' — R'  and  the  anal  ones  the  smallest,  spot  R^ — M',  wliich  is 
the  least  well-defined,  the  largest  ;  submarginal  area  and  outer  margin  cinnamon, 
varying  in  shade,  admarginal  bars  thin,  transverse,  slightly  curved,  bordered  with 
white  proximally  and  with  whitish  bine  distally  ;  tail  R'  8  to  12  mm.,  rather  broad, 
not  pointed,  generally  slightly  turned  backwards,  tail  M'  5  to  8  mm.  long,  straight, 
slightly  pointed,  tail  M'  7  to  10  mm.  long,  somewhat  curving  frontad,  slightly 
pointed. 

?.  Not  essentially  different  from  d. 

Clasper  not  essentially  different  from  that  of  C/i.  raranes  ;  penis-funnel  much 
shorter,  and  broader  apically,  than  in  that  species  ;  penis  with  one  solitary  tooth 
iibont  1^  mm.  before  apex. 

Length  of  forewing  :    cj,  38 — 47  mm. 
„  ,,  S  ,  40 — 50  mm. 

Hab.  Madagascar,  in  forest  country.     In  the  Tring  Museum,  ~  6  S. 

B.  Forewing  below  with  single  rows  of  scales  before  C. 
26.  Charaxes  candiope. 

Nymphalis  candiope  Godart,  Enc.  Mith.  IX.  p.  353.  n.  10  (1813)  (hab.  ?). 

Chariixes  viriilicostatiis  Aurivillius,  Offers.  Vel.  Akad.  Fijrh.  XXXVI.  7.  p.  41  (1879)  (Damaraland). 

S  ? .  Body  abate  :  varying  from  tawny  to  ochraceous,  head,  pronotum,  and 
anterior  part  of  mesonotum  deeper  in  tint  than  rest  of  upperside,  dots  on  head  and 
pronotum  vestigial  or  absent,  palpi  with  a  black  dorso-lateral  stripe  ;  uiu/erside 
creamy  buff,  sides  of  breast  slightly  tawny. 

c?.    Wings :  veins  (and  membrane)  green  ;  upperside  tawny  or  orange  tawny, 

basal  area  slightly  paler  or  pale  ochre  yellow. Forewing  rather  falcate  ;  three 

cell-bars  vestigial,  bar  3  mostly  black  at  SC  ;  snbmedian  and  median  bars  M' — M' 
showing  through  from  below,  or  the  median  one  clearly  marked  behind  M',  median 
bars  SC — M'  present,  bar  R' — M'  halfmoon-shaped,  occasionally  nearly  extending 
to  base  of  M',  bar  R^ — R'  often  fused  with  bar  D,  which  latter  is  dilated  in  front, 


I 


(  365  ) 

bars  SC — R^  more  distal,  dilated,  each  more  or  less  convex  proximally,  concave 
distally,  often  joined  to  bar  D  as  well  as  to  discal  bar  R-— R^,  iu  which  case  the 
interspaces  are  more  or  less  isolated  and  reduced  in  size  ;  a  complete  series  of  black 
discal  patches,  representing  the  discal  bars,  the  series  parallel  to  outer  margin,  but 
turning  costad  at  RS  the  patches  contiguous,  each  convex  proximally,  concave 
distally,  patch  R.' — W  the  smallest,  all  joined  along  veins  (except  (SM'))  to  the 
postdisco-snbmargiual  band,  thus  isolating  a  series  of  seven  tawny  ochreous,  post- 
discal,  interstitial  spots,  of  which  the  posterior  ones  are  the  largest ;  edge  of  wing 
blackish  brown,  the  admarginal  interspaces  pale  tawny,  but  not  always  clearly 
marked  ;  the  postdisco-submargiual  black  band  widest  in  front ;    the  discal  and 

postdiscal  interspaces  in  the  St.  Thome  race  small  or  only  vestigial. Hindwing  : 

basal  to  discal  bars  more  or 'less  showing  through  from  underside  ;  a  postdisco- 
snbmarginal  black  baud,  widest  between  SC^  and  R'  (at  least  9  mm.),  suddenly 
narrower  from  R-  or  R^  to  M^  often  interrupted  at  vein  M',  including  a  series  of 
tawny  ochreous,  seldom  whitish,  snbmarginal  interstitial  spots,  which  stand  either 
in  tlie  middle  of  the  band  or  nearer  its  outer  edge  ;  postdiscal  bars  M- — SM'-  thin, 
curved,  followed  each  by  a  white  line,  between  which  and  the  respective  sub- 
marginal  bars,  which  are  represented  by  two  spots,  there  is  more  or  less  obvious 
pale  blue  scaling  ;  admarginal  interspaces  tawny,  upper  ones  more  orange  tawny, 
seldom  suffused  with  black,  anal  one  olive  buff,  no  distinct  marginal  line. 

Underside  :  the  naked  veins  and  costal  edge  of  forewing  conspicuously  green  ; 

bars  black. Forewing  :  buff  or  clayish  buff,  slightly  ochreous  ;   basal   half  of 

costal  edge  before  C  with  rows  of  white  scales,  otherwise  scaleless  ;  basal  cell-spot 
present,  bars  linear,  bar  3  the  heaviest,  about  f  mm.  thick,  its  upper  end  a  little 
hook-shaped,  that  of  bar  4  more  strongly  so  ;  submedian  and  median  bars  M- — SM- 
seldom  vestigial  at  M',  bars  M'— M'^  parallel,  thin,  at  right  angles  to  veins,  about 
2J  mm.  distant  from  each  other,  submedian  one  (seldom  absent)  behind  base  of  M' 
or  a  little  more  distal  ;  median  bar  R'' — M'  more  distal  than  the  one  behind  it,  bar 
R2 — R'  separate  from  bar  D,  but  the  interspace  between  them  brownish,  bars 
SC — R'  forming  a  continuous  or  a  broken  line  ;  discal  bars  concave  distally,  the 
series  continuous,  convex  from  SC  to  R',  then  rnnning  obliquely  to  SM^  which  is 
reached  6  mm.  from  tip,  while  at  R'  the  series  is  10  mm.  distant  from  outer  margin, 
posterior  bars  heavier  than  the  upper  ones,  the  discal  bars  form  the  outer  edge  of  a 
band  of  nearly  even  width,  the  band  varies  from  walnut  brown  to  russet,  changes 
posteriorly  generally  into  blackish  brown,  its  upper  two  thirds  are  occasionally 
cinnamon  or  almost  obsolete  ;  a  series  of  brown  postdiscal  spots,  parallel  to  discal 
series  of  lunules,  approaching  it  a  little  behind,  distance  between  the  two  series 
about  4  or  5  mm.,  spot  SC*— SC"  developed  to  a  patch,  last  sjjot  large,  fused  with 
the  snbmarginal  bar  ;  series  of  thin,  inconspicuous,  snbmarginal  bars  parallel  to 
outer  margin,   snbmarginal  interspaces  huffish  grey,  more  bluish   grey  behind,  a 

bluish  grey  dash  or  spot  within  black  patch  M" — SM-. Hindwing:  sepia  colour  or 

russet  sepia,  snbmarginal  area  drab  ;  bars  thin,  basal  costal  bar  ])ointing  distad,  no 
costal  subbasal  bar,  the  subbasal  series  extending  from  C  to  SM' ;  submedian  series 
irregular  but  continuous  from  costal  margin  to  M,  with  creamy  white  scaling  at 
proximal  side,  which  scaling  forms  generally  a  conspicuous  spot  before  and  another 
in  cell,  submedian  bar  M' — M",  if  present,  close  to  base  of  M",  bar  M= — (SM')  distal 
of  base  of  M',  about  at  right  .angles  to  veins,  while  bar  (SM') — SM^  is  oblique  and 
often  joins  the  respective  subbasal  bar  at  SM",  bar  SM" — SM'^  does  not  extend  to 
SM',  it  curves  basad  anteriorly  and  joins  the  respective  subbasal  one,  forming  a  kind 


(  3fi6  ) 

of  half  rinj;,  which  sometimes  is  filled  np  witli  whitish  scaling;  median  series 
irregular,  oblique  down  to  R^,  slightly  concave,  bars  U'- — M'  more  distal  than  the 
others,  R^ — M'  about  U  mm.  from  base  of  M',  bar  M'— M- just  behind  base  of  M', 
M*— (SM')  about  3  mm.  more  distal,  at  right  angles  to  M'^,  (SM') — S5P  again  more 
distal,  reaching  abdominal  margin  beyond  tip  of  SIP,  the  median  bars  (except  last) 
with  creamy  white  scaling  at  outer  side,  this  scaling  forming  an  irregular  band  from 
costal  margiu  to  R',  followed  by  three  spots,  bar  M- — (SM')  edged  with  creamy 
white ;  discul  bars  arched,  especially  upper  two,  the  series  concave  from  C  to  R^, 
bar  SC" — B'  the  most  proximal,  standing  in  or  before  the  middle  of  the  wing, 
oblique  from  R'  to  RP  or  to  abdominal  margiu,  the  bars  edged  distaliy  with  ochraceous 
or  greenish  ochraceous  Innules  :  postdiscal  bars  arched  like  the  disoal  ones,  the  post- 
discal  interspaces  therefore  halfmooii-shaped,  the  uj)per  ones  generally  wider  than 
the  posterior  ones,  varying  in  tint  from  raw  umber  to  bnrnt  umber,  white  sub- 
marginal  spots  in  the  same  position  as  above,  posterior  ones  curved,  black 
snbmarginal  bars  represented  by  black  dots  to  which  are  joined  ]U'oximally  bluish 
dots,  uppermost  black  dot  generally  absent,  all  placed  in  buff  or  olive  buff  scaling  ; 
upper  admarginal  interspaces  pale  buff;  marginal  line  posteriorly  burnt  umber 
colour ;  upper  tail  slender,  more  or  less  pointed,  second  longer,  of  even  width,  often 
slightly  spatulate. 

?.  Larger  than  d ,  basal  area  of  both  wings,  above,  ])ostdiseal  interstitial  spots 
of  the  forewing  and  the  snbmarginal  ones  of  the  hindwing  paler  ;  tails  longer  than 
in  c?,  broader. 

Length  of  forewing  :  S ,  39 — 46  mm. 
,,  „  ?,  44 — 52  mm. 

Apical  process  of  clasper  broad,  narrowed  into  a  sharp,  rather  short,  hook  : 
tenth  tergite  divided  by  a  rounded  sinus  ;  penis  with  a  dorsal  series  of  teeth, 
varying  in  size  and  number,  the  teeth  closer  together  near  apex. 

Hab.  Africa  south  of  the  Sahara  (Cape  Colony  excepted)  ;  St.  Thome ;  Socotra. 

a.  Ch.  candiope  candiope. 

Nymphalh  candiope  Godart.  Em.  Mith.  IX.  p.  35:!.  n.  10  (1823)  (liab.  V) :  Doubl.,  Westw.  &  Hew., 

Gen.   Diiirii.  Lep.  II.  p.  30i).  n.  16  (1850)  (Congo);   Kirby,  Cat.  Diurn.  Lep.  p.  268.   n.    17 

(1871)  (Congo). 
Charax.es  aindiope,  Butler,  Proc.  ZouL  Sue.  Lniul.  p.  628.  n.  18  (1866)  (Congo)  ;  Druce,  ibid.  p.  412. 

n.  5  (1879)  (Angola)  ;  Obertb.,  Aim.  Mus.  Civ.  Genova  XV.  p.  166.  n.  45  (1879)  (Abyssinia  ; 

June,  July)  ;  Gooch,  Entmn.  XIV.  p.  6  (1881)  (Natal)  ;  Spiller,  ihUI.  XV.  p.  8  (1882)  (Xat-il)  ; 

Stand.,  Ej-ot.  Ta-nf.  p.  169.  t.  58.  J  (1886);  Ti-in.  &  Bok.,.S.  A/r.  Butt.  I.  p.  327.  n.  107.  t.  6.  f.  4. 

cJ  (1887)  (from' Natal  northwards)  :  Capronn.,   C.  R.  Soc.  Enl.  BcUj.  XXXIII.  p.   146.  n.  77 

(1889)  (Si-Banghi,  Gabon)  ;  Smith,  Proc.  Zoul.  Sue.  Loud.  p.  472.  n.  85  (1890)  (Aruwimi)  ; 

Godm.  &  Salv.,  in  Jameson,  Slori/  nf  Pair  Column  p.  440.  n.  87  (1890)  (Aruwimi)  ;  Trim.,  Proc. 

Zool.  Soc.  Land.  p.  180.  n.  33  (1892)  (Omrora  VIII.  ;  Ehanda  IX.)  ;  Kursch,  Ent.  Xoclir.  xviii. 

p.  176.  n.  44  (1892)  (Baliburg);  Schaus  &  Clements,  Si.rm  Leone  Lfji.  p.  8  (1893)  (S.  Leone); 

Auriv.,  Ent.  Tidskr.  XV.  p.  310  n.  190  (1894)  (Cameroons,  IV.  v.)  ;  Butl.,  Proc.  Zno].  Soc.  Loud. 

p.  562.  n.  17  (1894)  (Mt.  Hiihnel,  16,000  ft.) ;  Holl.,  Proc.  N.  St.  i\at.  J/".v.  XVIII.  p.  262  (1895) 

(Somaliland)  ;  Butl.,  I.e.  p.  254.  n.  13  (1895)  (Zomba)  :  id.,  I.e.  p.  725.  n.  13  (1895)  (Brit.  E.  A.); 

id..  I.e.  p.  852.  n.  17  (1896)  (Nyassaland)  :  Sharpe,  ibid.  p.  553.  n.  33  (1896)  (Uarro  Mts., 

Somaliland)  ;  Butl.,  Juuni.  Linn.  Soc.  Lond.  XXV.  p.  367.  n.  44  (1896)    (Many  local,  noted)  ; 

Auriv.,   KonrjI.  Sr.  Akad.  /land.  XXXI.  5.  p.  240.  n.  51  (1899)  (from  Sierra  Leone  and 

Abyssinia  to  Damaraland  and  Natal). 
Churaxcs  viridieostatun  Aurivillius,  qfeers.  Vet.  Akad.  Fork.  XXXVl.  7.  p.  41  (1879)  (Damaraland). 

c?.  JJo(/y  above:  clayish  ochraceous,  wings  orange  tawny,  base  ochre  yellow. 

I'orewing  :  bar  D  and  meflian  bars  SC* — M'  very  variable  in  size,  median  bar» 


(  3(i7  ) 

Ri_M'  often  obsolete,  bars  SC*— R=  not  joined  to  bar  D,  bar  R'— M'  generally 
smaller  than  the  ocbreons  or  tawny  orange  triangle  bordered  by  it  and  veins  M'  and 
R' ;  black  discal  patch  R' — R'^  about  the  size  of  the  orange  tawny  patch  at  its 
proximal  side,  or  smaller  ;  postdiscal,  tawny  orange,  interstitial  spots  very  variable, 
sometimes  larger  than  the  black  discal  patches. Hindwing  :  snbmarginal  inter- 
stitial spots  orange  tawny,  upper  four  or  five  sitnated  nearer  the  onter  than  the 
inner  edge  of  the  black  baud  ;  admarginal  interspaces  orange  tawny,  anal  one 
olive  buif. 

Underside. Forewing  :  basal  area  pale  buff;  cell-bar  4  thin,  nearer  to  apex 

of  cell  than  to  bar  3  ;  median  bars  SG^ — R-  oblique  to  the  veins  ;  brown  discal  band 

3  to  4  mm.  broad  between  _R^  and  M',  the  band  often  very  pale. Hindwing  : 

discal  Itmnle  SC^ — R'  nearer  to  base  than  to  outer  margin  or  jnst  in  middle  of  wing; 
distance  between  median  and  discal  bars  R'^ — R' varying  from  H  to  4  mm.  at  R-, 
postdiscal  interspaces  C — M'  of  nearly  equal  width  or  the  npper  three  much  wider, 
the  distance  from  the  proximal  edge  of  discal  bar  SO" — R'  to  the  outer  edge  of 
the  respective  postdiscal  bars  varying  from  2 J  to  4 J  mm.  ;  marginal  line  pale, 
ill-defined;  upper  tail  3J  to  6J  mm.,  second  7  to  9^  mm.  long. 

?.  Paler  than  S,  especially  basal  area,  median  bars  of  forewing  abac  ■  larger, 
bar  R'— R-  often  joined  to  bar  D  as  well  as  to  discal  patch  R'— R- ;  upper  tail  8  to 
lOi  mm.  long,  second  9  to  lOi  mm. 

The  bars  of  the  underside  are  often  partly  indistinct,  the  wings  not  appearing 
so  strongly  variegated  as  in  other  individuals,  the  white  baud  on  the  disc  of  the 
hindwing  being  also  absent.  Such  specimens  occur  especially  often  in  S.  E.  Africa, 
and  are  mosr  likely  individuals  which  have  hibernated  in  the  pupal  state,  repre- 
senting a  cold  season  form. 

Length  of  forewing  :  <?,  40 — 46  mm. 
,,  „  ?  ,  46 — 52  mm. 

Hab.  Continent  of  Africa  from  Sierra  Leone  and  Abyssinia  to  Natal  and 
Damaraland  ;  not  found  in  the  Cape  Colony;  a  common  species.  Antinori  observed 
it  feeding  on  the  exudations  of  Solanaceous  plants  (Oberthiir,  Ann.  Mas.  Civ. 
Genova  XV.  p.  106).  According  to  BIr.  Morant  the  species  is  on  the  wing  during 
the  greater  part  of  the  year  in  Natal  (Trimen  &  Bowker,  I.e.). 

b.  Ch.  candiope  thomasius  (Nov.  Zool.  V.  t.  T.  f.  5.  S). 

Charar.es  candiope  var.  Ihomasius  Staudinger,  E.riit.  Taaf.  p.  169  (1886)  (St.  Thome)  ;  Auriv., 
Kong.  Vet.  Akad.  H„ndl.  XXXI.  5.  p.  241.  sub  n.  51  (1899)  (St.  Thomt'). 

Charaxes  candiope  local  race  ?  :  C.  thumasiuSi  Butler,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Land.  XXV.  p.  368.  sub  d.  45 
(1896)  (St.  Thome). 

(S.    Wings    aboce,   basal   area    ochre    yellow,   the   area   on   forewing   sharply 

defined,    on    hindwing    shading    into    russet    tawny. Forewing :    bar    D    heavy, 

fused  with  median  bar  R- — R^  median  bar  R'— M'  visible,  bar  M'— M-  short, 
vestigial,  outer  area  of  wing  blackish  mummy  brown,  the  tawny  postdiscal  inter- 
stitial  spots   small,   posterior   ones    obsolete,   as   are    the   admarginal   spots. 

Hindwing  :  disco-marginal  blackish  mummy  brown  area  very  broad  in  front, 
the  snbmarginal  dots  within  it  minute,  admarginal  tawny  interspaces  obsolete, 
except  two  upper  ones. 

Underside. Forewing  :    basal    area    very   pale    ochreous ;    submedian   bar 

M' — M"  absent  (always  ?)  ;  cell-bars  as  in  continental  candiope,  apical  interspace 


(   368  ) 

of  cell  uarrower  than  the  postmedian  one  ;  median  bars  SC" — R-  closer  to  cell 
than  to  discal   bars  ;  brown  discal  band  4  to  5  mm.  wide  between  R-  and  M'  ; 

series  of  brown  postdiscal  spots  SC^— M'  j)arallel  to  outer  margin. Hindwing 

as  in  candiope  candiope,  brown  marginal  line  better  defined,  black  submarginal 
spots  partly  dash-like,  longitudinal. 

?.  Unknown. 

Length  of  forewing  :    S,  42  mm. 

Hah.  Island  of  St.  Thom6  (St.  Thomas)  in  the  Gnlf  of  Guinea  (coll. 
Standinger). 

c.  Ch.  candiope  velox  (Nov.  Zool.  VII.  t.  11.  f.  3.  S). 

Charaxes  relax  Grant,  Bull.  Liverpool  Mus.  II.  p.  10  (1900)  (.Socotra,  up  to  4000  ft.). 

cJS.    Winqs  ahore  and  body  tawny,  basal  area  of  wings   a  little  paler. 

Forewing  :  median  bar  R' — M'  halfmoon-shapcd,  touching  both  veins,  bars  SC— R- 

twice  as  long  as  broad. Hindwing  :  submarginal  interstitial  spots  in  middle  of 

black  disco-submarginal  band,  outer  edge  of  this  band  somewhat  dentate  between 
the  veins  ;  admarginal  interspaces  R'^ — M-  partly,  anal  one  totally,  scaled 
olive-buff. 

UiK/erside. Forewing  :    postmedian  intersjiace  of  cell  paler  than  the  rest  of 

the  cell,  whitish,  a  little,  or  not,  broader  than  the  apical  interspace  of  cell;  submediau 
bar  M' — M"  proximal  of  base  of  M' ;  median  bars  SC — R"  forming  a  curved  line, 
bar  SC' — R'  at  right  angles  to  veins  ;  black  patch   M" — SIP  in  posterior  angle 

about  half  the  size  of  the  respective  postdiscal  interspace. Hindwing  :  discal 

and  submarginal  interspaces  grey  or  drab  ;  discal  and  ])ostdiscal,  luniform,  bars 
parallel,  the  series  of  nearly  equal  distance  from  C  to  M',  the  interspaces  between 
them  greenish  ochraceous,  discal  bar  SC^ — R'  in  the  middle  of  the  wing,  6  mm. 
distant  from  base  of  R",  measured  between  veins,  discal  bar  R* — R'  2  mm.  distant 
from  median  bar  R" — R',  measured  along  R-,  the  halfmoon  formed  by  the  discal 
and  postdiscal  bars  M^— SM^  less  oblique  than  in  continental  candiope  ;  edge  of 
wings  dentate,  upper  tail  pointed  and  long  in  c?,  6  to  7  mm.  long,  second 
7  to  8J  muj.  ;  in  ?   tails  10  mm. 

Length  of  forewing  :   S,  39 — 41  mm. 
„  „  ?,  44  mm. 

Hab.  Socotra  ;  4  S3,'i  ?  ?,  collected  by  0.  Grant  in  January  and  February 
1899,  at  1200  and  3500  ft. 

27.  Charaxes  antamboulou  (Nov.  Zool.  VII.  t.  11.  f.  2.  t?). 

Charaxes  untamlouluxi  Lucas,  Ami.  Sc.  Nut.  Zuul.  (5).  XV.  22.  p.  1  (1872)  (Madagascar)  ;  Saalm., 
Lej>.  Mad.  I.  p.  8G.  n.  125.  t.  2.  f.  24.  25  (1884)  (Nossib.')' ;  Mab.,  in  Graadid.,  Uht.  Mad.,  Up. 
I.  p.  I'Jl.  t.  23.  f.  3.  4.  ?  (1885-87)  (pt.)  ;  Butl., ./««)«.  Linn.  Soc.  Lund.  XXV.  p.  368.  n.  45 
(189G)  (Ft.  Dauphin  ;  Ankafana)  ;  Auriv.,  Kongl.  f!v.  Akad.  llaiidl.  XXXI.  5.  p.  24L  n.  52 
(ISyy)  (Madagascar). 

CharaxcH  amdiape,  Ward  (no,t  Godart,  1823),  Ent.  Mo.  Mug.  IX.  p.  210  (1873)  (Madagascar)  ; 
Saalm.,  Her.  Senk.  Ges.  p.  82.  n.  29  (1878)  (Loucoube). 

Charaxes  candiope  var.,  Saalmiiller,  I.e.  p.  123  (1879). 

S  ? .  Body  above  tawny  ochraceous,  thorax  paler,  palpi  with  a  black  dorso- 
lateral line  ;  underside  cream  colour,  sides  of  sterna  russet,  femora  black,  with 
white,  dispersed  scales,  abdomen  clay  colour. 

c?.  Wing.i  al)oce,  similar  to  those  of  Ch.  candiope  ;  basal  area  pale  ochrcous 
veins    partly   green  ;    hindwing    tawny   posteriorly   and    along    black    postdisco- 


(  369  ) 

snbmarginal   band. Forewing  :   falcate,  outer  edge  not,  or  very  little,  dentate 

at  the  veins,  middle  cell-bar  represented  at  SC  bj'  a  black  or  brown  spot  ;  bar  D 
sometimes  separate,  mostly  with  a  small  ochreons  dot  distally  at  upper  end,  seldom 
completely  fused  with  median  bars;  median  bar  M' — M*  seldom  obviously  vestigial, 
the  other  median  bars  of  Ch.  candiope  merged  together  with  the  black  disco- 
marginal  area,  this  area  including  a  series  of  postdiscal  interstitial  spots  as 
in  Ch.  candiope,  the  spots,  however,  smaller,  and  some  discal  spots,  namely, 
a  band  composed  of  three  confluent  spots  between  S(J^  and  R-,  and  two  contiguous 

spots  W — M',  admarginal  interspaces  and  outer  half  of  costal  margin  tawny. 

Hindwing  :  moderately  dentate,  two  tails  ;  interstitial  spots  within  black  postdisco- 
submarginal  band  smaller  than  in  Ch.  candinpe,  tawny  colour  along  this  band  very 
much  restricted  from  C  to  R-. 

Underside  as  in  Ch.  candiope.,  brighter  russet,  the  white  borders  of  the  bars 

rather    more    conspicuous. Forewing  :    cell-bar    3    closer  to    bar    2    than    to 

4,  interspace  between  2  and  3  bright  russet,  basal  cell-bar  rather  long,  con- 
spicuous, upper  end  of  cell-bar  4  at  right  angles  to  SC,  or  pointing  proximad  ; 
median  bars  SC — R°  at  right  angles  to  veins  ;  interspaces  between  median  bars 
SC^ — M'  and  cell  russet,  median  bar  M' — M'^  touching  at  ends  the  discal,  russet, 
band-like,  area  ;  submedian  bar  M' — M^  proximal  of  base  of  M';  snbmedian  and 
median  bars  M" — (SM')  seldom  vestigial  behind  M-,  the  former  1  or  2  mm.  distant 
from    base   of  IVP,  discal  series   of  carved   bars  less  concave  in  middle  than   in 

candiope. Hindwing  :  median  bar  R^ — R^  more  gently  curved  than  in  candiope; 

discal  luniform  bar  SC^ — R'  in  middle  of  wing;  upper,  tawny  russet,  postdiscal 
halfmoon-shaped  patches  wider  than  the  middle  ones,  last  halfmoon  less  obliquely 
placed  to  vein  M''^  than  in  Ch.  candiope  candiope  ;  submedian  bar  M^ — (SM')  a  little 
more  j)ro.\imal  than  in  candiope  ;  upper  tail  6  to  8  mm.,  second  9  to  10  mm.  long. 

?  like  (?  ;  underside  more   greyish,  especially  in   submarginal  region,  discal 
interspaces  of  hindwing  more  white  ;  upper  tail  9  mm.,  second  10  mm. 

There  occur  specimens  of  either  sex  which  have  the  forewing  more  falcate 
and  the  underside  much  less  variegated,  the  bars  being  partly  obsolete.  Such 
a  specimen  is  figured  by  Mabille,  I.e.,  t.  23.  f.  4  ;  in  the  Tring  Museum  there  is 
a  c?  and  a  ?  of  this  form,  which  specimens  have  bar  D  and  bars  SC — R'  of 
forewing,  most  of  the  bars  of  the  hindwing  as  well  as  the  white  discal  spots 
and  the  upper  postdiscal,  half-moon-shaped,  patches  obsolete.  It  is  possible  that 
these  specimens  represent  the  cold  season  form. 
Length  of  forewing:  i,  38—41  mm. 
„  „  cJ,  41—47  mm. 

Hab.  Madagascar  :  Nossi-be,  Ft.  Dauphin,  Ankafana,  Morondawa.  In  the 
Tring  Museum  9  c?c?,  4   ?  ?,  mostly  from  Morondawa. 

Gh.  antanboulou  is  very  closely  allied  to  Ch.  candiope.  We  keep  it  separate 
as  a  distinct  species,  because  there  is  another  Charaxes  in  Madagascar,  named 
cowani,  which  is  also  a  close  ally  of  candiope,  and  differs  from  antamboidou  only 
in  some  details.  We  know  little  about  the  distribution  and  nothing  about  the 
time  of  occurrence  of  Ch.  antambouloa  and  cowani  ;  these  forms  may  be  mere 
individual  varieties  ;  but  before  we  have  sufficient  evidence  to  warrant  such  a 
conclusion,  it  is  better  to  treat  the  two  forms  as  distinct  species.  In  Saalmiiller's 
figure  the  hindwing  is  nearly  as  strongly  denticulate  as  it  is  in  cowani ;  if  that  is 
not  due  to  exaggeration  on  the  part  of  the  artist,  the  example  figured  would  prove 
that  the  strong  denticulation  of  the  wings  of  cowani  is  not  of  specific  value. 


(  370  ; 
28.  Charaxes  cowani  (Xov.  Zool.  VII.  t.  11.  f.  4.  S). 

Charaxes  cowani  Butler,  Ann.  Mag.  N.  11.  (5).  II.  p.  285  (1878)  (Fiauarantsoa)  ;  id.,  I.e.  (5).  V 
p.  336  (1880)  (?,  Fianarantsoa)  ;  Saalm.,  Lep.  Mad.  I.  p.  88.  n.  liG  (1884)  (Fianarantsoa)  ; 
Butl..  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Land.  p.  72.  sub  n.  89  (1888)  (coicaiii  and  aiitamboulon  distinct)  ;  id., 
.fourii.  Linn.  Soc.  Lontl.  XXV.  p.  .3G8.  n.  46  (1896)  (Fianarant-soa  :  Betsileo)  ;  Auriv..  Kongl. 
Si:  Akad.  Hamll.  XXXI.  5.  p.  241.  n.  53  (1899)  (Madagasscar). 

Charaxe-i  antambouhni  Mabille,  in  Urandid.,  Hist.  Mad.  XIX.  2.,  Lep.  I.  p.  191.  t.  23.  f.  1.  1« 
(1885-87)  (pt.  ;  cowani  =  untainhoulon  .'). 

Charaxes  cowtni  Staudinger,  Exol.  Taiif.  p.  169  (1886)  (Madagascar). 

<?.  Body  above,  and  basal  area  of  wings,  tawiiy  ocbraceons,  darker  than   in 

antamboulou. Forewing  :    discal    interspaces    SC — E^   reduced   in    size,   partly 

obsolete,  tawny  like  the  postdiscal  interstitial  spots,  no  interstitial  spot  between 
W  and   M',  or  only  a   trace   of  it,  black  area  posteriorly   wider  ;   edge  of  wing 

dentate. Hindwing  :  black  area  also  broader  than  in  antamboulou,  edge  of  wing 

strongly  dentate,  tooth  M-  developed  to  a  tail  ;  blue  submarginal  dots  R' — SM^ 
generally  rather  conspicuous. 

Underside :  darker  than  in  antamboulou,  the  huffish  interspaces,  especially  of 

forewing,   reduced  in  size. Forewing  :   cell-bar   3  a   little   more  distal  than  in 

antamboulou,  apical  interspace  of  cell  russet,  not  buff,  snbmedian  and  median  bars 
M' — M-  much  closer  together  than  in  the  allied  species,  black  discal  patch 
M- — SM-  more  oblique,  postdiscal  bars  represented  by  small,  but  rather  sharply 
marked,  dots  :  snbmedian  and  median  bars  M- — (SM')  rejiresentcd  by  spots  behind 

Ml Hindwing :    blue   and    black    submarginal    dots    conspicuous,   but   small : 

snbbasal  and  snbmedian  bars  (SM')— SIVF  absent ;  postdiscal  series  of  halfmoou- 
shaped  spots  a  little  less  curved  than  in  antamboulou,  tooth  R-  2  mm.  long,  tail 
R'  10  mm.,  tail  M'  3  to  4  mm.,  tail  M=  lU  to  11  mm. 

? .  Body  and  basal  area  of  wings  aboce  as  in  antamboulou,  outer  margin  of 

both  wing  and  posterior  portion  of  disc  of  hindwing  very  dark  tawny  brown. 

Forewing  :  median  bar  R' — M'  without  tawny  spot  at  outside,  completely  fused 
together  with  the  black  outer  area  ;  tawny  interspaces  at  distal  side  of  median  bars 
R^— M'  vestigial. Hindwing  :   submarginal,  buff,  spots  rather  heavy. 

Underside  somewhat  paler  than  in  i,  snbmedian  and  median  bars  M' — •M''  of 
forewing  not  quite  so  close  together,  dentition  of  wings  as  in  J,  tail  R^  11  mm., 
tail  M'  4  mm.,  tail  M-  12  mm.  long. 

I  lab.  Madagascar:  Betsileo;  Fianarantsoa.  lu  the  Tring  Museum  2  i  S , 
1  ?  without  precise  locality. 

II.  Underside,  series  of  subbasal  bars  of  hindwing  stopping  at  M,  or  abdominal 
fold  streaked. 

C-  Serrations  of  costal  margin  of  forewing  in  basal  third  about  half  the 
number  of  the  scale-rows  before  vein  ('. 
c.  Discal  bars  of  fore-  and  hindwing  regularly  arched,  postdiscal  ones 
of  hindwing  also  concave  distally,  about  parallel  to  discal 
ones, 
e'.  Median   bars    SC" — R-   of  forewing   below   close   to   cell,   if 
present. 
(T.  Median  bars  of  hindwing  below  continuous,  forming  an 
almost  straight  line,  which  is  conspicuously  bordered 
with  white  distallv. 


(  371  ) 
29.  Charaxes  numenes  (Nov.  Zool.  VII.  t.  7.  f.  3,  S). 

Nymphalh  numenes  Hewitson,  Eml.  Butt.  II,  XijmjihalU  t.  2.  f.  9.  10.  U.  (^,?  (18.09)  (S.  Leone)  ; 
Kirby,  Cat.  Dlurv.  Lep.  p.  209.  n.  27  (1871)  (S.  Leone)  ;  Mabille,  Bull.  Soc.  Zool.  France  I. 
p.  28(1  (1870)  (Landana)  ;  Dewitz,  Nov.  Act.  Kais.  Lmp.  Car.  Ak.  Nulurf.  XLI.  II.  2.  p.  8  (1879). 

Charaxes  numene.%  Butler,  Prnc.  Zool.  Soc.  Lonil.  p.  630.  n.  29  (1865)  (S.  Leone)  ;  Plotz,  Stett.  Enl. 
Zeit.  XLI.  p.  194.  n.  104  (1880)  (Eninga,  May  ;  Victoria,  Nov.)  ;  Stand.,  E.rol.  Tugf.  p.  170 
(1880)  (Monrovia  ;  Fernando  Po  ;  Gaboon)  ;  Dewitz,  I.e.  L.  4.  p.  .371  (1887)  ;  Godm.  &  Salv., 
in  Jameson,  Story  Rear  Culuiiin  p.  440.  n.  83  (1890)  (Aruwimi);  Moschl.,  Abh.  Senkenh.  Gesellsch. 
XV.  1.  p.  61.  n.  100  (1890)  (Aburi)  ;  Auriv.,  Ent.  TUlskr.  XV.  p.  311.  n.  192  (1894)  (Ekundu, 
Bonde,  XI.)  ;  But!,,  Jouni.  Linn.  Soc.  Lmul  XXV.  p.  377.  n.  70  (1896)  (S.  Leone,  Accra  ; 
O.  Calabar  ;  Cameroons  ;  Fernando  Po  ;  Angola)  ;  Auriv.,  Koiigl.  Sr.  Akad.  IIumU.  XXXI.  5. 
p.  240.  n.  46  (1899)  (Sierra  Leone  to  Angola). 

cj  ? .  Body  {<S)  abore  black,  somewhat  bluish,  dark  mummy  brown  in  front, 
dots  on  head  and  pronotum  white,  (?)  wood  brown  or  cinnamon  ;  tdtderside,  palpi 
buff,  mostly  with  the  vestige  of  a  white  lateral  line,  abdomen  of  S  buif,  of  ? 
clayish  buff,  breast  cinnamon  olive. 

c?.    Wings  abore :    blue-black,  glossy  in  basal  two-thirds. Forewing  :  four 

pale  blue,  discal  sjiots,  in  an  oblique  row  from  R' — M-,  often  preceded  by  a  fifth 
spot,  upper  spots  generally  linear,  the  others  more  or  less  rounded,  diameter  1  to 
1^  mm.,  the  series  almost  straight,  spot  R'' — M'  being  less  distal  than  in  tiridates  ; 
a  series  of  small  postdiscal  spots  from  SC^  to  internal  margin,  last  one  or  two 
sometimes  absent,  first  spot  the  largest,  about  1  mm.  broad,  white,  spot  SC^ — R' 
also  generally  white,  the  others  pale  blue,  middle  ones  sometimes  luniform,  the 
series  parallel  to  outer  margin,  but  curving  costad  in  front,  spot  R' — R^  5  mm. 
from  outer  margin  ;  marginal  spots  pale  buff,  clearly  marked,  spots  R' — M-  more  or 

less  luniform. Hindwing  ;  a  postdiscal  series  of  pale  blue  spots  of  nearly  equal 

size,  spot  C — SC'-  rounded,  the  largest,  diameter  about  li  mm.,  spots  R' — M- 
halfmoon-shaped,  spot  R^ — R^  the  smallest,  the  series  first  concave,  spot  SC^ — R' 
being  9  to  12  mm.  distant  from  outer  margin,  then  almost  straight,  spot  M* — (SM') 
5  mm.  from  outer  margin  ;  a  complete  series  of  white  submarginal  dots,  edged 
blue,  especially  distally  ;  admarginal  interstices  with  triangular,  bnff,  spots  near 
veins,  no  such  spots  at  C  and  SU° ;  fringe  white  except  at  the  very  ends  of  veins, 
«dge  of  wing  buffish  between  veins,  rather  heavily  so  between  C  and  R'  ;  abdominal 
fold  brownish  black,  paler  at  edge. 

Underside :  cell  of  forewing  and  submediau  interspaces  of  both  wings  pale 
yellowish  buff,  discal  interspaces  of  forewing  at  median  bars  and  discal  interspaces 
of  hindwing  also  buffish,  median  interspaces  on  both  wings  and  rest  of  the  large 
triangular  discal  area  of  forewing  raw  umber  or  bistre  colour  ;  white  borders  of 

bars  conspicuous. Forewing  :  basal  cell-bar  absent,  bar  2  heavy,  generally  over 

1  mm.  broad,  bar  3  sejjarated  into  two  spots,  the  posterior  the  largest,  the  spots 
sometimes  fused  to  a  bar  which  is  constricted  before  middle,  bar  4  thinner,  upper 
half  deeply  concave,  upper  end  pointing  distad,  lower  half  nearly  straight,  reaching 
M  at  or  a  little  below  base  of  M' ;  bar  D  very  gently  curved,  sometimes  nearly 
straight ;  snbmedian  bars  M' — (SM')  very  heavy,  bar  M' — M"  a  little  more  distill 
than  bar  M'— (SM')  and  also  distal  of  point  of  origin  of  M',  submediau  bar  R' 
sometimes  marked,  situated  in  angle  before  M'  ;  median  bars  SC — SM^  in  an 
oblique  series,  the  series  broken  at  R^,  bar  R' — M',  which  is  convex  distally,  being 
about  2  mm.  distant  from  lower  end  of  bar  R^ — R^  often  also  broken  at  M',  bars 
M'' — SM"  much  heavier  than  the  upper  ones,  last  one  often  touching  discal  bar, 
median  interspaces  M' — SM-  sometimes  with  black  scaling,  wliich  often  joins  the 
bars  together  ;   discal   bars  R' — SM"  evenly  curved,  black,  the  other  discal  bars 


(  372  ) 

more  or  less  obsolete,  bars  M' — SM^  bordered  pale  blae  outwardly  ;  posterior 
postdiscal  interspaces  pale  yellow,  the  others  more  buffish,  npper  two  with  a  white 
spot  each  :  jiostdiscal  bars  M' — 8M-  represented  by  heavy  black  patches  which 
have  pale  blue,  not  conspicuous,  outer  borders,  the  outer  postdiscal  spots  vestigial, 
limited  distally  by  jiale  half-rings  ;  marginal,  yellowish  buff  or  jiale  clayish,  spots 

ill-defined. Hindwiug  :  basal  costal  bar  close  to  PC,  touching  this  vein  at  bent ; 

costal  subbasal  bar  seldom  marked,  snbbasal  bar  C — SC;^  often  feeble,  barely  h  mm. 
distal  of  point  of  origin  of  FC  ;  snbniedian  bars  continuous  (or  nearly  so)  from 
costal  margin  to  (>SM'),  costal  bar  often  curving  distad,  joining  costal  bar  of  median 
series  ;  the  latter  also  continuous,  somewhat  in  middle,  both  series  about  parallel, 
distance  variable  individually,  white  borders  of  the  lines  prominent,  while  the  black 
bars  are  often  obsolete  and  always  thin,  except  upper  bars  ;  discal  bars  all  arched, 
the  series  deeply  concave  between  C  and  I{-,  the  bars  often  obsolete,  white  borders 
seldom  prominent,  postdiscal  bars  halfmoon-shaped,  black,  middle  ones  sometimes 
nearly  straight,  generally  much  heavier  than  the  discal  ones,  but  often  rather 
ill-defined  ;  postdiscal  interspaces  more  yellow  than  discal  and  snbmarginal  areas  ; 
interspace  C — SC"  as  large  as,  and  generally  better  defined  than,  interspace  SC-— R'; 
a  series  of  white  snbmarginal  dots,  followed  by  blue  and  by  black  ones,  except  between 
upper  veins  ;  admarginal  interspaces  with  triangular  spots  as  above,  rather  paler, 
shaded  with  blue  npon  internervular  fold  ;  tails  very  short,  upper  one  U  to  2  mm. 
long,  second  a  mere  tooth. 

?.  Resembling   ?  oi  tiridates  on  upperside. Forewing  :  shorter,  white  patch 

between  M'  and  M-  less  oblique. Hindwing  :  snbmarginal  spots  smaller,  white, 

with  blue  borders  ;  admarginal  insterstitial  spots  interrupted. 

Underside  as  in  c?,  hence  very  different  from  tiridates  ;  white  band  of  forewing 
as  above,  patches  M" — SM-  distally  limited  by  the  black  postdiscal  patches,  which 
are  smaller  than  in  cj,  no  discal  bar  M^ — SftP,  but  the  yellow  interstitial  halfmoon 
vestigial,  postdiscal  interspaces  much  less  yellow  than  in  tiridates. 

Length  of  forewing  :   cJ,  41 — 44  mm. 
,,  „  ?,  4.T— .51  mm. 

Penis  with  a  tooth  1  mm.  before  tip  as  in  eioletta,  but  the  large  proximal  crest 
reduced  to  a  very  low  but  long  ridge,  the  penis  resembling  that  of  Ch.  mixtus  ; 
penis-funnel  as  in  violetta. 

Hah.  West  Africa  from  Sierra  Leone  to  Angola  and  to  the  Uganda  Protectorate. 
In  the  Triug  Museum  23  c?  c?,  10  ?  ?  from:  Sierra  Leone,  Pt.  Lokkoh,  July  1899 
(Capt.  Stevens)  ;  Gold  Coast  ;  Congo  ;  Great  Forest  of  Upper  Congo,  three  days' 
march  from  Ft.  Beni,  7.  v.  1899  (Dr.  Ansorge) ;  Pt.  Alice,  Uganda,  19.  vii.  1894 
(Dr.  Ansorge)  ;  Ran,  Nandi  country,  Uganda  Protectorate,  14.  iii.  1898  (Dr.  Ansorge). 

30.  Charaxes  violetta  (Nov.  Zool.  VIL  t.  7.  f.  1.  2,  6-  8,   ?). 

Charades  viideila  Smith,  Ent.  Mu.  Mag.  XXI.  p.  247  (1885)  (Del.  Bay)  ;  Smith  &  Kirby,  Rhup. 

Exot.  I.  Charax.   p.  1.  t.   1.  f.   1.  2.  3.  jj,  ?  (1887)  (Del.  Bay);  Trim.  &  Bowk.,  .S.  Afr.  Butt. 

III.  p.  .?85.  n.  38:5  (1889)  (Del.  Bay.)  ;  Monteiro,  Delagoa  Bay  t.  1.  f.  3.  (1891)  ;  Bull..  Journ. 

Linn.  Sor.  Loud.  XXV.  p.  37G.  n.  74  (1891",)  (Del.  Bay  ;  Zanzibar)  ;  id.,  Pruc.  Zoul.  Soc.  Lond. 

p.  851.  (1896)  (Nyassaland)  ;  id.,  I.e.  p.  852.  n.  14  (189G)  (Xyassaland,   ?  )  ;  Auriv.,  Kongl.  Si: 

Akad.  Uaiidl.  XXXI.  5.  p.  239.  n.  40  (18991  (Del.  Bay  ;  Germ,  E.  Afr.  :  Bagamoyo,  Pangani). 
Charaxes  xijikans,  HoUaud,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mun.  XVIII.  p.  754  (1896)  (Brit.  E.  Afr.). 

i  ? .  Body  of  cT  as  in  the  allied  species  ;  ? ,  above  olive  bistre,  abdomen  hair 
brown,  white  dots  on  head  and  collar  conspicuous,  underside  wood  brown,  palpi 
creamy  bufl'. 


(  373  ) 

S.    Winffs  above  :  blue-black,  glossy,  with  pale  blue  and  white  markings  which 

assume  a  purplish  tint  in  side-light ;  resembling  the  upperside  of  C/i.  cithaeron. 

Forewing  :  an  oblique  discal  series  of  five  spots  from  SC* — M'',  u])j)er  two  linear, 
first  often  absent,  last  two  elongate  or  subrotundate,  never  halfmoon-shaped, 
3  to  4  mm.  long,  spot  W — M'  very  little  more  distal  tlian  spot  R* — 11^ ;  a  postdiscal 
series  of  small,  rounded  or  triangular,  dots  from  SC*  to  M^,  upper  two  white,  the 
following  two  minute,  often  absent,  the  series  placed  as  in  the  allied  species  ; 
between  M"  and  SM'  there  is  a  large  ])atch  composed  of  the  discal  and  postdiscal 
spots  which  are  merged  together,  this  patch,  which  measures  T)  to  8  mm.  in  length, 
often  divided  by  a  deep  sinus  ;  a  broad  streak  behind  the  patch  along  internal 
margin,  8  to  11  mm.  long;  minute,  whitish  or  bluish,  marginal  dots,  upper  ones, 

sometimes  all,  obsolete. -Hindwing  :  a  large  violet  blue  area,  from  C  to  SM^ 

much  shaded  with  white  between  abdominal  fold  and  apex  of  cell,  entering  cell, 
often  extending  basad  to  middle  of  cell,  partition  SC'^ — R'  4  to  11  mm.  long,  often 
isolated,  sometimes  separated  into  two  spots,  partition  C — SC"  always  isolated, 
mostly  divided  into  two  spots,  which  are  sometimes  very  small,  outer  edge  of  area 
convex  as  a  whole,  concave  between  veins  R^  and  SM- ;  black  outer  area  narrowing 
posteriorly,  constricted  at  veins,  with  a  series  of  minute  blue  dots  with  white 
centres  ;  admarginal  interstitial  spots  concave  both  sides,  blue,  white  at  veins,  no 
such  spots  between  C  and  SC^  of  spot  SC^— R'  only  the  posterior  half  marked, 
occasionally  this  as  well  as  upper  half  of  spot  R' — R"  absent. 

Underside  as  in  numenes  ;  bars  of  forewing  omch  less  heavy,  median  bars 
straight,  the  series  less  broken  at  R^  and  much  less  oblique,  being  0  to  S  mm.  distant 
at  M"  from  discal  bar  ;  on  hindwing  the  subraedian  and  median  lines  of  bars  farther 
apart,  especially  at  costal  margin  and  at  M'',  the  median  line  less  convex  in  middle, 
often  almost  quite  straight,  discal  interspaces  rather  more  shaded  with  white  near 
median  bars  than  in  numenes  ;  submarginal  tricolorous  spots  small,  the  white 
proximal  and  black  distal  portions  closer  together  ;  tails  pointed,  longer  than  in 
numenes,  upper  one  4  to  6  mm.  long,  second  2  to  3  mm. 

?  .    Wings  above  :  resembling  those  of  Cli.  cithaeron  ;  brownish  black,  slightly 

purplish,   olivaceous   at   base. Forewing  :    a  broad   white   baud   from  costal   to 

internal  margin,  curved,  widest  behind,  about  1  mm.  from  cross-veins,  10  to  13  mm. 
broad  between  M'  and  M^  with  more  or  less  extended  pearl-blue  scaling  at  proximal 
side  of  band  from  M'  or  M-  to  internal  margin,  white  costal  streak  prolonged  basad; 
two  white  postdiscal  spots  SC* — R\  first  oblique,  seldom  rounded,  mostly  larger 
than    the    second,    dots    R' — M'    often    marked  ;    marginal    dots   generally   absent 

or  vestigial,  seldom   distinct,  though   small. Hindwing  :   a  white  discal  band, 

tapering  behind,  about  4  mm.  broad  in  middle,  its  proximal  edge  nearly  straight, 
shaded  with  pearl  blue,  this  bluish  white  scaling  extending  over  the  black  basal 
area  to  near  middle  of  cell,  the  band  is  also  distally  bordered  by  purplish  pearl-blue 
scaling,  which  is  variable  in  extent  and  generally  dentate  between  veins  ;  a  white 
postdiscal  patch  C — SC'  mostly  fused  with  white  band  ;  submarginal  white  dots 
small,  shaded  with  pale  blue  at  edges  ;  admarginal  interstitial  spots  thinner  than 
in  c?,  pale  blue,  whitish  at  veins,  seldom  interrupted,  but  spot  C — SC"  absent,  upper 
part  of  spot  SC- — R'  also  mostly  absent,  seldom  more  spots  wanting  ;  fringe  white, 
except  at  ends  of  veins. 

Underside:    bars    and   ground    colour   as    in    S. Forewing:    median    bars 

R' — SM-  of  forewing  a  little  more  oblique,  white  discal  band  broader  than  in 
cithaeron,  its  inner  edge  more  concave  ;   black  discal  lunule   M* — SM"  vestigial, 


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sometimes   represented   onl)-  by   a   few   black   scales   upon   (SM')  ;   postdiseal   dots 

1{' — M^  often  well  marked  and  white. Hindwing  :  discal  interspaces  occupied  b)' 

a  white  band  from  costal  to  abdominal  martjin,  broadest  in  front  or  in  middle, 
narrowest  at  (SM'),  distally  shaded  with  clayish  olive  and  not  sharply  defined  ; 
discal  and  postdiseal  Inniform  bars  variable  as  in  <?,  seldom  nearly  all  absent,  the 
white  distal  borders  of  the  discal  bars  often  ])rominent ;  upper  tail  nearly  even  in 
width,  5  to  8  mm.  long,  second  4  to  5  mm. 

Length  of  forewing  :  cJ,  35 — 42  mm. 
„  ,,  ?,  38— 48  mm. 

Penis-funnel  concave  above  to  the  tip,  blunt,  the  tip  thickened  forming  a  short 
hook  ;  penis  with  one  dorsal  tooth  about  1  mm.  before  end,  and  a  high  triangular 
ridge  about  2§  mm.  from  end  (PI.  VIII.  f.  10.). 

Hab.  Uelagoa  Bay  to  Mombasa  and  Nyassaland.  In  the  Tring  Museum  22  S  6 , 
12  ?  ?  from  :  Delagoa  Bay,  Dar-es-Salaam,  Taveta  (June  and  July),  Mombasa. 

The  species  is  not  rare  in  the  coast  districts  from  Delagoa  Bay  to  Mombasa. 
In  the  specimens  from  tropical  (German  and  British)  East  Africa  the  blue 
respectively  white  discal  markings  or  bands  are  wider  than  in  the  individuals  from 
Delagoa  Bay.  In  the  c?c?  the  blue  streak  at  the  internal  margin  of  the  forewing 
aboce  is  in  specimens  from  Delagoa  Bay  8  to  1 1  mm.  long,  in  the  individuals  from 
tropical  East  Africa  11  to  14  mm.:  patch  SC" — R'  of  hindwing  is  4  or  5  mm.  long  in 
the  individuals  from  the  one,  5  to  11  mm.  in  those  from  the  other  region,  the  whitish 
blue  scaling  in  the  apical  portion  of  the  cell  is  more  restricted  in  the  Delagoa  Bay 
e.xaiuples,  and  the  outer  edge  of  the  blue  area  is,  on  the  wliole,  less  concave  between 
the  veins.  In  the  ?  ?  from  Delagoa  Bay  the  baud  of  the  forewing  is  only  4  mm. 
wide  at  (SM'),  against  (i  to  10  mm.  in  individuals  from  German  and  British  East 
Africa  ;  i;he  band  of  the  hindwing  is  also  obviously  narrower  both  iibove  and  below. 

The  Ckaraxes  recorded  by  Dr.  Holland  from  Brit.  E.  Africa,  as  CIi.  .riphares, 
I.e.,  belongs  to  C/i.  violetta  according  to  a  sketch  which  Dr.  Holland  kindly  seut  us. 

(P.  Median  bars  of  hindwing  below  not  continuous. 
e^.  Basal  area  of  forewing  jiale  blue. 

31.  Charaxes  bohemani. 

Ckaraxes  boheman'i  Felder,  Wien.  Ent.  .Von.  III.  p.  321.  n.  2i.  t.  t!.  f.  3.  (J  (1859)  (L.  Ngami)  ; 
Bull.,  Proe.  Zool.  Sue.  Lontl.  p.  630.  n.  31  (1865)  (S.  Afr.  V)  ;  id.,  Lep.  E.eot.  p.  28.  t.  10.  f.  3.  ? 
(1870)  (Zambesi)  ;  Druce,  Pror.  Ziml.  Sue.  Limd.  p.  412.  n.  8  (1875)  (Angola)  ;  Staud.,  Exot. 
Ta(J.  p.  170  (1886)  (Vivi,  Congo)  ;  Butl.,  Ann.  Mag.  N.  U.  (6).  VII.  p.  42.  n.  10  (1891) 
(Kandera,  Oct.)  ;  Trim.,  Prnc.  Zool.  .Sw.  Lund,  p  81.  n.  38  (1891)  (Omrora,  Aug.)  ;  Butl., 
Proi-.Zonl.  Soc.  Lmid.  p.  G49.  n.  21  (1893)  (Brit.  C.  Afr;,  Aug.)  ;  Selous,  ihid.  p.  16  (1894) 
(Manica)  ;  Trim.,  ibid.,  p.  44.  n.  70  (1894)  (Manica)  ;  Reb.  &  Rog.,  in  Baumann,  Miinxailaiid 
p.  332.  n.  102  (1894)  (Ulia) ;  Butl.,  I.e.  p.  256.  n.  20  (1895)  (Zomba)  ;  id.,  I.e.  p.  720  n.  15 
(1895)  (Zomba)  ;  id..  I.e.  p.  852.  n.  16  (1896)  (Nyassaland)  ;  id.,  Ann.  .Mag.  .V.  //.  (6).  XVIII. 
p.  69.  n.  6  (1896)  (Nyassaland);  id.,  Joum.  Linn.  Sue.  Land.  XXV.  p.  378.  n.  79  (1896) 
(Angola  ;  Congo  ;  Ngama's  ;  L.  Mweru  ;  Zomb*  ;  Kandera ;  Mamboia  ;  S.  Salvado  ;  Zambesi)  ; 
Lanz,  Iri.i  IX.  p.  143  (1896)  (Tanganika)  ;  Auriv.,  Koui;!.  Si:  Ahid.  Ilandl.  XXXI.  5.  p.  238. 
n.  36  (1899)  (E.  Afr.  ;  \V.  Afr.  south  of  Congo  ;  not  in  Cape  Colony  and  Natal). 

Nymphalia  bohemani,  Kirby,  Cat.  Dium.  Lfp.  p.  270.  n.  32  (1871)  (S.  Afr.). 

d  ? .  Body  above  grey  olive,  four  dots  on  head,  a  line  behind  eye  and  underside 
of  i)alpi  creamy  buff ;  sides  of  breast  and  legs  olivaceous,  seldom  creamy,  underside 
of  abdomen  creamy  (d),  or  olive  grey  (?). 


(  375  ) 

d.   Wings  ahoce  black,  slightly  bluish,  nearly  the  basal  half  of  forewiiig  and 

basal  two-thirds  of  liiiidwing  pale  blue,  purplish  iu  side-light. Forewiug  ;  outer 

edge  of  blue  area  obliiiue,  the  area  extending  to  near  apex  of  cell  or  a  little  beyond  ; 
black  outer  area  4  to  8  mm.  wide  at  SM^  a  white  spot  SC*— SC  6  to  0  mm.  from 
apex  of  wing,  oblique,  3  to  5  mm.  wide  anteriorly,  often  shaded  with  blue  at  edges, 
a  smaller  white  and  blue  spot  behind  it,  followed  by  one  or  more  tiny  blue  dots  ; 

faint  pale  blue  marginal  dots  ;  fringe  white,  except  at  ends  of  veins. Hindwing : 

blue  area  limited  in  front  by  SC^  except  in  basal  third  of  wing  where  it  extends 
to  (',  one  or  two  bine  patches  before  SC!^  posteriorly  the  area  stops  at  (SM'),  outer 
border  convex  ;  black  outer  area  7  to  13  mm.  wide  at  SC',  narrowing  behind, 
4  to  6  mm.  broad  at  M'  ;  a  series  of  pale  blue  submarginal  dots,  upper  one  often 
obsolete  ;  admarginal  pale  blue  spots  transverse,  mostly  incised  between  veins, 
creamy  at  veins,  npper  ones  obsolete  ;  abdominal  fold  olive  grey,  the  scales  within 
the  fold  bluish  ;  fringe  white,  black  at  tips  of  veins. 

Underside   varying    from    pale    fawn    colour    to    purplish    seal    brown,   outer 

marginal   region   paler  than   rest  of  wings. Forewing  :    white  or  bluish   white 

borders  of  bars  prominent ;  cell-bars  almost  straight ;  bar  D  faint ;  two  submediau 
bars  M' — (SM-)  slightly  varying  in  i)osition,  bar  M' — IP  proximal  of  base  of  M'  ; 
median  bars  R^— SM-  in  an  oblique  row,  corresponding  to  the  outer  edge  of  the 
blue  area  of  the  upperside,  almost  continuous,  each  bar  more  or  less  concave, 
bar  (SM')— SM^  often  vestigial,  sometimes  reaching  discal  bar  M" — SM",  median 
bar  R^ — R^  close  to  apex  of  cell,  bar  R' — R^  in  front  of  it,  but  seldom  clearly 
marked  ;  ground  colour  outside  the  median  bars  rather  paler  than  rest  of  disc, 
the  pale  band-like  area  corresponding  to  the  white  baud  of  the  ?  ;  black  discal 
bars  M^ — SM^  fused  to  one  thin  lunule,  the  other  discal  bars  also  luniform,  but 
small,  gradually  disappearing  towards  costal  margin,  each  followed  by  a  yellow 
lunule  of  larger  size,  the  upper  two,  however,  white  as  above,  shaded  with 
ochraceous  at  edges,  the  uppermost  one  not  quite  so  large  as  on  upperside,  the 
yellow  spots  R' — M'  small,  the  series  about  parallel  to  outer  margin  of  wing, 
except  uppermost  spot,  which  is  more  proximal  than  the  others,  distance  of  series 
from  Mjargin  about  7  to  9  mm.  ;  of  the  postdiscal  bars  at  the  outside  of  the  yellow 
spots  only  the  last  three  are  well  marked,  being  represented  by  black  triangular 
patches  outwardly  bordered  with  pale  blue,  this  blue  border  resembles  the  number  3 

between  M^  and  SM". Hindwing  :    bars  very  much  thinner  than  on  forewing, 

the  thin  white  borders,  especially  of  the  median  and  discal  series,  more  prominent 
than  the  black  bars,  these  being  partly  obsolete  ;  basal  costal  bar  curved,  pointing 
with  np|ier  end  towards  the  bent  of  PC,  seldom  absent  (in  one  of  Felder's  two 
specimens)  ;  subbasal  bars  C — M  nearly  continuous  ;  costal  submediau  bar  variable 
in  position,  often  in  front  of  subbasal  bar  C — SC^,  submediau  bars  C — M  about 
2  mm.  from  subbasal  ones,  entering  cell  at  or  beyond  base  of  R' ;  bar  D  very 
thin,  without  white  edge  ;  series  of  median  bars  very  irregular,  bars  SC' — R' 
and  R^ — R^  much  more  basal  than  the  others,  bars  M- — SM^  feeble,  at  M-  about 
4  mm.  from  discal  bar  ;  all  the  discal  bars  luniform,  their  white  borders  alone 
present  in  some  specimens,  except  bar  M'— SM'^,  which  is  always  well  marked, 
the  series  regular,  bar  C — SC^  only  more  basal  than  the  others,  the  white  bt)rders 
contiguous  with  wax  yellow,  more  or  less  distinct,  spots  which  are  distally  bordered 
by  vestiges  of  the  postdiscal  bars,  postdiscal  bar  M" — SM-  prominent,  parallel 
to  discal  one  ;  a  series  of  small  submarginal  white-blue-black  dots,  sometimes 
nearly  all  obsolete  ;  admarginal  luuules  wax  yellow,  huffish  at  veins,  upper  ones 


(  376  ) 

obsolete,  anal  one  olive  bnff ;  tails  slender,  acnte,  upper  one  4  to  6  mm.  long, 
second  2^  to  4  mm. 

? .    Wi/iffs  above. Forewing  with  a  white  band   bordering   the  blue  basal 

area,  the  band  about  7  mm.  broad,  at  SC^  °,  slightly  increasing  in  width  posteriorly, 
as  far  as  M',  then  much  narrower,  partition  M" — SM-  trapezoidal,  narrowest  before 
SM^,  upper  angle  of  cell  and  cross-veins  black,  sometimes  also  a  black  patch  at 
proximal  side  of  band  before  M'  and  another  behind  M',  outer  edge  of  band  concave 
between  M^  and  SM',  and  here  edged  with  blue  ;  white  subapical  (postdiscal) 
l)atches  as  in  cJ. Hindwing  :  as  in  <?,  but  admarginal  lunnles  larger. 

Underside. Forewing  :   white  band  as   above,  bordered    pro.\imally   by   the 

obliquely  placed,  heavy,  median  bars,  the  baud  contiguous  posteriorly  with  the 
discal  bar  JP — SM- ;  yellow  postdiscal  spots  heavier  than  in  <S  ;  interspace  between 

submedian   and   median   bars    M' — M-   often   all  black. Hindwing :    postdiscal 

and  admarginal  yellow  markings  larger  than  in  i  ;  discal  interspaces  sometimes 
with  a  vestige  of  a  huffish  band  at  the  outer  side  of  the  median  bars  ;  uj)per 
tail  of  nearly  even  width,  not  acute,  8  mm.  long,  second  pointed,  4  mm.  long. 

Length  of  forewing  :    c?,  36  to  44  mm. 
„  „  ? ,  45  to  47  mm. 

Penis-funnel  broad,  blunt  ;  penis  resembling  tiiat  of  Ck.  hipunctatus,  the 
ridge-like  dorsal  tooth  less  compressed  proximally. 

Hab.  From  Lake  Ngami  northwards  to  the  Lower  Congo  and  the  Massailand, 
not  in  Cape  Colony  and  Natal.  In  the  Tring  Museum  11  <?<?,  7  ??,  from: 
Lake  Ngami  (Wahlberg,  ti/pc)  ;  Blantyre ;  Likoma,  1.  viii.  96  and  23.  ix.  96 
(Button)  ;  Zomba,  x.  to  vii.  95  (Dr.  Percy  Kendall) ;  Mineni  Valley,  Manica, 
17.  iii.  92  (Selous) ;  Kuhiriri  R.,  Angola,  xi.  99  (Penrice)  ;  Mkengi,  Lower 
Congo  ;  Kariinia,  Congo  Free  State,  near  border  of  Torn,  1.  v.  99  (Dr.  Ansorge). 

The  individuals  {SS)  from  Ngami,  collected  by  Wahlberg,  from  which  Felder 
described  the  species,  are  much  smaller  than  individuals  from  other  localities,  and 
have  the  underside  of  the  body  uniformly  cream  colour  and  the  nndersurface  of 
the  wings  pale  fawn  ;  there  are  two  specimens  in  the  Felder  collection  marked 
ti/pe  ;  others  also  so  marked  are  in  the  Stockholm  Museum. 

Mr.  Crawshay,  Ann.  Mag.  N.  H.  (6)  XVIII.  p.  09,  says  :  "  Very  rarely  met 
with,  and  almost  impossible  to  take  unless  when  indulging  its  foul  appetite  for 
putrid  flesh  or  excrement.  This  specimen  I  took  feeding  on  leopard's  excrement 
at  the  side  of  the  path  in  open  forest." 

/^  Basal  area  of  forewing  not  pale  blue. 

c\  cJ,  hindwing  with  broad  pale  blue,  or  pale  blue  and  white,  band  ;  basal 
half  of  underside  of  forewing  not  bluish  grey  ;  ? ,  hindwing  with  a  broad  bluish 
white  or  huffish  banil. 

32.  Charaxes  xiphares. 

$  .  Pajulin  Kqiies  Achivus  xiphares  Cramer,  Piqi.  E.r.it.  IV.  p.  171.  t.  377.  f.  A.  B  (1781 )  (Cap.  b.  sp.) ; 

Fabr.,  .Unnl.  his.  II.  p.  11.  n.  98  (1787). 
(J.  Papilio  Eqiiis  .InjiMauliciis  t!ii/esks  Stoll,  in  Cram.,  P(y>.  Ej-ot.  Sujipl.  p.  144.  t.  32.  f.  2.  'ii! 

(1790). 
?.  Papilio   Eqiies  Arhii-us  .ryj/hares  (!),  Jablonsky  &  Herbst,  Nature.  Schmett.  IV.  p.  47.  n    U6. 

t.  60.  t.r>.  G  (1790). 
?  .  Papi)ii)  Sijmphalis  xi/iharm,  Fabricius,  Eiit.  Syst.  III.  1.  p.  71.  n.  221  (1793). 
Enbopa  thyestesm  (!)  Hiibuer,  Ver:.  bek.  Schmett.  p.  47.  n.  432  (1816-27). 
Eriboea  xyphuris  (!)  Hiibner,  I.e.  n.  434. 


(  377  ) 

(J.  Nymphalis  ihiirius  Godart,  Eiic.  Melh.  IX.  p.  354.  n.  15  (1823)  (Caffraria  ;  synon.  "  thieste 

StoU  "  !  !). 
?.  Nymphalis  xiphares  Godart,  /.r.  p.  357.  n.  26  (1823)  (Cap.  b.  sp.)  ;  Doubl.,  Westw.  &  Hew., 

Gen.  Ditirn.  Lep.  II.  p.  309.  n.  19  (1850)  (Cap.  b.  sp.), 
$.  Chamxes  xiphares,  Doubleday,  List.  Lep.  Ins.  Bril.  Mus.  I.  p.  Ill  (1844)  (Cap.  b.  sp.)  ;  Butl., 

Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Loud.  p.  631.  n.  35  (1865)  (Cap.  b.  sp. ;    ?  of  thieste  ?). 
(J  ?  .  Charaxes  xipJuirex,  Boisduval,   in  Delegorgue,   Vmj.  Afr.  Atistr.  II.  p.  593.  n.  81   (1847) 

(Pt.  Natal  ;    ?  =xq>}ian.i,  ^  =thi)estes)  ;  But].,  Cat.  Diurn.  Lep.  desei:  Fabricius  p.  51.  n.  7 

(1869)  (S.  Afr.)  ;  Trimen  &  Bowk.,  S.  Afr.  Butl.  I.  p.  346.  n.   117   (1887)   (Cape  Colony  ; 

Caffraria);  iid.,  I.e.  III.  p.  408  (1889)  (Barberton)  ;  Butl.,  Journ.  Lhtn.  Soe.  Loml.  XXV.  p. 

376.  n.  75  (1896)  (Cap.  b.  sp.)  ;  Dist.,  An,,.  .Uag.  N.  H.  (7)  I.  p.  51  (1898)  ;  Auriv.,  Kmirjl  Sv. 

Akad.  Ilamll.  XXXI.  5.  p.  239.  n.  42  (1899)  (Cape  Colony,  CafEraria  ;  not  Brit.  E.  Afr.). 
(J.  Kymphalis  thieste  (!),  Doubleday,  Westw.  &  Hew., /.c.  p.  309.  n.   18  (1850)  (Caffraria;  "an 

iV.  xijdiares  mas  ?  "). 
cJ  $.  Xi/,nph(dis  xiphares,  Trimen,  Rhop.  Afr.  Aiistr.  I.  p.  167.  n.  97  (1862)  (pt.)  ;  Kirby,  Cat. 

Diurn.  Lep.  p.  270.  n.  33  (1871)  (Afr.  m.). 
(J.  Chanu-es  thieste  (!),  Butler,  Proc.  Znol  Soc.  Land.  p.  631.  n.  34  (1865)  (Caffraria  ;  "  thurias 

Godart,"  "  thiestcssa  Hiibn."  err.  calam.). 

(?  ? .  Bof/y  above,  olive  black,  head  and  collar  more  rnsset  brown,  four  dots  on 
head  and  a  line  behind  eye  white  ;  beneath  sepia  brown,  palpi  clay  colour,  with  the 
vestige  of  a  white  line  close  to  eye,  abdomen  dark  clay  colour  in  $ ;  femora  speckled 
with  white  scaling. 

$.    Wings  above:   bluish   black,  with  pale  bine   markings,  which  assume  a 

purplish  tint  in  side-light. Forewing :  four  discal  spots  between  R'  and  M",  the 

upper  two  1  or  2  mm.  from  cell,  small,  the  other  two  a  little  larger  and  more  distal ; 
a  complete  series  of  postdiscal  dots,  parallel  to  outer  margin,  curving  basad  at  both 
ends,  the  middle  one  the  smallest,  8  mm.  from  outer  margin,  all  blue  except  the 
upper  two,  which  are  white  ;  margin  with  ill-defined  ochraceous  dots  ;  fringe  white, 

excejit  at  ends  of  veins. Hindwing  :    a   blue  band  across  middle   from  C   to 

abdominal  fold,  iuterrnpted  at  SC',  indented  upon  the  other  veins,  proximally 
sinuate  between  R'  and  R^,  width  6  mm.  between  SC^  and  R',  9  mm.  before  M^  its 
outer  edge,  taken  as  a  whole,  somewhat  convex,  posteriorly  nearer  the  margin  of 
wing  than  in  front,  distance  at  M'  9  mm.  ;  a  complete  series  of  blue  submarginal 
dots,  all  separated  ;  a  series  of  ill-defined,  ochraceous,  admarginal  spots,  which 
mostly  extend  to  edge  of  wing  upon  internervular  folds  ;  abdominal  fold  olive,  paler 
towards  abdominal  margin. 

Underside :  sepia  brown,  outer  area  slightly  shaded  with  ochraceous,  discal 
interspaces  of  both  wings  drab  at  outer  side  of  median  bars  ;  resembling  the  under- 
side of  bohemani,  but  bars  of  hindwing  heavier. Forewing  :  bar  edged  with  bluish 

white  ;  cell-bars  almost  straight,  faintly  concave  proximally,  cell,  except  apical 
interspace,  drab  brown  ;  submedian  bars  M' — SM'^  continuous  with  one  another  and 
with  coil-bar  4  ;  bar  D  thin  ;  median  bars  R-^ — SM^  in  a  very  oblique  row,  the  last 
touching  discal  bar,  all  three  slightly  concave  distally,  with  rather  heavy  bluish 
white  borders,  median  bar  R^— R'only  1  to  2  mm.  from  cross-vein;  discal  series  of 
bars  obsolete  towards  costal  margin,  contiguous  with  gallstone  yellow  halfmoons  at 
outer  side  up  to  R',  between  SC"  and  R'  the  halfmoons  are  replaced  by  two  wliite, 
rounded,  dots  ;  contignons  with  these  spots  are  the  postdiscal  patches  of  which 
patches  M' — SM-  are  large  and  black,  while  the  others  are  small  and  olive  and  ill- 
defined,  patches  M' — SM^  heavily  bordered  with  blue  distally,  the  blue  scaling 
between  M-  and  SM'^  resembling  the  number  3  ;  admarginal  interspaces  somewhat 

ochraceous  gallstone  yellow,  this  colour  more  obvious  between  M'  and  SJI-. 

Hindwing  :  basal  costal  bar  further  away  from  PC  than  in  C/i.  bohemani :  no  costal 


(  378  ) 

snbbasal  bar  ;  costal  snbmecliau  bar  more  basal  than  tbe  other  two  submediaa  bara  ; 
snbbasal  and  submedian  bars  C— M  nearly  parallel,  rather  closer  together  thau  in 
bohemani ;  bar  U  thin  ;  costal  median  bar  a  little  more  distal  than  median  bar 
C — S(_'-,  all  median  bars  with  rather  heavy,  white,  outer  border,  bars  R' — W  con- 
tinuous, ]{' — If-  being  very  little  more  distal  than  R- — 11',  while  bar  li' — M'  is  about 
2  mm.  more  distal  ;  discal  bars  luniform,  upper  ones  less  well-defined  than  the 
posterior  ones,  bars  R' — R'  more  distal,  all  followed  by  ochraceous  gallstone  yellow 
halfmoons,  which  are  bordered  distally  by  the  ill-defined,  more  or  less  patch-like, 
postdiscal  bars  ;  a  series  of  white  and  blue  submargiiial  spots,  posterior  ones  suc- 
ceeded by  black  dots  ;  admarginal  interspaces  tawny  olive  ;  tails  short,  triangular, 
blunt,  upper  one  2J  mm.  long,  second  2  mm. 

?.   Wivgs  above  :  blackish  brown,  slightly  pur])lish. Forewiiig:  an  oblique 

band  of  five  patches,  upper  three  between  S(_''  and  W  1  to  2  mm.  from  cross  veins, 
fused  together,  the  veins  being  very  thinly  brown,  about  4  to  5  mm.  wide,  patch 
R' — M'  7  mm.  from  base  of  M',  diameters  4  and  5  mm.,  patch  M'— M'  obliquely 
behind  it,  very  oblique,  often  touching  distally  the  ])Ostdiscal  spot,  behind  M-  there 
is  often  a  sixth,  small,  white  spot ;  a  jiostdiscal  series  of  small  spots  as  in  S ,  upper 
two  white,  the  others  more  or  less  ill-defined,  sometimes  vestigial,  buff;  marginal 

dots  ochraceous  buff,  indistinct,  except  dots  M-— SM'^ Hiudwing  :  a  very  broad 

buff  band  occupying  centre  of  wing  from  costal  to  abdominal  margin,  about  9  mm. 
broad  behind  SC",  10  mm.  in  middle,  shaded  with  fuscous  behind  (SM'),  partition 
C — SC"  often  whitish,  mostly  with  a  small  spot  at  outer  side,  often  rednced  in  size 
and  separated  from  rest  of  band  ;  band  penetrating  into  cell,  its  inner  edge  ill- 
defined,  outer  edge  convex,  not  quite  parallel  to  outer  margin  of  wing,  more  or  less 
indented  upon  veins,  subangulate  before  R^ ;  a  series  of  pale  blue  snbmarginal  dots, 
partly  centred  white  ;  admarginal  interstitial  parts  transverse,  ochreous  or  ochra- 
ceous bufl',  s])ots  C — SC-  absent,  SC^ — R'  mostly  vestigial  ;  fringe  white,  except  at 
tips  of  veins. 

Underside  somewhat  paler  than  in  <?,  drab  brown. Forewiug  :  bars  as  in 

(J  ;  median  bar  R' — R-  often  marked  ;  white  discal  patches  as  above,  rather  wider, 
bordered  proximally  by  the  median  bars,  of  which  bars  R'^ — M'  are  continuous, 
interspace  between  curved  bar  M^ — SM"  and  discal  bar  also  white  ;  postdiscal 
interstitial  spots  SC — R'  white,  larger  than  in  S,  rounded,  the  following  three 

white   proximally,  yellow   distally. Hindwing  :   slightly  paler   than  forewing  ; 

median  bars  with  heavy  white  outer  border,  which  often  develops  to  a  white  band 
which  is  extended  to  the  discal  luniform  bars,  but  remains  more  or  less  shaded  with 
drab  brown  distally  ;  white  snbmarginal  spots  arched,  blue  ones  rather  large,  except 
upper  two  or  three  ;  admarginal  gallstone  yellow  interstices  rather  well-defined  ; 
upper  tail  of  nearly  even  width,  rounded  at  tip,  9  mm.  long,  second  short,  tri- 
angular, blunt,  curving  frontad,  4  mm.  long. 
Length  of  forewing  :  c^,  43  mm. 

„  „  ? ,  50  to  52  mm. 

Ilab.  Cape  Colony  and  Natal.  In  the  Tring  Museum  1,  cJ  3  ?  ?  from  Natal. 
"This  grand  C/iarajrs,"  says  Trimen,  I.e.,  p.  348,  "inhabits  the  woods  of  the 
Cape  Colony  and  of  KaflVaria  Proper  as  far  eastward  as  the  Basheo  river.  In  Natal 
it  is  replaced  by  the  closely  allied  C.  cithaeron,  Feld.,  which  does  not  as  yet  appear 
to  have  been  taken  elsewhere.  The  actual  district  in  Kafl"raria  where  xiphares 
gives  place  to  cithaeron  is  not  known.  At  Knysna  and  Plettenberg  Bay  I  met 
with  C.  .li^ihares  not  uncommonly  from  the  miildle  of  December  until  the  middle 


(  379  ) 

of  May.  Both  sexes  hannt  by  preference  the  outskirts  of  woods,  seeming  to  delight 
in  short  flights  of  great  velocity  over  open  spaces,  ending  in  a  return  to  the  tree 
stem  or  projecting  twig  they  have  quitted.  The  moist  exudations  on  the  trunks 
and  branches  always  attract  this  butterfly,  and  I  have  frequently  seen  three  or  four 
specimens  together  busily  engaged  in  drinking  at  one  of  the  supplies  of  moisture. 
I  have  more  than  once  disturbed  a  ?  at  rest  on  quite  a  low  bush,  but  the  c?,  though 
occasionally  descending  to  within  a  few  feet  of  the  ground,  never  appears  to  settle 
except  at  a  considerable  height.  Mrs.  Barber  has  often  observed  the  ?  at  high- 
lands near  Grahamstown — and  I  noticed  examples  there  and  at  Mitford  Park  in 
1870 — but  singularly  enough  has  never  seen  the  c?  on  the  wing.  Colonel  Bowker, 
who  forwarded  several  fine  examples  of  both  sexes  from  Kaifraria  Proper,  noted  the 
species  as  'rare'  on  the  Bashee  River.  Mr.  W.  C.  Scully,  who  has  lately  (1885) 
observed  the  species  in  woods  near  Seymour  (Eland's  Post),  found  that  a  large 
number  of  these  butterflies  were  attracted  by  the  sap  e.xuding  from  a  climbing 
composite  shrub,  the  stem  of  which  he  had  wounded  for  the  purpose." 

33.  Charaxes  cithaeron. 

Charaxes  cithaeron  Felder,  Wlen.  Ent.  Mon.  HI.  p.  398.  t.  8.  f .  2.  (J .  3.  ?  (1859)  (Natal) ;  ButL, 
Prnc.  Zoo}.  Soc.  Lonil  p.  631.  n.  33  (1865)  (Natal)  ;  Gooch,  Eiitom.  XIV.  p.  6.  7  (1881)  (Natal, 
larva)  ;  Spiller,  ihUl.  XV.  p.  8  (1882)  (Natal)  ;  Staud.,  E.tnl.  Turjf.  p.  170  (1880)  (Natal)  ; 
Dewitz,  Nov.  Act.  Leoji.  Cur.  Ak.  Xtit.  h.  5.  p.  371  (1887)  (Ngura)  ;  Trim.  &  Bowk.,  S.  Afr. 
Butt.  I.  p.  345.  n.  116  (1887)  (Natal,  metam.  !)  ;  But!.,  Proc.  Zuol.  Soc.  Land.  p.  G49.  n.  23 
(1893)  (Zomba,  ?)  ;  Trim.,  ihul.  p.  45.  n.  71  (1894)  (Manica)  ;  Butl.,  I.e.  p.  256.  n.  19  (1895) 
(Zomba)  ,  id.,  I.e.  p.  720.  n.  14  (1895)  (Zomba)  ;  id.,  Jourii.  Linn.  Soc.  Lond.  XXV.  p.  375. 
n.  70  (1896)  (Natal ;  Transvaal  ;  Zomba  ;  Kilimandjaro) ;  id.,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Lond.  p.  397. 
n.  10  (1898)  (Brit.  E.  Afr.)  ;  Auriv.,  Kongl.  Sr.  Ak.  Hand!.  XXXI.  5.  p.  239.  n.  41  (1899) 
(pt. ;  Natal  ;  Transvaal  ;  Manica  ;  Nyassa  ;  Kilimandjaro  ;  Brit.  E.  A.). 

Nyniphali-t  xijihares  var.  .1.  {cilliaeron  Felder),  Trimen,  lihuji.  Afr.  jlnxlr.  p.  1G9.  sub  n.  97  (18G2) 
(Natal). 

Nymphalis  cithaeron,  Kirby,  Cat.  Diurn.  Lep.  p.  270.  n.  33rt  (1871)  (Natal). 

6  ? .  Body  above  olive  black,  anteriorly  slightly  russet,  four  dots  on  head,  a 
line  behind  and  two  dots  on  collar  cream  colour  ;  undersif/e  clay-colour,  sides  of 
breast  darker,  palpi  of  both  sexes  and  abdomen  of  <S  almost  creamy  bnfi",  palpi  with 
the  vestige  of  a  white  line  close  to  eye  ;  femora  black  with  white,  dispersed,  scales. 

S.   Wings  above  blue-black,  glossy  in  basal  area,  with  pale  blue  markings, 

which  assume  a  purple  tint  in  side-light. Forewing  :  a  series  of  pale  blue  discal 

spots  ;  three  spots  SC' — R^  elongate,  close  to  cross-veins,  the  uppermost  often 
absent,  two  spots  R^ — M^  more  distal,  generally  smaller,  seldom  a  little  larger 
than  the  blue-black  interspace  between  them,  distally  often  concave,  the  second 
sometimes  oblique,  two  more  spots  between  M-  and  SM",  sometimes  vestigial,  often 
merged  together  ;  a  postdiscal  series  of  spots,  parallel  to  outer  margin,  but  spot 
SC* — SC  more  proximal,  upper  two  white,  the  others  pale  blue,  spot  R' — R-  the 
smallest,  diameter  about  1  mm.,  the  following  often  little  larger,  but  sometimes 
gradually  and  considerably  increasing  in  size,  spots  M- — SM-  not  rarely  merged 
together,  forming  witli  the  respective  discal  spots  a  large  square  patch,  the  centre 
of  which  shows,  however,  some  blue-black  scales  of  the  ground  colour,  this  patch, 
about  6  mm.  from  outer  margin  in  front  of  SM* ;  along  internal  margin,  behind 
the  discal  and  postdiscal  series,  stands  a  long  pale  blue  patch,  varying  in  length 
from  8  to  15  mm.,  often  very  narrow,  sometimes  contiguous  with  patch  M- — SM- ; 
marginal  dots  buffisli  or  bluisli,  only  the  jmsterior  ones  marked  in  most  individuals; 


(  380  ) 

fringe  white,  except  at  ends  of  veius. Hiudwiug  :  a  bluish  white  patch,  which  is 

more  white  liehind  than  in  front,  extends  from  R'  to  abdominal  fold,  is  6  to  8  mm. 
broad  behind  ]{',  and  \2  to  14  at  M",  it  stops  proxinially  mostly  at  D',  bnt  apex 
of  cell  generally  with  some  blnish  white  scaling,  and  reaches  behind  cell  to  base 
of  M'-,  onter  edge  of  patch  incised  at  U-,  and  often  also  at  R^,  mostly  slightly 
concave  between  posterior  veins  ;  the  patch  is  preceded  bj'  a  rounded  or  elongate 
spot  in  front  of  R',  this  spot  seldom  contiguous  with  the  jiatch  ;  before  SC"  we  find 
one  discal  and  one  postdiscal  spot,  either  of  the  two  often  absent,  sometimes  both 
wanting  ;  black  outer  area  gradually  narrowing  beliind,  4  to  6  mm.  broad  at  M', 
7  to  8  mm.  at  11- ;  a  complete  series  of  pale  blue  submarginal  spots,  well-marked, 
but  spot  C — S(7  occasionally  absent,  more  or  less  rounded,  posterior  ones  sometimes 
transverse,  mostly  with  minute  white  centres  ;  admai-ginal  interstitial  spots  yellow 
or  yellow  butt',  transverse,  pointing  distad  at  ends,  often  sliaded  with  blue  in 
middle,  or  interrupted,  posterior  ones  mostly  touching  each  other  at  veins,  no  such 
spot  before  SC'%  spot  SC- — R'  also  often  absent ;  fringe  creamy  white  between 
veins ;  abdominal  fold  dirty  white,  clayish  distally,  often  somewhat  bluish  in 
centre,  base  mostly  blackish,  long  hairs  in  front  of  it  black  in  basal  two-fifths,  then 
dirty  white. 

Underside  pale  tawny  olive,  with  a  gallstone  yellow  tint,  bars  individually 

variable   in   thickness. Forewing :    discal    interspaces    yellowish   at   outside   of 

median  bars,  cell  often  of  the  same  yellow  tint ;  basal  cell-bar  often  indicated  by 
an  obscure  dot,  cell-bar  2  nearly  straight,  3  slightly  curved,  occasionally  interrupted, 
bar  4  mostly  distinctly  curved  twice  in  costal  half :  bar  D  thin,  but  complete  ; 
submedian  bars  1  to  2  mm.  apart,  bar  M' — M-  proximal  of  base  of  M',  but 
distal  of  lower  end  of  cell-bar  4,  submedian  bars  and  upper  cell-bar  with  a 
thin  bluish  white  distal  border,  besides  the  normal  bluish  white  jiroximal  border, 
cell-bars  2  and  3  with  distinct  bluish  white  border  at  both  sides  ;  median 
bars  R^ — SM-  concave  distally,  sometimes  angle-shaped,  the  bars  generally 
touching  each  other,  forming  an  oblique  series,  bars  M'^ — SM-  mostly  fused 
together  either  to  a  single  halfmoon,  or  to  a  marking  which  resembles  the 
number  3,  5  to  T  mm.  distant  at  (SM')  from  discal  lunule,  median  bars  R' — R' 
1  to  2  mm.  from  cross-veins,  the  upper  of  the  two  often  vestigial  or  absent ;  discal 
bars  M' — SM"  distinct,  black,  regularly  arched,  the  other  discal  bars  vestigial  or 
absent,  forming  the  proximal  borders  of  a  series  of  postdiscal  interstitial  spots,  of 
which  the  upper  two  are  white,  the  others  ochreous  yellow,  and  which  are  situated 
as  on  iipperside  ;  postdiscal  bars  M' — SM-  represented  by  black  spots,  the  other 
postdiscal  bars  not  often  vestigial,  spots  M- — SM-  merged  together  to  a  large  patch 
which  is  incised  distally  upon  (SM'),  and  has  a  conspicuous,  pale  Idue,  outer  border 
which  resembles  the  number  3,  patch  M'  —  M-  also  more  or  less  obviously  bordered 
blue  distally  ;  admarginal  interspaces  ill-defined,  wax  yellow  ;  marginal  dots  butt', 
often   obsolete,   internal   area   (or  part   of   it)   from    (SM')    to    internal    margin 

often   fuscous. Hindwing :   bars    thinner   than   on  forewing,  sometimes  ])artly 

obsolete  ;  costal  snbl)asal  bar  at  outer  side  of  PC  mostly  absent,  costal  submedian 
bar  always  in  front  of  subbasal  bar  C — SC",  either  straight  or  pointing  distad  ; 
costal  median  bar  a  very  little  more  proximal  than  median  bar  C — SC^,  or  just  in  front 
of  it ;  discal  bar  SC' — R'  generally  only  1  mm.,  seldom  2  mm.,  more  proximal  than 
bar  C — SC^ ;  admarginal  gallstone  yellow  interstitial  markings  paler  at  veins, 
shaded  with  olive  bntt'  between  veins,  especially  the  posterior  ones,  anal  one  all 
olive  butt';   white    submarginal  dots    mostly  all   present,  followed   by   blue   ones 


(  381   ) 

of  which  the  upper  two  or  four  are  often  obsolete,  aud  these  followed  again  by 
black  dots  which  are  generally  present  at  least  between  veins  R'-*  and  SM- ;  discal 
bars  short  and  thin,  postdiscal  ones  mostly  obsolete,  or  only  vestigial ;  tails  pointed, 
upper  one  5  to  T  mm.  long,  second  3  to  4|  mm. 

?.    Wiii(/s  above  purplish  seal  brown,  somewhat  paler  at  base,  long  hairs  in 

basal  area  of  hindwing  olivaceous. Forewing  :  a  transverse,  curved,  discal  band 

from  costal  to  inner  margin,  1  to  2  mm.  from  cross-veins,  white,  slightly  shaded 
with  violet  at  edges,  especially  behind,  its  iimer  edge  triangularly  sinuate  at  hinder 
side  of  R^,  convex  between  the  veins,  but  mostly  concave  between  M-  and  SJI', 
enter  edge  sinuate  between  R-  and  R'  in  most  specimens,  more  or  less  indented 
upon  veins,  the  band  widest  (8  to  12  mm.)  between  M'  and  M-,  but  on  the  whole 
of  nearly  even  width,  jiatch  at  internal  margin  often  prolonged,  the  streak  along 
costal  margin  also  generally  prolonged  basad  ;  postdiscal  series  of  spots  represented, 
at  least,  by  two  white  spots  SC* — R',  which  are  larger  than  in  cJ,  often  shaded 
with  violet  at  edges,  aud  followed  in  many  specimens  by  one  to  four  small  huffish 
white  dots  the  last  one  of  which,  between  M'  and  M',  often  touches  the  band  ; 

admarginal  buff  dots  M- — SM-  often  present. Hindwing  :  a  large  white  central 

l)atch,  much  shaded  with  purple,  especially  at  edges,  variable  in  width,  expanded 
between  costal  margin  aud  abdominal  fold,  proximally  limited  by  median  bars 
C — R",  which  are  vestigial  or  show  through  from  underside,  penetrating  a  little 
into  apex  of  cell,  or  stopping  at  D',  outer  edge  convex,  almost  parallel  to  outer 
margin,  but  farther  away  from  it  in  front  than  behind,  width  of  patch  before 
R^  10  to  14  mm.,  before  SC^  3|  to  6  mm.,  at  outer  side  of  band  before  SC-  there 
is  sometimes  an  isolated  postdiscal  spot,  similar  spots  occasionally  indicated  between 
SO-  and  R^  more  or  less  incompletely  isolated  ;  abdominal  fold  bluish  white,  buff 
or  clay  colour  distally  ;  submarginal  blue  spots  as  in  S ,  often  larger,  posterior 
ones  mostly  transverse;  admarginal  interstitial  spots  as  in  S,  spot  SC- — R' 
generally  better  marked,  coloi;r  varying  from  cream  to  ochreous,  posterior  spots 
sometimes  nearly  all  blue. 

Underside  similar  to  that  of  S ,  band  of  forewing  as  above,  but  less  curved, 
patch  M- — SM-  square  or  posteriorly  narrower  than  anteriorly,  often  completely 
divided  by  a  black  streak  on  (SM')  ;  discal  interspaces  of  hindwing  most  pale  clay- 
colour  at  median  bars  ;  upper  tail  of  nearly  even  width,  not  pointed,  8  to  10  mm. 
long,  second  pointed,  slightly  curved  frontad,  4  to  6  mm.  long. 
Length  of  forewing  :  cj,  42—46  mm. 
„  „  ?,  46— 52  mm. 

Penis  closely  resembling  that  of  t'h.  bipunctatas,  being  armed  with  a  sinistro- 
lateral  subapical  tooth  and,  proximally,  with  a  dorsal  tooth-like  ridge. 

Ilnb.  East  Africa  from  Natal  northwards  to  Nyassaland,  German  and  British 
East  Africa  ;  its  northern  limit  is  most  likely  the  Victoria  Nyanza  and  the  hills 
south  of  the  Keuia.  In  the  Nandi  country  the  western  Ch.  smaragdalis  already 
appears.  In  the  Tring  Museum  2SS,  12??  from:  Durban,  Natal;  Rikatla, 
Delagoa  Bay  ;  Lauderdale,  and  Zomba  (October  to  December),  Brit.  C.  Afr.  ; 
Mikindani,  Germ.  E.  Afr.  ;    Mombasa. 

The  male»  from  Natal,  Delagoa  Bay,  Nyassaland,  Mozambique,  and  the 
coast  region  of  German  East  Africa  do  not  apparently  exhibit  any  geographical 
variation,  ihn  females  from  Mombasa,  British  East  Africa,  differ  obviously  from 
the  individuals  from  the  other  localities  mentioned  ;  while  in  the  Natal  ?  ?  the 
white  baud  of  tlie  forewing  above  is  8  to  10  mm.  distant  from  outer  margin  of 


(  382  ) 

wing  behind  M',  the  distance  is  onl_v  <!  mm.  in  the  ?  ?  from  Mombasa,  the  band 
being  broader  in  these  individuals  (1 1  mm.)  ;  on  the  hind  wing  the  band  is  also  very 
wide  in  the  latter  specimens,  the  black  outer  area  of  the  wing  measuring  only  8  mm. 
at  M',  the  band  is  15  mm.  wide  at  M-  in  one  specimen,  10  mm.  in  the  other  ;  the 
discal  bar  M- — SM"  separating  the  white  band  on  the  underside  of  the  forewing 
from  the  yellow  lunnle  is  very  thin,  being  comiwsed  of  scattered  black  scales,  and 
the  median  liar  M" — SM-  is  less  oblique  than  in  the  ?  ?  from  other  places. 

A  ?  in  the  Berlin  Museum  from  Usaramo,  German  East  Africa  (Stnhlmann) 
agrees  fairly  well  with  the  Mombasa  examples.  It  is  possible  that  the  differences 
here  pointed  out  will  be  fonnd  to  be  more  or  less  constant. 

Dr.  Trimen  (I.e.)  gives  the  following  description  of  the  larva  and  the  habits  of 
C/t.  cit/iaeron : — 

"  Labva. — Deeper  or  lighter  green,  closely  granulated  with  yellow,  on  back  ; 
light  bluish  green  or  light  bluish  grey  on  under  surface  ;  a  chrome-yellow  lateral- 
inferior  stripe  from  second  segment  to  anal  extremity,  which  is  bifid  into  two  acute 
processes  of  the  same  yellow  as  the  stripes.  On  sixth  and  eighth  segments  the 
yellow  stripes  are  connected  by  a  backward-cnrved,  almost  semicircular,  transverse, 
yellow  stripe  ;  on  back,  just  preceding  the  hinder  portion  of  each  transverse  stripe, 
a  dark  purple  spot,  composed  of  two  small  spots  connected  by  indistinct  purple 
lineolae.  On  each  side  of  eleventh  segment,  a  small  yellow  spot,  just  above 
longitudinal  stripe.  Head  rather  large,  green,  surmounted  by  four  serrated  green 
horns  (of  which  the  two  middle  ones  are  longer  than  the  others  and  divergent) ;  face 
and  outer  edge  of  horns  bordered  with  yellow  ;  between  the  two  middle  horns  a  pair 
of  small,  acute,  black-pointed  tubercles.  Feeds  on  the  flat-crown  acacia  {Zi/yia 
fastigiata)  in  March  and  April. 

"  Pupa. — Light  green,  slightly  maculated  with  white.  A  silvery  white  line 
running  along  curved  edges  of  wing  covers  to  summit  of  head,  interrupted  on  the 
line  of  the  antennae.  Anal  segment  produced,  and  bearing  three  pairs  of  small 
jiointed  tubercles. 

"  The  above  description  of  the  larva  and  pupa  are  made  from  notes  and  drawings 
of  Natalian  specimens  communicated  to  me  by  Captain  H.  (_'.  Harford  and  Mr.  W.  D. 
Gooch.  The  former  gentleman  wrote  that  he  found  several  of  the  larvse  almost  full- 
grown  in  the  month  of  April,  and  that  shortly  before  becoming  pnpiu  they  changed 
to  a  very  light  green.     The  butterflies  were  disclosed  after  thirteen  days'  pujiation. 

"  This  close  ally  of  C.  xipliares  (Cram.)  is  readily  recognised  by  the  characters 
given  above,  which  appear  to  be  quite  constant.  It  seems  also  to  be  quite  a  local 
form,  as  I  have  seen  no  examples  except  from  the  coast  of  Natal,  and  have  found  no 
record  of  its  occurrence  elsewhere. 

"At  D'Urban,  Port  Natal,  cithaeron  is  of  very  frequent  occurrence.  From  the 
middle  of  February  to  the  beginning  of  April  1867  I  observed  many  specimens  of 
both  sexes,  frequenting  chiefly  the  '  sucking  places  '  on  tiie  stems  and  branches  of 
Zygia  fastigiata  (the  flat-crown  acacia),  on  which  tree,  as  abiive  noted,  the  larva 
lives,  and  of  Acacia  lebheck.  Another  favourite  resort  of  this  butterfly  was  an 
exudation  on  the  stem  of  Oiicoba  spinosa  in  the  Botanic  Garden.  In  habits  and 
flight  it  entirely  resembles  its  close  congener.  I  observed  a  specimen  on  the  wing  on 
June  23rd,  1S05;  and  Colonel  Bowker  has  taken  examples  in  the  mouth  of  August ; 
but  they  are  only  numerous  in  the  summer  months.  When  within  reach,  specimens 
engaged  in  feeding  are  easily  captured.  The  paired  sexes  were  taken  by  Colonel 
Bowker,  and  sent  to  me  in  August  1881." 


(  383  ) 
34.  Charaxes  smaragdalis. 

Cluirii.rrs  smiiriigfhlis  Butler,  Prur.  Zoal.  .S'oo.  Luml.  p.  630.  d.  32  t.  36.  f.  5.  ^  (18G5)  (.Congo)  ; 
id.,  Lq,.  Exot.  p.  5.  t.  2.  f.  1.  ?   (18G9)  (Congo). 

Differs  from  (7;.  citliaeron  constantly  in  the  following  characters  :  — 

(?.  Wings  above  :  large  blue  jiatches  of  forewiug  from  M'  (or  M')  to  internal 
margin  a  little  more  distal  :  Lund  of  hiudwing  pale  blue,  whitish  only  proximally  at 
abdominal  fold,  broader,  especially  in  the  middle,  than  in  cithaeron,  hence  black 

enter  area    more    reduced ;    admarginal   spots   blue,   nearly   white   at   veins. 

Underside  :  bars  mnch  heavier  than  in  cithaeron,  especially  on  forewing,  ground 
colour  darker,  more  olive,  hence  the  pale  yellowish  spots  more  prominent;  postdiscal 
patches  of  forewing  distally  bordered  by  pale  bluish  half-rings. 

?.    Wings  above:  band  of  forewing  more  blue  behind,  less  curved;  band  of 

hindwing  blue,  admarginal  spots  blue,  almost  white  at  veins. Underside  :  darker, 

bars  of  forewing  a  very  little  thicker,  postdiscal  patches  of  forewing  as  in  i. 

To  these  distinguishing  characters  we  must  add  the  greater  size  of  the  blue 
patches  on  the  forewing  between  M^  and  internal  margin  and  on  the  hindwing 
between  C  and  R',  but  these  characters  vary  so  much  in  either  species  that  they 
cannot  serve  to  distinguish  all  specimens  of  the  one  from  all  individuals  of  the 
other. 

A  i  from  Ran,  Nandi  country,  British  East  Africa,  and  another  from 
Landana,  Congo  Free  State,  have  patch  M- — SM-  of  the  forewiug  not  broader 
than  certain  examjiles  of  Ch.  cithaeron  from  Natal  and  N3'assaland. 

Penis  and  penis-funnel  as  in  Ch.  cithaeron. 

Ilab.  West  Africa  from  Sierra  Leone  to  Angola,  and  as  far  east  as  the  Nandi 
country  in  the  Uganda  Protectorate. 

Ch.  cithaeron  and  the  two  local  forms  of  Ch.  smaragdulis  are  geographical 
representatives.  The  characters  of  the  individual  from  British  East  Africa  men- 
tioned before  (unfortunately  in  a  very  bad  state  of  preservation)  make  it  probable 
that  a  longer  series  from  the  interior  of  British  East  Africa  will  show  all  the 
connecting  links  between  smaragdulis  and  cithaeron,  which  are  as  yet  wanting, 

Charaxes  smaragdulis  has,  like  most  of  the  Churuxes  with  a  wide  range, 
developed  into  a  north-western  race  extending  from  Sierra  Leone  to  the  Gold  Coast 
and  an  equatorial  race  found  from  the  Niger  Coast  to  the  Congo  basin  and  the 
Uganda  Protectorate. 

Dr.  Butler  described  Ch.  smaragdulis  from  the  Congo  in  ISG.i  ;  the  name  of 
smaragdulis  must,  therefore,  be  applied  to  the  eipiatorial  race  (and  to  the  entire 
species).  In  lS9(i  Dr.  Butler  described  again  as  Ch.  princeps  specimens  from  the 
Cameroons  which  he  thought  to  be  specifically  distinct  from  Ch.  smaragdulis  on 
account  of  the  reduction  of  the  blue  patch  M^ — SM*  on  the  forewing  and  the  greater 
extent  of  blue  in  the  marginal  region  of  the  hiudwing.  These  and  some  other  points 
mentioned  by  Dr.  Butler,  indeed,  hold  good,  on  the  whole,  if  one  compares  Cameroons 
examples  with  individuals  from  Sierra  Leone  and  the  Gold  Coast,  but  not  if 
^^ princeps"  is  compared  with  (!ongo  specimens.  Onr  scries  of  specimens  from  the 
Congo  basin  shows  clearly  that  princeps  is  nothing  else  but  smarugdulis.  The  main 
character  by  which  all  the  examples  from  the  ( 'anierooiis  and  ( 'ongo  can  be  clistin- 
guished  from  tlie  specimens  from  the  more  northeni  jiarts  of  the  AVest  Coast,  namely 
the  greater  size  of  the  discal  series  of  sjiots  on  the  u|ipersicle  of  the  forewing  as 


(  :^84  ) 

compared  with  the  postdiscal  series,  is  not  meutioned  liy  Dr.  Butler.  As  pri/icejjs 
applies,  therefore,  to  the  same  race  to  which  the  name  of  smaragdalis  was  originally 
given,  the  north-western  race  recjuires  a  name. 


a.  Ch.  smaragdalis  smaragdalis. 

Charaxis  smamgdilh  Butler,  Ic.  t.  36.  f.  5.  ^  (1866) ;  id.,  Lep.  E.rut.  p.  5.  t.  2.  f.  1.  ?  (1869)  ; 

Godm.  &  Salv.,  in  Jameson,  Story  Rear  Ctilumn  p.  440.  n.  84  (1890)  (Yambuya) ;  Auriv.,  E)it. 

Tiilskr.  XII.  p.  216.  n.  14,')  (1891)  (C'ameroons)  ;  Butl.,  Juurii.  Linu.  Soc.  Lund.  XXV.  p.  375. 

II.  71  (1896)  (pt. :  Cameroons,  Congo) ;  Auriv.,  A'-.hi//.  Si:  AK:  Ilandl.  XXXI.  5.  p.  238.  n.  37 

(1899)  (pt.  ;  Cameroons,  Congo). 
Xymphalis  muirugilalix,  Kirby,  Cut.  D'nirn.  Lip.  p.  270.  n.  33/j  (1871)  (Congo). 
Charcucs  cithncruu,  Dewitz,  Nov.  Act.  Lenp.  Car.  Ak.  Xnt.  L.  4.  p.  371  (1887). 
Chara.res  2>ritirrps  Butler,  I.e.  p.  376.  n.  72  (1896)  (Victoria,  Cameroons). 
Chiiraji-x  smaraijilulis   var   (ab.  ?)  jiriiiccps,  Aurivillius,   l.r.  p.  238.  sub  n.  37  (1899)  (Victoria, 

Cameroons). 

cJ.  Wi»f/s  (ibore. Forewing  :  discal  spots  very  much  larger  than  the  post- 
discal ones,  s])ot  M' — JP  at  least  twice  (mostly  three  or  four  times)  as  large  as  the 
respective  postdiscal  one,  separated  from  it,  obliquely  concave  distally;  patch  M' — M' 
complete  or  subdivided  by  one  or  two  black  spots  into  a  larger  discal  and  smaller 
postdiscal  portion,  its  outer  edge  mostly  biconcave,  2i  to  3i  mm.  from  edge  of  wing 
before  SM',  breadth  of  patch  5i  to  12  mm.  ;  postdiscal  spots  li' — M'  often  minute  ; 
outer  edge  of  wing  sometimes  very  feebly  concave,  and  the  apex  less  acute  than  in 

the  north-western  race,  but  this  character  is  quite  inconstant. Hindwiug  :  blue 

area  expanded  between  SC"  and  abdominal  fold,  patch  SC'^ — R'  not  seitarated,  but 
often  reduced  in  width;  in  front  of  SC  there  arc  two  spots,  often  merged  together  to 
one  large  patch  which  is  generally  sinuate  in  front,  but  is  occasionally  complete, 
proximal  spot  seldom  obsolete,  blue  one  much  extended  distad,  in  many  specimens 
reaching  blue  admarginal  spots,  in  which  case  the  black  area  between  blue  patch 
and  admarginal  spots  is  posteriorly  divided  into  more  or  less  small  spots  in  which 
are  situated  the  white  and  blue  snbmarginal  dots. 

Underside  :  median  bars  R- — M"  of  forewing  strongly  concave,  bars  M- — SM' 
very  heavy,  fused  to  a  W-shaped  mark. 

?.   Wings,  above. Forewing:   band  2  to  3  mm.  from  outer  margin  before 

SM^ ;  a  series  of  jjostdiscal  spots,  upper  two  larger  and  white,  the  others  minute 

and  blue. Hindwing  :  blue  area  extended  distally  as  in  S ,  the  black  outer  area 

reduced  in  width,  posterior  patches  more  or  less  isolated,  outer  edge  of  blue  area 
regularly  concave  between  veins  from  R' — SM". 
Length  of  forewing  :   6,  42 — 50  mm. 

„  „  ? ,  50  mm. 

Hab.  Niger  to  Angola  and  Uganda  Protectorate.  In  the  Tring  Museum  from:  Rau, 
Nandi  Country,  Uganda  Protectorate,  December  12th,  18US  (Dr.  Ansorge),  1  S  ; 
Landaua,  1  S  ;  Congo  and  Kassai  Country,  6  d"c?,  1  ?.  In  the  British  Museum 
from  Victoria,  Cameroons,  and  Congo  ;  in  the  Berlin  Museum  from  Angola 
(Mechow),  and  Old  Calabar  ;  Dr.  IStaudinger  has  a  ?  from  Lambarene,  Ogowe. 

In  the  width  of  patch  M^— SM^  of  the  npperside  of  the  forewing,  the  Rau 
specimen,  as  said  before,  does  not  essentially  differ  from  certain  examples  of 
Ch.  cithacron,  being  only  5i  broad,  the  patch  stands,  however,  closer  to  the  outer 
margin  ;  on  the  hindwing  patch  SC" — li'  measures  only  3^  by  4  mm.,  :iud  the 
patch  before  SC"  is  divided  up  into  two  well-separated  spots. 


(  385  ) 
h.  Ch.  smaragdalis  butleri  Rotbsch.,  subsp.  nov. 

Clinraxes  sinaragdnlis,  Schaus  &  Clements,  Sirrni  Lroiie  Lejtid.  p.  9  (1893)  ;  Butl.,  Jourii.  Linn. 
Snc.  Lotifl.  XXV.  p.  375.  n.  71  (1896)  (pt.  ;  Sierra  Leone)  ;  Auriv.,  Koiigl.  So.  Ak.  Ilmidl. 
XXXI.  5.  p.  238.  n.  37  (1899)  (pt.  ;  Sierra  Leone). 

3 .   Wings,  abom. Forewing  :  patch  M- — SM-  always  complete,  5  to  7  mm. 

from  edge  of  wing  before  SSP,  distally  concave  or  nearly  straight ;  discal  and  postdiscal 
spots  M' — M-  never  quite  separate,  always  merged  together  to  one  patch,  which 
is  deeply  sinuate  in  front,  the  postdiscal  portion  mostly  larger  than  the  discal 
one,  seldom  somewhat  smaller  ;  postdiscal  spot  R' — M'  as  large  as  the  discal 
spot  R' — M',  often  larger,  seldom  a  little  smaller,  postdiscal   spots   ovate,  none 

of  them  concave  distally. 'Hindwing  :  blue  area  less  wide  than  in  stnaragdalis, 

patch  C— SC^  not  separated  into  a  discal  and  postdiscal  spot,  the  patch  includes, 
however,  often  a  black  ovate  spot  which  is  not  rarely  joined  to  the  black  basal 
area,  outer  edge  of  blue  area  less  regularly  concave  between  veins  than  in 
Ck.  sm.  S))iaraydalis  ;  the  black  outer  area,  though  partly  constricted  at  veins, 
not  interrupted  from  C  to  SM". 

Underside  darker  olive  than  in  sm.  smarag/hilis,  hence  the  patches  of  yellow 
clay-colour  more  prominent ;  bars  in  basal  area  of  forewing  a  little  thinner  than 
in  most  sm.  stnaragdalis,  bars  M- — SM"  forming  a  less  heavy  and  less  regularly 
W-shaped  mark, 

? .    Wings,  above. Forewing  :  band  6  to  8  mm.  from  outer  margin  before 

SM". Hindwing :   blue   area   less    extended   than   in   sm.   smaragdalis,    not   so 

regularly  concave  between  veins,  indented  upon  SC-,  often  also  upon  K'  and  R'-, 
partition  C — SC^  either  complete  or  divided  into  a  discal  and  a  postdiscal  portion  ; 
black  outer  area  gradually  narrower  behind,  not  interrupted,  but  more  or  less 
constricted  at  veins  51'  and  M",  about  o  mm.  broad  between  M'  and  M". 

Underside  darker  olive  than  in  sm.  smaragdalis. 

Length  of  forewing  :  cJ,  43 — 48  mm. 
„  ,,  ?,  48 — 55  mm. 

Hab.  Sierra  Leone  to  Gold  Coast.  In  the  Triug  Museum  from  :  Sierra  Leone 
(tijlje)  18  (?(?,  14  ¥  ?  ;  Gold  Coast,  3  (?c?,  5  ?  ?. 

This  subspecies  is  named  in  honour  of  Dr.  l?utler,  who  has  twice  given 
a  revision  of  the  genus  Charaxes,  and  who  is  doubly  associated  with  the  present 
species  as  author. 

f/*.  Hindwing  withoirt   a  broad  pale   blue,   white,  or  buff  band,   or  the 
basal  half  of  the  forewing  below  is  bluish  grey. 

35.  Charaxes  monteiri. 

Charaxee  motUeiri  Staudinger,  E.cot.  Togf.  p.  170.  t.  59.  (J,  J  (1886)  (S.  Thomf!)  ;  Butl.,  Joum. 
Linn.  Soc.  Loud.  XXV.  p.  376.  n.  73  (1896)  ;  Auriv.,  Kong!.  S,:  Akad.  Handl.  XXXI.  5.  p.  238. 
n.  38  (1899). 

c??.  Body  a^Oftf  bistre  brown  in  cJ,  tawny  bistre  in  ? ,  four  dots  on  head,  a 
line  behind  eye,  a  dot  on  pronotam  laterally  and  another  on  tegnla  before  wing 
creamy  white  ;  underside  in  S  creamy  buff,  breast  darker  at  sides,  palpi  cream 
colour,  in  $  clay  colour. 

S.  Wings,  above  blue-black,  glossy  blue  in  side-light,  with  greenish  reflections 
on  hindwing. Forewing  :  a  discal  and  a  jmstdiscal  series  of  purplish  blue  spots. 


(  386  ) 

spots  M- — SM-  merged  together  to  a  large  patch  as  iu  Lh.  smaragdalis  butleri, 
concave  distally,  measuring  aLont  8  mm.  npon  (SM'),  contignons  with  a  broad 
streak  at  internal  margin,  which  reaches  almost  end  of  SM-  ;  discal  spots  SC'' — R' 
elongate,  separated  by  the  blue-black  veins,  spot  J{' — If-  the  longest,  spots  R^ — M- 
shorter  and  broader,  convex  proximally,  somewhat  concave  distally  ;  postdiscal 
spots  R- — M''  triangular,  concave  distally,  pointed  proximally,  spot  M' — M-  joined 
to  the  discal  one  between  veins,  spot  R' — M'  nearly  reaching  discal  one,  postdiscal 
spots   SC^ — R-   somewhat   smaller,   not   distinctly   triangular,  spot   SC— S(?  the 

smallest,  somewhat  white  in  centre. Hindwing  :  a  jiurplish  blue  disco-postdiscal 

band  of  seven  patches,  all  separated  from  one  another  by  the  blue-black  veins, 
all  concave  distally,  the  posterior  ones  joined  along  the  veins  to  the  blue  admarginal 
spots  as  in  Ck.  smanigdalis  smaragdalis  ;  length  of  patches  C — M'  between  veins 
4,  8,  10,  10,  0  mm.  respectively,  patches  M' — (SM')  reaching  base  of  M^ ; 
submarginal  dots  as  in  smaragdalis,  blue,  jiartly  with  minute  white  centres. 

Underside,  distal  part  of  discal  interspaces,  postdiscal  and  submarginal 
interspaces  of  forewing  bistre,  rest  of  forewing  and  submediau,  postdiscal, 
submarginal,  and  jiroximal  portion  of  discal  interspaces  of  hindwing  of  a  peculiar 
bluish  grey  colour.  Forewing  :  cell-bars  similar  to  those  of  Ch.  smaragdalis,  bar 
4  deeply  incurved  in  costal  half,  npi^er  end  pointing  distad  ;  bar  D  rather  heavy; 
snbmedian  bars  M' — (SM')  concave  proximally,  nearly  touching  each  other,  bar 
M' — M-  just  distal  of  base  of  M'  ;  median  bars  SC^ — R^,  3  mm.  from  cross-veins 
at  R-,  bars  R^ — SM^  concave  distally,  contiguous,  bar  R' — M'  0  mm.  from  base 
of  M',  3A  to  4  mm.  from  bar  D,  bar  M-  (SM'J,  u  to  7  mm.  from  bluish  grey  jiost- 
discal  lunule  at  (SM')  ;  discal  bars  obsolete,  last  ones  vestigial,  their  outer  borders 
rather  clearly  defined  on  account  of  the  postdiscal  bluish  grey  interstitial  half- 
moons  ;   postdiscal   bars   M' — SM-   represented   by   black   i)atches. Hindwing  : 

costal  subbasal  and  submediau  bars  joined  together  in  front  to  a  half-ring,  the 
costal  submediau  bar  standing  in  front  of  the  subbasal  bar  C — SC;  cell-bar  4  curving 
basad  posteriorly,  joining  (or  nearly  so)  cell-bar  2  ;  median  bars  olivaceous,  thin, 
posterior  ones  partly  obsolete,  costal  one  not  or  very  little  more  basal  than  bar 
C — SC'-,  bars  SC — R'  and  R-— R'  a  little  more  basal  than  R' — R- ;  submarginal 
dots  black  ;  tails  short  and  blunt. 

?.   Wings,  abore. Forewing:  brownish  black,  base   and  internal   marginal 

area  burnt  umber  ;  a  broad,  white,  obliijue  band  from  middle  of  costal  margin 
to  SM-,  1.5  mm.  wide  between  M'  and  M-,  6  mm.  before  R',  its  inner  edge  irregular, 
outer  edge  indented  npon  and  between  veins,  between  M^  and  SM-  the  band 
nearly  reaching  margin  of  wing,  the  white  scaling  almost  surrounding  a  large 
postdiscal,  black  patch,  whicli  is  sometimes  divided  at  (SM')  ;  two,  rather  large, 

white   postdiscal   sjwts    SC — R',   followed   by   traces    of   one   or   two   more. 

Hindwing  :  raw  umber,  darker  towards  base,  clayish  cream  colour  at  anterior 
angle,  fringe  clayish  creamy,  more  extended  brown  at  ends  of  veins  R-  to  SM' ; 
a  complete  series  of  blue  submarginal  spots,  centred  white,  placed  in  ovate, 
postdisco-submarginal,  black  jiatches,  which  are  separate,  and  of  which  the  second 
is  the  largest,  measuring  7  mm.  iu  length,  these  patches  jjoiuted  distally  and 
proximally  ;  admarginal  line  very  heavy  between  veins. 

Underside. Forewing  :  basal  area  very  pale  olive,  more  grey  at  the  bars  ; 

white  band  as  above,  but  extending  to  outer  margin  at  internal  angle,  including 
the  two  ])ostdiscal,  black  patches  M" — SM- ;  median  row  of  bars  at  inner  edge 
of  baud  more  oblicpie  than  in  J  ;  postdiscal  spots  R'— M'  bluish  white,  well  marked, 


(  387  ) 

the  last   one   merged   together   with   the  Ijaud  ;   postdiscal   spots    ISC'"— M'   olive, 

bordered   distally  by  clayish   grey  arches,   spots   M' — SM-  black. Hindwing  : 

nearly  as  in  cj,  siibmedian  interspaces  and  proximal  portions  of  discal  interspaces 
pearly  grey,  discal  bars  obsolete,  except  the  last,  postdiscal  interstitial  lunules 
bluish  grey,  bordered  distally  by  the  more  or  less  obsolete,  brown,  postdiscal 
Inniform  bars  ;  snbmarginal  brown  spots  transverse,  preceded  by  a  series  of  white, 
sulimargiual,  transverse,  spots  ;  admargiual  line  thinner  than  above,  extreme  edge 
of  wing  clay  colour  ;  tail  R''  blunt,  second  tail  a  short,  blnnt,  tooth. 

Length  of  fore  wing  :   cJ,  43 — 44  mm. 
„  „  ?,  49  mm. 

Hah.  St.  Thome.  In  the  Tring  Mnsenm  1  c?,  1  ?,  received  by  Fekler  from 
Dr.  Standinger,  and  2  66  collected  by  A.  Mocquerys  in  October  and  November 
1899. 

A  very  interesting  insect,  a  representative  of  Ch.  tiridates  resembling,  in  the 
pattern  of  the  upperside  of  the  6,  Gh.  smai-agdalis. 

36.  Charaxes  tiridates. 

(J.  Papiliii  Eqties  Achivus  lii'Ulates,  Cramer,  Piqi.  E.rot.  II.  p.  100.  t.  161.  f.  A.  n  (1777)  ("Java," 
"Amboina,"  loc.  err.  !)  ;  Goeze,  Eiit.  Bri/ti:  III.  1.  p.  87.  n.  68  (1779)  ;  Fabr.,  Sjm:  Ins.  II. 
p.  11.  n.  43.  (1781)  ("Amboina"  loc.  err.)  ;  id.,  MaiiL  Ins.  U.  p.  6.  n.  47  (1787)  ;  Jabl.  & 
Herbst,  Nuturs.  Schmett.  IV.  p.  55.  n.  150.  t.  62.  f.  3.  4  (1790)  ("Amboina,"  "BrasUien" 
loc.  err.) ;  Gmel.,  Sy-^t.  Nat.  I.  5.  p.  22.35  n.  300  (1790)  ("  Amboina  "  loc.  err.). 

6.  Piipilio  Nt/inphali.i  rhdhraUia  lirkhilex,  Drury,  Illuslr.  E.rot.  Ins.  III.  p.  31  &  Index  t.  23.  f. 
1.  2  <J  (1782)  ("  Brazil  "  loc.  err.). 

6-  Pap/tin  Xijrnphiilis  tiridates,  Fabricius,  Ent.  Syst.  III.  1.  p.  62.  n.  195  (1793)  ("Amboina" 
loc.  err.). 

?.  Papilio  Nympluilis  marica  Fabricius,  I.e.  p.  113.  >i.  346  (1793)  (Africa,  Mus.  Banks). 

6.  Piq/ilio  tiridntis,  Donovan,  Ins.  of  Imliii  t.  23.  f.  3  (1800)  ("  Amboyna"  loc.  err.). 

6-  Eriboea  tiridatis  (!),  Hiibner,  Verz.  hek.  Srhmrtt.  p.  47.  n.  429  (1816-27). 

Nyntphalis  tiridates,  Godart,  Enc.  Meth.  IX.  p.  354.  n.  14  (1823)  ("Java,"  "Amboina,"  loc.  err.) ; 
Lucas,  Hist.  Not.  Lep.  E.r.  p.  119.  u.  62.  f.  2  (1835)  ("Java,"  "Amboina,"  loc.  err.)  ;  Doubl., 
Westw.  &  Hew.,  Gen.  Diurn.  Lep.  II.  p.  308.  n.  11  (1850)  (Ashanti)  ;  Trim.,  Rhvp.  Afr.  Aiistr. 
p.  172.  n.  99  (1862)  ("  Moselekatze's  couutry  "  loc.  err.)  ;  Kirby,  Cat.  Diurn.  Lep.  p.  209.  n.  26 
(1871)  (Africa)  ;  Mabille,  Bull.  Soc.  Zool.  France  I.  p.  280  (1876)  (Congo  ;  Gaboon). 

? .  Pajjilio  marica,  Donovan,  A'«^  Reposit.  II.  t.  37.  f.  2  (1834)  (Africa). 

Vharaj-es  tiridates,  Thon.,  Xatiirg.  Schmett.  p.  73.  t.  36.  f.  543.  544.  6-  (1837)  ("Java,"  "Amboina," 
loc.  err.)  ;  Doubl.,  List.  Spec.  Lep.  Ins.  Brit.  Mus.  I.  p.  Ill  (1844)  (Ashanti  ;  Congo)  ;  Butl.,' 
Proc.  Zijol.  Sue.  Land.  p.  629.  n.  28  (1865)  (Sierra  Leone  ;  Ashanti ;  6  =t/ridatcs,  ?  =murica): 
id.,  Cat.  Diurn.  Lep.  descr.  Fabricius  p.  52.  n.  8  (1869)  ;  Druce,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Lund.  p.  412. 
n.  7  (1875)  (Angola) ;  Plotz,  Stett.  Ent.Zeit.  XLI.  p.  194.  n.  103  (1880)  (Abo,  January)  ;  Stand., 
Exot.  Taaf.  p.  170.  t.  59.  6  (1886)  (Guinea  ;  Angola  ;  Fernando  Po)  ;  Dewitz,  Nor.  Act.  Leop. 
Car.  Ak.  Naturf.  L.  4.  p.  371  (1887)  (Jan.,  Feb.,  April,  S.  of  Congo,  Mukenge)  ;  Capronn., 
a  p.  Soc.  Ent'.  Behj.  XXXIII.  p.  125.  n.  67  (1889)  (Kassai) ;  id.,  I.e.  p.  146.  n.  81  (1889) 
(Congo)  ;  Smith,  Pmc.  Zoal.  Soc.  Lund.  p.  472.  n.  88  (1890)  (Aruwimi)  ;  Godm.  &  Salv.,  in 
Jameson,  Slonj  Rear  Col.  p.  440.  n.  82  (1890)  (Aruwimi)  ;  Auriv.,  Eut.  TnUkr.  XII.  p.  215. 
n.  141.  (1891)  (Cameroons)  ;  Butl.,  Proc.  Zool.  Sue.  Lnnd.  p.  649.  n.  24  (1893)  (L.  Mweru)  ; 
Karsch,  Berl  Ent.  Zeitschr.  XXXVIII.  p.  191.  n.  54  (1893)  (Togo)  ;  Sharpe,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc. 
Loud.  p.  341.  n.  49  (1894)  (Usoga  to  Uganda,  4000  ft.,  June)  ;  Auriv.,  I.e.  XV.  p.  311.  n.  193 
(1894)  (N'Dian,  Bonge,  in.  v.  xi.) ;  Butl,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Loud.  XXV.  p.  377.  n.  77  (1896) 
(pt. ;  S.  Leone  ;  Accra  ;  Lake  Mweru  ;  Ashanti  ;  Isubu)  ;  Auriv.,  Kongl.  Sr.  Vet.  Ahid.  Haudl. 
XXXI.  5,  p.  239.  n.  43  (1899)  (pt.  ;  Sierra  Leone  to  Angola,  Lake  Mero  and  Uganda). 

Charaxes  tiridates  var.  mixtus  Bntler  (non  Rothschild),  I.e.  (1896)  (  J  ,  not  6)' 

c?  ? .  Boefi/  aboi'c :  olive  black  in  c?,  with  a  faint  blue  tint  ;  head,  pronotum 
and  anterior  part  of  mesouotnm  more  or  less  mummy  brown ;  tawny  olive  in  ?  ; 
fonr  dots  on  head,  a  line  behind  eye  and  a  dot  laterally  on  collar  creamy  buff ; 


(  388  ) 

underside  clayish  cinuaiuou,  sitU-s  of  breast  more  bistre,  palpi  pale  claj'-colour, 
mostly  with  a  vestige  of  a  white  line  uear  eye,  abdomen  of  6  varying  from  creamy 
bufl'  to  clay  colour. 

6.    Winys  above :  blue-black,  basal  half  of  forewing  and  basal  two-tliirds  of 

hindwing  with  a  strong  blue  gloss. Forewing  :  two  series  of  small  pale  blue  spots  ; 

the  discal  series  oblique,  consisting  of  the  four  spots  R' — M'-,  often  followed  by  a 
fifth  spot  M- — (SM'),  spot  M'— M-  seldom  absent,  often  obliquely  halfmoon-shaped, 
spots  R' — R-  linear,  spot  R- — R'  rounded,  both  1  to  2  mm.  from  cell,  sometimes 
there  is  a  thin  linear  sj)ot  before  R',  spot  R'— M'  more  distal,  rounded  or  halfmoon- 
shaped,  postdiscal  series  complete,  upper  spot  white,  mostly  larger  than  the  other, 
the  series  first  convex,  then  concave,  and  straight  from  M'  to  SM'  or  internal 
margin  last  spot  often  wanting,  spot  (SM')— 8M-  also  often  absent ;  a  complete 
series  of  pale  ochreous  marginal  spots,  well  defined,  spots  R- — M-  transverse,  luni- 

form,  the  others  shorter,  dot  SO* — SO'  often  vestigial. Hindwing  :  a  postdiscal 

series  of  seven  pale  blue  spots,  all  separate,  the  series  biconcave,  the  second  spot 
farthest  from  outer  margin,  distance  lu  to  14  mm.,  the  last  spot  closest  to  margin, 
spot  C — SC"  rounded,  generally  the  largest  of  all,  diameter  li  mm.,  the  other  mure 
or  less  halfmoon-shaped  ;  a  complete  series  of  submarginal  spots,  parallel  to  outer 
margin,  the  spots  more  or  less  rounded,  blue,  centred  white,  white  centres  of  upper 
spots  often  absent  ;  admarginal  interstitial  spots  pale  ochraceous,  sharply  defined, 
luniform,  interrupted  or  constricted  at  iuteruervular  folds,  well  separated  from  one 
another,  often  bufiish  near  veins;  edge  of  wing  and  fringe  huffish  white  between  veins. 

Underside :  olive  cinnamon,  varying  a  little  in  the  depth  of  the  tints,  forewing 

mostly  more  yellowish  than  hindwing.-- Forewing  :  borders  of  bars  bluish  white, 

rather  thin  ;  basal  cell-bar  often  vestigial,  bar  2  straight,  .3  curved,  sometimes  inter- 
rupted, often  lA  mm.  broad,  bar  4  convex  in  middle  and  concave  in  costal  half, 
upper  end  sometimes  dilated  basad  along  SC,  forming  a  sharp  hook  ;  bar  1) 
complete  ;  submedian  bars  M' — (SM')  1  to  3  mm.  distant  from  one  another,  bar 
M' — M'-'  just  proximal  of  base  of  M',  seldom  distal  of  it  ;  median  bars  R' — R' 
1  to  2  mm.  from  cross-veins,  not  or  little  thicker  than  bar  D,  median  bars  R^ — SM" 
in  an  oblique  row,  continuous,  or  almost  so,  all  curved,  bars  M- — SM-  fused  to  a 
somewhat  3-shaped  mark  which  often  touches  posteriorly  discal  bar  M^ — SM- ; 
discal  bars  M' — SM-  thin,  black,  regularly  arched,  the  other  discal  bars  vestigial  or 
absent,  contiguous  with  postdiscal  interstitial  halfmoons  of  which  the  posterior  ones 
are  well  defined  and  clayish  gallstone  j-ellow,  uppermost  white,  more  rounded, 
second  also  often  whitish  ;  postdiscal  bars  M- — SM-  represented  by  two  large  black 
patches  which  are  bordered  very  pale  blue  distally,  the  blue  border  resembling  the 
number  3,  postdiscal  patch  M' — M-  smaller,  olive  black,  more  or  less  indistinctly 
bordered  j)ale  blue,  the  other  i)ostdiscal  patches  vestigial,  not  or  little  darker  than 
the  ground  colour,  but  often  rendered  more  obvious  on  account  of  the  paler  clayish 
buff  Ijorders  ;  margin  with  indistinct  clayish  buff  spots  ;  cell,  submedian  interspaces 

and  proximal  portions  of  discolours  pale  clayish  wax-yellow. Hindwing  :  bars 

thinner  than  on  forewing  ;  basal  costal  bar  not  touching  PC,  \l  mm.  distant  from 
it,  mostly  straight,  seldom  curved  and  pointing  distad  ;  subbasal  costal  bar  bordering 
PC  joined  together  with  costal  submedian  bar  to  form  a  half-ring ;  costal  submedian 
bar  in  front  of  subbasal  bar  C — 8C;  cell-bars  2  and  4  mostly  joined  together 
behind,  as  are  often  subbasal  and  submedian  bars  C — SC^  in  front ;  costal  median 
bar  in  front  of  median  bar  C— SC",  which  is  S-shapcd,  or  very  little  more  proximal, 
median  bar  St,'-—  K'  arched,  li  to  3  mm.  more  proximal  than  barsj  ('— SC",  and 


(  389  ) 

R'— R',  bar  R-— R'  arched,  about  1  mm.  from  base  of  M',  bars  R'— SM-  nearly 
contiunous,  crossing  M'  about  3  to  4  mm.  from  base  ;  discal  bars  all  regularly 
arched,  only  the  jiosterior  ones  well  marked,  the  others  obsolete  or  absent,  but  the 
white  distal  borders  more  or  less  preserved,  postdiscal  bars  represented  by  olive 
brown,  ill-defiued,  patches,  but  bars  M' — SM''  thin  and  arched,  sometimes  tawny 
olive,  but  mostly  black  ;  snbmarginal  dots  white  and  blue,  followed  by  black  dots, 
upper  black  dots  absent  from  most  specimens  ;  admarginal  interspaces  occupied  by 
creamy  bnif  spots,  which  are  generally  shaded  in  middle  by  olive  buff;  admargiaal 
line  fuscous,  forming  lunules  between  veins  ;  submedian  interspaces  and  small 
patches  at  outside  of  median  bars  pale  clayish  wax  yellow  ;  tails  pointed,  upper  one 
3  to  5i  mm.  long,  second  2  to_3  mm. 

? .    W/nffs  ahore  :  pale  tawny  olive. Forewing  :  apical  half  blackish  brown, 

with  a  purplish  sheen  in  side-light,  variable  in  the  depth  of  the  brown  tint ;  a  white, 
oblique,  posteriorly  slightly  curved,  discal  band  crosses  wing  from  costal  margin  to 
SM-,  generally  well  separated  by  the  veins  into  patches,  patch  R' — R^  about  10  mm. 
long,  patches  R^ — SM'  more  or  less  sinuate  distally,  patch  M' — M-  very  oblique 
proximally,  patches  M- — SM"  much  smaller,  often  much  shaded  with  tawny  olive, 
the  patches  more  or  less  heavily  bordered  blackish  brown  proximally,  upper  angle 
of  cell  also  blackish  brown  ;  a  postdiscal  series  of  two  larger  white  spots  followed 
by  four  indistinct  tawny  olive  ones,  spot  M' — M^  contiguous  with  the  white  band ; 
marginal  spots  much  less  obvious  than  in  c?,  in  most  individuals  the  last  two  alone 

well  marked. Hindwing  :  median  bar  C — SC'^  generally  marked,  with  a  white 

patch  at  outside,  white  is  seldom  obsolete  ;  a  postdisco-marginal  band  of  the  colour 
of  the  apical  area  of  the  forewing,  bordered  proximally  by  a  series  of  more  or  less 
vestigial  clayish  spots  which  correspond  to  the  blue  postdiscal  spots  of  the  S,  the 
band  convex  between  veins  proximally,  wider  in  front  than  behind  ;  within  it  we 
find  a  series  of  purplish  blue  submarginal  spots,  mostly  with  white  centres,  and  a 
series  of  clayish  buff,  transverse,  spots,  constricted  or  interrupted  at  the  inter- 
nervular  folds  ;  extreme  edge  clayish  between  veins,  fringe  white,  except  at  ends 
of  veins. 

Underside :  similar  to  c?.  Black  bars  of  forewing  heavier,  median  bars  more 
oblique,  bar  R^ — M'  more  straight,  generally  at  right  angles  to  M',  seldom  touching 
upper  end  of  oblique  bar  M' — M'-';  band  less  interrupted  at  veins  than  on  upperside; 
discal  bar  M' — SM'-  often  obsolete  ;  black  postdiscal  patches  M' — SM"  smaller  than 
in  S.  Upper  tail  of  nearly  even  width,  not  pointed,  Ti  to  9  mm.  long,  second 
2  to  4  mm. 

Length  of  forewing  :  c?,  44 — 52  mm. 
„  „  ?  ,  48—58  mm. 

Clasper  not  essentially  different  from  those  of  the  allied  species,  upper  edge 
irregularly  notched  and  dentated  before  tip  (PI.  VIII.,  f.  20) ;  penis  with  a  single 
dorsal  tooth  1  mm.  before  tip  (PI.  VIII.,  f.  7)  and  a  rather  high  dorsal  ridge  about 
2^  mm.  before  apex,  the  ridge  variable  in  outline. 

Huh.  From  Sierra  Leone  to  Angola  and  British  East  Africa  and  (according  to 
Butler)  Brit.  Central  Africa  ;  not  in  the  coast  regions  of  East  Africa,  nor  in  South 
Africa;  a  common  insect.  In  the  Tring  Mnsenm  70  (?c?,  20  ?  ?  from:  Sierra 
Leone  ;  Accra  ;  Coomassie  ;  0.  Calabar  ;  Cameroons  ;  Gaboon  and  Ogowe  ;  Congo  : 
Stanley  Pool,  Lukolele,  Bopoto,  Kassai  :  Aruwimi  Forest  (Dr.  Ansorge) ;  Unyoro 
(Dr.  Ansorge):  Warringo  R.,  9.  vii.  97,  Kaligire,  5.  i.  9s,  Fajao,  l8.  vii.  and  10.  xii. 
97  ;  Uganda  Protectorate  (Dr.  Ansorge):  .Ran,  Nandi  country,  Marcli  1898. 


(  390  ) 

A  c?  from  Cameroons  in  Mr.  Grose-Smith's  collection  has  no  admarginal  spots 
on  the  npperside  of  the  hindwing. 

Boisilnval,  in  Delegorgne  Voy.  A/'r.  Atisfr.  II.  p.  593,  records  tiridates  from  the 
countr}-  of  Moselekatze  (Ziiliiland),  iu  which  ho  was  wrong  ;  the  specimens  were 
either  wrongly  located,  or  they  helouged  to  another  species  {xiphai-es  or  citkaeron). 

37.  Charaxes  bipunctatus. 

Chamxes  hijmiiclat,i.-<  Rothschild,  Nov.  Z.ior..  I.  p.  53C.  n.  4  (1894)  (Gold  Coast?)  ;  Butl,  Journ. 
Limi.  Siic.  Lvml.  XXV.  p.  :i78.  u  78  (189G)  (Accra)  ;  Auriv.,  A'o«(;/.  Sv.  Ahitl.  Ilamll.  XXXI. 
5.  p.  240.  n.  44  (1899)  (Ashanti). 

c?.  CUosely  resembling  Ch.  tiridates.  Mw^s  aioiv,  strongly  pm-plish. Fore- 
wing  :  onter  margin  on  the  whole  less  concave  than  in  tiridates  ;  discal  spots  small, 
two  to  five  in  number,  jwstdiscal  series  represented  by  one  small,  blnish  white,  spot 
SO* — SO'  only,  which  is  sometimes  followed  by  traces  of  a  second,  blae,  spot ; 

marginal  spots  as  in  tiridates,  bnt  less  well  defined,  being  shaded  with  black. 

Hindwing  :  postdiscal  series  of  spots  represented  by  two  rounded  dots  (' — R', 
variable  in  size,  followed  sometimes  by  a  third,  vestigial,  spot  ;  snbmarginal  dots 
smaller  than  in  tiridates  ;  admarginal  interstitial  markings  ochreons  bnff,  jirominent, 
slightly  shaded  with  bine  upon  internervular  folds,  bnt  not  obviously  interrupted. 

Underside  more  uniformly  dark  cinnamon  than  in  tiridates  and  mixtits  ;  median 
bars  of  forewiug  as  iu  tiridates,  bars  M'— SM"  mostly  merged  together  to  a  rather 
regularly  cnrved  halfmoon ;  costal  submedian  bar  of  hindwing  and  median  bar 
S(j2 — Ri  more  or  less  straight,  submedian  and  subbasal  bars  farther  apart  than  in 
tiridates,  not  curving  towards  one  another  at'  C  and  M  ;  tails  reduced  to  two 
short  teeth. 

? .  Similar  to  ?  of  tiridates  ;  submarginal  blue  and  white  dots  of  hindwing 
minute,  admarginal  buff  markings  prominent,  as  in  d,  not  divided  at  the  inter- 
nervular folds. 

Underside  as  in  $,  bars  of  hindwing  thinner  than  in  tiridates  ;  white  band  as 
above,  discal  bar  M^ — SM-  absent ;  tails  reduced  to  short  teeth. 

Length  of  forewing  :   S,  44 — 45  mm. 
„  „  ? ,  47—48  mm. 

Clasper  rather  broader  at  tip  than  in  tiridates,  the  hook  somewhat  different 
in  outline  (PL  VIII.  f.  28.)  ;  the  penis  has  the  subapical  tooth  sinistro-lateral,  as 
in  mixtus,  but  rather  more  ventral,  the  dorsal  ridge  reduced  to  a  heavy  tooth 
(PL  VIII.  f.  9.). 

Hah.  Gold  Coast  to  Aruwimi  Forest.  In  the  Tring  Museum  6  S<S,  2  ?  ? 
from  :  Kumassi  to  (.'ape  Coast  Castle,  iv.  99  (Cajit.  Gifford)  ;  Lukolele  to  Stanley 
Pool  (Harrison)  ;  2  and  3  days'  march  from  Ft.  Beui,  great  forest  of  Upper  Congo, 
6.  and  7.  v.  99  (Dr.  Ansorge) ;  Gold  Coast  (?). 

88.  Charaxes  mixtus  (Nov.  Zool.  V.  t.  0.  f.  1.   ?). 

Chamxea  mixlus  Rothschild,  Nov.  Zool.  I.  p.  536.  n.  3.  t.  12  f.  8.  ^  (1894)  (Lukolele). 

Charaxes  liridales  var.  iiii.rtiin,  Butler,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Lund.  XXV.  p.  377.  sub  n.  77  (1896)  (pt. ; 
(J,  not  ?  ;  Victoria,  Cameroons)  ;  id.,  Ann.  Mag.  X.  H.  (6).  XIX.  p.  124.  (1897)  ;  Auriv., 
Kongl.  Sv.  Altul.  IhnuU.  XXXI.  5.  p.  239.  sub  n.  43  (1899)  (Cameroons  ;  Lukolele  and 
Katanga,  Congo). 

The  specific  distinctness  of  this  insect  has  been  doubted.  Messrs.  Butler  and 
Aurivillius  treat  it  as  a  "  var."  of  tiridates,  which   term  Aurivillius  employs  lor 


(  :^9i  ) 

geographical  forms.  Ch.  tiridates  aud  mixtus,  however,  occur  together  ;  therefore 
mixtus  is  not  a  geographical  representative  of  the  common  tiridaU'S.  It  can  also 
not  be  a  mere  individual  aberration,  because  (I)  the  differences  in  colour  are 
constant,  and  (2)  the  sexual  organs  of  the  c?  are  different.  The  most  remarkable 
feature  of  Ch.  mixtus  is  the  similarity  of  the  sexes. 

3.  Very  close  to  Ch.  tiridates,  but  ground  colour  and  markings  of  upperside 
more  purplish,  discal  series  of  spots  of  forewing  less  oblique,  spots  M'' — SM'^,  if 
present,  not  so  close  to  postdiscal  series,  upper  two  spots  of  postdiscal  series  white, 
marginal  spots  dirty  cream  colour,  square,  situated  upou  the  inteniervular  folds  ; 
postdiscal  spot  C — SC"  of  hindwing  much  smaller  than  spot  SC" — R',  posterior  three 
or  four  postdiscal  spots  often  nearly  contiguous,  sometimes  there  is  a  discal  spot 
C — SC*  present,  snbmarginal  dots  smaller  than  in  tiridates,  white  edged  with  blue, 
or  blue,  admarginal  spots  blue,  ujiper  ones  often  creamy  at  veins,  not  interrupted. 

Underside  darker  olive,  less  yellowish,  than  in  tiridates,  outer  marginal  area 
shaded  with  grey,  bars  of  forewing  on  the  whole  thinner,  median  bars  W — SM-  less 
oblique,  bars  W — SM-  forming  a  more  regularly  W-shaped  mark,  which,  moreover, 
is  more  proximal  than  in  tiridates ;  snbmedian  costal  bar  of  hindwing  mostly  straight, 
often  pointing  distad,  sometimes  curved  to  PC,  no  subbasal  costal  bar  at  outerside 
of  PC. 

?.  Like  cj,  larger;  blue  postdiscal  spots  of  forewing  very  small,  admarginal 
spots  absent,  exce])t  spots  M^ — SM"  which  are  blue. 

Length  of  forewing  :   3,  43 — 51  mm. 
? ,  57  mm. 

Clasper  slenderer  than  in  Ch.  tiridates,  the  hook  longer  (PI.  VIII.  f.  27.)  ; 
penis  similar  to  that  of  tiridates,  but  the  ridge  very  much  reduced  (PI.  VIIJ.  f.  8.) 
and  the  snbapical  tooth  sinistro-lateral,  not  dorsal  ;  penis-funnel  broader  and 
blunter  than  in  the  allied  sjjecies. 

Hab.  Congo  and  Cameroons.  In  the  Tring  Museum  ~  3  i  from  :  >Stanley 
Pool  to  Lukolele,  Congo  (Revs.  Harrison  and  Clarke)  ;  a  ?  in  the  Berlin  Museum 
from  Cameroons. 

f/'.  Median  bars  SC^ — R-  of  forewing  below  in  normal  position,  6  t»  9  mm. 
from  cell, 
e*.  Hindwing  above  without  large  admarginal  patches. 

g^.  Cell-bars  of  forewing  below  black  and  thin,  bar  3  interrupted,  or 
rufous  chestnut. 
e*.  Cell-bars  black. 

c^  Hindwing  below  without  straight  rufous  chestnut  band 
across  disc. 
c°.  Abdomen  olive  black  above. 

c-'.  3,  cell  of  forewing  above  witli  blue  patch  ;  ?, 
band  of  liindwiug  white,  or  bluish  only  at 
edges. 

30.  Charaxes  ameliae. 

Clmra.res  ameliae  Doumet,  Ret\  Zual.  (2).  XIII.  p.  171.  t.  5.  f.  1.  3  (18C1)  (Gaboon);  But], 
Pi'oc.  Zoo!.  Soc.  Land.  p.  030  n.  30  (186.5)  (Gaboon  ;  S.  Leone)  ;  Hew.,  Ex.  Bull.  V.  Charaxes 
t.  5.  f.  20.  21.  ?  (1876)  (0.  Calab.ir)  ;  Dewitz,  Nov.  Act.  Lraj,.  Car.  Ak.  Xaliirf.  L.  4.  p.  371 
(1SS7)  (S.  of  Congo,  January)  ;  Capronn.,  C.  R.  So<\  Enl.  Hehj.  XXXIII.  p.  125.  n.  G8  (1889) 


(  392  ) 

(Kassai ;  Congo)  ;  Auriv.,  Eiit.  Tidshr.  XII.  p.  215.  n.  142  (1891)  (ngiiis=ame!iae)  :  Schaus 
&  Clements,  Sierra  Leone  Lej.kl.  p.  9  (1893)  ;  Karsch,  Berl.  E„t.  Zeilschr.  XXXVIII.  p.  192. 
n.  55.  (1893)  (Adeli,  Togo)  ;  Auriv.,  /.,-.  XV.  p.  310.  n.  lill  (1894)  (Ekundu,  N'Dian, 
Cameroon.*,  March)  ;  Butl.,  ./mini.  Linn.  Soc.  Litml.  XXV.  p.  374.  n.  68  (1896)  (S.  Leone  ; 
Cameroons  ;  O.  Calabar  ;  Accra) ;  Auriv.,  Kongl.  Sv.  Ak.  UumU.  XXXI.  5.  p.  240.  n.  47  (1899) 
(S.  Leone  to  Congo). 

Nijmplialis  iniieliae,  Kirby,  Cut.  D'liini  Lep.  p.  270.  n.  28  (1871)  (Afr.  occ). 

Villi rii.ieii  reijiiis  Aurivillius,  F.nl.  Tiihkr.  X.  p.  191  (1889)  (Cameroons). 

(?  ¥  .  Bofh)  above  :  olive  black  in  cJ,  blackish  sepia  in  front,  in  ¥  bistre  brown, 
thorax  more  olive,  white  dots  on  head  and  pronotnm  conspicuous  ;  umlerside  cream 
colour,  sides  of  breast  and  legs  more  gre}-,  abdomen  of  ¥  clayisli  bnif,  seldom  drab. 

S.   Winys  above  :  velvety  blue-black,  marking.s  pale  smalt  bine  appearing  pearl 

bine  or  purplish  in  side-lig-ht. Forewing:  anterior  half  or  two-thirds  of  the  basal 

thirds  of  the  cell  occupied  by  a  triangular  patch  which  is  3  mm.  broad  at  the  slightly 
sinuated  apex  and  includes  mostly  a  black  dot  at  two-thirds  of  its  length  (the  black 
dot  corresponding  to  njiper  part  of  cell-bar  3  of  iiiider.vile),  costal  margin  more  or 
less  pale  blue  (upper  layer  of  scales),  excej)t  in  apical  third ;  a  subrectangular  patch 
R- — R^  jnst  beyond  apex  of  cell,  about  3  mm.  long,  three  more  discal  spots  between 
SC*  and  R-  about  S  mm.  from  cell,  the  first  of  them  linear,  thin,  the  second  more  or 
less  rectangular,  about  3  mm.  long  and  11  mm.  broad,  tlie  third  linear,  often  absent; 
a  postdiscal  series  of  eight  spots,  almost  straight  from  R'  to  internal  margin,  spot 
R' — R-  4  mm.  distant  from  outer  margin,  last  spot  0  mm.,  first  spot  more  proximal, 
lu  mm.  from  apex  of  wing,  the  spots  gradually  increasing  in  size  towards  internal 
margin,  spot  R'— R'^  the  smallest,  about  1  mm.  wide,  sjiot  M-— SM'  the  largest, 
about  4  mm.  long  and  2^  broad,  that  at  internal  margin  often  longer  ;  a  streak  of 
8  to  11  mm.  length  at  base  before  SM" ;  a  series  of  small  admarginal  dots,  dots 

M^ — SM-  well  separated. Hindwing  :  a  discal  series  of  patches,  as  continuation 

of  the  postdiscal  series  of  the  forewing,  extends  from  C"  to  (SM'),  forming  a  band 
which  is  interrupted  at  R'  and  incised  distally  upon  R-,  the  band  very  variable  in 
width,  widest  behind,  extending  into  apex  of  cell,  patch  .S(J-— R'  more  or  less 
rounded,  a  postdiscal  patch  (_' — SC-,  occasionally  reduced  to  a  small  limnle,  a  little 
more  distal  than  patch  SC- — R',  seldom  with  a  discal  patch  at  proximal  side  :  a 
series  of  eight  snbmarginal  spots  parallel  to  outer  margin,  barely  2  mm.  distant  from 
it,  the  spots  rounded,  of  about  equal  size,  diameter  H  to  2  mm.,  spots  M- — SIP 
seldom  contiguous  ;  a  series  of  admarginal  bars,  dilated  distad  at  ends,  slightly 
constricted  in  middle,  almost  continuous  from  R-  to  anal  angle,  spots  C— R'  seldom 
vestigial  ;  abdominal  fold  hair  brown,  seldom  uniform  in  colour,  mostly  edged  with 
creamy  buff,  or  assuming  a  white  buff  tint  beyond  end  of  SM-^,  the  long  liairs  before 
the  fold  brownish  black,  with  a  chocolate  hue,  the  bases  of  the  hairs  paler. 

Underside :  olivaceous  wood  brown,  with  a  yellowish  tint,  shaded  with  ecru 

drab  on  hindwing,  white  borders  of  black  bars  slightly  bluish. Forewing  :  no 

basal  cell-spot,  cell-bar  2  curved,  bar  3  interrupted  into  a  larger  posterior  and 
smaller  anterior  spot,  bar  4  distally  convex  in  middle  and  concave  near  both  ends, 
bnt  more  obviously  so  in  upper  half;  subbasal  bar  M- — (SM')  sometimes  repre- 
sented by  a  spot ;  snbmedian  bar  M' — M-  jnst  behind,  or  a  little  proximal  of,  base  of 
M',  bar  M^— (SM')  about  2  mm.  more  proximal,  both  generally  at  right  angles  to 
veins  ;  median  bars  R'— M-  slightly  concave  distally,  bar  W — M'  5  mm.  from  base 
of  M',  bar  M' — M'^  abont  2  mm.  more  proximal,  bar  M-— SM-  more  straight, 
generally  triangularly  dilated  proximally  upon  (SM'),  again  2  mm.  more  proximal 
than  bar  M' — M-,  at  right  angles  to  M-,  median  bar  U-— R^  touching  bar  D  at  lower 


(  393  ) 

angle  of  cell,  bars  SO^ — R^  mostl}'  concave  proximally,  8  mm.  from  cell,  gronad  of 
wing  at  outer  side  of  median  bars  grej'ish  or  ecru  drab,  bluish  grey  between  M^  and 
SM^,  this  pale  scaling  forming  ill-defined  patches  ;  discal  series  of  bars  represented 
by  two  black  Innules  between  M'  and  SIVP,  the  other  discal  bars  seldom  vestigial ; 
postdiscal  bars  M' — SM''  developed  to  two  large  black  patches,  patch  M'' — SIVP 
incised  outwardly  upon  (SM'),  both  patches  bordered  outwardly  by  very  pale  blue 
scaling,  border  of  double  patch  M^ — SM'^  extending  basad  to  near  the  discal  bars, 
resembling  the  number  3i  the  other  postdiscal  patches  obsolete,  but  their  pale  outer 
borders  fused  with  the  postdiscal,  luniform,  pale  interspaces  to  more  or  less  complete 
rings,  postdiscal  interspaces    M' — SM'   wax  yellow  ;  submarginal   l)ars    M' — SM^ 

generally  vestigial. Hiudwing  :  paler  than  forewing,  bars  thinner  ;  basal  costal 

bar  short,  curved,  reaching  PC  at  or  before  angle  of  this  vein  ;  subbasal  costal  bar 
absent,  subbasal  bars  C — M  continuous ;  submedian  costal  bar  a  little  more  proximal 
than  the  other  submedian  bars,  these  almost  continuous  down  to  (SM'),  the  bars 
almost  straight,  submedian  interspace  ecru  drab,  nearly  white;  median  bars  nearly 
continuous,  standing  in  an  almost  straight  line  which  crosses  M  at  base  of  M', 
proximal  half  or  two-thirds  of  discal  interspaces  occupied  by  a  distally  ill-defined 
band  of  ecru  drab  colour  ;  discal  bars  thin,  mostly  vestigial  or  absent,  bordered 
by  white  Innules  at  outer  side,  bars  SC" — R'  and  R' — M'  much  more  proximal 
than  the  others  ;  postdiscal  bars  also  curved,  generally  vestigial,  seldom  quite 
absent ;  postdiscal  interspaces  varying  from  tawny  olive  to  olive  buff ;  submarginal 
black  dots  vestigial  between  R'^  and  SM',  last  two  always  present,  minute,  the 
white  submarginal  dots  also  more  or  less  vestigial  ;  admargiual  interspaces  olive 
tawny,  mostly  bluish  white  at  veins  ;  submarginal  and  abdominal  areas  ecru  drab  ; 
tails  ])ointed,  upper  one  2^  to  5  mm.  long,  second  a  short  tooth. 

? .   Wings,  upper  side :   burnt   umber  colour  in   basal   area,  outer  area  more 

blackish,  especially  on  hiudwing,  with  a  purplish  tint. Forewing :  three  series  of 

spots,  cream  colour  or  white;  four  discal  patches  from  R^  to  internal  margin,  patches 
R^ — M'^  isolated,  ol'lique,  convex  proximally,  often  concave  distally,  patch  M- — SM^ 
triangularly  sinuate  jaroximally  at  (SM'),  about  4  mm.  broad  at  M^,  often  with  pale 
blue  scaling  at  proximal,  less  often  at  distal,  edge,  contiguous  with  long  patch  at 
internal  margin,  discal  patch  R^ — R^  close  to  cell,  spots  SC — R^  halfway  between 
cell  and  postdiscal  series,  spot  SC — SC^  thin,  linear,  the  two  others  about  4  mm. 
long,  all  separated,  placed  in  an  oblique  row,  proximal  edge  of  spot  SC* — R' 
2  to  4  mm.  more  distal  than  proximal  edge  of  spot  R' — R- ;  postdiscal  spots  nearly 
placed  as  in  <?,  but  second  and  third  farther  from  margiu,  spot  at  internal  margin, 
if  present,  fused  with  the  discal  patch,  pustdiscal  spots  more  yellowish  distally  than 
proximally  or  all  white;  admarginal  spots  small,  all  separate,  nearly  touching  fringe. 

Hindwing:  a  milky  white  discal  band,  about  6  mm.  broad  in  front,  tapering 

behind,  reaching  abdominal  margin  at  a  distance  of  4  mm.  from  end  of  SM^ ; 
basally  the  band  is  bordered  by  jiale  blue  scaling  between  SC"  (or  R')  and  (SM'), 
this  scaling  consisting  of  the  upper  layer  of  scales  extends  basad  as  far  as  origin 
of  M-  or  a  little  farther  down,  distally  the  band  has  a  narrower  pale  blue  border; 
between  C  and  R'  or  R^  there  are  mostly  two  or  three  white  postdiscal  spots 
more  or  less  distinctly  separated  from  the  white  band ;  a  series  of  white  submarginal 
spots  edged  with  pale  blue,  upper  three  white  spots  the  longest,  but  the  posterior 
spots  have  wider  blue  borders;  admarginal  interstitial  spots  transverse,  triangularly 
dilated  distad  at  veins,  creamy  at  veins,  buff  in  middle,  anal  one  thin,  bine. 

Underside:    more    yellowish    than    in    cj,   white    markings    better    defined, 

27 


(394) 

abdominal  area  of  hindwiug  not  ecru  drab. Forewing  :    white  discal   patches 

larger  than  above,  postdiscal  spots  SC* — M*  ronnded,  with  indications  of  the  discal 

bars  at  the  jiroximal,  and  of  the  postdiscal  bars  at  the  distal  side. Hiudwing  : 

white  discal  band  seldom  touching  discal  bars  C— R',  generally  widely  separated 
from  them  ;  submarginal  area  ecru  drab  or  white  only  distally,  white  submarginal 
spots  rather  large,  bnt  not  well  defined,  white  dots  M" — SW,  however,  miunte  ; 
admarginal  interspaces  more  or  less  gallstone  yellow  except  distally  near  veins  ; 
upper  tail  5  to  8  mm.  long,  second  3  mm. 

Length  of  forewing  :  t?,  38 — 48  mm. 
„  ?  ,  42—54  mm. 

Clasper  longer  than  in  tiridates  and  allies,  the  hook  longer  and  more  gently 
curved  ;  penis  armed  with  a  tooth  1  mm.  before  end,  more  or  less  obviously  grooved 
longitudinally  before  the  tooth,  a  very  feebly  raised,  long,  ridge  3  ram.  before  end  ; 
penis-funnel  broad,  blunt,  if  viewed  from  above,  apical  hook  Ijroad  at  base  but 
sharply  pointed. 

Hub.  Sierra  Leone  to  the  Upper  Congo  and  Nyassaland.  In  the  Tring  Museum 
35  S  6,  19  ¥  ?  from  :  Sierra  Leone  ;  Gold  Coast ;  Shabo  country,  Niger,  February 
1895  (Dr.  Roth)  ;  Calabar;  Bopoto,  Congo  ;  Kassai,  Aruwimi  forest,  three  and  ten 
days'  march  from  Ft.  Beni,  7.  and  14.  v.  99  (Dr.  Ansorge)  ;  Bandawe,  Nyassaland, 
April  (F.  Watkiuson). 

T^'h^  females  from  Nyassaland  have  the  discal  spots  of  the  forewing  above  all 
white,  while  in  the  specimens  from  Sierra  Leone  and  Gold  Coast  they  are  more  or 
less  cream  colour,  at  least  the  upper  discal  ones.  This  difference,  however,  is  not 
constant,  as  there  occur  in  West  Africa,  together  with  cream-spotted  specimens, 
individuals  which  do  not  apparently  differ  from  the  Nyassaland  examples. 

In  a  cJ  from  the  Kassai  country,  Congo  basin,  the  cell-bar  3  of  the  hindwing 
below  is  indicated  by  a  black  dot. 

(P.  (S  without  blue  patch  in  cell  of  forewing  above  ;  ?  with  blue  band  on 
hindwing. 

40.  Charaxes  imperialis  (Nov.  Zool.  V.  t.  6.  f.  5.  ?). 

Chamxes  imperialis  Butler,  Tr.  Ent.  Soc.  Lund.  p.  531.  t.  11.  f.  3.  ^  (1874)  (Wliydah,  Gold  Coast)  ; 
Kirby,  Cat.  Diuni.  Lep.  p.  748.  n.  40  (1877)  (imperialis  "  Murr.")  ;  But!.,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc. 
Loud.  p.  570.  n.  26  (1887)  (Rio  del  Rey,  J ) ;  Schaus  &  Clements,  Sirrra  Leone  Lepid.  p.  9 
(1893)  ;  Butl.,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Land.  XXV.  p.  374.  n.  67  (1896)  (S.  Leone  ;  Rio  del  Rey)  ; 
Auriv.,  Koiigl.  Sv.  Ak.  Uamll.  XXXI.  5.  p.  240.  n.  46  (1899)  (S.  Leone ;  Ashanti  ;  O.  Calabar  ; 
Bena-Bendi,  Congo). 

<?  ? .  Body  as  in  C/i.  ameliae. 

<J.   Wings  above  velvety  black,  greenish  blue  in  side-light,  slightly  glossy  at 

base,  especially  in  cell  of  forewing. Forewing  :  three  small,  white,  discal  dots 

SC'^ — R^  upper  two  about  7  mm.  from  cell,  dot  R'' — R^  close  to  cell  ;  a  band  of 
four  small,  white,  postdiscal  dots  SC^ — IV,  edged  with  blue,  followed  by  a  larger 
blue  spot,  often  centred  white,  and  again  by  three  turquoise  blue  discal  ]iatches 
between  R"  and  internal  margin,  which  gradually  increase  in  width,  patch  at 
internal  margin  about  5  mm.  long,  patch  M'^ — SM-  proximally  sinuate  at  (SM'), 
the  series  straight  from  internal  margin  to  R',  then  curving  costad  :  minute  blue 
admarginal  dots,  sometimes  absent  except  dots  RP — SM-  ;  fringe  restricted  white 

between  veins  ;  apex  of  wing  rather  acute. Hindwiug  :  a  tunjuoise  blue  discal 

band  from  SC^  to  (SM')  as  a  prolongation  of  the  band  of  the  forewing,  about  5  to 


(  395  ) 

7  mm.  broad,  obliqnel.y  cut  off  posteriorly,  preceded  by  a  white  discal  spot  C— SC*, 
edged  with  blue,  and  a  blue  postdiscal  spot,  the  former  sometimes  vestigial  ; 
submarginal  spots  turquoise  bine,  upper  two  the  largest,  diameter  about  U  mm., 
more  or  less  rounded,  tlie  others  more  transverse,  last  two  seldom  with  vestiges 
of  white  centres  ;  admarginal  spots  the  same  colour,  thin,  interrupted  between 
veins,  spot  0 — SC*  always,  the  following  one  or  two  sometimes  absent  ;  abdominal 
fold  grey  or  clayish  grey  near  margin. 

Underside  olive  wood  brown,  tinged  with  tawny  olive,  with  a  bluish  olive  grey 
gloss  in  side-light,  snbbasal  to  median  bars  thinly  bordered  with  bhiish  grey  at 
both  sides.- — Forewing  :  basal  cell-bar  seldom  indicated  by  a  dot,  cell-bars  2  to  4 
nearly  equal  in  thickness,-  barely  J  mm.  broad,  bar  3  mostly  interrupted,  bar  4 
convex  distally  in  middle,  concave  in  upper  half ;  submedian  bar  M' — M-  proximal 
of  base  of  M',  bar  M- — SM'  generally  angle-shaped,  i  to  U  mm.  more  proximal 
than  bar  M'— M'^  ;  median  bars  R' — SliP  one  behind  the  other,  not  continuous, 
bars  R'— M^  curved,  bar  M- — SM^  straight  or  angled  upon  (SM'),  the  tip  of  the  angle 
pointing  distad,  bar  R' — M'  often  very  short,  about  6  mm.  from  base  of  M',  bar 
R"— R'  1|  mm.  from  bar  D,  bars  SC— R''  9  mm.  from  cell,  short,  thin,  bars 
SC° — R'  with  a  small  white  spot  at  outer  side  ;  discal  bars  M'— SM-  black,  thin, 
curved,  the  others  vestigial  or  absent,  followed  by  five  postdiscal  dots  between 
SC^  and  M',  white,  distally  yellowish,  bars  M'— SM",  however,  with  a  bluish  distal 
border  followed  by  gallstone  yellow,  heavy,  halfmoons  ;  postdiscal  bars  M^ — SM^ 
represented  by  a  large  double  patch,  deeply  incised  distally  upon  (SM'),  with  pale 
blue  outer  border  resembling  the  number  3  ;  bar  M' — M"  represented  by  the 
vestige  of  a  second  patch  ;  outer  margin  with  an  indistinct  band  of  2  mm.  width, 
which  is  slightly  more  yellow  than  the  disc  ;  internal  margin  blackish  near  angle. 

Hindwiug  :  subbasal  and  submedian  series  of  bars  stopping  at  M,  but  there 

is  occasionally  a  minute  submedian  bar  behind  M  near  origin  of  M- ;  basal  costal 
bar  curving  distad  touching  PC  at  angle  of  this  vein,  subbasal  costal  bar  absent, 
.submedian  costal  bar  standing  in  front  of  the  subbasal  bar  C — SC^,  curving  distad  ; 
median  costal  bar  more  proximal  than  the  other  median  bars,  curving  basad, 
sometimes  joined  to  submedian  costal  bar  along  costal  margin,  mediau  bars 
R' — SM*  in  an  almost  straight  row,  the  row  slightly  broken  at  R^,  bar  R- — R'  being 
about  J  or  1  mm.  more  proximal  than  bar  R^ — M',  bar  C — 8C-  more  basal,  more 
or  less  concave  distally,  whitish  outer  border  of  bar  0 — SC-  developed  to  small 
white  spots,  similar  liut  smaller  spots  often  between  R'  and  R^  ;  discal  bars 
arched,  thin,  partly  obliterated,  bluish  white  distal  borders  of  the  upper  bars 
■conspicuous  ;  postdiscal  bars  M^ — SM^  black,  well  marked,  the  other  postdiscal 
bars  vestigial,  seldom  clearly  defined,  postdiscal  luniform  interspaces  gallstone 
yellow,  often  more  olivaceous  tawny  ;  white  submarginal  spots  present,  last  two  the 
smallest,  but  the  best  defined,  shaded  with  bluish  grey,  followed  by  blue  and  black 
dots,  except  the  upper  ones  ;  admarginal  interstitial  bars  dilated  distad  at  ends, 
gallstone  yellow,  constricted  in  middle,  the  distal  triangular  portions  near  veins 
bluish  grey  ;  tails  acute,  upper  one  3  to  5  mm.,  second  about  2  mm. 

?  .    Wings  above  blackish  brown,  purplish,  outer  area  of  hiudvving  rather  deeper 

in  tint  than  rest  of  upperside. Forewing  :  basal  half  of  costal  margin  chocolate  ; 

three  series  of  spots,  a  discal  series  :  two  sj)ots  SC^ — R-,  about  9  mm.  from  cell, 
the  second  more  distal,  often  a  trace  of  a  spot  before  SU',  a  square  spot  R'' — R'  close 
to  cell,  four  spots  R' — SM'-,  spot  R^ — M'  more  or  less  rounded,  8  mm.  from  base  of 
M',  the  next  a  little  more  proximal,  spots  AP— SM"  placed  into  blue  patches,  a 


(  396  ) 

lilne  patch  also  behind  SM-,  these  discal  spots  nearly  equal  in  size,  more  or  less 
bufi",  spots  R^ — W  and  M^ — SM-  more  cream}',  or  all  creamy  white  proximally  ; 
a  postdiscal  series  parallel  to  the  discal  series  behind,  anteriorly  curving  costad, 
sjiot  R' — R°  nearest  the  margin,  the  series  posteriorly  gradually  retreating  from 
margin,  spot  M' — (SM')  vestigial,  spot  (SM') — SM-  absent,  all  bnff;  adraarginal 
spots  small,  ochraceons  bnff,  not  well  defined,  upper  ones  obscure  ;  friuge  restricted 

white  at  internervnlar  folds. Hind  wing  :  a  blue  discal  band  as  in  cJ,  preceded 

by  a  large,  white,  discal  patch  C — SC-  and  a  smaller,  postdiscal,  buff,  patch,  the 
latter  often  shaded  with  blue  ;  submarginal  spots  buff,  larger  than  in  <},  last  two 
minnte,  white  with  blue  edges,  admarginal  bars  all  present,  buff,  not  interrupted. 

Undeiside  nearly  as  in  S ,  all  the  median  bars  of  forewing  with  a  dirty  white 
patch  at  outer  side,  discal  patch  C — SC^  of  hindwing  and  the  postdiscal  interstitial 
spots  of  forewing  larger  than  iu  S  ;  tails  triangulur,  ujijier  one  5  to  8  mm.,  second 
2  to  4  mm.  long. 

Length  of  forewing  :   6  40 — 45  mm. 
„  „  ?  4T— 51  mm. 

Clasper  similar  to  that  of  Ch.  tiridates,  slenderer  ;  penis  with  a  tooth  1  mm. 
before  the  end  and  a  short  tooth-like  ridge  fartlier  back,  nearly  as  in  (^//.  l/i/ntnctatus; 
penis-funnel  very  little  narrower  towards  end,  being  of  nearly  the  same  width  near 
base  as  near  extremity,  the  tip  is  curved  down  as  in  other  Charuxes,  but  this 
vertical  jiortion  is  broad,  not  pointed,  being  ronnded  triangular. 

Hab.  Sierra  Leone  to  the  Congo,  rare.  In  the  Tring  Museum  9  c?(?,  4  ?  ? 
from  Sierra  Leone  and  the  Gold  Coast,  one  of  them  canglit  at  Sierra  Leone  in 
October  1898  by  Capt.  Stevens.  In  the  Berlin  Museum  from  Victoria,  Cameroons  ; 
in  Dr.  Staudinger's  collection  a  S  and  a  ?  from  Borombi,  Cameroons,  and  a 
c?  from  the  Gold  Coast. 

In  one  of  the  S  cj  from  Sierra  Leone  there  are  vestiges  of  blue  discal  spots 
R' — M^  on  the  upperside  of  the  forewing. 

Dr.  Staudinger's  ?  from  the  Cameroons  has  the  postdiscal  spots  of  the 
upperside  of  the  forewing  much  paler  than  they  are  in  our  Sierra  Leone  examples, 
and  the  blue  band  of  the  hindwing  is  wider. 

fl!°.  Abdomen  white. 

41.  Charaxes  pythodorus. 

C'hurarea  pijthudonis  Hewitson,  Ent.  J/o.  Mag.  X.  p.  57  (187.S)  (Angola)  ;  Auriv.,  Kaiiyl.  Sr.  Ak. 

Handl.  XXXI.  5.  p.  239.  n.  39  (1899). 
Charares pilhndofux  (!)  Hewitson,  Ex.  Bull.  V.  Charaxes.  t.  5.  f.  18.  19.  ^  (1874). 

(?.  Head,  pronotum  and  anterior  part  of  mesouotum  mummy  brown,  ujipcrside 
of  palpi  and  meso-metanotum  black,  the  last  with  white  hairs  ;  abdomen  creamy 
white  ;  undermle  of  palpi  and  abdomen  buff,  sides  of  sterna  and  legs  clay  colour, 
femora  blackish  above. 

S.    Wings  abore  black,  slightly  blue  in  side-light. Forewing:    basal  half 

of  costal  margin  chocolate  brown,  especially  the  veins,  if  denuded  ;  discal  spots 
SC — R'  placed  nearly  as  in  ?  of  imperialis,  spots  SC— R^  about  8  mm.  from 
cell,  small,  not  so  broad  as  the  space  between  them,  spot  R^ — R'  close  to  cell, 
spot  R'— M'  5  to  7  mm.  from  base  of  M',  these  spots  white,  edged  and  shaded  with 
pale  blue,  white  spots  M'— SM^  0  to  7  mm.  from  base  of  M',  a  little  larger  than 


(  397  ) 

spot  R' — M',  placed  into  a  very  large  pale  blue  patch  which  is  12  to  16  mm.  broad 
at  iuterual  margin  ami  of  which  the  oblique  proximal  edge  is  9  mm.  from  base 
of  wing  at  SM- ;  a  pcstdiscal  series  of  pale  blue  spots,  curving  costad  in  front, 
the  spots  increasing  in  size  behind,  rounded,  diameter  of  spot  M' — M-  1  to  3  mm., 
spots  M^ — SM^  merged  together  with  the  blue  area  ;  no  admarginal  dots,  fringe 

white  except  at  ends  of  veins. Hiudwing  :    a  large  i)ale  blue  area  from  near 

base  to  beyond  bent  of  R',  shaded  with  white  proximally,  becoming  almost  pure 
white  towards  abdominal  margin  ;  base  for  about  4  mm.  and  postdisco-margiual 
area  black,  the  latter  10  to  14  mm.  broad  at  SC",  4  to  7  mm.  at  M^ ;  a  series  of 
small,  submarginal  spots,  white,  edged  and  shaded  with  blue,  anterior  spot  the 
largest,  diameter  about  IJ  mm.  ;  admarginal,  pale  blue,  markings  very  thin, 
partly  obsolete. 

Underside  uniformly  bnfiish  clay  colour,  black   bars   very  thin,  except   bars 

M" — SM*  of  forewing,  whitish   edges   of  bars   extremely  thin. Forewing :    no 

basal  cell-spot,  cell-bar  3  separated  into  two  portions,  sometimes  into  three  or  four 
dots,  cell-bar  4  nearer  bar  3  than  apex  of  cell,  strongly  convex  in  middle  distally, 
concave  near  ends  ;  bar  D  partly  obsolete,  very  thin  ;  snbmedian  and  median 
bars  M* — SM^  heavy,  joined  together  behind,  forming  a  heavy  half-ring,  which  is 
sometimes  entirely  filled  up  with  black,  snbmedian  bar  M' — M-  3  mm.  from  base 
of  M^ ;  median  bars  R^ — M"  concave  distally,  bar  R' — M'  7  mm.  from  base  of 
M',  bar  M' — M*  3  mm.  more  proximal,  median  bar  R* — R^  1  to  2  mm.  from  cell, 
mostly  straight,  less  often  concave  distally,  bar  R' — R*  short,  convex  distally, 
10  mm.  from  cell,  bar  SC^— R'  about  2  to  2|  mm.  more  distal,  of  the  same 
shape,  on  the  outer  side  of  median  bars  there  are  seldom  vestiges  of  white 
spots  ;  discal  bars  M" — SM^  represented  by  a  black  halfmoon,  the  other  discal 
bars  indicated  as  blackish  clouds  forming  an  indistinct,  nearly  continuous,  band ; 
postdiscal  bars  M' — SM^  represented  by  a  large  black  patch,  concave  distally,  with 
ill-defined,  faint,  grey  scaling  at  proximal  and  distal  sides,  the  other  postdiscal 
bars    mostly    represented   by    small,    ill-defined,    brown    or    black    spots  ;    internal 

margin  black  near  angle,  bluish  grey  in  and  be3'ond  middle. Hiudwing  :  basal 

costal  bar  short,  sometimes  absent ;  no  subbasal  costal  bar ;  submedian  costal 
bar  more  proximal  than  the  other  submedian  bars,  curved  or  straight  ;  median 
bars  all  more  or  less  obviously  convex  distally,  the  series  more  irregular  than 
in  C/i.  imperiaUs,  bars  SC"— R'  and  R'— R^  more  proximal  than  the  other  bars  ; 
discal  and  postdiscal  bars  represented  by  brown,  more  or  less  distinctly  halfmoon- 
shaped,  clouds,  the  postdiscal  ones  better  defined  than  the  discal  ones  ;  bluish  white 
submarginal  dots  obvious,  last  two  contiguous  with  blue  and  black  dots  ;  anal  angle 
less  produced  than  in  C/i.  imperial/^,  tails  reduced  to  short,  blunt,  teeth. 

?.  Like  (J,  wings  broader.  Forewing:  outer  margin  less  concave;  postdiscal 
spots  more  purplish  blue,  upper  discal  ones  more  extended  white  ;  on  the  underside 
the  white  discal  spots  at  outer  side  of  the  median  bars  present,  but  small. 

Length  of  forewing  :   cj  ?  ,  37—45  mm. 

Clasper  similar  to  that  of  C/i.  imperiaUs ;  penis  without  subapical  tooth, 
armed  only  with  a  minute  tooth  situated  about  3|  mm.  from  the  apex  ;  penis- 
funnel  as  in  imperiaUs,  but  the  tip  of  the  hook  more  acute. 

Ilab.  From  Angola  to  British  East  Africa  ;  not  occurring  north  of  ('ougo,  or 
in  S.  Africa. 

Ch.  pijthodorus  is  a  sexuall}'  mouomorjihic  southern  ally  of  Ch.  imperiaUs  ; 
in   the   development  of  the   markings   of  the   forewing  above  pijthodorus  agrees 


(  398  ) 

better  with   the    ?   than  with  the  S  of  impertalis,  inasmnch  as  in  both  sexes  of 
j»ltho(hru»  and  in  the  ?  of  imperialis,  the  discal  interstitial  spots  are  present. 

The  differences   between   the  two  geographical  races  of  pijthodoru»   are   not 
conspicuous,  but  seem  to  be  pretty  constant. 


a.  Ch.  pjrthodoms  pythodoms. 

Chamxes jnjthodorus  Hewitson,  Ent.  Mo.  Mag.  X.  p.  57  (1873)  (Angola)  ;  Kirby,   Cat.  Diurn.  Lpp. 

p.  748.  n.  77  (1877) ;  Dewitz,  Xm-.  Act.  Leap.  Car.  Ak.  Nalurf.  L.  4.  p.  371.  (1887)  (Miikenge)  ; 

Auriv.,  Kongl.  Sv.  AI-.  Haiidl.  XXXI.  5.  p.  239.  n.  39  (1899)  (Mukenge  ;  Angola  ;  L.  Merc). 
Charaxes  pitlmloi-vs  (!),  Hewitson,  Ex.  Butt.  V.  Charoxes.  t.  5.  f.  18.  19.  (J  (1874)  ;  Bull.,  Prw. 

Zonl.  Soc.  Land.  p.  649.  n.  22  (1893)  (Rhodesia,  L.  Mweru,  June)  ;  id.,  Jmirn.  Linn.  Sue.  Loud. 

XXV.  p.  375.  n.  69  (1896)  (L.  Mweru  ;  Angola)  ;  Lanz,  /W.s-  IX.  p.  142  (1896)  (Plateau  north 

of  Tanganyka). 

c?.    Wings,   upper&ide. Forewing :    pale    blue   postdiscal    spots    M"   (SM^) 

completely  merged  together  with  the  blue  discal  patch,  blue  scaling  of  discal 
spots  R^ — M^  more  or  less  extended  distad,  generally  reaching  the  postdiscal 
spots. Hindwing  :  black  outer  area  about  lO  mm.  broad  at  R'. 

Underside, :  submedian  costal  bar  more  or  less  straight,  situated  in  front  of 
snbbasal  bar  C — SC^. 

? .  See  above.  The  blue  scaling  on  upperside  of  forewing  between  veins 
R'  and  M-  much  less  extended. 

Ilab.  Angola  (t'jpe,  Brit.  Mns.)  :  $  ?  from  Pungo  Andongo  (Home3'er)  iu  the 
Berlin  Museum  ;  Lake  Mweru  (Brit.  Mns.)  ;  plateau  north  of  Lake  Tanganyka  (this 
form,  or  nesaea  ?).  In  the  Tring  Museum  2  c?  c?  labelled  "  Congo  "  and  Lukolele, 
Congo. 

b.  Ch.  pytliodorus  nesaea. 

Charaxes  nesaea  Grose-Smith,  Ann.  Mag.  N.  B.  (6).  III.  p.  132  (1889)  (Mombasa). 
Charaxes pythodorus,  Aurivillius,  I.e.  (1899)  (Germ.  E.  Afr.). 

(J.    Wings    above. Forewing :    postdiscal    spot    M^ — (SM')    more    or    less 

separate  from  blue  discal  patch,  sometimes  also  spot  (SM') — SM-  isolated,  spots 

R3 — M^  not  connected  with  the  respective  discal  spots  by  pale  blue  scaling. 

Hindwing  :  black  outer  area  about  14  mm.  broad  at  R\ 

Underside,:  subbasal  costal  bar  curved  distad,  more  distal  than  in  the  preceding 
form,  standing  between  subbasal  and  submedian  bars  C — SCI 

?.   Unknown. 

Ilab.  British  E.  Africa  :  Mombasa  (coll.  Grose-Smith).  In  the  Tring  Museum 
2  (?<?  from  Ran,  Nandi  country,  caught  on  the  13th  and  14th  of  March,  1898 
(Dr.  Ansorge)  ;  Germ.  E.  Afr. 

rf".  Hindwing  below  with  a  rufous  chestnut  baud  across  middle. 


42.  Charaxes  hadrianus  (Nov.  Zool.  VII.  t.  7.  f.  4.  S). 

Charaxes  hadrianus  Ward,  Ent.  Mo.  Mag.  VIII.  p.  120  (1871)  (CamerooDs)  ;  Kirby,  Cat.  Diurn. 
Lep.  p.  748.  n.  G8  (1877)  (Cameroons)  ;  Butl.,  Jovrn.  Linn.  Soc.  Lond.  XXV.  p.  381.  n.  88 
(1896)  (Gaboon  ;  cit.  partim  /aha)  ;  Auriv.,  Kcigl.  Vet.  Ahid.  Haiidl.  XXXI.  5.  p.  240.  n.  48 
(1899)  (Kamerum  ;  Gaboon  ;  Ogowij ;  Bangasso,  Upp.  XJbanghi). 


(  399  ) 

Charaxcs  dux  Staudinger,  E.cnt.  Tagf.  p.  170  (1886)  (Gaboon). 

Charuxes  yahonka  Crowley,  Tr.  Ent.  Sue.  Loml.  p.  553.  t.  17.  f.  3  (1890)  (Gaboon)  ;  id.,  Proc.  Ent 
Soc.  Land.  p.  38  (1890)  {galonica  =  hadrianua). 

i  ? .  Palpi  above  black  ;  head,  ])ronotnm,  and  anterior  part  of  mesonotum 
rafons  chestnnt,  meso-metonotnm  and  l)ase  of,  in  ?  the  whole  npjierside  of,  abdomen 
drab  brown,  rest  of  abdomen  and  underside  white. 

£?.    Wings,  uppcrside. Fore  wing :    base   as    far  as    origin   of    M'    rnfoas 

chestnnt,  this  area  horizontally  ent  off  or  sinnate  in  cell,  distally  separated  by  black, 
proximally  ill-defined,  more  or  less  heavy,  median  bars  from  a  broad  creamy 
white  discal  l)and  ;  the  baud  abont  18  mm.  wide  at  internal  margin,  11  mm.  distant 
from  base,  patch  M^ — SM"  of  nearly  the  same  length,  bordered  grey  proximally  and 
distally,  patch  M' — M-  mnch  smaller,  obliquely  concave  distally,  patch  R' — M' 
isolated,  the  wing  being  black,  about  2  to  3  mm.  from  base  of  M',  spot  R^ — R'  again 
smaller,  discal  patches  SO* — R^  8  mm.  from  cell ;  a  series  of  five  or  six  postdiscal 
spots,  also  white,  spot  SC^ — SC°  absent  or  minute  ;  a  white  admarginal  spot  upon 

(SM'),  sinuate  distally  ;  fringe  white  at  ends  of  internervnlar  folds. Hiudwing  : 

creamy  white,  base  blackish  for  abont  4  mm.,  this  colour  gradually  shading  into 
grey  distally ;  a  series  of  black  snbmarginal  bars,  well  separated  from  one  another, 
mostly  somewhat  concave  proximally,  shaded  at  edges  with  olive  grey,  bars  Sf? — R' 
sometimes  rather  feebly  marked  ;  a  thin,  black  admarginal  line,  contiunons  or 
subinterrnpted  at  internervnlar  folds  ;  abdominal  fold  slightly  shaded  with  grey, 
more  white,  less  cream  colour  than  disc. 

Underside  :  chalky  white,  slightly  glossy,  bars  very  thin. Forewing  :  cell- 
bar  3  absent,  bar  2  very  oblique,  partly  obliterated,  bar  4  nearer  M"  than  M',  angled 
in  middle,  the  angle  pointing  distad  ;  snbmedian  bars  M' — (SM')  one  in  front  of  the 
other,  2  mm.  from  base  of  M.' ;  median  bar  M- — (SM')  2  mm.  distant  from  the  sub- 
median  bar  ;  median  bar  M' — M"  1  or  2  mm.  more  distal,  concave  distally,  |  to 
1  mm.  distal  of  base  of  M',  bar  R^ — M'  oblique,  4  or  5  mm.  from  base  of  M',  bar 
R^ — R^  close  to  bar  D,  parallel  to  it,  distance  about  ^  mm.,  bar  SU* — R'  7  mm. 
from  cell,  oblique,  bar  R' — R^  very  little  more  distal,  sometimes  convex  distally  ; 
discal  bars  SC!'^ — M^  more  or  less  vestigial,  especially  the  posterior  ones,  bar  M^ — SM^ 
fused  with  the  postdiscal  bar  to  a  large  black  patch,  which  includes  some  white 
scales  near  proximal  edge  as  vestige  of  the  white  discal  border  of  the  discal  bar  ; 
the  other  postdiscal  bars  not  represented,  but  the  postdiscal  interspaces  occupied  by 
white  spots  as  above  ;  outer  two-thirds  of  wing  more  glossy  than  base  and  internal 

marginal  area. Hindwing  :  basal  and  subbasal  costal  bars  absent,  snbbasal  bars 

C — M  vestigial  or  absent ;  snbmedian  costal  bar  about  l^mm.  from  PC,  much  more 
basal  than  the  snbmedian  bars  C — M  ;  median  bars  more  proximal  than  in  the 
allied  species,  the  series  almost  straight,  but  interrupted  at  veins,  bar  R'' — W  very 
close  to  bar  D,  bar  R' — M'  absent,  bar  M'— M^  midway  between  M'  and  M^  no 
median  bars  M^— SM^  ;  discal  bars  concave  distally,  except  the  last  ones,  very  much 
heavier  than  the  other  bars,  forming  a  continuous  series  which  extends  in  a  straight 
line  from  costal  to  abdominal  margin,  crossing  M'  about  1  mm.  from  base  and 
C  15  mm.  from  end  of  these  veins,  the  bars  edged  white  distally,  contiguous  with 
a  postdiscal,  rufous  chestnut  band  of  2  mm.  width,  the  band  shar])ly  defined, 
irregularly  concave  between  veins  distally,  except  between  M"  and  SM^  with 
vestiges  of  black  postdiscal  bars  at  outer  edge,  especially  behind  ;  black  submarginal 
dots  R' — SM-  minute,  dot  SC^— R'  sometimes  vestigial ;  admarginal  interstitial 
spots,  primrose   yellow,  extremely  pale,  spots  C — R'  sometimes    ochraceous  ;    a 


(  400  ) 

black  marginal  line,  ver}'  thin,  obliterated  between  veins,  more  heavily  marked  on 
tails  ;  upper  tail  about  5  mm.,  second  2  mm.  long,  both  blunt. 

¥.  Like  c?,  larger.      Wings  alwvi'. Forewing  :  cream}'  white  patches  larger 

than  in  6,  discal  patches  R'^ — M''  not  separated,  patch  M' — M-  II  mm.  long  in 
middle,  postdiscal  spot  M' — iP  about  3i  mm.  in  diameter,  touching  discal  patch  ; 
besides  admarginal    spot    M- — SM-    there    is   another,  minute,    admarginal  sjwt 

between  M'  and  M-,  or  a  vestige  of  it. Hindwing  :  black  basal  area  a  little  more 

extended  ;  black  submarginal  bars  heavier  than  in  cJ  ;  proximal  of  them  there  are 
olive  grey  patches  representing  the  postdiscal  bars,  patch  (SM') — SM-  black,  as 
are  sometimes  the  npper  patches  ;  white  submarginal  sj)ot8  more  or  less  isolated 
by  these  postdiscal  clouds  from  the  white  discal  area  ;  abdominal  fold  shaded  with 
black  dispersed  scales. 

Underside :  apical  half  of  forewing  somewhat  shaded  with  brown  scaling  ; 
discal  line  of  bars  of  hindwing  about  4  mm.  from  base  of  M',  submarginal  black  dots 
larger  than  in  S. 

Length  of  forewing  :   S,  44 — 4G  mm. 
„       „         „  ?,  48 — 51  mm. 

Clasper  in  outline  similar  to  that  of  tiridatcs  and  allies,  but  the  apical  hook 
not  concave  on  the  upper  surface,  the  carina  which  runs  from  the  tip  of  the  hook  to 
the  inner  surface  of  the  clasper  not  sharply  raised  ;  penis  armed  with  a  small  dorsal 
tooth  1  mm.  before  end,  a  short,  low,  carina,  ending  in  a  small  tooth  about  A  mm. 
before  end,  one  or  two  more  small  teeth  between  carina  and  subapical  tooth  ;  penis- 
funnel  more  gradually  curved  than  in  tiridates,  more  triangular  thau  in  impcrialis, 
apical  hook  very  short,  vein  D^  of  hindwing  reaching  M'  about  midway  between 
M'  and  M^  in  both  sexes. 

Hab.  Niger  to  Congo.  In  the  Triug  Museum  2  SS,  ~  ?  ?,  from  Warri, 
Niger  Coast  Protectorate,  April  (Dr.  F.  Roth)  ;  Gaboon  ;  Kassai  country. 

The  c?  from  the  Kassai  country  (figured  on  PL  VIL)  has  the  admarginal 
spots  C — SC^  of  the  underside  of  the  hindwing  ochraceous.  In  the  ?  form 
Warri  the  submarginal  bars  of  the  hindwing  above  are  large,  continuous,  the 
postdiscal  black  jiatches  C — R'  are  also  well  developed  and  fused  with  the 
submarginal  bars,  isolating  two  white  submarginal  spots,  no  white  admarginal 
intersj)ace  C — SC-. 

CIt.  kadrianas,  although  standing  isolated  in  the  present  group  of  species, 
is  nevertheless  more  closely  allied  to  Gh.  pythodorus,  ameliae,  and  imperialis 
than  to  any  other  Charaxes.  In  the  pattern  of  the  upperside  of  the  forewing 
it  agrees  well  with  the  females  of  Ch.  imperialis  and  ameliae,  and  with  both 
sexes  oi  pi/thodorus;  the  nearly  all  white  hindwing  seems  at  first  sight  to  be  a 
very  peculiar  character,  but  is  only  the  outcome  of  an  exaggerated  development 
of  white  scaling  which  has  already  begun  in  Cli.  pythodorus.  The  proximad 
movement  of  the  discal  luniform  bars  of  the  underside  of  the  hindwing  is  peculiar 
to  this  species  ;  the  other  bars  of  the  underside,  except  the  large  postdiscal 
patch  M- — SM-  of  the  forewing,  are  more  or  less  feebly  marked,  agreeing  in 
position  fairly  well  with  the  species  with  which  we  here  associate  hadrianus. 
The  uniform  appearance  of  the  underside,  however,  is  glaringly  interrupted  by 
the  baud  across  the  hindwing.  This  band,  which  is  so  very  prominent  on  the 
white  ground,  must  surely  have  some  biological  meaning  ;  the  resemblance  of 
hadrianus  to  Fieridas  is  not  enhanced  by  it. 


(401  ) 

.  J*.  Nearly  all  the  bars  of  nnderside  tawny. 

e^  Abdomiual  area  of  hiudwing  below  without  tawny  longitudinal  lines, 
e'*.  c?,  forewing  with  two  series  of  postdiscal  and  admarginal  orange 
spots,  which  are  merged  together  posteriorly  at  base  to  a  broad 
band  ;   ?  ,  postdiscal  spots  of  forewing  above  orange. 

43.  Charaxes  azota  (Nov.  Zool.  V.  t.  5.  f.  3.  c?). 

Philngnoma  azota  Hewitson,  Ent.  Mo.  Man.  XIV.  p.  82   ?   (1877)  (Del.  Bay,  ?  ). 

Charaxes  azota,  id.,  I.e.  XIV.  p.  181,  (J  (1878)  (Nyassaland) ;  Trimen  &  Bowk.,  S.  Afr.  Butt.  lU. 
p.  387.  n.  384  (1889)  (Del.  Bay,  Nyassa  )  ;  Monteiro,  Ddagoa  Ba;/  t.  1.  f.  1  (1891)  ;  Trim., 
Prnv.  Zool.  Soc.  Loud.  p.  40.  n.  01  (1894)  (Manica)  ;  Butl,  Aim.  Mofj.  N.  H.  (6).  XV.  p.  248 
(1895)  (Del.  Bay)  ;  id..Joinii.  Linn.  So,:  Lonil.  XXV.  p.  365.  n.  36  (1896)  (Del.  Bay) ;  Auriv., 
Kongl  Si\  Ak.  Handl.  XXXI.  .5.  p.  2.35  n.  23  (1899)  (Del.  Bay,  Manicaland). 

Charaxes  callidea  Smith,  Ann.  Mug.  N.  H.  (6).  III.  p.  130  (1899)  (Mombasa). 

Charaxes  ngasnnn  Butler,  Hid.  (6).  XV.  p.  249  (1895)  (Nyassaland)  ;  id.,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Land. 
p.  253.  n.  11  (1895)  (Zomba). 

Charaxes  azota  local  form  :  Charaxes  callidea,  Butler,  Joum.  Linn.  Soc.  Loud.  XXV.  p.  365  sub 
n.  36  (1896)  (Mombasa). 

Charaxes  azota  local  form  :  Charaxes  nyasana,  Butler  I.e. 

Charaxes  azota  var.  (ab.  ?)  nyasana,  Aurivillius,  I.e.  (1899)  (Nyassaland). 

Charaxes  azota  var.  (ab.  ?)  callidea,  id.,  I.e.  (1899)  (Mombasa). 

3.  Upperside  of  palpi,  head,  prothorax  and  anterior  part  of  tegnlae  bright 
cinnamon  rufous,  rest  of  upperside  olive  black,  abdomen  often  somewhat  chocolate, 
four  dots  on  head  white,  more  or  less  obvious  ;  underside  of  palpi,  and  the  sterna 
dark  vinaceous  cinnamon,  legs  and  abdomen  paler,  second  segment  of  palpi  with  a 
thin  pale  line  at  eye,  its  tip  laterally  and  the  greater  part  of  segment  3  black. 

Wings  above  velvety  black,  faintly  purplish,  both  with  a  wide  cadmium  orange 

postdisco-marginal  band. Forewing  :    costal  edge  cinnamon  rufous,  this  colour 

extending  into  cell,  often  occupying  the  basal  half  of  the  cell,  the  very  edge  of  the 
wing  generally  black,  at  least  in  middle,  base  behind  cell  np  to  M'  often  faintly 
shaded  with  cinnamon  rufous,  vein  M  often  of  the  same  colour  up  to  R^  ;  the  orange 
band  includes  a  series  of  black  submarginal  spots,  variable  in  size  and  number,  the 
upper  ones  always  confluent,  hence  the  band  divided  into  an  admarginal  and  a 
postdiscal  portion,  the  veins  traversing  the  band  more  or  less  heavily  black, 
except  the  posterior  ones,  the  size  of  the  orange  patches  or  spots  into  which 
the  band   is   thus  separated  very  variable  in  size  ;   extreme  outer  margin  always 

black. Hiudwing  :  band  variable  in  width  individually,  narrowest  in  front  as  a 

rule,  measuring  S  to  12  mm.  at  SO',  its  proximal  edge  slightly  irregular, 
crossing  B  IJ  to  4  mm.  distally  of  M' ;  black  submarginal  dots  M'— SM-  (witli 
white  centres)  nearly  always  present,  the  submarginal  dots  SC^— M*  sometimes  more 
or  less  obviously  vestigial,  especially  dot  SO" — R'  often  conspicuous. 

Underside  vinaceous  cinnamon  rufous,  with  a  whitish  vinaceous  gloss,  bars, 
postdisco-marginal  area  of  forewing,  and  postdiscal  and  admarginal  interspaces  of 
hindwing  not  glossy  ;  postdisco-marginal  area  of  both  wings  somewhat  orange  ; 
basal  to  median  bars  cinnamon  rufous,  e.\cept  bars  M-— SM'  of  forewing,  which  are 

black. Forewing  :  cell-bars  heavy,  bar  3  often  separated  into  two  dots,  bar  4 

slightly  oblique,  slightly  angled  in  middle  in  many  specimens,  narrowed  behind, 
basal  cell-spot  absent  ;  submedian  bars  M'— SM'  continuous  with  each  other  and 
cell-bar  4  ;  median  bars  M'— SM-  also  continuous,  but  bar  R'— M'  more  distal,  bar 
R2_R3  fused  with  bar  D  as  a  rule,  bars  SC— R-  augle-shaped,  fused  together  to  a 


(  402  ) 

short  zigzag  band,  sometimes  thin,  occasionally  overshaded  with  glossy  vinaceons 
scales  ;  discal  bars  rather  ill-defined,  slightly  Inniform,  standing  in  a  continnons 
series,  which  at  (SM')  is  about  lit  mm.  distant  from  edge  of  wing  and  at  R'  only 
8  mm.,  the  series  running  apicad  from  M'  to  R',  and  costad  from  R'  to  SC ;  post- 
discal  interspaces  tawny  ochraceous  at  discal  bars  ;  postdiseal  bars  M- — SM- 
developed  to  a  black  patch  of  variable   size  ;  glossy  pinkish  white  snbmarginal 

spots  SC — SC°  conspicnous,  the  others  vestigial. Hiudvviiig  :    basal  costal  bar 

not  very  distinct,  anteriorly  often  joined  to  costal  snbraedian  bar ;  no  basal  to 
snbmedian  bars  on  abdominal  fold  ;  submedian  bars  continnons,  forming  an  obliqne, 
slightly  curved  line  which  crosses  M  just  before  M-  ;  median  bars  also  continuous, 
forming  a  straight,  or  nearly  straight,  line  from  costal  margin  to  SM-,  twice  as 
heavy  costally  as  behind  as  a  rule,  crossing  M  midway  between  M'  and  M-  :  discal 
bars  luniform,  proximally  very  ill-defiaed,  dark  cinnamon  rufous,  with  orange  or 
yellow  buif  lanules  or  spots  at  outside  ;  postdiseal  bars  more  or  less  tawny  orange, 
their  outer  edges  well  defined,  incurved  ;  snbmarginal  pinkish  white  dots  C — SM'' 
all  present,  but  very  small,  the  last  two  or  three  joined  to  black  snbmarginal  dots  ; 
upper  tail  2  to  3  mm.,  second  a  mere  tooth. 

?.     Body  above  as  in  <?,  but  abdomen  sepia  or  broccoli  brown  ;    underside 
paler  than  in   cj. 

Wings,  above. Forewing  ;   costal  margin  paler  than  in   t?  ;  a  discal  band 

from  R^  to  internal  margin,  white,  anteriorly  mostly  shaded  with  yellow,  25  mm. 
broad  at  internal  margin,  patches  R' — M-  triangularly  concave  outwardly,  patch 
R3_j£i  about  half  (or  less  than  half)  the  size  of  patch  M' — M-,  discal  spot 
R- — R^  close  to  cell  seldom  conspicuous,  mostly  vestigial,  often  absent,  always 
small,  discal  spots  SC*— R-  yellowish,  seldom  almost  white;  4  to  5  mm.  long, 
mostly  slightly  concave  proximally,  often  preceded  by  one  or  two  streaks  :  the 
basal  area  np  to  the  discal  markings  brownish  black,  but  part  of  cell  of  the  same 
colour  as  costal  margin  of  wing  ;  discal  black  bars  represented  by  a  curved  black 
band  from  SC  to  R',  followed  by  two  arrow-head-  or  angle-shaped  spots,  bar  M- — 
(SM')  often  vestigial  ;  upon  these  bars  follows  a  series  of  postdiseal,  orange, 
somewhat  ovate,  spots,  the  upper  four  measuring  about  5  mm.  in  length,  spot 
R3 — ]yji  larger,  the  spots  generally  separate,  seldom  fused  together,  mostly  some- 
what ochreous  near  black  discal  bars  ;  postdisco-submarginal  black  band  widened 
behind  and  in  front,  very  seldom  separated  into  spots  ;  an  admargiual  orange  band 
of  about  2|  mm.  width,  consisting  of  halfmoons,  which  are  sometimes  separated 

from  one  another  ;  extreme  edge  of  wing  black,  fringe  white  between  veins. 

Hindwing  :  middle  of  wing  from  costal  to  abdominal  margin  occupied  by  a  broad 
white  band,  of  which  the  inner  edge  crosses  SC  at  base  of  R',  shaded  outwardly, 
especially  in  front,  with  orange  ;  this  white  area  bordered  by  a  black  postdisco- 
submarginal  band,  which  is  parallel  to  outer  margin,  but  is  generally  narrower 
costally  and  abdominally  than  in  middle,  measuring  between  R^  and  M'  about 
8  mm.,  distally  dentate  upon  veins  ;  the  baud  includes  two  or  three  white 
snbmarginal  dots  posteriorly,  and  is  followed  by  an  orange  admargiual  band 
about  4  mm.  in  width  between  R'  and  M'  ;  edge  of  wing  black  ;  base  black. 

Underside   paler    than    in  S,   vinaceous    tawny   up  to    median    bars,   discal 
interspaces  of  fore-  and  hindwing  and  jwstdiscal  ones  of  hindwing  ochre  yellow,  the 

discal    ones    of    forewing    becoming  creamy    white    towards   internal    margin. 

Forewing :  bars  as  in  S,  but  submedian  and  median  bars  M' — SM-  closer 
together,  often    fused,  postdiseal   interspaces   partly   ochreous  ;    black   patch  near 


(403  ) 
internal  angle  very  variable  in  extent,  sometimes  altogether  replaced  by  tawny. - 


Hintlwing  :  discal  luuiform  bars  generally  clearly  defined,  but  sometimes  partly 
obliterated  ;  basal  costal  bar  indistinct  ;  upper  tail  3  to  6  mm.  long,  ronuded  at 
tip,  second  1  to  2i  mm. 

Length  of  forewing  :   tJ,  38 — 42  mm. 
„  „  ? ,  42—50  mm. 

Clasper  slender,  the  ridge  which  forms  the  inner  edge  of  the  hook  continued  on 
to  the  inner  surface  of  the  clasper,  here  situated  much  closer  to  the  ventral  than  the 
dorsal  edge  of  the  clasper  ;  penis  curved  before  end,  with  the  trace  of  a  dorsal  tooth 
at  the  bent,  without  other  armature  ;  penis-funnel  not  triangular,  as  broad  at  apex 
nearly  as  at  base,  slightly  narrowed  before  apex,  apical  edge  turned  downwards, 
rounded,  not  narrowed  to  a  point ;  the  processes  of  the  tenth  tergite  are  short. 

Vein  D^  of  hiudwing  in  both  sexes  about  midway  between  M'  and  M'-  PC  of 
c?  and  especially  of  ?  with  a  short  spur. 

Hah.  Delagoa  Bay  to  Nyassalaud  and  Brit.  E.  Africa.  In  the  Tring  Museum 
from:  Delagoa  Bay,  16  <?  c?,  4  ?  ?  ;  Lauderdale,  Brit.  Cent.  Afr.,  1  c?  ;  Ghipaika. 
Estate,  near  Bandawe,  Brit.  C.  Afr.,  3  <?  <?,  1  ?  (Watkinson)  ;  Zomba,  Brit.  C. 
Afr.,  December,  1895,  1  cJ,  1  ?  (Dr.  Percy  Kendall)  ;  Parumbira,  Lake  Nyassa, 
German  E.  Afr.,  8.  xi.  93  and  9.  xi.  93,  3  c?  c?  (Dr.  Ansorge) ;  German  E.  Afr.,  1  ?  ; 
Taveta,  Brit.  E.  Afr.,  July  1891,  1  S.  Mombasa,  Brit.  E.  Afr.,  in  coll.  Grose- 
Smith  ;  Dar-es-Salaam  in  Berlin  Mus.  and  coll.  Staudinger  ;  Majuji,  N.  Usegua, 
end  of  May,  in  Berl.  Mus.     A  long  series  from  Zomba  in  H.  J.  Adams's  collection. 

A  ?  in  the  Tring  Museum  without  exact  locality,  said  to  be  from  German  East 
Africa,  has  the  black  postdisco-submarginal  bands  of  both  wings  very  much  reduced  ; 
on  forewing  there  is,  instead  of  a  continuous  band,  a  series  of  minute  dots  from 
SC*  to  M^,  followed  by  two  somewhat  larger  spots,  while  on  the  hindwing  the  band 
is  not  interrupted,  but  its  postdiscal  portion  is  replaced  by  orange,  so  that  the  black 
band  is  only  3  mm.  wide  between  veins  ;  the  band  stops  costally  at  SC". 

We  do  not  agree  with  Dr.  Butler  that  the  specimens  from  the  various  localities 
are  subspecifically  separable.  The  characters  adduced  by  Dr.  Butler  as  separating 
the  individuals  from  Nyassalaud  from  those  from  Delagoa  Bay  do  not  hold  good  ; 
Dr.  Butler,  when  describing  w/asajia  in  1895,  and  again  when  writing  the  note  on 
azota,  ni/asana  and  calliclea  in  his  revision  of  the  genus  in  1896,  had  only  one  c? 
from  Delagoa  Bay  for  comparison.  Our  series  of  16  males  from  that  locality  proves 
that  the  number  and  size  of  the  black  markings  within  the  orange  bands  of  the 
upperside  are  individually  very  variable  ;  in  some  of  the  specimens  the  series  of 
spots  reaches  on  the  forewing  down  to  SM^,  while  in  others  it  stops  at  R',  while 
others  again  are  intermediate. 

When  Mr.  Grose-Smith  described  calliclea  as  a  distinct  species,  he  had 
overlooked  that  the  insect  had  already  received  the  name  o{  azota  by  Hewitson. 

p.  S,  Forewing  above  without  postdiscal  orange  spots,  upper  admargiual  dots 
very  small  or  absent  ;  ? ,  postdiscal  spots  of  forewing  above  white  or 
creamy  white. 

44.  Charaxes  protoclea. 

Charaxes  protoclea  Feisthamel,  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  Fr.  p.  260.  n.  12  (1850)  (Casamance)  ;  Butl.,  Proc. 
Zool.  Soc.  Lmul.  p.  G27.  n.  13  (1865)  ;  Dewitz,  Nov.  Act.  Leap.  Car.  Ac.  Nalurf.  L.  4.  p.  371 
(1887)  (Mukenge,  April) ;  Capronn.,  C.  R.  Soc.  Ent.  Belg.  XXXIII.  p.   126.  n.  71   (1889) 


(  404  ) 

(Kassai) ;  id.,  he.  p.  14G.  n.  78  (1889)  (Congo) ;  Schaus  &  Clements,  Sierra  Leoue  Lephl.  p.  8 
(1893);  Karsch,  Berl.  Ent.  Zeitsrhr.  XXXVIII.  p.  192.  n.  60  (1893)  (Adeli)  ;  Butl.,  Ann. 
Mag.  X.  H.  (6).  XV.  p.  248  (1895)  ;  id.,  Jmtrn.  Linn.  Snr.  Land.  XXV.  p.  364.  n.  35  (1896) 
(Cameroons  ;  O.  Calabar  ;  S.  Leone) ;  Auriv.,  Kong!.  Sr.  Al:.  IlumU.  XXXI.  5.  p.  234.  n.  22 
(1899)  (Senegambia  to  Angola). 

5  .  Charades  aeaon  Herrich-Schaeffer,  Aussereur.  Schm-etl.,  Tagf.  f.  9.  10  (1850)  (Afr.  occ). 

<^.  Nymphalis  protoctm  Doubleday,  Westw.  &  Hew.,  Gen.  Diurii,  Lep.  II.  p.  309.  n.  14  (1850) ; 
Kirby,  Cat.  Diurn.  Lep.  p.  268.  n.  13  (1871). 

?.  Nymphalis  aeson,  id.,  I.e.  p.  272.  n.  51  (1871)  (Gold  Coast). 

S.  Uppcrside  of  head,  prothorax,  anterior  part  of  tegulae  deep  chestnut ; 
meso-metanotum  olive  black,  abdomen  seal  brown,  nearly  black  ;  palpi  black  ; 
underside  drab  colour,  with  a  chocolate  tint. 

Wing.i  above  velvety   black,   with    a  bluish    tint   in   side-light. Forewing  : 

admarginal  interspaces  from  M'  or  M"  to  internal  margin  cadmium  orange,  the 
spots  sometimes  fused  together,  forming  a  short  band  of  from  2  to  5  mm.  width 
behind,  in  some  specimens  there  are  tiny  admarginal  dots  also  between  veins  SC 

and  M' ;  fringe  white  between  veins. Hiudwing  with  a  broad  postdisco-admarginal, 

cadmium  orange  baud,  narrowing  in  front,  4  to  iJ  mm.  broad  at  SC",  10  to  12  mm. 
at  M' ;  a  series  of  black  submargiual  dots,  the  dots  all  present,  or  some  or  nearly 
all  absent,  dot  C— SC^  often  rather  large  and  fused  with  the  black  area  ;  extreme 
edge  of  wing  black,  fringe  white  between  veins. 

Underside  darker  than  in  azota,  varying  from  vinaceous  walnnt  brown  to 
olivaceous  mummy  brown  ;  bar  nearly  as  in  azota,  but  on  forewing,  cell-bar  3 
divided  into  two  dots,  cell-bar  4  strongly  curved  distad  in  middle,  median  bar 
M' — M-  more  distal  than  bar  M"  (SM'),  on  hiudwing,  discal  and  postdiscal  bars 
rather  more  obvious,  the  glossy  submargiual  area  reduced  in  width,  almost  separated 
into  large  halfmoous,  white  submarginal  dots  heavier:  upper  tail  H  to  2  mm., 
second  a  mere  tooth. 

?.  Body  as  in  6,  but  underside  paler,  clay  colour,  palpi  more  creamy 
buff. 

Wings  above  black,  slightly  blnish  in  side-light  ;  discal  baud  across  both  wings 

as  in  azota  ? ,  but  milky  white,  bluish  at  edges,  somewhat  narrower. Forewing  : 

costal  margin  slightly  chocolate  towards  base  ;  discal  band  11  to  13  mm.  broad  at 
SM'\  5  mm.  from  cell  behind  M',  spot  R- — R^  vestigial,  seldom  absent,  spots  SO' — R" 
separated,  the  second  about  twice  as  long  as  broad;  postdiscal  spots  SC* — M''  as  in 
azota  ? ,  but  smaller,  especially  the  upper  four,  spots  R' — M-  separated  from  discal 
band  by  black  arched  or  .angled  bars,  bar  M' — M-  often  abbreviated,  bar  M' — (SM') 
sometimes  vestigial,  the  postdiscal  spots  milky  white  or  slightly  tinged  with 
yellow  ;  admarginal  spots  orange,  variable  in  size  individually,  gradually  decreasing 
in  size  costad,  spots  SC^ — M'  generally  mere  dots,  sjiots  M- — SM-  mostly  confluent 

to  one  elongate  spot,  but    sometimes  well   separated  and  minute. Hiudwing  : 

discal  band  narrowing  behind,  the  abdominal  fold  not  being  white  ;  its  outer  edge 
almost  straight,  slightly  convex ;  postdisco-submarginal  black  band  as  in  azota  ? , 
but  broader,  especially  its  first  partition  broader  than  in  that  species,  measuring 
between  R^  and  M'  from  9  to  12  mm.;  2  to  5  white  submargiual  dots  in  this  baud  ; 
orange  admarginal  band  on  the  wliole  less  regularly  convex  between  veins  proximally 
than  in  azota. 

Underside  dark  fawn  colour  from  base  to  median  series  of  bars,  approaching 
vinaceous  cinnamon  ;  discal  and  postdiscal  spots  and  band  of  forewing  and  disco- 
postdiscal  band  of  hiudwing  as  above,  but  creamy  white,  the  postdiscal  spots  more 


(  405  ) 

cream  colour,  less  white,  soraetimes  all  these  pale  interspaces  pale  maize  }'ellow. 

Forewing  :  bars  as  in  cJ,  discal  bars  Inniform  or  angle-shaped,  rather  thin,  pnstdiscal 
ones  represented  by  patches  or  spots,  often  minute,  externally  more  or  less  obviously 
bordered  with  whitish,  glossy,  scaling,  patches  M^ — SM-  black,  fused  together,  large, 
with  bluish  white  scaling  at  outside,  which  more  or  less  resembles  the  letter  M,  the 
others  russet  tawny,  but  patch  M' — M-  often  partly   black,  marginal  area  russet 

tawny,  tawny  behind. Hindwing  :  as  in  azota  ? ,  median  bars  M- — SM-  rather 

heavier,  postdiscal  ones  also  heavier  as  a  rule,  the  glossy  submarginal  area  sharper 
defined  in  most  individuals,  the  admarginal  tawny  or  orange  tawny,  bands  bordered 
proximally  by  creamy  buif  bars  ;  upper  tail  3  to  0  mm.,  second  a  blunt  tooth. 

Length  of  forewing  :   <?,  38 — 45  mm. 
„  „  ? ,  47—52  mm. 

Sexual  armature  as  in  Ch.  azota,  but  penis  with  several  extremely  small, 
teeth  dorsally. 

Vein  D'  of  hindwing  joining  M  in  S  at  point  of  origin  of  M-,  in  ?  between 
M'  and  M^ 

Hab.  Senegambia  to  Angola  and  Upper  Congo.  In  the  Tring  Museum, 
21  c?c?,7  ??  from:  Sierra  Leone  ;  Gold  Coast ;  Congo:  Lukolele,  Bopoto,  Kassai ; 
Aruwimi  forest,  two,  three,  and  ten  days'  march  from  Fort  Beni,  May  6.  7.  14. 
1899  (Dr.  Ansorge). 

The  orange  band  of  the  forewing  above  is  in  the  males  from  the  Congo  basin 
on  the  whole  more  reduced  than  in  the  individuals  from  the  northern  parts  of  West 
Africa  (Sierra  Leone  and  Gold  Coast)  ;  the  Congo  individuals  have  also  the  under- 
skle  slightly  darker.  In  one  of  our  specimens  from  Lukolele,  Congo,  there  are  on 
the  npperside  of  the  forewing  distinct  traces  of  the  orange  postdiscal  spots  SC*— R^ 
of  Ch.  azota,  and  also  some  orange  scales  about  2  mm.  from  the  admarginal  band 
between  M'  and  SM^;  this  individual  forms  a  kind  of  connecting  link  between 
Ch.  azota  and  ■protoclea  ;  the  postdiscal  orange  spot  (SM') — SM''  of  the  forewing 
above  is  vestigial  in  many  <;?<?;  in  an  individual  from  Victoria,  Cameroon?,  in  the 
Berlin  Museum  it  is  rather  conspicuous. 

f°.  Abdominal  area  of  hindwing  below  with  tawny  longitudinal  lines. 


45.  Charaxes  cynthia. 

Charaxes  cynthia  Butler,  Proc.  Zuol.  Soc.  LonfL  p.  026.  n.  \'l.  t.  36.  f.  3.  (^  (1865)  (Ashanti)  ;  id.. 
I.e.  p.  570.  n.  2,')  (1887)  (Rio  del  Key) ;  Smith,  ibid  p.  472.  n.  85  (1890)  (Aruwimi)  ;  Auriv., 
Em.  Tidsk.  XII.  p.  215.  n.  138  (1891)  (Cameroons)  ;  id.,  !.c.  XIV.  p.  310.  n.  188  (1894) 
(Cameroons)  ;  Butl.,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Land.  XXV.  p.  366.  n.  40  (1896)  (O.  Calabar  ;  Rio 
del  Rey  ;  Cameroons  ;  Angola)  ;  Auriv.,  Kn/igl.  Sr.  Vet.  Ak.  Himdl.  XXXI.  5.  p.  235.  n.  21 
(1899)  (Ashanti  ;  O.  Calabar  ;  Cameroons  ;  Kuilu  ;  Aruwimi  ;  Njam  Njam  ;  Angola). 

Nymphulis  cynthia,  Kirby,  Cut.  Diurn.  Lep.  p.  268.  n.  11  (1871)  ;  Dewitz,  Xov.  Act.  Lenj).  Car.  Ak. 
Naturf.   XLI.  2.  p.  28  (1879)  (Angola). 

?.  Charaxes  Ii/sia7uissa  Westwood,  Thes.  Oxon.  p.  181.  t.  34.  f.  3.  4  (1874)  (Ashanti). 

cJ  Body  al/ove  somewhat  brighter  than  in  liK/vtius,  but  darker  than  in  boucti, 
white  dots  on  prouotum  as  in  boue.ti  ;  below  as  in  houeti,  breast  slightly  darker 
laterally. 

Wings,  upperside,  similar  to  that  of  Ittcretiu.s,  but  without  the  bine  gloss. 

Forewing  :  cell  and  base  behind  cell  brighter  than  in  lucretius,  deep  orange  rufous  ; 


(  406  ) 

bar  D  and  heavy  median  bar  R* — R'  fused  togetlier,  with  orange  rufous  spots 
SC  " — R'  at  outside,  these  spots  fused  together,  seldom  separated,  spot  R^ — R' 
smaller  than  the  other  two,  sometimes  minute  ;  black  submedial-discal  area 
nearly  the  same  as  in  hicretius,  narrower  and  better  defined  behind,  with  two 
discal  spots  SC* — R-  of  variable  size,  sometimes  also  with  traces  of  thin  discal 
lunules  R^ — M'  ;  postdiscal  band  of  bright  orange  rufous  spots  more  oblique  than 
in  lucretius,  patches  R^ — M-  generally  with  a  black  incision  or  a  black  line 
anteriorly,  representing  the  discal  bars,  admarginal  spots  smaller  than  in  laavtiiis, 
mostly  somewhat  separate  from  edge  of  wing,  patch  M^ — SM^  externally  nearly 
always  incised  upon  (SM'),  and  proximally  produced  into  a  short  line  upon  (SM'), 

as  in  boueti. Hindwiug  :   disco-jiostdiscal  band  somewhat  widened  basad  in  and 

beyond  cell  to  near  base  of  JI-  ;  admarginal  rnfiius  orange  baud  as  in  houeti, 
the  black  postdisco-submarginal  band  distally  somewhat  produced  at  veins  and 
interncrvular  folds,  hence  the  admarginal  interspaces  not  regularly  convex  between 
veins  as  in  lucretius  ;  marginal  black  line  thin  as  in  houeti  ;  of  the  submarginal 
blue  and  white  dots  only  the  last  two  are  marked. 

Underside   vinaeeous    hazel,    median    and    disoal    interspaces  of  forewing  and 
submarginal  area  of  hindwiug  with  a  rather  slight  whitish  pink  gloss  in  side-light) 

bars  bright  cinnamon  rufous,  heavy. Forewing  :  basal  third  of  costal  margin 

white  ;  cell  and  discal  inters])aces  somewhat  clayish,  basal  cell-spot  present,  cell- 
bar  4  strongly  curved  twice,  its  upper  end  pointing  distad  ;  subinedian  and  median 
bars  M- — M-  very  heavy,  patch-like,  generally  joined  together  at  (SM'),  black,  some 
bluish  white  scaling  between  them,  submedian  bar  M' — M-  proximal  of  M',  median 
bar  M' — M-  5  mm.  from  base  of  M',  both  bars  black  behind,  no  submedian  bar 
R^ — M',  median  bar  R^ — M'  sometimes  feeble,  slightly  curved  distad,  1  or  li  mm. 
more  distal  than  median  bar  M' — M-,  bar  R- —R^  touching  bar  D  behind,  median 
bars  SC — R^  in  the  usual  place,  each  angle-  or  halfmoon-shaped ;  discal  bars 
Inniform,  obscurely  marked,  edged  externally  with  pale  greenish  bnff  lunules, 
bars  R' — M-  separated  from  median  bars  ;  outside  median  bars  a  pale  pinkish 
buff  patch,  from  M^  to  internal  margin,  much  widened  behind  ;  postdiscal  bars 
represented  by  spots,  of  which  spots  M' — SM-  are  black,  spots  M- — SM' 
large,  fused  together,  with  three  more  or  less  separate  bluish  white  spots 
outwardly,  the  other  postdiscal  spots  indistinct,  also  with  some  pale  submarginal 
scaling  distally,   which  is  more  distinct  between   8C^   and  SC^  ;    posterior  orange 

admarginal  spots  rather  obvious. Hindwiug  :  costal  margin  of  wing  edged  with 

orange  rufous,  basal  costal  bar  long,  curving  distad,  snbbasal  bars  C — M  continuous, 
but  bar  M — (SM')  more  basal  and  almost  longitudinal  ;  submedian  line  of  bars 
slightly  irregular,  crossing  M  just  at  the  base  of  M-  ,  median  bars  continuous, 
forming  an  almost  straight  line  which  is  outwardly  bordered  with  a  thin  black  line 
which  crosses  M  proximally  of  base  of  M'  ;  discal  interspaces  occupied  by  con- 
tinuous silvery  white  band,  IJ  to  2A  mm.  broad,  variable  in  width  individually  and 
geographically,  extending  to  abdominal  margin,  bordered  distally  by  the  discal  bars, 
of  which  the  upper  ones  are  arched;  all  discal  bars  bordered  outwardly  with  pale 
olivaceous  buff;  postdiscal  bars  chestnut  tawny,  arched,  generally  rather  dilated 
basad  between  veins,  ill-defined  proximally,  better  so  distally  ;  white  submarginal 
dots  vestigial,  with  pinkish  buff  transverse  spots  at  outside,  last  two  dots  more 
obvious,  with  the  black  submarginal  dots  present ;  anal  admarginal  spot  olive  butt' ; 
edge  of  wing  a  little  less  sharply  dentate  than  in  lucretius  ;  tails  triangular,  pointed, 
upper  oue  4  to  o  mm.  long,  second  3  to  4  mm. 


(  407  ) 

? .  Body  above  somewhat  darker  tliau  in  <S  abdomen  beneath  without  the 
black  lines  of  lucretiiis. 

Wings,  upperside,  as  in  S,  but  basal  area  of  forewing  mnch  less  bright  and  less 
extended,  cinnamon  rufous,  the  disco-postdiscal  band  buff  yellow,  distallj*  tinged 
with  orange  rufous,  seldom  shaded  with  brown,  broader  than  in  cJ,  measuring 
9  mm.  in  width  at  SM'^  the  discal  portions  of  the  j)atches  R^ — M'^  larger  than  in  S  ; 
median  spots  SC^ — W  pale  ochraceous  rufous  ;  admarginal  spot  as  in  S,  but  spots 

SC — M^  larger  than  in  S ,  about  equal  in  size. Hindwiug  ;  disco-postdiscal  band 

buff  )'ellow,    wider  than  in    <?,  8  mm.  broad  at  R',  edged  externally  with  rufous 
orange  ;  admarginal  orange  rufous  band  more  even  in  width  than  in  S ,  being  com- 
paratively   narrower  in   middle   than  in  the  other  sex,  its    proximal    edge   evenly 
convex  between  veins  down  to  R^  ;  band  of  both  wings  sometimes  suffused  with  brown. 
Underside  :  paler  than  in  S,  the  interspaces  between  the  heavy  bars  more 
glossy  ;    discal    and   postdiscal    interspaces    of   forewing    and    large    halfmoons    at 
outside  of  discal  bars  of  hindwiug  as  well  as  cell  of  forewing  buff,  more  or  less  pale, 
discal  band  of  hindwiug  silvery  as  in  c?,  but  wider,  or  pale  yellowish  buff  like  discal 
patches   M' — SM-   of  forewing  ;    tails   longer  thau  in   S ,  the  upper  one    slightly 
spatnlate,  8  to  9  mm.  long,  the  second  pointed,  (3  to  7  mm.  long. 
Length  of  forewing  :    c?,  38 — 42  mm. 
„  „  ? ,  45—49  mm. 

Hook  of  clasper  irregularly  denticulate  at  upper  edge,  rather  strongly  curved, 
acute  ;  penis  curved  before  the  end,  no  armature  except  a  feeble  ridge  about  2|  mm. 
from  the  tip  which  bears  some  small  teeth,  the  ridge  is  oblique,  turning  proximally 
towards  the  left  side  ;  penis-funnel  somewhat  narrower  towards  the  end,  apex 
rounded  when  seen  from  above,  apical  margin  turned  downward  to  form  a  rather 
heavy  hook. 

Vein  D^  of  hindwiug  in  both  sexes  before  M',  as  in  boueti. 

Hab.  West  African  Forest  Region,  from  Sierra  Leone  to  Angola  and  Unyoro  ; 
Fernando  Po,  coll.  Grose-Smith,  In  the  Tring  Museum  15  ^cJ,  »  ?  ?  from: 
Sierra  Leone  ;  Gold  Coast  ;  Warri,  Niger  Coast  Protectorate,  February  and  April 
(Dr.  Roth)  ;  Congo ;  Lukolele,  Bopoto,  Kassai  ;  two  and  three  days'  march  from 
Ft.  Beni,  Aruwimi  Forest,  May  6.  7.  1899  (Dr.  Ansorge)  ;  Fajao,  Unyoro,  15.  vii. 
97  (Dr.  Ansorge).  This  is  a  close  ally  of  Ch.  boueti,  of  which  it  may  be  called 
the  West  Ai'rican  representative,  though  the  two  insects  cannot  very  well  be  united 
to  one  species,  the  differences  between  them  being  too  great. 

Charaxes  cynthia  has  apparently  developed  into  two  subspecies,  the  one 
inhabiting  the  northern  parts  of  West  Africa  from  Sierra  Leone  to  the  Niger,  the 
other  ranging  from  Cameroons  to  Unyoro.  W^e  have  not  seen  sufficient  material  of 
t]ie  femiile  sex,  and  therefore  do  not  give  a  name  to  the  Congolese  form,  but  point 
out  the  following  differences  between  the  males  : 

Sierra  Leone  to  Niger  :  Postdiscal  band  of  forewing  above  posteriorly  obviously 
paler  than  in  front  ;  discal  band  of  hindwing  ferruginous  buff  yellow,  edged  with 
orange  rufous.  White  discal  band  of  underside  of  hindwing  2  to  4  mm.  broad 
before  SC^ 

Cameroons,  Congo,  to  Unyoro  :  Band  of  forewing  above  not  distinctly  jialer 
behind  than  in  front ;  band  of  hindwing  orange  rufous,  little  paler  proximally  ; 
orange  rufous  admarginal  band  of  hindwing  above  and  beloiv  wider  than  in  cijiithia 
cijnthia.  On  underside  the  white  discal  baud  is  on  the  whole  narrower  thau  in  the 
northern  race. 


(  408  ) 
46.  Charaxes  boueti  (Nov.  Zool.  VI.  t.  S.  f.  '..'.  c?). 

Charaxes  boueti  Feisthamel,  A7m.  Soc.  Ent.  Fr.  (2).  VIII.  p.  2fil  (1850)  (Gambia). 

(J.  Bod)/,  above,  clavish  tawny  ocbraceous,  Lead,  pronotum,  anterior  portion 
of  mesonotnm,  and  palpi  ochraceons  rufous  ;  underside  creamy  buff,  palpi  and 
middle  of  presternum  almost  white  ;  palpi  with  a  black  dorso-lateral  line  ;  anterior 
tibiae  and  oblique  stripes  on  breast  underneath  legs  ochraceous. 

Whigs,  ahoee,  orpiment  orange,  marked  with  black,  base  slightly  less  bright 
than  disc. Forewing  :  no  bars  in  cell  ;  bar  D  thin  ;  median  bars  heavy,  patch- 
like, bars  R' — SM'  gradually  a  little  more  proximal;  bar  R- — R'  close  to  apex  of 
cell,  touching  posteriorly  bar  D,  sometimes  absent,  bars  SC* — R^  in  the  ordinary 
{)lace,  more  or  less  triangular ;  di.scal  bars  SC — M-  present,  mostly  rather 
heavy,  bar  M- — (SM')  sometimes  vestigial,  bar  SC* — SC'^  triangular,  produced 
basad,  bar  R- — R'  extending  proximad  to  median  bar  R' — R'',  with  which  it  is 
often  fused,  bars  R' — M"  smaller,  generally  luniform,  sometimes  linear,  spot 
M' — M''  seldom  absent ;  postdiscal  and  snbmarginal  bans  fused  together  with 
the  marginal  line  to  a  postdisco-marginal  band  which  is  proximally  incised 
upon  or  at  veins,  and  includes  the  orpiment  orange  admarginal  spot.s,  which 
anteriorly  decrease  in  size,  spots  M^ — SM^  fused  to  one  patch,  band  6  mm.  wide 
before  (SM'),  about  4  mm.  upon  fold  R' — R- ;  veins  SC'' — R^  between  discal  and 

postdiscal   black    markings   often    all    black. Hindwing  :    median   bars   C — R' 

vestigial,  sometimes  rather  clearly  marked,  often  with  pale  scaling  at  outside  ; 
a  postdisco-submargiual  band  of  variable  width,  narrowest  behind,  composed  of 
jiatches  which  are  either  separated  or  fused  together,  patch  SC^— R'  the  largest, 
3 1  to  5  mm.  wide,  somewhat  prolonged  distad  at  SC",  as  the  other  patches  also 
often  are,  but  in  a  lesser  degree,  the  band  of  about  the  same  width  as  the  orpiment 
orange  admarginal  band,  the  difference  in  width  not  considerable,  sometimes 
patches  R* — SM"  obsolete  ;  submarginal  blue  and  white  dots  M- — SM^  present ; 
anal  admarginal  interspace  olive  buff;  marginal  black  line  thin,  not  interrupted. 

Underside  ochraceous  buff,   slightly    variable   in  the   depth  of  the   tint,  the 
bars  thin,  tawny  ochraceous,   except    posterior  bars   of  submedian,   median,   and 

postdiscal  series,  which  are  black. Forewing  :  basal  third  of  costal  edge  silvery 

white  ;  cell-bar  3  separated  into  dots,  no  basal  cell-spot ;  median  bar  R^— M'  about 
4  mm.  from  base  of  M',  interspace  between  median  and  submedian  bars  M" — SM'- 
inostly  bluish  ;  discal  bars  halfmoon-shaped,  the  series  almost  j)arallel  to  outer 
margin,  but  anteriorly  curving  costad,  the  upper  bars  developed  to  ill-detined 
triangular  patches  ;  postdiscal  series  parallel  to  the  discal  one,  interspace  between 
veins  about  2  to  3  mm,  bars  ill-defined,  posterior  ones  patch-like  and  triangular, 
with  whitish  blue  or  bluish  white  scaling  at  outside  ;  internal  margin  more  or 
less  extended  bluish  white.- — ■ — Hindwing  :  basal  costal  bar  short,  median  bars 
continuous,  forming  a  straight  or  nearly  straight  line  which  crosses  M  just  proximally 
of  base  of  M',  often  more  or  less  broadly  bordered  with  silvery  white,  as  sometimes 
is  the  submedian  series  proximally  ;  discal  bars  luniform,  feebly  marked,  rather 
close  to  median  series,  ochraceous,  bar  R^ — M^  only  1  or  2  mm.  from  base  of  M', 
jiostdiscal  bars  often  better  defined  and  more  tawny,  but  sometimes  very  obscure ; 
buftish  white  submarginal  dots  more  or  less  vestigial,  last  two  heavier  and  with 
blue-black  dots  at  outside  ;  admarginal  interspaces  pale  orange  ochraceous  or 
ochre  yellow,  anal  one  olive  buff;  edge  of  wing  dentate,  tails  acute,  njiper  one 
3  to  4  mm.,  second  5  mm.  long. 


(  409  ) 

? .  Body  above  darker,  especially  abdomen  more  brown  than  in  S  ;  abdomen 
belotv  more  or  less  tawny. 

Wings  abote  mnch  less  bright  orange  than  in  $,  black  markings  mnch  larger 
than  in  S,  basal  area  (up  to  median  bars)  varying  from  pale  ochraceons  rnfons 
to  cinnamon  rnfons,  discal  and  postdiscal  interspaces  of  forewing  and  discal  band 

of  hindwing  yellow  bnff. Forewing  :   discal  interstitial  jiatch  M" — SM"  6  mm- 

broad  at  M'',  the  patches  decreasing  in  size  anteriorly,  the  npper  three  somewhat 
elongate,  patches  SO' — R^  separate  from  the  others,  as  discal  bar  R^ — R'  extends 
so  much  basad  as  to  touch  median  bar  R' — R^,  the  discal  bars  all  dilated  basad, 
except  bar  M" — (SM"),  which  is  thin  ;  postdiscal  interspaces  more  or  less  rounded, 
edged  with  ochraceous  rufous,  especially  broadly  so  at  veins,  the  spots  becoming 

slightly  smaller  towards  costal  margin  ;  admarginal  spots  pale  ochraceous  rufous. 

Hindwing  :  median  bars  C — M  more  or  less  vestigial,  discal  band  heavily  bordered 
distally  with  ochraceous  rufous,  this  border  becoming  wider  behind,  its  proximal 
edge  corresponding  to  the  discal  bars,  between  C  and  R\  where  the  ochraceous 
rufous  colour  is  very  restricted  the  discal  bars  are  sometimes  vestigial,  standing 
within  the  pale  band ;  postdisco-snbmarginal  black  baud  continuous,  less  narrowing 
behind  than  in  $ ,  externally  dentate  at  veins  ;  white  snbmarginal  dots  M- — SM^ 
present,  dots  R' — M-  sometimes  vestigial ;  admarginal  interspaces  less  bright 
orange  than  in   c?. 

Underside  either  as  in  $  or  more  fawn  colour,  especially  the  median  and 
submarginal  interspaces,  discal  and  postdiscal  interspaces  paler  than  in  c?,  bars 
on  the  whole  better  defined  ;  tails  longer,  very  slender,  a  little  less  pointed  than 
in  S  ;  cell-bar  3  of  forewing  sometimes  not  interrupted. 

Length  of  forewing  :   cJ,  34 — 3S  mm. 
„  „  ? ,  40—42  mm. 

Vein  D^  of  hindwing  in  both  sexes  proximal  of  base  of  M'  as  in  cynthia. 

Penis  with  some  extremely  small  dorsal  teeth  (or  traces  of  them)  at  the  subapical 
bent,  and  two  larger  sinistro-lateral  teeth  about  3  mm.  from  end  ;  penis-funnel  and 
clasper  similar  to  those  of  cynthia,  hook  of  clasper  strongly  chitinized,  long,  sharply 
pointed. 

Ilab.  Tropical  East  Africa  and  Senegambia. 

We  can  distinguish  two  geographical  forms. 

a.  Ch.  boueti  lasti. 

Charaxes  lust!  Smith,  Ann.  Mug.  N.  II.  (6).  III.  p.  131  (1889)  (Mombasa)  ;  id.  &  Kirby,  lihop. 

Exot.  I.  C},<ini.i-es.  p.  8.  t.  4.  f.  4.  5.  (1890)  ;  Trim.,  Prac.  Zuol.  So,;.  Lond.  p.  39.  n.  60.  t.  5. 

f.  6.  ?  (18114)  (Manica) ;  Butl.,  ihkl.  p.  720.  n.  12  (1896)  (Zomba)  ;  id.,  Jourii.  Linn.  Soc.  Loud. 

XXV.  p.  367.  n.  42  (1896)  (Mombasa ;  Zomba). 
Cha>-a.ces  niacdouni  Butler,  Proi:.  Ziml.  Sue.  Lund.  p.  252.  n.  9.  t.  15.  f.  1.  cj  (1895)  (Zomba)  ;  id., 

Journ.  Linn.  Sue.  Lond.  XXV.  p.  367.  n.  41  (1896)  (Zomba). 
Charaxes  lasti  Grose-Smith  var.  fiiivincejis  Lanz,  Iris  IX.  p.  142  (1896)  (Parumbira ;  Tanganyika, 

October). 
Chumxrs  boueti  var.   macduuni,  Aurivillius,  Kongl.  Si\  Ak.  Handl.  XXXI.  5.  p.  235.  n.  20  (1899) 

(Manica  ;  Zomba  ;  Parumbira  ;  Tanganyika). 
Chunu'fs  houeli  var.  lasti,  id.,  I.e.  (Mombasa). 

c?  ¥ .    Winys,   above. Forewing  :    median   bar   R^— R'  present,   in  ?  fused 

with  bar  D,  in  S  touching  this  bar  behind. 

Underside. Forewing  :  snbmedian  and  median  bars  M' — M-  tawny,  not  black. 

28 


(  410  ) 

Hab.  Tropical  East  Africa :  Mauicaland;  Nyassalaud ;  Tanganyika;  Usaiubara 
(coll.  Staudinger)  ;  Mpwapwa  (coll.  Standinger) :  Mombasa  (coll.  Grose-Smith). 
In  the  Tring  Musenm  'i<5S,2  ??  from:  Zomba,  December  l.stln  (Dr.  Percy 
Kendall)  ;  Bandawe,  Nyassalaud,  April  l-^th,  ls99  (F.  ^Vatkinsou)  ;  German 
E.  Africa,  without  precise  locality. 

I>.  Ch.  boueti  boueti  (Nov.  Zool.  VI.  t.  8.  f.  2.  S,  type). 

Charaxes  boiteti  Feisthamel,  /.■-. ;  Butl  ,./o»i-«.  Liiiii.  Soc.  Loml.  XXV.  p.  367.  n.  43  (1896)  (Gambia); 
Auriv.,  l.c.  t.  5.  f.  2.  J  (1899)  (Casamanca). 

(J.    Wings,  above. Forewing  :   median   bar   R- — W  very  thin,  completely 

fused  with  bar  D  ;  discal  bars  SC" — R'  all  heavy  and  fused  together,  the  orange 
patch   iucluded   between   them   and    the    median    bars   SC — R-   smaller   thau   in 

lasti. Hindwiug:  black  postdisco-submargiual  band  not  interrupted  from  C — M^, 

narrower  thau  in  the  sj)ecimens  of  hiiiti  with  a  not  interrupted  band. 

Underside. Forewing  :    submedian,   median,   and   postdiscal    bars    M' — M- 

black  ;  median  bar  R- — R^  touching  bar  D  jiosteriorly. Hiudwing  :  submedian 

and  median  lines  of  bars  more  blackish  than  in  lasti,  the  interspace  between  them 
darker  ;  nervular  lines  and  bars  on  abdominal  fold  more  obvions  than  in  lasti. 

Hnb.  Senegambia  :  Casamanca  1  3  (type)  in  coll.  Oberthtlr  ;  'Z  specimens  in 
the  British  Museum  from  the  Hinterland  of  Sierra  Leone. 

Mons.  Chas.  Oberthtir  has  kindly  sent  us  a  drawing  of  the  type  of  boueti,  which 
is  reproduced  on  Plate  VIII.  of  Vol.  VI. 

The  differences  between  boueti  and  lasti  may  be  purely  individual,  considering 
that  lasti  is  a  very  variable  insect.  We  cannot  find  any  constant  difference  between 
the  specimens  from  Nyassalaud  and  those  from  the  coast  region  of  German  and 
British  East  Africa. 

/<'.  Cell-bar  'i  of  forewing  below  heavier  than  bar  4,  narrowed  in  front,  sub- 
median  and  median  bars  M' — SM''  of  forewing  very  heavy. 

47.  Charaxes  lucretius. 

Papilio  Eques  Achivus  lucretius  Cramer,  Pajj.  Exut.  I.  p.  129.  t.  82.  f.  E.  F  (1777)  (Guinea)  ;  Fabr., 
Sper.  Ins.  U.  p.  22.  n.  91  (1781)  (Guinea)  ;  id.,  Mafit.  Ins.  II.  p.  12.  n.  107  (1787);  Jabl.  & 
Herbat,  Natiirs.  Schmetl.  IV.  p.  73.  n.  158.  t.  66.  f.  1.  2  (1790)  ;  Gmelin,  Syst.  Nat.  I.  5.  p.  2244. 
n.  340  (1790)  (Guinea). 

Poj/ilio  Nymphaliti  lucretius,  Fabricius,  Ent.  Sj/st.  III.  1.  p.  84.  n.  261  (1793)  (Guinea). 

Eriboai  lucretia  (!),  Hiibner,  Verz.  hek.  Schmett.  p.  47.  n.  425  (1816-27). 

Nijnqjhalis  lucretins,  Godart,  Enl.  .Uelh.  IX.  p.  352.  n.  7  (1813)  (Guinea) ;  Doubl.,  Westw.  &  Hew., 
Ge?i.  Diurn.  Lep.  II.  p.  308.  n.  G  (1850)  (Guinea)  ;  Kirby,  Cat.  Diuni.  Lip.  p.  268.  n.  10  (1871) 
(Guinea)  ;  Dewitz,  Nop.  Act.  Leap.  Car.  Ak.  Nfitiirf.  XLI.  2.  2.  p.  8  (1879)  (Chinchoxo). 

Chiiruxes  lucretius,  Doubleday,  List.  Spec.  Lep.  Ins.  Brit.  .Uus.  I.  Ill  (1844)  ;  Butt,  Proc.  Zoiil.  Soc. 
Limd.  p.  62(;.  n.  11  (1865)  (Guinea)  ;  id..  Cut.  Diurn.  Lep.  descr.  hi/  Falir.  p.  53.  n.  12  (1809) 
(Ashanti)  ;  Stand.,  Exot.  Tuijf.  p.  169.  t.  58  (1886)  (Gaboon,  Fernando  Po,  Gold  Coast); 
Dewitz,  Nor.  Act.  Leop.  Car.  Ale.  Naturf.  L.  4.  p.  371  (1887)  (Mukenge,  Nov.)  ;  Bull.,  Proc. 
Zool.  Hoc.  Lond.  p.  60.  n.  15  (1888)  (Monbuttu,  Equat.  Afr.)  ;  Capronn.,  C.  R.  Soc.  Ent.  Belg. 
XXXIII.  p.  125.. n.  66  (1889)  (Kassai  ;  Congo)  ;  id.,  l.c.  p.  146.  n.  76  (1889)  (Gabon);  Mab., 
Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  Fr.  (6).  X.  p.  22  (1890)  (A.ssiuie) ;  Godm.  &  Salv.,  in  Jameson,  .S/ui-^  .ft«ar 
Column  p.  440.  n.  80  (1890)  (Aruwimi)  ;  Moschl.,  Ahh.  Sent  Ges.  XV.  p,  61.  n.  99  (1890) 
(Aburi)  ;  Auriv.,  Eut.  Tidskr.  XII.  p.  215.  n.  1:18  (1891)  (Cameroons)  ;  Schaua  &  Clements, 
SnrraLeone  Lepid.p.Hi^Xa^'i);  Karsch,  Ikrl.  Ent.  Zeitschr.  XXXVIII.  p.  187.  n.  52  (1893) 
<AdeU,  Togo)  ;  Auriv.,  l.c.  XV.  p.  310.  n.  189  (1894)  (Cameroons  ;  I.— VI. ;  IX.— XI.)  ;  Butl., 


(411  ) 

Joum.  Linn.  Soc.  Land.  XXV.  p.  3G6.  n,  39  (189C)  (S.  Leone  ;  Isubu  ;  Cameroons  ;  0.  Calabar  ; 
Fernando  Po  ;  Accra  ;  Ashanti  ;  Angola)  ;  Auriv.,  K<mf/l.  Sc.  Vet.  Ah.  llamll.  XXXI.  5.  p.  234. 
n.  19  ( 1899)  (Sierra  Leone  to  Angola  and  the  Aruwimi  R.). 

(J.  Head,  pronotum  and  auterior  portiou  of  mesonotnm  as  well  as  upperside  of 
palpi  dark  cinuamou  rufous,  rest  of  meso-  and  metanotum  brownish  black,  abdomen 
chestnut,  dots  on  head  and  pronotum  obsolete  or  absent ;  underside  ochraceous 
tawny,  breast  more  hazel,  palpi  with  a  black  dorso-lateral  stripe  which  is  thinly 
edged  with  white  beneath  ;  middle  and  hinder  femora  black  above,  with  a  sprinkling 
of  whitish  scales. 

Wings,  above,  with  a  strong  pnrplish  blue  sheen  all  over  in  side-light,  black, 
■cell  of  forewing  cinnamon  rnfons,  this  colour  extending  more  distad  at  costal 
margin  and  occupying  also  base  of  wing  beyond  cell  where  it  shades  into  the  black 
colour ;  discal  and  admarginal  marking  rufous  orpiment   orange,  the  discal  band 

of  the  hindwing  anteriorly  somewhat  paler. Forewing  :  cell-bar  4  more  or  less 

heavily  marked,  bars  2  and  3  mostly  vestigial ;  bar  D  broad,  generally  partly 
separated  from  the  black  discal  area  by  some  rufous  orpiment  orange  spots,  never 
quite  isolated  ;  a  postdiscal  band  of  spots,  straight,  almost  parallel  to  margin,  about 
4  mm.  broad  at  SM^,  decreasing  in  width  costad,  the  upper  spots  rounded,  spot 
SC* — SC°  mostly  very  small,  sometimes  absent ;  admarginal  spots  halfmoon-shaped, 

the  series  complete,  the  upper  ones  smaller,  spots  BI- — SIP  not  fused  together. 

Hindwing  :  disco-postdiscal  band  of  nearly  even  width,  proximally  sinuate  at  SG-, 
crossing  K'  at  right  angles,  4  to  7  mm.  broad  at  this  vein,  its  inner  edge  crossing  M 
at  point  of  origin  of  M' ;  admarginal  interspaces  developed  to  a  complete,  uninter- 
rupted band  of  halfmoons,  about  4  mm.  wide  between  veins ;  marginal  black  line 
barely  A  mm.  broad,  not  interrupted  ;  snbmargiual  dots  M- — SM°  minute,  bluish 
white,  the  others  absent  as  a  rule,  but  in  one  of  our  examples  (from  the  Congo)  all 
the  dots  vestigial ;  edge  of  wing  strongly  dentate. 

Underside :  reddish  chestnut,  forewing  somewhat  paler  than  hindwing  shading 
from  M'  to  internal  margin  into  orange  buif ;  basal  to  median  bars  black,  clearly 

marked,  edged  with  bluish  white. Forewing:  no  basal  cell-spot,  cell-bars  2  and  3 

rather  heavy,  but  short,  bar  4  thinner,  not,  or  slightly,  curved  or  angled,  about 
at  right  angles  to  veins  ;  bar  D  thin,  anteriorly  dilated  distad  ;  submedian  bars 
M' — (SM')  very  heavy,  patch-like,  bar  M' — M-  distal  of  base  of  M',  no  snbuiedian 
bar  R^ — M' ;  median  bars  M' — SM-  heavy,  widely  separate  from  submedian  bars, 
median  bar  R^ — M'  thin,  more  distal  than  bar  M' — M-,  7  to  9  mm.  from  base  of  M', 
oblique,  inclining  basal  costally,  like  bar  M' — M^,  bar  R-— R'  1  or  H  mm.  from  cell, 
thin,  bars  SO' — R^  in  the  usual  place,  each  one  angle-shaped,  the  jioints  of  the 
angles  directed  distad  ;  discal  bars  SC'' — (SM')  vestigial,  represented  by  chestnut 
spots  which  are  arranged  in  an  oblique  series  that  anteriorly  slightly  curves  costad 
and  posteriorly  touches  median  bar  M- — (SM') ;  postdiscal  bars  SC — -M'  represented 
by  similar  spots,  which  are  luniform  and  open  basad,  postdiscal  bar  M' — M-  heavier, 
more  or  less  black,  bars  M- — SM-  represented  by  a  large  black  patch  that  extends 
to  internal  margin,  veins  M^,  (SM')  and  SM-  with  pale  blue  scaling  within  and  at 
that  patch,  postdiscal  and  admarginal  interspaces  rather  paler  than  the  rest  of  the 

wing,   especially  behind. Hindwing  :   black   bars   thin  ;   basal  costal  bar  short, 

distant  from  PC,  no  subbasal  bar  C — SC^,  no  basal  cell-spot,  sabmedian  series 
extending  to  (SM'),  much  broken,  cell-bar  4  reaching  M  at  point  of  origin  of  M-  ; 
median  series  also  broken,  bar  C — SC-  arched,  bars  M- — SM^  generally  not  distinct, 
reaching  abdominal  margin  4  or  o  mm.  from  tip  of  SM^ ;  discal  and  postdiscal  bars 


(412  ) 

heavy,  somewhat  Inuiform,  vinaceons  brick  red,  the  series  first  parallel,  then  con- 
verging, slightly  enrving  distad  between  W  and  R',  the  discal  series  faintl.v  bordered 
with  white  proximally  ;  snbmarginal  pinkisli  white  dots  SC- — SM-  present,  the  last 
two  with  the  black  snbmarginal  dots  at  ontside  ;  adraarginal  interspaces  smaller 
than  above,  dark  ferruginons,  thinly  edged  with  pinkish  white  at  both  sides  ;  mar- 
ginal line  as  above  ;  tails  acute,  short,  npjier  one  3  to  4,  second  2  to  3  mm.  long. 

¥.  Bo(/i/  above  as  in  d,  bnt  abdomen  blackish  brown  ;  underside  paler  than 
in  cJ,  abdomen  with  two  black  stripes,  interrupted  at  edges  of  segments. 

Wings    above   blackish   brown,  with    little   bine   gloss. Forewing  :    basal 

three-fifths  of  costal  margin  and  part  of  cell  dark  cinnamon  rnfous,  cell-bars  and 
bar  D  less  conspicuous  than  in  3,  owing  to  the  ]iosterior  half  of  cell  (or  more)  being 
suffnsed  with  blackish  brown  ;  median  bars  S(J'— R'-  vestigial  iu  some  specimens  ; 
postdiscal  band  of  patches  as  in  c?,  but  colour  varying  from  creamy  white  to 
yellowish  buff,  posteriorly  somewhat  broader  than  in  S,  spot  SC* — SC*  vestigial  or 
well-marked;  admarginal  spots  smaller  than  iu  <?,  often  obsolete,  the  last  two  often 

cream  colour,   the   others   cinnamon    rufous. Hindwing  :   disco-postdiscal  band 

varying  from  creamy  white  to  bnlf  yellow,  straight,  extending  to  abdominal  margin, 
of  even  width  from  SC=,  or  R",  to  SM-,  wider  at  C,  5  to  9  mm.  broad  at  R-,  often 
triangularly  sinuate  proximally  upon  R',  often  incised  distally  upon  veins,  edges  of 
band  somewhat  ochraceons  rufous  in  the  more  yellow  banded  specimens  ;  admarginal 
spots  as  large  as  in  6,  but  sometimes  smaller  and  clearly  separated  from  one 
another,  ochraceons  orange,  paler  proximally,  or  very  pale  buff ;  snbmarginal  dots 
ftP— SM-'  as  in  S. 

Underside:  mars  brown  or  fawn  colour,  postdiscal  band  of  forewing  and  disco- 
postdiscal  one  of  hindwing  wider  than  above,  less  sharply  defined,  bntf  or  huffish 

white. Forewing:   median  bars  SC'— R"  more  angle-shaped  than  in   i,  tawny 

marginal  band  comparatively  more  obvious. Hindwing:  discal  series  of  bars 

very  inconspicuons,  partly  obliterated  ;  postdiscal  bars  as  heavy  as  or  heavier 
than  in  d",  snbmarginal  area  shaded  with  pinkish  white,  white  snbmarginal  dots 
indistinct ;  tawny  ochraceons  admarginal  halfmoons  somewhat  thinner  than  in  S, 
their  pinkish  white  j)roximal  borders  broad;  tails  as  in  S,  bnt  longer. 

Length  of  forewing  :  S,  37 — 41  mm. 
„  „  ?  ,  40—46  mm. 

Clasper  not  so  sharply  pointed  as  in  cynthia ;  penis-funnel  more  triangular, 
slenderer,  apex  thickened  underneath  to  a  tubercle  which  is  compressed  and  produced 
proximally  into  a  tooth  ;  penis  thin,  with  a  dorsal  tooth  about  1  mm.  before  end, 
and  traces  of  teeth  about  3  mm.  from  apex. 

JIdh.  West  African  Forest  Region  from  Sierra  Leone  to  Angola  and  Uganda. 
In  the  Tring  Museum,  25  tJcJ,  8  ?  ?  from  :  Sierra  Leone;  Gold  (Joast ;  Cameroons  ; 
Congo:  Lukolele,  Bopoto,  Kassai ;  Ft.  Alice,  Uganda,  Febmary  1,  1807  (Dr. 
Ansorge). 

In  the  unique  specimen  (c?)  from  Ft.  Alice  the  band  of  the  forewing  is  nearly 
eqnal  in  width,  narrower  than  in  most  individuals  from  other  places  ;  the  bluish 
white  snbmarginal  dots  R'— SM-  of  the  upperside  of  the  hindwing  are  conspicuous, 
and  there  is  a  trace  of  a  further  dot  before  R^ 

Ihe/emales  from  the  tlongo  basin  and  Cameroons  have  a  very  pale  baud. 

The  specimens  from  Fernando  Fo  seem  to  be  slightly  different  from  those  from 
other  localities.  In  the  single  3  examined  (iu  coll.  Hewitson)  the  orange  jiarts  of 
the  upperside  are  darker,  being  more  shaded  with  purple  blue,  the  admarginal 


(  413  ) 

spots  are  smaller  ;  the  black  marginal  line  of  the  hindwing  is  heavier  between 
the  veins,  the  veins  within  the  orange  band  of  the  hindwing  above  are  blackish. 
The  ?  ?  have  the  band  of  the  npperside  yellowish  ;  the  admarginal  halfmoous 
of  the  hindwing  are  contiguous,  shaded  with  tawny  ;  admarginal  line  heavier 
between  veins  ;  the  tawny  resp.  blackish  discal  and  postdiscal  bars  of  both  wings 
below  rather  sharply  defined,  the  discal  ones  especially  more  strongly  marked  than 
in  the  individuals  from  other  places,  the  discal  tawny  ochraceons  halfraoon-shaped 
bars  of  the  hindwing  separated  by  pale  buff  spots  from  the  chocolate  tawny 
postdiscal  band  of  bars,  which  shows  obvious  vestiges  of  black  scaling  at  the 
discal  edge. 

p.  Admarginal  spots  of  hindwing  large,  halfmoon-sbaped,  several  mm.  distant 
from  edge  of  wing. 

48.  Charaxes  odysseus  (Nov.  Zool.  V.  t.  7.  f.  4.  ? ). 

?  .  Charaxes  odysseus  Staudinger,  Iris  V.  p.  260  (1892)  (St.  Thome) ;  Butl.,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Lmid. 
XXV.  p.  366.  n.  38  (1896)  (St.  Thomas)  ;  Aurir.,  Kongl.  Sv.  Vet.  Ak.  Hundl.  XXXI.  5.  p.  234. 
n.  18(1899)  (St.  Thom^). 

S.  Unknown. 

?  .  Bodi/  above  :  thorax  olive  bistre,  palpi,  head  and  pronotum  more  raw  umber 
colour,  abdomen  mummy  brown  ;  dots  on  head  and  pronotum  obliterated. 

Underside  drab  grey,  palpi,  middle  of  pro-  and  mesosternum,  and  abdomen 
more  creamy  white. 

Wings,  upperside ;  blackish  mummy  brown,  slightly  purplish,  basal  area  of 
forewing  Vandyke  brown,  of  hindwing  Front's  brown,  abdominal  fold  shading  into 

wood  brown. Forewing  :  a  large  patch  in  apex  of  cell  purplish  black,  submedian 

bar  M' — M^  vestigia],  broad,  median  bars  traceable,  represented  by  large  purplish 
black  patches  which  are  slightly  deeper  black  than  the  rest  of  the  mediano-marginal 
area  ;  a  triangular  patch  at  base  of  cellule  R^ — M',  a  short  streak  behind  R-  about 
4  mm.  from  cell,  a  double  patch  SC'*'' — R-  about  2  mm.  from  npper  angle  of  cell, 
cream  colour  ;  two  discal  spots  SC^ — R'^  almost  white,  and  a  band  of  postdiscal  spots 
white,  this  band  extends  from  SC^  to  internal  margin,  widening  posteriorly,  the 

spots  all  separate  ;  four  admarginal  patches  R^ — SM"  creamy  white. Hindwing  : 

a  creamy  white  discal  band  as  prolongation  of  the  band  of  the  forewing,  narrowing 
behind,  divided  by  the  brown  veins  into  patches,  shaded  with  brown  behind  M-,  its 
inner  edge  broken  at  R^ ;  an  admarginal  series  of  creamy  white  halfmoons  from  C 
to  M-  several  mm.  from  edge  of  wing  ;  submargiual  dots,  spots  liP — SM-  very  small 
bluish  white,  no  other  submargiual  spots. 

Underside  :  pale  clay  colour,  markings  not  sharply  defined. Forewing  ;  no 

basal  cell-spot,  cell-bar  2  obliriue,  thin,  cell-bar  3  thicker  behind,  less  obliijue,  cell-bar 
4  thin,  slightly  undulate,  nearly  at  right  angles  to  veins;  bar  D  very  thin;  submedian 
and  median  bars  M-— SM-  fused  to  a  large  brownish  black  patch,  submedian  bar 
M'— M-  distal  of  base  of  M^,  heavy,  like  the  median  bar  M'— M^,  no  submedian  bar 
R' — M'  ;  median  bar  R'— M'  rather  obscure,  8  mm.  from  base  of  M',  bar  R^— R^ 
close  to  cell,  indistinct,  bars  SC^ — R-  in  their  usual  place  (at  one-third  the  way  from 
cell  to  apex  of  wing),  also  not  clearly  marked  ;  discal  bars  SC*  -R'  marked  as 
slight  clouds,  bars  R' — M^  scarcely  traceable  as  proximal  borders  of  the  creamy 
white  patches ;  series  of  postdiscal  patches  as  above,  wider  behind,  less  clearly 
defined  ;  postdiscal  bars  R' — SM-  represented  by  purplish  black  patches,  submedian 


(  414  ) 

jiatch  very  large;  admarginal  spots  as  above,  larger. Hindwing:  basal  costal  bar 

faint  as  are  all  the  basal  to  median  bars;  no  snbmedian  bars  (SM')  -SM' ;  snb- 
median  and  median  series  rather  far  apart,  the  median  series  nearl}'  contiunous  down 
to  R^  broken  at  this  vein  ;  discal  bars  clay  colour,  continuous,  fnsed  at  veins  with 
the  similarly  coloured  postdiscal  bars,  which  stand  close  to  them  ;  discal  interspaces 
totally  occupied  by  a  creamy  white  band  which  is  widest  (8  mm.)  at  costal  margin, 
measures  3  mm.  before  11^,  and  1  i  mm.  behind  R',  and  widens  out  again  at 
abdominal  margin  ;  postdiscal  interspaces  small  pale  buff;  no  admarginal  spots 
and  admarginal  bars  marked,  but  creamy  white  submarginal  spots  as  above,  anal 
submarginal  dots  larger  than  above,  both  tails  broad,  triangular,  l)lunt,  njiper  one 
3mm.,  second  If  mm.  long. 

Length  of  forewing  :    ?  ,  39  mm. 

R^  of  hiudwing  M  at  base  of  M'. 

Hub.  Island  of  St.  Thom6,  1  ?  in  coll.  Staudinger. 

This  is  a  very  remarkable  species  ;  its  greatest  peculiarity  is  the  position  of  the 
large  admarginal  halfmoous  of  the  hindwing. 

(I.  Cell-bars  of  forewing  below  straight,  with  heavy  white  borders,  or  bar  4  all 
white,  discal  bars  of  forewing  straight. 
e^.  Basal  area  of  njjperside  of  wings  milky  white  like  body. 

4'.».  Charaxes  lactetinctus. 

(J.  Charaxes  lactetinctus  Karscb,  Enl.  Xachr.  XVIII.  p.  113.  n.  1  (IWi);  id.,  Berl.  Eid.  Ztilsi-hr. 
XXXYIII.  p.  190.  n.  53.  t.  5.  f.  3  (1893)  (Adeli,  Sept.  October) ;  id.,  I.e.  Sitz.-Ber.  p.  19  (1894) ; 
Butl.,  J(mrn.  Lhm.  Soc.  Land.  XXV.  p.  365.  n.  37  (1896)  (Adeli)  ;  Auriv.,  Kongl.  Sv.  Vel.  Ak. 
Handl.  XXXI.  p.  234.  n.  17  (1899)  (Togo). 

S  ? .  Upjierside  of  palpi,  head,  pronotum  and  tegnlae  tawny,  rest  of  upperside 
milky  white  ;  antennae  black  ;  underside  of  palj)!  pale  tawny,  with  a  black  lateral 
line  which  is  bordered  pale  yellow  ventrally  ;  sternae  and  legs  russet,  femora  more 
black,  abdomen  in  ?  white,  tawny  in  middle,  with  an  interrnpted  black  streak  at 
each  side. 

(?.    Wings  aboee :  basal  half  of  forewing  and  basal  two-tliirds   of  hindwiug 

bluish   white. Forewing  :  tawny,  the  white  area   not   reaching  SC,  e.xternally 

oblique  ;  bar  D  heavy,  triangular,  median  bars  R'  -SM=  forming  large  continuous 
patches,  black,  median  bars  SC!*°— R-  also  black,  heavy,  elongate,  contiguous;  discal 
and  postdiscal  patch-like  bars  less  deep  black,  discal  ones  SC^— R^  forming  a  large 
triangular  patch  pointing  backwards,  patch  R-— R^  more  pro.ximal,  subrectangnlar, 
contiguous  with  the  black  median  patch  R^— M^  ;  postdiscal  brownish  black  patches 
merged  together  to  a  band  which  widens  posteriorly,  and  is  produced  towards  the 
margin  of  the  wing  at  the  veins  ;  the  orange  tawny  discal  interspaces  SC^^(SM') 
smaller  than  the  postdiscal  brownish  black  patches,  separated  from  each  other  at 
the  veins,  the  upper  ones  more  or  less  rounded,  the  series  almost  parallel  to  outer 
margin  ;  admarginal,  tawny,  spots  about  as  large  as  the  discal  ones,  convex  proxi- 

mally,  upper  ones  not  clearly  separated  from  one  another. Hindwing  :  white  area 

posteriorly  wider  than  in  front,  its  outer  edge  crossing  R^  proximally  of  bent  ;  disco- 
snbmarginal  bars  enlarged  and  merged  together  to  a  very  broad  black  band,  which 
includes  the  whitish  violet  bine  submarginal  dots  R'--SM-  close  to  its  outer  edge  ; 
postdiscal  interspaces  C — R'  tawny  about  2  mm.  wide  before  SC- ;  orange  tawny 


(  415  ) 

admarg;inal  interspaces  transverse,  npper  one  largest,  middle  ones  abont  If  mm. 
wide,  interspaces  R' — M-  strongly  constricted  between  veins,  anal  one  olive  butF ; 
admarginal  line  black. 

Underside  chestnut. Forewing  :  postdiscal  and  marginal  interstitial  bauds 

tawny,  the  former  abont  3  mm.  wide  at  (SM'),  narrowing  costad,  the  latter  wider  in 
middle  than  behind  ;  cell-bars  transverse,  bar  2  and  3  with  rather  thin  white  borders, 
bar  4  all  white,  the  black  scaling  being  obliterated  ;  bar  D  thin  ;  submedian  bars 
M' — (SM')  heavy,  the  npper  one  with  a  heavy  white  proximal  border,  this  border 
jnst  behind  point  of  origin  of  M',  snbmedian  bar  (SM')— SM-  more  or  less  marked, 
as  is  also  the  snbbasal  bar  ;  median  bars  R' — SM-  snbcontinuous,  the  series  crossing 
M'  abont  8  mm.  from  the  base  of  that  vein,  no  median  bar  R-— R'',  black  median  bars 
SC^ — R-  also  obliterated,  but  their  white  distal  borders  developed  to  a  triangular 
patch  ;  postdiscal  bars  R^— SM-  more  or  less  black,  patch-like,  bordered  distally  by 
a  bluish  grey  scaling  which  forms  a  narrow  band  that  extends  to  near  costal  margin, 

but  becomes  anteriorly  more  olive  and  less  distinct.- Hindwing  :  all  the  basal  to 

jwstdiscal  bars  absent,  except  discal  bar  (SM')— SM-  which  is  black,  but  the  position 
of  the  median,  discal  and  postdiscal  series  of  bars  is  indicated  in  consequence  of  the 
difference  in  tint  of  the  discal,  postdiscal  and  submarginal  interspaces,  the  discal 
and  submarginal  interspaces  forming  two  somewhat  greyish  brown  bands,  while  the 
postdiscal  interspaces  are  merged  together  to  a  chocolate  band  ;  this  latter  band  is 
of  about  4  mm.  width  in  middle,  crosses  SC^  about  10  mm.  from  end  of  vein  and 
thence  runs  towards  anal  angle  ;  submarginal  black  bars  R' — SM-  represented  by 
black  dots  which  are  bordered  bluish  white  proximally,  similar  bluish  white,  but 
less  distinct,  lunules  also  between  C  and  R^  ;  admarginal  interspaces  as  above, 
rather  wider  (except  upper  one)  less  bright  orange  tawny,  interspaces  R^— M- 
yellowish  in  middle  ;  marginal  line  blackish  brown  ;  abdominal  area  tawny  ;  tails 
triangular,  second  longer  than  first,  length  5  resp.  7  mm. 

?.  Like  c?,  wings  somewhat  broader,  tawny  orange  postdiscal  interstices  of 
forewing  ahore  wider  ;  on  the  underside  the  median  bars  R'' — M-  of  forewing  closer 
to  cell  than  to  postdiscal  bars  (in  S  the  reverse  is  the  case),  on  hindwing  the 
chocolate  postdiscal  band  more  proximal,  proximally  bordered  by  a  distinct  grey 
line,  discal  interspaces  C — R^  orange. 

Length  of  forewing  :    c?,  ?  ,  40—45  mm. 

Ilab.  Togolaud  :  Adeli,  found  in  September  and  October,  not  rare  according  to 
the  discoverer.     A  ?  in  the  British  Museum  found  between  Scarcies  and  the  Niger. 

y '.  Basal  areas  of  wings  above  not  white. 

(f.  t'ostal  median  bar  of  hindwing  below  absent. 

i^.  Dentition  of  outer  margin   of  hindwing   not   prominent,   no 
tail  M'. 
g*.  Forewing  above:  cell  with  a  black  subapical  patch,  post- 
costal  median  and  discal  interspaces  more  or  less 
orange. 

50.  Charaxes  drnceanus. 

Charuxes  ilruceanus  Butler,  Cist.  Ent.  I.  p.  4.  n.  1  (18G9)  (0.  Calabar) ;  id.,  /.<y.  Ex.  p.  2G.  t.  10. 
f.  4.  (J  (1870)  (0.  Calabar)  ;  Spiller,  Entvm.  XV.  p.  8  (1882)  (Xatal)  ;  Westw.,  Thcs.  0.rnn. 
p.  182.  t.  .34,  f.  6.  (J  (1874)  (Old  Calabar,  Natal,  Zambesi)  ;  Staud.,  E.eol.  Tui/f.  p.  IG'J  (1886) 
(Natal) ;  Trim.  &  Bowker,  S.  .tfi:  liiitt.  I.  p.  329.  n.  108  (1887)  (Natal ;  Transvaal  ;  Zambesi  ; 


(416) 

Angola) ;  Butl.,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Land.  p.  252.  n.  7  (1895)  (Zomba,  ?  )  ;  id.,  I.e.  p.  720.  n.  6 

(1895)  (Zomba) ;  id.,  I.e.  p.  110.  n.  7  (1896)  (Nyassa,  IV. :  Njika)  ;  id.,  /.<■.  p.  822.  n.   10 

(1896)  (Lurapi  R.,  Lower  Nyika,  XI.);  id.,  Journ.  Linn.  .Sw.  L<md.  XXV.  p.  351.  n.  3.  (189r.) 
("O.  Calabar"  and  "Gaboon 'Woe.  eiv.?;  Zomba;  Orange  R. ;  Kaffraria;  Nyika;  Nya-ssaland) : 
Dist.,  Ann.  Mag.  N.  H.  (7).  I.  p.  51  (1898)  (Limpopo  H.)  ;  Auriv.,  Kimfll.  Sv.  Vfl.  Ak:  Iliimll. 
XXXI.  5.  p.  233.  n.  11  (1899)  ("O.  Calabar"  ;  Gaboon  ;  Congo  ;  Angoia  ;  Natal  ;  Tran.svaal  ; 
Nyassaland  ;  Zambesi). 

C'hara.res  cineulon  Hewitson,  Enl.  Mn.  Mag.  VI.  p.  177  (1870)  (Natal). 

NympkaHs  druceamts,   Kirby,   Cat.  Diurn.  Lep.  p.   268.  n.   12   (1871)   ("0.  Calabar";   Natal); 
Dewitz,  Nov.  Act.  Leap.  Car.  Ak.  Naturf.  XLI.  2.  2.  p.  28  (1879)  (N.  Angola). 

c?  ?.  Body  as  in  pollux,  but  npper.side  varying  from  cbestiint  browu  to  orange 
tawny. 

S ■    Wings  above  similar  to  those  of  pollux,  basal  area  varying  from  chestnut 
brown  to  ochraceoas  tawny,  band  better  defined  than  in  pollux,  its  width  variable, 

3^  to  5^  mm.  at  SM-  of  forewing. Forewing:  cell-bar  3  sometimes  vestigial,  more 

or  less  obviously  showing  through  from  the  underside,  cell-bar  4  transverse,  about 
2  mm.  broad,  not  reaching  M,  but  posterior  part  often  vestigial ;  submedian  bars 
M'— S5P  absent  or  ftiintly  vestigial ;  median  bar  M'— SM-  mostly  absent,  sometimes 
marked  as  a  heavy  line,  bars  W — M"  developed  to  patches  which  e.xtend  often  to 
cell,  situated  as  in  Ch.  phoebus,  median  bar  R^ — R^  fused  with  bar  D  as  in  pollux, 
median  bars  SC'° — R-  heavy,  sometimes  extended  basad  to  cell,  bar  S('*— SCP 
also  present,  elongate  ;  discal  bars  SC;' — R-  or  SC* — R'  fused  to  a  heavy  triangular 
patch,  bar  R' — R^  if  isolated  very  small,  bar  R^ — R^  often  absent,  but  if  present 
always  situated  close  to  median  bars  SC* — R-,  in  the  darkest  iudi\'iduals  it  is 
joined  to  these  bars  as  well  as  to  discal  bars  SC — R- ;  ochraceous  rufous  or  tawny 

admarginal  spots  large,  well  defined,  rounded  proxiraally. Hindwing  :   tawny 

ochraceous  or  orange  tawny  discal  band  narrowing  behind,  with  a  darker  tawny 
outer  border  ;  black  postdisco-snbmarginal  band  almost  straight  proximally,  its 
inner  edge  crossing  R  just  at  or  a  little  beyond  bent  of  that  vein  ;  pale  blue 
submarginal  dots  R^ — SM'  present,  last  one  largest  ;  admarginal  spots  ochraceous 
rufons  or  tawny,  slightly  separated  at  veins,  or  contiguous,  spot  SO- — R'  two  to 
four  times  as  wide  as  the  black  marginal  line,  anal  one  thiu,  more  or  less  olive. 

Underside  reddish  chestnut  or  ferruginous  ;  bars  nearly  as  in  pollux,  somewhat 

wider,  especially  their  silvery  white   borders. Forewing  :   median  bar  R^ — R^ 

seldom  separated  by  a  small,  short,  white,  spot  from  bar  D,  median  bars  SC — R- 
partly  obsolete,  their  white  borders  fused  to  a  band  of  even  width,  about  3  mm. 
broad,  which  is  joined  to  the  white  disco-postdiscal  band,  median  bars  R^— M'-  very 
heavy,  the  upper  5  mm.  from  base  of  M'  ;  discal  bars  SO'  -R'  olive,  obsolescent, 
white  band  sharply  defined,  4  to  5  mm.  broad  at  (SM'),  3  mm.  at  fold  R''— M', 
4  mm.  between  R-  and  W,  of  about  even  width  (2^  mm.)  from  R-  to  SC",  pinkish 
posteriorly,  separated  from  the  series  of  black  postdiscal  spots  by  a  chestnut  or 
orange  rufous  band,  which  becomes  paler  behind,  where  it  is  as  broad  as  the  white 
band  ;  postdiscal  bars  patch-like,  gradually  decreasing  in  size  towards  costa,  patches 
R' — M-  almost  touching  one  another,  all  bordered  white  or  bluish  white  distally, 
the  white  border  of  double  patch  M'- — SM-  resembling  the  number  3,  borders 
R2 — M^  generally  also  of  a  similar  shape,  the  black  patches  being  distally  slightly 
sinuate  in  middle,  upper  patches  more  or  less  transverse,  proximal  edge  of  patches 
SC* — M'  sometimes  also  with  thin  bnt  obvious  white  border;  admarginal  interspaces 

larger   than   above,  but   more   ill-defined. Hindwing :   black  bars  not  heavier 

than  their  white  borders,  basal  costal   bar   linear ;   upper  two   black   submedian 


(417  ) 

bars  absent,  their  white  borders  fnsed  to  a  band  of  2  to  3  mm.  width  which  is 
continuous  with  the  cell-liar  2  ;  upper  three  (or  more)  black  median  bars  absent, 
their  white  borders  fused  with  the  white  discal  band,  but  parti}'  separated  from 
it  by  tawny  chestnut  spots,  white  borders  of  cell-bar  4,  bar  D  aud  median  bar 
B,2 — W  fused  together  at  E^,  submedian  bar  M^ — (SM')  nearly  longitudinal,  joining 
line  (SM'),  median  bar  M" — (SM')  more  distal  than  in  pollux,  continuous  with 
median  bars  (SM') — SM^  which  join  together  the  ends  of  the  abdominal  lines  ; 
white  discal  baud  inclusive  of  white  borders  of  median  bars  (5  mm.  wide  at  C, 
strongly  narrowing  behind  ;  of  the  discal  series  of  black  bars  only  those  beyond 
M°  are  present,  forming  a  nearly  straight  line  at  the  outer  edge  of  the  white 
band  ;  the  interspace  between  the  white  submedian  and  mediano-discal  bands 
4  to  5  mm.  broad  at  SC",  rather  regular  in  shape  down  to  M  ;  postdiscal 
interspaces  fused  to  a  band  of  the  same  colour  as  the  basal  area  of  the  wing  ; 
postdiscal  black  bars  varying  in  width,  more  or  less  luniform,  heavily  bordered 
with  white  distally,  position  of  bars  nearly  as  in  pollux,  bars  R' — R^  being  more 
distal  than  the  others,  bar  M' — M-  closer  to  snbmarginal  one  than  in  pollux ; 
submarginal  bars  transverse,  the  upper  one  or  two  luniform,  concave  distally, 
bars  M' — SM^  also  somewhat  arched,  concave  proximally,  the  last  fused  with 
postdiscal  ones  to  a  ring  (or  double  ring),  filled  up  with  olive  (which  is  often  the 
case  with  the  ovate  interspace  between  postdiscal  and  submarginal  bars  M' — M*) 
and  including  two  white  and  blue  dots,  but  no  white  scaling  at  postdiscal  bar, 
submarginal  bars  C — M"  heavily  bordered  white  proximally,  thinly  so  distally,  bar 
M' — M-  generally  with  a  blue  dot  in  white  scaling  ;  submarginal  interspaces  less 
bright  in  colour  than  the  postdiscal  band,  more  or  less  cinnamon  rufous;  adniarginal 
interspaces  rectangular,  upper  one  halfmoon-shaped,  contiguous,  ferruginous  tawny, 
the  posterior  ones  pale  ochraceons  ;  black  marginal  line  thinly  but  obviously  edged 
with  white  ;  edge  of  wing  much  less  sharply  dentate  than  in  ordinary  pollux, 
agreeing  in  this  respect  with  phoehus,  tooth  M'  very  short,  rounded,  tail  R'  4  to 
5^  mm.  long,  second  5  to  6  mm. 

?.  Like  3,  larger,  discal  band  of  upperside  paler,  sometimes  buff  yellow,  tails 
very  long,  slender,  but  less  pointed  than  in  pollux  and  allies,  tail  R^  9  to  10  mm., 
tail  M-  9  to  10  mm.  long. 

Length  of  fore  wing  :   S ,  3.5 — 40  mm. 
„  „  ?,  42— 48  mm. 

Penis  thick,  a  large  subapical  tooth  with  several  small  ones  close  behind. 

Hub.  "  Old  Calabar,"  "  Gaboon,"  according  to  Butler ;  Congo,  Angola, 
Nyassaland,  Zambesi,  Natal.  In  the  Tring  Museum  3  c?c?,  3  ??  from:  South 
of  Congo,  Congo  Free  State  ;  Zomba,  December  1895  (Dr.  Percy  Rendall)  ; 
Lauderdale  ;  Karkloop,  Natal,  April. 

The  Natal  specimens  have  the  black  colour  of  the  upperside  on  the  whole 
rather  more  extended  than  the  individnals  from  Angola  and  the  Congo,  and  the 
discal  interstitial  band  is  paler  orange.  Whether  the  species  really  extends  to 
Old  Calabar,  whence  the  type  is  said  to  be  from,  is  more  than  doubtful. 

h*.  Forewing  above  :  no  cell  patch,  median,  discal  and  postdiscal  bars  all  merged 
together  to  a  large  black  area,  which  is  narrow  behind. 


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51.  Charaxes  eudoxus  (Nov.  Zool,  VI.  t.  8.  f.  3.  S). 

Papilio  Kques  Achivus  eiidojeui  Drury,  Illuxlr.  Ex.  Tns.  III.  p.  44  and  Index,  t.  33.  f.  1.  4  (178"2)' 
(S.  Leone). 

<?.  Body  similar  to  tliiit  of  <lruccann». 

Wings   above  :   basal   area   chestnut. Forewing  :    chestnut   colour   of  base 

extending  to  vein  M',  shading  into  the  blackish  brown  colour  of  the  disc  ;  bar  D 
anteriorly  partly  free,  but  median  and  discal  bars  not  or  scarcely  traceable  ;  a  disco- 
postdisoal  band  orange  rufous,  tapering  costad,  separated  into  spots  e.xcept  behind, 
its  distal  edge  about  parallel  to  outer  margin  ;  a  series  of  admarginal  spots  of  the 

same  colour. Hindwing  :  blackish  brown   before  cell  ;  abdominal  fold  greyish 

basally,  pale  orange  rufous  distally;  discal  baud  orange  rufous,  deeper  in  tint  behind 
where  it  gradually  shades  off  into  the  rnfons  chestnut  postcellular  area,  somewhat 
constricted  at  SC",  postdisco-submarginal  band  brownisli  black,  sometimes  almost 
separated  into  spots,  pro.ximally  convex,  distally  concave  between  veius ;  admarginal 
interspaces  broad,  3  to  4  mm.,  halfmoon-shaped,  either  separated  by  the  black  veins, 
or  fused  to  a  continuous  band  ;  marginal  line  black  ;  fringe  white  between  veins. 
Underside :  chestnut,  from  pale  chestnut  to  tawny  ochraceous  in  outer  marginal 

region    of  forewing  ;    bars    black,   bordered   with   white. Forewing  :    cell-bar  2 

circular,  3  elongate,  oblique,  4  transverse,  thin,  close  to  bar  D  ;  submedian  bar 
M' — M''  heavy,  just  behind  base  of  M',  bar  R' — M*  present  in  angle  of  veins 
R^  and  M'  ;  submedian  and  median  bars  M' — SM^  fased  together  to  a  large 
patch,  median  bars  R' — M-  more  distal  than  in  all  the  allied  species  (except 
lactetinctiis),  bar  R' — M'  being  about  9  mm.  distant  from  base  of  W,  white  edges 
of  these  long  bars  comparatively  thin,  median  bar  R^ — R^  fused  with  bar  D,  bars 
SC*— R^  partly  obsolete,  but  their  white  borders  fused  to  a  nearly  straight  band  ; 
discal  bars  absent,  but  their  white  borders  present  as  a  double  series  of  very  thin 
white  lines  from  SC*  to  M',the  last  touching  median  bar,  discal  interspaces  M^ — SM' 
pale  ochraceous,  fused  with  the  postdiscal  interspaces  ;  postdiscal  black  bars  repre- 
sented by  black  spots,  spots  SC — M'  rather  small,  the  others  larger  and  confluent, 
all  distally  sinuate  upon  iuternervnlar  fold,  distally  bordered  with  white,  this  scaling 
forming  M-shaped  markings  between  R"  and  M',  while  between  M"  and  SM"  (where 
it  is  bluish)  it  forms  two  or  three  dashes  ;  admarginal  interspaces  rather  large,  pale 

ochraceous  behind,  more  tawny  ochraceous  anteriorly. -Hindwing  :  black  bars  all 

very  thin  as  in  driiceanus,  the  snbbasal  black  and  white  bars  SC — (SM')  continuous 
with  the  submedian  bars  in  front  of  SC  and  C,  the  latter  two  broad,  their  black 
central  lines  in  the  southern  subs]iecies  absent,  forming  a  jrarely  white  band  which 
stands  close  to  PC  at  C  ;  cell-bar  4,  bar  D  and  median  bar  R-— R'  placed  as  in 
pollux,  joined  together  at  R^ ;  black  median  bars  partly  absent ;  white  discal  band 
considerably  narrower  than  in  druceo.mat,  including  a  series  of  tawny  patches  which 
divide  the  white  band  into  a  proximal  line,  which  represents  the  white  borders  of 
the  median  bars,  and  a  distal  line,  which  represents  the  white  borders  of  the  discal 
bars  ;  postdiscal  bars  C — R'^  as  triangular  si)ots,  the  others  transverse,  linear,  thin,  all 
bordered  with  bluish  white  lines  distally  which,  at  veins  SC'  and  R',  form  obvious 
angle-shaped  markings  similar  to  those  of  C.  pelias  and  allies  ;  submarginal  bar,-? 
thin,  sometimes  curved,  edged  white  (or  bluish  white)  proximally  ;  submarginal 
intersjiaces  dark  cinnamon  rufous,  narrower  than  the  admarginal  ones,  at  least 
interspaces  R- — ]\P  ;  admarginal  interspaces  ochraceous,  or  tawny  ochraceous,  rather 


(  419  ) 

narrower  tban  above  ;  anal  ring  small,  olivaceous  with  two  white  submarginal  dots  ,-: 
edge  of  wing  dentate  as  in  druceanus,  tails  jioiuted. 

?.  Essentially  like  S,  tawny  band  of  forewing,  above,  wider. 

Length  of  forewing:  S,  ?,  40 — 43  mm. 

Hab.  Sierra  Leone  to  Northern  Angola.  A  rare  species  in  collections.  Dr. 
Bntler,  in  his  Revision  of  the  genns  Cliaraxes,  said,  that  "  up  to  the  present  time 
Drury's  figures  are  all  that  remain  to  show  us  what  this  species  is  like."  However, 
up  to  1896  (the  date  of  publication  of  the  Revision)  Ch.  eudoxus  had  already  been 
recorded  again  by  Moschler  from  Ashanti  and  by  Dewitz  from  Angola.  Dr.  Pogge- 
obtained  apparently  quite  a  number  of  specimens  in  Northern  Angola. 

a.  Ch.  eudoxus  eudoxus. 

Papilio  Eqiies  Acliirus  eudoxus  Drury,  I.e.  (Sierra. Leone). 

Papilio  NymphaUs  I'udn.riis,  Fabricius,  Eut.  Sysl.  III.  1,  p.  65.  n.  203  (1V93). 

Ni/mphalis  eudo.ms,  Godart,  Em-.  Meth.  IX.  p.  362.  n.  6  (1823)  ;  Doubl.,  Westw.  &  Hew.,  Ge7i. 

Diurn.  hep.  II.  p.  309.  n.  12  (1850)  ;  Kirby,  On.  Diurn.  Lep.  p.  268.  n.  9  (1871). 
Charaxes  eudiisux,  Butler,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Loiul.  p.  626.  n.  10  (1865)  ;  id.,  Cat.  Diurn.  Lep.  deacr.. 

by  Fabr.  p.  53.  n.  13  (1869)  ;  Moschl.,  Abk.  Senk.  Gesellscli.  XV.  p.  61.  n.  98  (1890)  (Aburi)  ;. 

Auriv.,  Eut.  Tidskr.  XV.  p.  310.  n.  187  (1894)  (?  similar  to  (J);  Butl.,  Jouni.  Linn.  Soc. 

Land.  XXV.  p.  352.  n.  7  (1896)  ;  Auriv.,  Knmjl.  Se.  Vet.  Ak.  Handl.  XXXI.  5.  p.  233.  n.  12 

(1899)  (S.  Leone  ;  Ashanti ;  Kanoierun  ;  nun  Angola). 

cJ.  Orange  rufous  band  of  forewing  extending  to  SC^  four  upper  partitions 
separated  from  one  another ;  black  postdisco-submarginal  band  of  hindwing 
considerably  broader  than  orange  rufous  admarginal  band,  the  latter  consisting 
of  halfmoous  which  are  not  completely  fused  together.  On  the  underside,  black 
snbmedian  and  median  bars  of  forewing  M' — M"  elongate  ;  two  upper  black 
submedian  bars  of  hindwing  as  well  as  black  costal  median  bar  present. 

? .  Similar  to  S  (see  above). 

Hab.  Sierra  Leone  ;  Ashanti ;  Cameroons.  A  c?  agreeing  with  Drury's  figure  is 
in  the  Oxford  Museum  ;  a  S  from  Buea,  Cameroons,  in  Dr.  Staudinger's  collection  ; 
a  specimen  from  Aburi,  Ashanti,  in  the  Senkenbergische  Museum  at  Frankfort-ou- 
the-Maine. 

l>.  Ch.  eudoxus  mechowi  Oberthtir  i.  1.  (Nov.  Zool.  VI.  t.  8.  f  3). 

NymphaUs  eudo.ms,  Dewitz  (^non  Drury,  1782),  Nor.  Act.  Leap.  Car.  Ak.  Xalnrf.  XLI.  2.  2.  p.  17 

(1879)  (N.  Angola). 
Charaxes  eudoxus,  Aurivilliu.s,  Kougl.  Se.  Vet.  AI-.  Handl.  XXXI.  5.  p.  233.  n.  12  (1899)  (pt.  ; 

Angola). 

cJ.  Band  of  forewing  above  about  6  mm.  distant  from  tip  of  vein  SM^,  strongly 
tapering  costad,  stojjjiing  at  SC'',  four  upper  spots  small,  luniform  (ti/pe)  or  rounded 
elongate.  Black  postdisco-submarginal  band  of  hindwing  interrupted  at  veins  R'  to 
M",  or  M'  and  M'^,  anteriorly  as  wide  as,  or  a  little  wider  than  posteriorly,  consider- 
ably narrower  than  the  admarginal  baud.  On  underside  the  submedian  and  median 
bars  M' — M^  very  heavy,  j)atch-like,  black  costal  and  subcostal  bars  of  submedian 
and  median  series  absent. 

? .  Not  known.  , 

Length  of  forewing  :  S,  43  mm. 

Hab.  Northern  Angola  (Mechow),  1  J  (t>/pe)  in  coll.  Obi-rthiir  ;  Beni  Bendi, 
Sauknro,  Congo  Free  State  (L.  Cloetens,  .January  1895),  1  S,  in  Mus.  Bruxelles  ; 


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1  (?  in  coll.  H.  Adams  (from  coll.  Honrath)  withont  locality,  but  doubtless  collected 
by  Major  Mechow  or  Dr.  Pogge  in  Northern  Angola  :  2  d  S  from  Northern  Angola 
("  Guinea  inf."  Pogge)  in  Dr.  Staudinger's  collection,  also  in  the  Berlin  Museum 
from  the  same  country. 

Ch.  eurfoxus  connects  druceanus  with  the  allies  of  Ck.  Jason  in  the  pattern  of 
the  underside. 

f.  Dentition  of  hindwing  strong,  tooth  M'  prolonged  to  a  tail. 
52.  Charaxes  andranodorus. 

Chamxps  cinaihm,  Butler  {iton  Hewitson,  1870) ;  Ann.  Mug.  N.  II.  (5).  V.  p.  335.  n.  \i  (1880) 
(Fianarantsoa). 

Clinriuei  iinilraiiodoi-m  Mabille,  Bull.  Sue.  Ent.  Belg.  XXVIII.  p.  184  (1884)  (Madagasc,  d)\  id., 
in  Grandid.,  Hist.  .Modog.,  Lip.  I.  p.  182.  d.  3.  t.  21.  f.  1.  lu,  ?  ,  t.  2,5  ./.  f.  1.  1«,  $  (1885-87) 
(Madag.);  Butl.,  Jnuvn.  Linn.  Soc.  Land.  XXV.  p.  351.  n.  4  (1896)  (Fianarantsoa ;  Ankafana, 
Betsileo)  ;  Auriv.,  Koiigl.  Sv.  Vet.  Ak.  ffanrll.  XXXI.  5.  p.  283.  n.  10  (1809)  (Madag.). 

Charaxes  zoippux  Mabille,  ihdl.  Soc.  Ent.  Belg.  XXVIII.  p.  184  (1884)  (Madag.)  ;  id.,  in  Grandid., 
Sist.  Mad.,  Leji.  I.  p.  179.  n.  2.  t.  25.  f.  2.  2a  (1885-87)  (Madag.). 

Charaxes  spec,  Oberthiir,  Bull  Soc.  Ent.  Fr.  p.  11  (1888). 

(?.  Body  ahoee  deeji  ferruginous,  white  line  behind  eye  conspicuous,  dots  on 
head  obliterated  ;  underside  brighter  ferrngiuous  ;  palpi  with  a  very  broad  pure 
white  lateral  band  which  does  not  quite  reach  tip  of  second  segment,  no  black  line 
on  this  segment,  apical  segment  very  short,  black,  with  a  few  ferruginous  scales 
below  ;  sterna  with  black,  brown  and  white  obliipie  bands,  abdomen  with  a  black 
medial  stripe,  broad  at  base,  edges  of  segments  in  this  stripe  white,  this  scaling 
€xtended  laterally  to  a  white  stripe;  anterior  legs  white  beneath,  deep  black  above, 
the  other  legs  white,  femora  black  above,  with  dispersed  white  scales. 

]Vi/iffs  a/joee  reddish  ferruginous,  markings  deep  black. Forewiug  :  cell-bar 

3  and  4  present,  the  former  the  smaller  of  the  two,  both  more  or  less  triangular, 
not  reaching  M  ;  bar  D  very  heavy,  narrower  between  R-  and  R'  than  in  iront  ; 
no  submedian  bar,  but  median  bars  very  heavy,  bars  M- — (SM')  and  (SM') — SM" 
more  or  less  longitudinal,  not  fused  together,  bar  M' — M"  a  large  patch,  somewhat 
concave  distally,  convex  proximally,  anteriorly  touching  M,  bar  M' — M^  a  similarly 
shaped  patch,  more  distal,  occasionally  dilated  to  base  of  M-,  and  then  touching 
bar  D,  no  median  bar  R*— R^,  bars  SC'' — R^  fused  to  a  patch  of  variable  size, 
sometimes  produced  basad  to  bar  D,  but  often  band-like,  to  it  is  joined  discal  bar 
R- — R'  which  is  much  more  pro.ximal  than  discal  bars  SC — R-,  these  latter  three 
bars  continuous,  forming  a  triangular  band  which  is  joined  along  veins  SC^ — R^, 
as  is  bar  R^ — R^  along  R-,  to  black  postdisco-marginal  band,  reddish  ferruginous 
interspaces  SC^ — R^  almost  or  completely  isolated,  smalicr  than  the  discal  inter- 
spaces SO'' — R- ;  postdisco-marginal  black  band  somewhat  wider  behind  than  in 
front,  the  black  scaling  produced  basad  at  veins,  hence  the  reddish  ferruginous 
discal  interspaces  R^ — M^  partly  isolated,  interspace  M" — SM'-  about  as  wide  at 
(SM')  as  black  band  ;  the  band  includes  a  series  of  reddish  ferruginous  marginal 
«pots  which  are  not  so  wide  as  their  black  intersjiace,  more  or  less  rounded,  the 

upper  ones  somewhat  elongate,  spots  M- — SM"  separate. Hindwing  :  basal  area 

in  and  behind  cell  somewhat  tawny,  bases  of  cellules  C — R'  with  purplish  black 
patches,  some  black  scales  occasionally  also  before  base  of  R",  bar  D  vestigial 
in  front  in  some  individuals  ;  median  area  bright  orange  in  front  ;  disco-marginal 


(  421   ) 

area  black,  somewhat  sinuate  between  veins,  extended  to  base  of  M',  suddenly 
narrowed  from  (SM')  to  abdominal  margin,  the  discal  portion  of  the  black  area 
being  represented  beyond  (SM')  by  an  obscure  bar  which  separates  an  ochraceous, 
triangular  patch  from  the  rest  of  the  abdominal  fold  ;  two  blue  snbmarginal  dots 
M^— SM^ ;  admarginal  interspaces  M^— SM^  mostly  fused  to  a  rather  thin  yellowish 
or  bluish  olive  buff  line,  the  other  admarginal  interspaces  not  marked,  or  interspaces 
C— R'  represented  by  thin,  ochraceous  or  tawny,  lunules. 

Underside  deep  ferruginous,  changing  into  ochraceous  towards  abdominal  angle 
of  hindwing  and  into  ferruginous  orange  on  forewing  at  outer  margin  and  posteriorly 

on  disc  ;    white  lines  and  bands  silvery  white,  glossy,  bars  black. Forewing  : 

cell-bars  inclusive  white  borders  wider  than  interspaces,  black  bar  4  about  2f  mm. 
broad  at  widest  point  ;  submedian  and  median  bars  M' — SM-  merged  together  to 
a  large  patch,  bars  M' — M-  also  confluent,  but  generally  divided  in  front  by  a 
white  line,  median  bar  R' — M'  17  mm.  from  base  of  cell,  mnch  more  distal  than 
bar  M' — M",  median  bar  R- — R^  fused  with  bar  D,  but  in  most  examples  there  is 
a  white  spot  behind  R*  which  partly  isolates  bar  R- — R^,  bars  SC^ — R'^  less  heavy, 
upper  one  a  mere  dot,  white  borders  forming  a  band  which  is  as  wide  as  the 
ferruginous  interspace  at  its  proximal  side,  that  band  at  right  angles  to  costa  as 
in  pkraortes,  hence  much  less  directed  apicad  than  in  dntceainis,  joined  at  R'  to 
white  discal  band,  which  is  from  SC*  to  R^  little  wider  than  postdiscal  ferruginous 
band,  includes  between  R^  and  SIP  a  series  of  more  or  less  conspicuous  ferruginous 
spots  or  lines  or  patches  which  partly  or  totally  separate  the  white  distal  borders 
of  the  median  bars  from  the  discal  band,  and  is  distally  sinuate  upon  veins  ;  discal 
black  bars  SC^ — R'  present  ;  postdiscal  bars  SC^ — R^  more  or  less  transverse,  bar 
R' — R-  generally  rounded,  bars  R^ — SM-  larger,  straight  proximally,  rounded 
distally,  bars  M'^— SM-  nearly  completely  fused  together,  but  division  obvious, 
bars  SC^ — M'^  each  with  a  sharply  defined  silvery  white  patch  at  outside  ;  patches 
R'— M-  halfmoon-shaped,  jiatches  SO* — R'  larger  than  the  others,  tlie  up])ermost 
elongate  ovate,  these  patches  represented  between  M-  and  SM'-  by  bluish  white, 
less  sharply  defined,  spots  ;  veins  black  at  extremities,  this  scaling  extended  basad 
to  postdiscal  black  bars,  at  least  at  veins  M' — SM^,  within  this  black  scaling  stands 
upon   each  vein  a  conspicuous,  silvery  white,  dash  or  elongate  ovate  spot,  veins 

(SM')  and  SM-'  excepted. Hindwing :  costal  submedian  and  upper  two  or  three 

median  black  bars  absent ;  basal  costal  bar  inclusive  white  border  more  or  less 
ovate,  the  white  border  often  extended  to  PC  and  base  of  C  ;  white  borders  of 
upper  two  submedian  bars,  cell-bar  2,  and  subbasal  bar  M — (SM')  fused  to  a 
band  which  stops  at  (SM'),  the  ferruginous  subbasal  interspace  continnoas  with 
the  ferruginous  line  near  basal  abdominal  margin  and  joined  along  (SM')  to  the 
ferruginous  mediano-submedian  interspace  which  itself  stands  in  connection  with 
the  disco-postdiscal  ferruginous  interspace,  being  continued  along  (SM')  ;  white 
costal  median  spot  either  isolated,  or  joined  to  the  white  submedian  band  ;  a  broad 
white  band  occupies  the  middle  of  the  wing,  this  band  is  convex  proximally, 
slightly  biconcave  distally,  narrowed  almost  into  a  jwint  at  (SM'),  broadest 
between  R-  and  R",  about  9  mm.,  it  consists  of  the  white  borders  of  the  median 
and  discal  bars  plus  the  interspaces  between  these  bars  which  are  also  white,  only 
the  costal  discal  interspace  being  mostly  ferruginous,  and  being  joined  across  C 
to  the  ferruginous  mediano-submedian  ferruginous  band  ;  the  white  band  includes 
cell-bar  4,  submedian  bar  M' — M'  close  to  base  of  M-  and  submedian  bar  M" — (SM'), 
further  median  bars  0 — R',  which  are  small  and  sometimes  absent,  median  bar 


(  422  ) 

R'— R',  which  is  heavy  and  stands  very  little  distally  of  base  of  M',  short  median 
har  R'— M',  long  and  oblique  median  bar  M' — M"  and  short  bar  M- — (SM')  which 
jwints  basad  ;  upon  this  band  follows  a  ferrngiuons  band  which  is  ])roximally 
slightly  biconvex,  distally  irregularly  biconcave,  postdiscal  black  bars  C — R' 
vestigial  at  outer  edge  of  this  band,  bars  M' — SM^  marked  ;  submarginal  bars 
■conspicuous,  transverse,  slight  curving  distad,  bars  M'' — SM*  much  more  distal 
than  bar  M' — M-,  submarginal  interspaces  silvery  white,  except  interspaces 
M- — SM-  which  are  olive  black,  including  two  blue  and  white  dots,  these  last 
interspaces  not  so  white  as  the  preceding  ones  ;  admarginal  interspaces  ochraceons, 
4inal  ones  fused  together,  greenish,  with  white  triangnlar  spots  distally  at  veins 
C — M-;' black  marginal  line  broader  between  than  at  veins;  black  abdominal 
lines  without  ferruginous  interspaces  between,  joined  together  at  ends  by  means 
of  the  median  bars  ;  discal  bars  (SM')— iSM^  present,  interspace  between  them  and 
respective  median  bars  silvery  white,  discal  bar  IP — (SM')  vestigial  or  distinct, 
short  ;  edge  of  wing  very  strongly  dentate  ;  tails  long,  slender,  pointed,  tail  R' 
8  mm.,  tooth  M'  4  mm.,  tail  M-  9  mm. 

?.  Like  <S,  larger,  paler  ferruginous,  ferruginous  admarginal  interspaces  of 
hindwing  all  marked,  but  interspaces  R' — M-  divided  between  veins  into  long 
triangular  spots  standing  along  veins  ;  tails  longer  than  in  c?  ;  snbbasal  ferruginous 
band  of  hindwing  below  not  joined  along  (SM')  to  snbmedian  band  of  same  colour. 

Length  of  forewing  :    <?,  50  mm. 
„  „  ? ,  55  mm. 

Penis  very  slender,  not  dilated  at  apex  as  in  druceantis,  with  a  small  tooth 
I  mm.  from  end. 

llab.  Madagascar  :  Fianarantsoa  :  Ankafana,  Betsileo. 

Mabille's  Charaxes  zoippus  is  nothing  else  but  andranodorus  ;  the  figure  of 
the  c?  of  andranodorus  in  Hist.  Mad.,  Lip.  is  drawn  from  a  specimen  of  which 
tail  M*  was  broken.  The  species  is  apparently  rare,  as  it  is  represented  in  few 
collections  by  anything  like  a  series. 

/(-.  Costal  median  bar  of  hindwing  below  present. 

t^.  Black   postdiscal   bars    of    hindwing    below    well    marked,    convex 
proximally. 
i^.  Wiug.s  above  tawny,  at  least  discal  band  of  forewing. 

ff".  Submarginal  interspaces  of  hindwing  below  silvery  white  all 
over. 


53.  Charaxes  phraortes. 

ChariLTea  phraorles  Doubleday,  .-Inn.  Mug.  N.  H.  XX.  p.  CO  (1847)  (Madagascar) ;  Butl,,  ihi,].  p.  625. 

n.  6  (1865)  (Madag.)  ;  Guen.,  in  Vinson,  Vuy.  iladay.,  Annexee  F.  p.  28  (1865)  ;  Butl.,  Lej>. 

Exot.  p.  26.  t.  10.  f .  C  ?  (187U) ;  Saalm.,  Lrp.  Had.  p.  86.  n.  123  (1884)  (Madag.)  ;  Mab.,  in 

Grandid.,  Uht.  Mad.,  Up.  I.  p.  177.  n.  1.  t.  25.  f.  1.  In  (1887)  (Madag.) ;  Butl.,  Journ.  Linn. 

Soc.  Loml.  XXV.  p.  352.  n.  5  (1896)  (Madag.)  ;  Auriv.,  Koiigl.  Sv.  Vet.  Ah.  Handl.  XXXI.  5. 

p.  233.  n.  7  (189'J)  (Madag.). 
Nymjjhalii)  phraortes,  Doubleday,  Westw.  &   Hew.,   Gen.  Diurn.  hep.   II.   p.  309.   n.  22  (1850) 

(Madag.)  ;  Kirby,  Cat.  Diurn.  Lep.  p.  267.  n.  6  (1871)  (Madag.  ;  cil.faU. !  !). 

? .  Bodi/  above  tawny  ferruginous,  dots  on  head  not  obvious,  white  line  behind 
eye  conspicuous  ;  underside  ferruginous,  middle  line  of  pro-  and  mesosternum  and 
three  oblique  lateral  lines  on  meso-  and  metasternum  white  ;  palpi  with  a  broad 
white  stripe  which  does  not  quite  reach  tip  of  second  segment,  third  segment  all 


(  423  ) 

"black,  second  without  black  line  ;  anterior  leg  black  above,  white  beneath,  tlie  other 
legs  dirty  white,  femora  black  above,  with  dispersed,  white,  scales  ;  abdomen  pale 
■ochraceous,  whitish  towards  base,  sides  with  ill-defined  black  and  white  scaling. 

Wings  above :  base  tawny  ferruginous,  rest  ferruginous  orange,  marked  with 

black  i)atches  and  bands. Forewing  :  all  the  bars  very  heavy  ;  cell-bars  3  and  4 

represented  by  patches  which  do  not  reach  M,  upper  jiatch  much  heavier  than  the 
other ;  submedian  bar  M' — M-  present,  in  front  of  median  bars  M- — SM-  ;  median 
bars  K' — M^  very  large,  3^  mm.  broad,  somewhat  halfmoon-shaped,  bar  R' — M' 
more  distal  than  the  others,  median  bar  R^ — R'  fused  with  bar  D,  forming  with  it  a 
hammer-shaped  patch,  bars  SC — R-  forming  a  similar  mark,  bar  R' — R'  being 
broader  than  the  others  touching  the  discal  bar  R-— R^;  discal  bars  SC* — Represent, 
halfmoon-shaped,  joined  along  veins  to  black  postdisco-marginal  area,  bars  SC* — R' 
very  much  broader  than  bars  R' — R'  ;  postdisco-marginal  black  area  lieavily  dentate 
at  veins  R'— M-  ;  marginal  ferruginous  orange  dots  of  nearly  equal  width,  about  1  or 
li  mm.  wide,  postdiscal  spots  SC* — R'  of  that  colour  isolated,  rounded,  sjiot  R' — R^ 

small  ;   median   series   of  bars   extending   generally  beyond   SM-. Hindwing  : 

median  bars  C — R'  piresent,  the  second  3  mm.  from  base  of  R\  the  first  2  mm.  more 
distal  ;  black  postdisco-submarginal  area  only  2J  mm.  from  base  of  M',  anteriorly 
narrower,  measuring  5i  mm.  between  (J  and  SO',  black  colour  somewhat  produced 
basad  between  R-  and  R^;  a  complete  series  of  ferruginous  orauge  luuules,  upper 
ones  heavier,  nearly  2  mm.  broad  between  veins,  all  slightly  separated  at  veins, 
black  marginal  line  1  wide,  even  in  width. 

Underside  ferruginous  chestnut  ;  bars  deep  black,  much  heavier  than  in  poUux. 

white  borders  also  heavy,  silvery  white. Forewing  :  cell-bars  2  and  3  more  or 

less  circular,  4  also  rounded  off  behind ;  submedian  and  median  bars  M- — SM^  fused 
to  a  large  patch  which  extends  to  base,  median  bars  SC* — M-  placed  as  above,  bar 
R- — R^  more  or  less  completely  separated  from  bar  D,  but  the  white  borders  of  these 
bars  always  fused  ;  pinkish  white  discal  patches  R^ — SM-  of  almost  the  same  width, 
each  more  or  less  rectangular,  patch  M- — SM^  narrower  than  2>ostdiscal  ochraceous 
patch  M^— SM=  ;  discal  black  bars  SC*— R^  present,  bars  R'— R^  thin,  the  last  of 
them  close  to  median  bar  R' — R'^ ;  postdiscal  bars  represented  by  black  spots,  spots 
SC — R'  small,  smaller  than  the  ochraceous  spots  at  their  proximal  side,  spot  SC* — 
SC^  a  little  larger,  spot  M' — SM-  large,  all  with  ochraceous  spots  resp.  patches  at 
proximal  side,  and  all  bordered  outwardly  by  bluish  grey,  heavy,  semicircles  ; 
admarginal  tawny  ochraceous  spots  much  larger  than  those  of  upperside,  veins  with 

black  patches  at  ends,  more  or  less  covered  with  bluish  grey  scaling. Hindwing: 

black  bars  up  to  median  series  inclusive  of  their  white  borders  much  broader  than  the 
ferruginous  chestnut  interspaces,  which  is  especially  obvious  in  cell ;  median  bar 
C — SC'^  more  distal  than  the  median  bars  next  to  it,  median  bar  R^ — R'  4  mm. 
distant  from  bar  R' — R-,  with  a  ferruginous  spot  between  itself  and  bar  D,  median 
bar  M' — M'-'  long,  oblique,  pointing  auad,  median  bars  M' — SM'  at  right  angles  to 
veins,  continuous,  joined  to  the  black  abdominal  lines,  bar  M- — (SM')  more  proximal 
than  bar  (SM') — SM- ;  submedian  bar  M- — (SM')  long,  extending  straight  from 
base  of  M^  to  end  of  longitudinal  line  (SM'),  the  ferruginous  chestnut  interspace 
between  the  bar  and  this  line  a  long  narrow  triangle  ;  no  discal  bars  except  a 
continuous,  almost  straight,  transverse,  very  slightly  oblique  line  from  M-  to 
abdominal  margin  ;  postdiscal  inters(iaces  beyond  irregular,  silvery  white  ;  discal 
baud  ferruginous  chestnut,  this  colour  forming  a  band  of  about  3  mm.  breadth, 
curved  distad  before  R',  partitions  R' — M-  halfmoon-shaped,  partition   M- — SM- 


(  424  ) 

ochreons  ;  postdiscal  bars  vestigial,  densely  shaded  with  silvery  white  like  the 
snlimarginal  interspaces,  bars  M^ — SJP,  however,  marked  ;  snbmarginal  Mack 
liars  transverse,  not  abbreviated  at  ends,  bnt  not  continuous,  as  the  preceding  bar  is 
always  a  little  less  distal  than  the  following  one  ;  admarginal  interspaces  ochraceons, 
paler  behind,  whitish  at  ti))s  of  veins  ;  black  marginal  line  thinner  than  the  black 
snlimarginal  liars,  edge  of  wing  strongly  dentate,  as  in  jjoI/i/j-,  with  three  tails,  second 
the  shortest. 

?.  Larger. —  ^yinffs  above  rather  paler  than  in  S. Forewiug  :   median  bar 

R- — R^  separate  from  bar  D,   sulimedian  bar  M' — M-  and  median  bars  M- — SM- 

wanting. Hindwing  :  no  median  bars  visible  ;  middle  admargiual  spots  rather 

larger  than  in  S- 

Underside  :  the  ferruginous  chestnut  colour  more  extended,  the  white  discal 
bands  of  both  wings  wider,  the  postdiscal  ferruginous  chestnut  band  of  hindwing 
more  broken  into  spots  at  veins,  postdiscal  bars  of  hindwing  a  little  better  marked, 
tail  M'  shorter. 

Length  of  forewing  :   cJ,  45  mm. 
„  „  ? ,  50  mm. 

Penis  as  thick  as  in  Ck.jason,  less  curved  before  end,  one  heavy  dorsal  tooth 
at  bent,  with  another  smaller  one  behind. 

Hab.  Madagascar.  Li  the  Tring  Museum  1  c?,  without  more  jirecise  locality. 
Kirby,  I.e.,  cites  the  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Lond.  as  being  the  place  where  the  species  was 
described  by  Doubleday,  and  the  authors  who,  after  the  publication  of  Kirby's 
Catalogue,  mention  j'hraortes  have  accepted  that  erroneous  reference. 

K".  Submarginal  interspaces  of  hindwing  below  not  white  in  centres. 

g''.  Ad  marginal   patches  of  hindwing  above   large,  veins   between   them 
heavily  black ;  tooth  M^  short,  blunt ;  underside  olive  russet. 

54.  Charaxes  phoebus. 

Charaxes  phiebus  Butler,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Lnnd.  p.  625.  n.  S.  t.  36.  f.  2.  ^  (1865)  (Abyssinia)  ; 

Oberth.,  Ann.  Mus.  Civ.  Genova  XV.  p.  167.  n.  48  (1879)  ((^,$  ;  Shoa,  July)  ;  id.,  I.e.  XVIII. 

p.  728.  D.  59  (1883)  (Feleklek  ;  Sciotalit,  I.  II.  VI.  VII.  XII.)  ;  Butl.,  Journ.  Lhin.  Soc.  Lmul. 

XXV.  p.  352.  n.  6  (1896)  ;  Auriv.,  Kong!.  Sv.  Vet.  Ak.  Handl.  XXXI.  5.  p.  23.S.  n.  9  (1899) 

(Abyssinia). 
Nymphalh  castor  (sic  !)  var.  a.  Char,  jihoehus,  Kirby,  Cat.  Diurn.  Lrji.  p.  208.  sub  n.  7  (1871). 

S  ?.  Bod^  above  tawny  russet,  mesonotnm  with  an  olivaceous  tint. 

Underside  olive  russet  ;  palpi  with  thin  white  line,  third  segment  black,  second 
with  a  black  lateral  strijie  on  free  part,  black  and  grey  stripes  underneath  legs 
indistinct,  middle  of  abdomen  blackish  in  ? ,  segments  slightly  edged  with  grey. 

Wings   above   a   little   less    bright    than    in    pollux. Forewing  :    cell-bar 

4  short,  narrow,  bar  D  about  1  mm.  wide  in  middle,  dilated  distad  before  and 
behind  R'  ;  median  bars  R^ — M-  transverse,  more  distal  than  in  jtoUu.r  and  thinner, 
median  bar  R-— R^  present,  close  to  bar  D,  which  it  generally  touches,  or  with 
which  it  is  partly  fused,  bars  SC* — R-  more  distal  than  in  polliix  ;  discal  bars 
SC^ — M-  present,  the  posterior  ones  as  small  spots,  bar  R- — R^  extended  basad, 
ill-defined  bar  SC* — S(?  also  widened,  but  cellule  SC^ — SC'  orange  between  discal 
and  median  bars;  postdisco-snbmarginal  black  band  of  nearly  even  width  (4  to  5  mm.), 
incised  at  posterior  veins,  somewhat  sinuate  between  upper  veins,  slightly  widening 
from  R'  to  SC*,  strongly  dilated  basad  before  SC*,  upper  veins  somewhat  scaled  black, 


(  425  ) 

separating  the  orange  postdiscal  band  into  spots,  jiartition  W — R'  of  the  same 
width  as  respective  partition  of  black  band,  the  preceding  ones  gradnally  somewhat 
smaller  ;  orange  admarginal  spots  becoming  smaller  costad,  posterior  ones  about 
half  the  width  of  the  black  band,  the  spots  separated  by  the  black  veins,  spots 

M^ — SM^    fused,    but    incised    distally    upon    (SM'). Hindwing  :    ochraceous 

orange,  discal  band  better  defined  than  in  pnllur,  median  bar  0— SO'  and 
bar  D  vestigial  ;  postdisco-submarginal  black  band  proximally  convex  between 
veins,  distally  slightly  produced  into  points  between  veins,  partition  C— SC^ 
narrower  than  the  others,  the  band  only  5|  mm.  at  widest  point,  last  partition 
almost  isolated,  including  one  minute  and  another  larger  pale  bine  subinarginal 
dot  ;  admarginal  interspaces  dark  orange,  separated  by  the  rather  thinly  black 
veins,  upper  interspaces  widest,  measuring  4  to  5  mm.  before  SC^  anal  one  narrowest, 
li  mm.  broad,  somewhat  ochreous  ;  black  marginal  line  as  in  drticeanus. 

Underside  olive  russet ;  bars  very  much  thinner  than  in  pollux,  white  band 
of  fore-  and  hindwing  much  better  defined  distally  than  in   pollux,  except   from 

M-  to  internal  margin  of  forewing  (where  the  band   is  pinkish). Forewin"  : 

cell-bar  3  half  the  width  (white  border  included)  of  olive  rnsset  interspace  following 
it,  black  cell-bar  4  a  very  thin  line  ;  median  bar  R^ — ^M'  5  mm.  from  base  of  M',  bar 
R- — R'  partly  separate  from  bar  D,  bars  SC^ — R'  obsolete,  bar  W — R-  thin,  olive 
luniform,  bright  olive  russet  spots  at  outer  side  of  median  bars  R'' — M-  as  wide 
as  bars  inclusive  white  border  ;  discal  bars  SC" — M'  present,  represented  by  rather 
ill-defined  spots  situated  in  middle  of  white  band,  bar  SC* — SC  obliterate  ; 
postdiscal  band  following  white  band  gradually  narrowing  costad,  a  little  more 
ochraceous  than  basal  area  ;  postdiscal  black  spots  smaller  than  clayish  ochraceous 
admarginal  ones,  spots  SC^ — SC''  and  R- — M'  very  short  and  thin,  almost  obsolete, 

transverse,  linear,  only  spots  M- — SM^  triangular,  these  two  almost  separate. • 

Hindwing  :  basal  costal  bar  a  dot ;  black  lines  with  white  borders  of  abdominal  fold 
scarcely  half  the  width  of  interspaces  in  middle  ;  median  bar  M' — M-  longer  than 
in  pollux,  bar  M^ — (SAP)  more  distal  than  in  that  species  ;  discal  abdominal  bar 
as  in  pollux,  but  thinner  ;  postdiscal  baud  russet,  ochreous  be3'ond  M'-*,  somewhat 
incised  at  veins  C — R' ;  postdiscal  black  bars  very  thin,  halfmoon-shaped,  bordered 
white  as  in  pollux,  but  less  heavily,  last  bar  forming  with  snbmarginal  one  a 
ring-shaped  patch  which  is  well  separated  from  the  edge  of  the  wing  ;  snbmarginal 
bars  also  very  thin,  partly  vestigial  only  ;  snbmarginal  interspaces  shaped  as  in 
pollux,  but  clayish  bistre  brown  ;  admarginal  interspaces  clayish  tawny  ochraceous, 
ochreous  beyond  M',  posterior  ones  wider  than  on  upperside  ;  marginal  line  very 
thin  in  front  ;  dentition  of  wing  nearly  as  in  pollux,  bnt  tooth  M'  shorter  than 
teeth  R'  and  R-,  tail  R^  5  mm,  tail  M^  4  mm. 

?.  Larger  than  c?.     Discal  baud  of  forewing  aiofs  paler,  median  bars  R^ — M^ 
rounded,  bar  R^ — R^  separated  from  bar  D,  admarginal  spots  halfmoon-shaped, 

being  concave  proximally. Hindwing:  discal  band  cream  colonr,  shar{)ly defined, 

extending  to  abdominal  margin,  .5i  mm.  broad  at  S('-,of  about  even  wi<lth  from 
SC-  to  M^,  followed  by  a  tawny  orange  band,  whicli  is  narrower  than  in  c?  ;  black 
postdisco-submarginal  band  7  mm.  broad  between  SC^  and  R",  proximally  less  convex 
between  veins,  black  colour  somewhat  produced  basad  upon  veins,  anal  patch  only 
3J  mm.  wide;  admarginal  spots  somewhat  paler  than  in  (?,also  somewhat  narrower, 
especially  tlie  posterior  ones,  anal  one  almost  cream-colour  ;  black  marginal  line 
about  1  mm.  broad. 

Underside  as  in  (?  ;  postdiscal  black  spots  of  forewing  a  little  less   linear 

29 


(  426  ) 

snbmarginal  iuterspaces  of  hindwing  more  scaled  white   at   postdiscal   and    sub- 
marginal  bars  ;  tails  broader,  upper  one  7  mm.  long,  second  5  mm. 

Length  of  foron-ing  :    d,  41  mm. 
„  „  ? ,  47  mm. 

Hab.  Shoa,  Abyssinia  ;  found  by  Antinori  in  July  at  Mahal-Uong,  Axaleua, 
Feleklek,  and  Scioatalit  (=  Shoatalit).  In  the  Tring  Museum  2  c?c?,  2  ?  ?  from 
Shoatalit,  Shoa,  January,  June,  December  (Antinori j. 

Antinori  says  that  the  species  was  attracted  by  exudations  of  a  solanaceous  plant. 

/(".  Admargiual  patches    of  hindwing    small  ;   tails  acute,   tooth    M'  pointed, 
nuderside  red  chestnut, 
e'.  Discal  liaud  of  hindwing  tawny  or  pale  buff 

55.  Charaxes  poUux. 

Fapilio  Eques  Achiviii  jmlltu:  Cramer,  Pap.  Exol.  I.  p.  61.  t.  .37.  f.  E.  F  {Villi)  (Guinea). 
PapiVo  Eques  Achiinn  cnstoi;  Fabricius  (iion  Cramer,  1775),  Gen.  Ins.  p.  251.  n.  30.  31  (177G). 
Painliri  Nymplialts  Pliahratus  cumulus  Drury,  Illustr.  Ex.  Ins.  III.  p.  41.  t.  30.  f.  1.  2  and  Indei 
(1782)  (S.  Leone). 

tS.  Boihj  above  tawnj',  darker  in  front  than  behind  ;  head  with  four  rather 
Indistinct  dots  and  a  postocular  line  white,  a  dorso-lateral  strij)e  on  second,  and  the 
whole  third  segment  of  palpi  black  ;  underside  tawny  ochraceous  ;  palpi  with  a 
white  lateral  line  ;  breast  with  black  streaks  underneath  legs,  bordered  with  white, 
a  white  streak  on  mesosternum  near  base  of  wing  ;  anterior  tibia  and  tarsus 
white  beneath,  black  or  brown  above,  the  other  legs  clay  colour,  femora  black 
above,  with  white  dispersed  scales  ;  abdomen  with  a  white  interrupted  stripe  at 
each  side,  which  is  broadest  and  most  distuict  at  base,  where  the  stripe  is  bordered 
black  mesially. 

Wings,   abijc ! :    basal   area   tawny,   followed   by   a   broad  ochraceous  orange 

disco-postdiscal   band  ;    postdisco-marginal   area    black. Forewing  :    cell-bar   4 

represented  by  a  heavy  spot,  bar  D  also  heavy  ;  median  bars  R' — M'^  as  heavy 
spots,  spot  R' — M'  generally  the  larger,  close  to  D',  median  bars  SC°— R-  elongate, 
heavy,  often  prolonged  basad  to  cell,  followed  behind  R-  by  a  streak  which 
represents  the  median  and  discal  bars  R- — R' ;  discal  bars  SC— R'  heavy,  fused 
together,  the  upper  one  prolonged  basad,  completely  (or  nearly  so)  filling  uj)  the 
basal  half  of  the  cellule  80^ — SC'^;  the  black  colour  extends  generally  also  along 
SC' — R-,  so  that  discal  ochraceous  orange  spot  SC° — R'  and  postdiscal  ones  8C'— R' 
are  more  or  less  isolated,  all  these  patch-like  bars  black,  discal  bar  R' — R-  as  well 
as  R^ — M'  sometimes  vestigial,  minute  ;  black  border  of  wing  of  about  even  width, 
7  mm.  broad  at  M',  inner  edge  concave  between  veins  from  SC* — R-  or  R'  ; 
marginal   dots   generally   jjresent,   pale   orange,    minute,   the    posterior    ones    the 

smallest  as  is  the  case  in  Ch.  brutus. Hindwing  :  discal  area  whitish  towards 

costal  margin  ;  black  outer  area  widest  in  middle,  its  inner  edge  being  nearly 
Btruight,  not  following  the  curve  of  the  outer  margin,  8  to  9  mm.  broad  between 
E*  and  R^ ;  pale  blue  submarginal  dots  M'^ — SC*  present,  mostly  merged  together  ; 
admarginal  sjwts  absent  or  present,  orange  tawny,  anal  one  olive  buff ;  fringe 
whiti-  between  veins. 

Underside  red  chestnut ;  bars  heavy,  black,  heavily  bordered  with  white, 
placed  as  in  brutus. Forewing  :  submedian  and  median  bars  M'— SJP  generally 


(  427  ) 

fused  to  a  large  jiatch  ;  discal  bars  SO* — M^  or  SC* — M'  present,  bar  R^ — R^  behind 
the  short  band  of  median  bars  SU* — R^;  between  short  discal  bars  R' — M'  and 
median  bars  are  two  ochraceous  spots ;  white  band  somewhat  pinkish  behind 
and  gradually  shading  into  the  orange  ochraceous  postdiscal  baud  ;  postdiscal  bars 
represented  by  black  triangular  patches  which  are  bordered  each  with  a  grey,  angle- 
sliaj)ed,  line  distally,  the  lines  at  internal  angle  pale  blue,  separated  from  one 
another  between  M"  and  SIP  into  three  dashes  ;  veins  with  black  patches  at  ends, 
patches  R'  and  R^  larger  than  the  others,  veins   E^— M^  generally  with  bluish 

white  scaling  before  end. Hiudwing  :  basal  costal  bar  somewhat  bean-shaped  ; 

white  discal  band  abunt  as  broad  as  the  orange  ochraceous  postdiscal  one  ;  median 
bar  M' — M-  a  little  distal  of  base  of  M' ;  white  band  with  a  tawny  jiatch  at  costal 
margin,  followed  generally  by  a  series  of  smaller  patches  down  to  R' ;  no  black 
discal  bars  except  between  M-  and  abdominal  margin,  these  contiguous  with  orange 
ochraceous  postdiscal  band,  postdisco-marginal  area  of  the  same  pattern  and  colour 
as  in  Ch.  bruttis  bnitus,  submarginal  interspace  M' — M-  chocolate  ;  chocolate 
intersj)ace  behind  black  line  upon  SM^  triangnlar  ;  edge  of  wing  sharply  dentate, 
tail  R'  4  to  5  mm.  long,  tooth  M'  li  mm.,  tail  M-  3  to  4  mm. 

?.  Similar  to  S,  wings  wider;  disco-postdiscal  band  of  upperside  somewhat 
paler  ;  abdomen  beneath  much  more  extended,  the  white  scaling  reduced. 

Length  of  forewiug  :   cJ,  36 — 45  mm. 
,,  ,,  ?,  41—  51  mm. 

Clasper  narrower  than  in  Cli.  jason,  hook  very  slender  in  a  dorsal  view,  evenly 
curved  ;  penis  thin,  somewhat  dilated  at  end,  not  suddenly  bent  before  apes  as 
in  jason,  without  teeth  ;  penis-funnel  obviously  narrowed  towards  end,  apex  convex 
above,  turned  downward  to  a  sharp  hook. 

Hab.  Sierra  Leone  to  Angola,  Congo  to  the  Naudi  country,  Uganda 
Protectorate,  Nyassaland,  Manicaland ;  not  found  in  the  regions  between  the 
south  shore  of  the  Victoria  Nyanza  and  the  East  Coast.     A  rather  common  insect. 

a.  Ch.  poUux  geminus  Rotbsch.,  subsp.  nov. 

Charaxes  pollitx,  Trimen  ();o»  Cramer,  177:".),  Proc.  Zoo!.  Soc.  Loud.  p.  41.  n.  04  (1894)  (Manica)  ; 
Butl.,  ibid.  p.  252.  n.  8  (18i<5)  (Zomba)  ;  id.,  I.e.  p.  720.  n.  7.  (1805)  (Zomba)  ;  id.,  Joum. 
Linn.  Soc.  Loml.  XXV.  p.  852.  n.  8  (189l>)  (pt.  ;  Zomba)  ;  Auriv.,  Kumjl.  Sr.  Vet.  Ak.  Handl. 
XXXI.  5.  p.  233.  n.  8  (1899)  (Zomba). 

c?  ?.  Hiudwing  abori'  with  admarginal  spots,  at  least  the  upper  ones  present  ; 
on  the  underside  the  hiudwing  bears  iu  ?  a  triangular  chocolate  jiatch  between  bar 
D  and  apical  cell-bar  :  black  abdominal  line  between  SAP  and  SIP  as  a  rule  not 
hammer-sliaped  distally,  postdisco-submarginal  black  anal  ring  of  hiudwing  sepa- 
rated from  anal  edge  of  wing  ;  tails  sharply  pointed  in  both  sexes. 

Hah.  British  Central  Africa  and  Manicaland.  In  the  Tring  Museuiu  Q  Si, 
4  ?  ?  from  Nyassaland :  Lauderdale  (ti/pf-),  Chipaika  Estate,  Baiidawe  (F. 
Watkinson),  Zomba,  December  (Dr.  P.  Rendall). 

b.  Ch.  poUux  pollux. 

Papilio  Eques  Achivus  jioUux  Cramer,  Pap.  Exot.  I.  p.  61.  t.  37.  f.  E.  F  (1775)  (Guinea). 

Papilio  Equrs  Adiinis  castor  Fabricius  («««  Cramer,  1775),  Gen.  Ins.  p.  251.  n.  30.  31  (177(5)  ; 
Goeze,  Ent.  Bi-i/tr.  III.  p.  74.  n.  16  (1779)  ;  Fabr.,  Spec.  In.i.  U.  p.  11.  n.  44  (1881);  id., 
Mani.  Lis.  II.  p.  6.  n.  48  (1787)  ;  Jabl.  &  Herbst,  iVutura.  Schmctt.  IV.  p.  57.  n.  151.  t.  63. 
f.  1.  2  (1790)  ;  Gmel.,  Syst.  Nat.  I.  5.  p.  2235.  n.  301  (1790)  (pt.). 


(428  ) 

Papilio  camulua  Drury,  Illxistr.  Exot.  Im.  III.  p.  41.  t.  30.  f.  1.  2  (1782)  (S.  Leone). 

Papilio  Ni/mphalis  castnr,  Fabricins,  Ent.  Syst.  III.  1.  p.  63.  n.  196  (1793)  (Guinea). 

Erihoeti  jmlusm  (!),  Hlibner,  V(rz.  hek  Srhmell.  p.  47.  n.  427  (1816-27). 

Papilio  castor,  Donovan,  AVl^  Reposit.  II.  t.  116  (18'26). 

Papilio  camilhig,  id.,  l.r. 

.Xymphalis  castor,  Godart,  Enc.  MMi.  IX.  p.  351.  n.  4  (1823)  (Guinea)  ;  Doubl.,  Westw.  &  Hew., 

Gen.  Diurn.  L,p.  II.  p.  308.  n.  3  (1850)  (S.  Leone  ;  Congo). 
Clmrares  castor,  Doubleday,  List  ftpec.  Lrp.   In>s.  Brit.  Mus.  I.  p.  110  (1844)  (S.  Leone  ;  Congo)  ; 

Bull.,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Lnud.  p.  623.  n.  7  (1865)  (S.  Leone;  Congo). 
Charaxes poUiLc,  Butler,  Cat.  Diurn.  Lep.  di'xer.  hi/  Fahr.  p.  53.  n.  14  (1869)  (S.  Leone) ;  Druce,  Proc. 

Zool.  Soc.  Land.  p.  416  (1875)  (Angola)  ;  But].,  ibiil.,  p.  60.  n.  16  (1888)  (Monbutlu,  Equat. 

Afr.)  ;  Auriv.,  Ent.  Tidsl.r.  XXI.  p.  214.  n.  134  (1891)  (Cameroons) ;  Schaus  &  Clement.^  Sierra 

Leone  Lej.id.  p.  8  (1893)  ;  Auriv.,  I.e.  XV.  p.  310.  n.  185  (1894)  (Cameroons)  ;  Reb.  &  Rog., 

in  Baumann,  Massailand  p.  332.  n.  37  (1894)  (Xorth  Urundi)  :  Butl.,  Joiirn.  Linn.  Soc.  Land. 

XXT.  p.  352.  n.  8  (1890)  (pt. ;  S.  Leone  :  Angola  ;  Monbuttu)  ;  Auriv.,  Knngl.  Sr.  Vet.  Ak. 

Handl.  XXXI.  5.  p.  233.  n.  8  (1899)  (pt. :  Senegal :  S.  Leone ;  Ashanti ;  Cameroons ;  Gaboon  ; 

Chinchoxo  ;  Angola  ;  Monbnttn). 
XymphalispoUiu-,  Kirby,  Cat.  Diurn.  Lep.  p.  267.  n.  3  (1871)  (.■iyn.  ex  parte!). 
Xymphalis  castor,  id..  I.e.  n.  7  (1871)  (syn.  ex  parte  !). 

6.  No  adinarginal  spots  on  hiudwing  a/joi-e  except  the  olive  bnff  anal  one 
which  is  occasionally  ])reseut ;  on  underside  the  anal  ring  of  the  hindwitig  touches 
the  edge  of  the  wing,  the  black  line  between  SM^  and  SM'  is  dilated  at  end,  and 
in  ?  bar  D  of  hindwing  is  so  close  to  aj)ical  cell-bar  that  there  is  no  or  little 
chocolate  scaling  between  them. 

Ilab.  Sierra  Leone  to  Angola  and  the  Uganda  Protectorate.  In  the  Tring 
Mnseiim  24  <JcJ,  14  ?  ?  from:  Sierra  Leone;  Accra,  Gold  Coast;  Gaboon  R. ; 
Bopota,  Upp.  Congo ;  Pt.  Alice,  Uganda,  19.  vii.  '94  (Dr.  Ausorge)  ;  Nandi 
Station,  Uganda  Protectorate,  10.  xii.  '96  (Dr.  Ansorge). 

f.  Discal  interstitial  band  of  hindwing  above  bluish  white. 

56.  Charaxes  ansorgei  (Nov.  Zool.  V.  t.  5.  f.  2.  6). 

Charaa-es  ansorgei  Rothschild,  Nov.  Zool.  IV.  p.  181.  n.  5.  (1897)  (Patsho,  Nandi  Country,  Dec.  11, 
1896)  ;  Auriv.,  Kongl.  Sv.  Vet.  Ak.  nandi.  XXXI.  5.  p.  231.  n.  2a.  and  p.  638  (1899). 

(?.  Bodij,  above,  pale  chestnut,  dots  on  head  obsolete,  line  behind  eye  creamy 
buff;  heloic  brownish  clay  colour,  with  pale  chestnut  oblicjue  streaks  on  breast, 
abdomen  clayish  chestnut  ;  paljii  buff,  with  a  thin  white  lateral  line,  free  portion  of 
palpi  with  a  broad  black  dorso-lateral  stripe ;  legs  clay  colour,  femora  black  above 
with  the  usual  sprinkling  of  pale  scales,  anterior  tibia  and  tarsus  brown  above, 
white  beneath. 

Wings,  ahore. Forewing  :   basal  area  tawny  chestnut  ;  cell-bar  4  transverse, 

about  2^  mm.  long,  bar  D  as  in  plioebus  ;  median  bars  M" — SM"  small,  ill-defined, 
bars  11^ — M-  represented  by  large  patches,  patch  M' — M"'  halfmoon-shaped,  diameters 
3  and  4  mm.,  patch  W — M'  broader,  median  bar  R- — R'  close  to  bar  D,  but 
separated  from  it,  rounded,  bars  SC^— R-'  as  large  patches,  fused  together,  disco- 
postdiscal  band  tawny  orange,  separated  into  jiatches  by  the  black  veins  ;  discal 
bars  SC^— R'  heavy,  confluent,  joined  at  veins  to  postdisco-marginal  area,  bar 
R-— R'  thinner,  bar  R-— R^  more  basal,  dilated  basad,  bar  R'— M'  represented  by  a 

dot,  bar  M'—  M^  vestigial  ;  marginal  dots  orange  ochraceous,  small. Hindwing  : 

purplish  black,  base  more  brown  ;  a  white  discal  baud,  slightly  shaded  with  buff, 
about  4  mm.  broad  at  SC-,  dilated  between  SC'  and  W  owing  to  an  extended  bluish 


(  429  ) 

white  scaling ;  abilominal  fold  wood  brown,  edge  gre3-ish  buff ;  a  small  and  a  larger 
pale  blue  submarginal  spot  between  M"  and  SM- ;  admarginal  spots  tawny 
ochraceons,  npper  ones  the  largest,  subrotundate,  the  posterior  ones  linear,  trans- 
verse, anal  one  olive  bnff. 

Underside  :  basal  area  chestnut,  onter  area  russet  olive,  basal  to  discal  bars 
olive,  the  others  black,  position  of  bars  nearly  as  in  pollux,  white  borders  of  bars 

rather  wider  than  in  pollnx  in  costal  region  of  both  wings. Forewing  :  median 

bars  R^ — M''  concave  distally,  thinner  than  in  pollux,  olive  bar  R^ — R'  separate 
from  bar  D,  bars  SC* — R'  feebly  marked  ;  dis-cal  interspaces  M'— SM-  pinkish 
white,  distally  as  sharply  defined  as  in  pkoebus,  discal  bars  SC^ — M^  present, 
posterior  ones  mere  dots,  all  placed  close  to  postdiscal,  russet  olive,  band  (as  in 
pelias  and  allies) ;  postdiscal  black  patches  less  triangular  than  in  pollux,  white 
spots  at  outside  of  patches  SO* — SC°  and  R" — M'  rather  conspicuous,  bine  spots 

M- — SM^  joined  together  ;  admarginal  spots  rnsset. Hindwing  :  basal  costal  bar 

as  in  pollux  pollux  ;  median  bars  R- — M'-  rather  heavy,  ajiioal  cell-bar  separated 
from  bar  D  by  a  chocolate  triangle,  abdominal  lines  inclusive  white  border  much 
broader  than  olive  chocolate  interspaces  ;  white  discal  band  as  sharply  defined  as 
in  2jhoebus,  narrower  ;  postdiscal  black  bars  as  in  pollux,  but  bars  SC^ — R'  and 
R' — M'  more  proximal,  hence  the  respective  submarginal  interspaces,  which  are  like 
the  others  russet  olive,  wider  than  in  pollux ;  admarginal  interspaces  slightly 
ochraceous  ;  blue  submarginal  spots  in  anal  ring ;  dentition  of  edge  sharp,  tails 
pointed,  about  4  mm.  loug. 

?  .  Unknown. 

Length  of  forewing  :   S,  08  mm. 

Hab.  Patsho,  Nandi  Country,  1 1 .  xii.  '96  (Dr.  Ansorge),  1  c?. 

The  t>/pe  of  this  species  has  so  far  remained  unique. 

j*.  Base  of  forewing  above  black  ;  discal  interstitial  band  of  patches  of  forewing 
above  white,  or  maize  yellow,  npper  patches  sometimes  shaded  with  orange. 

57.  Charaxes  brutus. 

PaiJilio  Eques  Achivus  brutus  Cramer,  Paji.  Exot.  III.  p.  82.  t.  241.  f.  E.  F  (1779)  (Cap.  b.  sp.  ! 

loc.  err.). 
Papilio  Eiiues  Achivus  cajus  Jablonsky  &  Herbst,  Naturs.  Schmett.  IV.  p.  05.  n.  154.  t.  C4.  f.  1.  2 

(1790)  (Cap.  b.  sp.,  loc.  err.). 

c?.  Body  above  olive  black,  sometimes  more  bistre,  third  segment  of  jialpi 
black,  free  upperside  of  second  segment  of  palpi,  head  and  pronotnm  dark 
ferruginous,  mesonotnm  somewhat  greenish  olive  or  steel  blue  ;  four  indistinct 
dots  on  head  and  a  line  behind  eye  white  ;  underside  pale  orange,  palpi  with  a 
black  dorso-lateral  and  a  white  ventro-lateral  stripe  ;  breast  with  black  obliqne 
streaks  underneath  legs  edged  with  grey  ;  abdomen  white  at  side  ;  forelegs  black 
above,  white  beneath,  tarsus  with  some  orange  scales,  the  other  legs  whitish  clay 
colour,  femora  above  black  with  dispersed  white  scales. 

c?.    Wings  above  brownish  black,  with  a  purplish  tint  in  certain  lights,  crossed 

by  a  white,  creamy  white,  or  maize  yellow  band;  fringe  white  between  veins. 

On  forewing  the  band  is  interrnpted  at  the  veins,  consisting  of  eight  spots  which 
become  smaller  costad,  the  last  spots  varying  in  width  before  SM-  from  4  to 
10  mm.,  outer  edge  of  band  parallel  to  outer  margin  of  wing,  distance  about  8  mm. , 


(  430  ) 

j.it  spot  SC'' — SC  often  a  little  inclining  costad  ;  median  bars  W — M^  in  some 
specimens  vestigial,  forming  the  proximal  border  of  the  respective  patches  of  the 

band  ;  admarginal  dots,  if  present,  small,  all  of  abont  the  same  size. Hindwing: 

band  considerably  variable  in  width,  widest  in  front,  bnt  often  widely  bordered 
with  pale  glancous  blue,  in  which  case  the  band  appears  wider  in  and  beyond  cell 
than  towards  costal  margin,  stopping  at  (SM')  or  nearly  reaching  abdominal 
margin,  distance  of  band  from  outer  edge  of  wing  10  to  11  mm.  at  SC-,  and  G  to 
8  mm.  at  (SM') ;  abdominal  margin  ochraceous  ;  submarginal  spots  bine,  mostly 
with  white  centres,  generally  only  the  last  two  or  three  present,  spots  C^R-  seem 
to  be  always  wanting  ;  admarginal  spots  absent,  or  vestigial,  or  the  series  more  or 
less  complete. 

Underside  from  base  to  white  band  red  chestnut  or  rufous  red  or  reddish 
cinnamon  rufous,  from  band  to  outer  margin  varying  from  tawny  ochraceons  to 
tawny  olive,  basal  to  median  bars  with  heavy  and  clearly  defined  white  borders 
all  round,  these  bars  black,  heavy,  their  centres  often  more  or  less  extended 
olivaceous  wood  brown;  veins  partly  thinly  edged  with  white;  band  not  interrupted. 

Forewing  :  a  white  line  along  costal  edge  from  base  to  beyond  middle  ;  black 

basal  cell-spot  absent,  cell-bar  4  not  or  very  little  angled,  at  right  angles  to  the 
veins  like  the  other  cell-bars,  bar  3  heavier  than  4,  but  often  abbreviated  and 
elongate-ovate  ;  submedian  M- — (SM')  oblicjue,  mostly  joined  to  or  fused  with 
median  bar  M- — (SM'j,  submedian  bar  M'— M-  just  before  base  of  M',  about  1  to 
2  mm.  distant  from  median  bar,  both  often  joined  together  at  M-,  the  interspace 
between  them  sometimes  all  white  ;  median  bar  W — M'  abont  |  or  1  mm.  more 
distal  than  median  bar  M' — M^  often  slightly  inclining  basad,  bar  R= — R^  fnsed 
with  bar  D,  bars  SC^ — R-  in  the  usual  place,  continnous,  but  often  somewhat  broken 
at  veins  ;  diseal  bars  SC — R'  present,  the  others  absent,  but  sometimes  the  rufous 
scaling  which,  if  they  were  present,  would  separate  them  from  the  median  bars, 
vestigial  also  between  R^  and  M-  ;  the  white  or  yellowish  band  is  a  disco-postdiscal 
band,  the  upper  two  partitions,  SC — R',  are  postdiscal,  width  of  baud  as  above, 
rather  wider  behind  ;  postdiscal  bars  represented  by  a  series  of  black  triangular 
or  rounded  patches  which  stand  a  little  nearer  the  white  band  than  the  outer  edge 
of  the  wing,  the  posterior  patches  largest,  all  bordered  at  least  distally  with  bluish 
or  huffish  white  scales  which  form  generally  a  heavy  M  between  M-  and  SM- ;  veins 

with  black,  ill-defined  spots  at  ends,  and  pale  ones  between. Hindwing  :  costal 

edge  thinly  white  ;  basal  costal  bar  separate  from  veins,  but  often  touching  costal 
line  ;  snbbasal  bar  C — SC  absent,  seldom  vestigial  ;  submedian  costal  bar  at  right 
angles  to  costal  margin  or  inclining  distad,  1  to  IJ  mm.  from  base  of  PC,  bar 
C — SC  inclining  distad,  often  touching  cell-bar  2,  more  distal  at  C  than  costal 
submedian  bar,  reaching  SC-  at  or  before  base  of  R'  ;  cell-bar  4  in  front  of  base 
of  M=,  anteriorly  prolonged  along  D-  and  D',  mostly  joined  along  R-  to  bar  W  ; 
median  costal  bar  generally  inclining  basad,  the  series  of  median  bars  widely 
interrupted  at  veins,  but  almost  straight  down  to  (SM'),  bar  R-— R^  fnsed  with 
bar  D^;  longitudinal  lines  upon  abdominal  fold  heavy,  line  SM- — SM' continuous 
distally  with  line  SM-  ;  white  diseal  baud  more  or  less  narrowing  abdominad, 
reaching  abdominal  margin,  generally  with  some  rufous  scales  anteriorly  (and  often 
also  between  R-  and  R^)  at  the  outer  side  of  the  median  bars,  these  scales  then 
separating  the  white  border  of  the  bars  from  the  band,  width  of  band  variable  ; 
diseal  bars  C — R'  absent,  the  following  ones  also  often  absent,  but  those  beyond 
M-  generally  marked,    bordered  white  distally,  placed  at  the  outer  edge  of  the 


(431  ) 

white  band  ;  postdiscal  liars  represented  by  black  spots,  which  are  halfmoon-shapecl, 
bnt  have  often  the  middle  of  the  concave  outer  side  somewhat  produced,  hence 
resembling  slightly  an  anchor,  bordered  pale  olive  or  white  or  blnisli  white  distally, 
this  white  scaling  produced  into  a  pointed  line  upon  internervular  folds  SC- — R' 
and  R^ — M',  the  series  of  postdiscal  spots  about  midway  between  white  band  and 
snbmarginal  bars,  curving  distad  lietweeu  R' — and  R' ;  submarginal  black  tiars 
transverse,  the  series  jiarallel  to  outer  margin,  interrnpted  at  veins,  bordered 
white  proximally,  very  thinly  so  distally  ;  bars  M^ — SM^  curved,  forming  with  the 
respective  postdiscal  bars  a  ring  ;  submarginal  interspaces  varying  from  chestnut 
red  to  pale  olive  ;  admargiiial  interspaces  ochraceous,  bordered  milky  white  distally ; 
marginal  line  black,  about  j  mm.  broad,  continuous;  edge  of  wiug  sharply  dentate; 
tails  triangular,  mostly  sharply  pointed  ;  tooth  M'  often  developed  to  a  third, 
shorter,  tail. 

? .  Like  S,  but  larger,  wings,  especially  hindwing,  broader,  band  wider,  in 
Madagascar  form  band  of  forewing  anteriorly  orange,  with  spots  R' — R^  produced 
basad,  discal  interspaces  SC^ — R'  also  with  orange  patches  ;  abdomen  beneath  witli 
a  black,  broad  streak  along  each  side,  which  is  slightly  interrupted  at  edges  of 
segments. 

Length  of  forewing  :   <S,  34 — 45  mm. 
„  „  ? ,  44—50  mm. 

Hook  of  clasper  evenly  and  gently  curved  (in  a  dorsal  view),  slender ;  penis 
somewhat  widened  at  end,  with  one  single,  dorsal,  tooth  standing  about  1  mm. 
before  the  apex  ;  penis-funnel  moderately  narrowed  towards  end,  slender,  apical 
edge  produced  downwards  to  a  very  short  tooth. 

Hak  Africa,  south  of  the  Sahara,  Madagascar,  a  common  species.  We 
distinguish  five  subspecies. 

a.  Ch.  brutus  Junius. 

Charases  hnitus  var.  Junius  Oberthlir,  Ann.  Mits.  Civ.  Genova  XV.  p.  166.  D.  47  (1879)  (Abyssinia; 

June,  July,  Aug.,  Sept.)  ;  Auriv.,  Kongl.  Sv.  Vet.  Ah.  Handl  XXXI.  6.  p  .231.  sub  n.  1  (1899) 

(Abyss.). 
Cliaraxes  Junius  Oberthur,  I.e.  XVIII.   p.  728.  n.  58  (1883)   (Fcleklek ;    Sciotalit ;   Let-Marefia ; 

I.  II.  VII.  VIII.  IX.  X.  XI.  XII.). 
S.  Head  and  prouotum  shaded  with  olive,  less  bright  ferrngiuous  than  in  the 
other  races  ;  body  below  tawny  olive,  sides  of  abdomen  without  white  line. 

Wings  above  blackish  brown,  band  maize  yellow,  no  blue  scaling  at  edge  of 

band. -Forewing  :    band  6  to  7  mm.  broad  at  SM^,  then  gradually  narrowing  to 

R^,  upper  four   spots  smaller  ;   marginal   spots  maize  yellow,  bat  their  pro.ximal 

edges  slightly  shaded  with  buff. Hindwing  :   band  gradually  narrowing    down 

to  (SM'),  6  to  7  mm.  broad  at  SC^  2  mm.  at  (SM'),  reaching  abdominal  margin, 
where  it  is  somewhat  dilated  again,  outer  edge  of  band  a  little  concave  between 
veins  ;  admarginal  spots  subluniform,  separated  at  veins,  orange  butf,  all  present, 
upper  one  a  dot;  submarginal  blue  dots  M- — SM-  merged  together. 

Underside  reddish  cinnamon  rufous  from  base  to  discal  band  ;  bars  with  wide 

grey  centres,  their  black  colour  reduced  to  thin  lines. Forewing  :    band  cream 

colour  ;  outer  area  of  wiug  clayish  ;  postdiscal  spots  triangular,  but  rather  small, 

the  upper  ones  olivaceous  ;  black  scaling  at  end  of  veins  reduced. Hindwing  : 

band  creamy  white  ;  postdiscal  interspace  (outside  white  band)  Ua/.el,  ochreous 
behind  ;  postdiscal  bars  as  in  the  other  continental  forms,  but  smalffr  ;  submarginal 
interspaces  clayish  hazel  ;  submarginal  black  bars  partly  obliterated,  replaced  by 


(  432  ) 

white  scaling,  bars  M" — SM-,  however,  present,  closer  to  the  postdiscal  ones  than 
in  the  other  subspecies  ;  admarginal  interspaces  (aual  one  included)  ochreous  ; 
edge  of  wing  bhmtly  dentate,  a  very  short  and  lihint  tooth  at  M'  ;  tails  shorter, 
broader,  and  less  pointed  than  in  the  other  four  races,  upper  tail  5  mm.  lung, 
second  4  mm.,  no  tail  at  M'. 

¥.  Like  c?,  but  band  broader,  paler,  blue  submargiual  dots  of  himhving  and 
marginal  spots  of  forewing  smaller;  abdomen  lilackisli  brown  above  and  below; 
underside  slightly  tawny  in  middle. 

Length  of  forewing  :   cj,  44  mm. 
„  „  ?,49mm. 

Hub.  Abyssinia,  recorded  by  Oberthilr  from  Shoa  as  being  found  all  the  year 
round  except  in  March  and  April  ;  in  the  Tring  Museum  are  specimens  (received 
from  the  Genoa  Museum),  labelled  Sciotalit,  January,  and  Feleklek,  February,  1880 
(Antinori). 

Dr.  Bntler,  in  his  Revision  of  the  genus  Charaxes  does  not  mention  this 
peculiar  form. 

b.  Ch.  brutus  somalicus  Rothsch.,  subsp.  nov. 

cJ.  Similar  to  Cli.  brutus  Junius,  discal  band  of  upperside  nearly  as  yellow  ; 
differs  aboce  in  the  band  of  the  forewing  being  narrower  beliind,  being  about  as 
wide  in  somalicus  at  SM-  as  it  is  at  M^  in  Junius  ;  further,  in  the  baud  of  the 
hindwiug  being  anteriorly  also  narrower  than  in  Junius,  having  the  greatest  width 
at  W,  and  in  the  slightly  thinner  admarginal  lunules.  On  the  underside  the  basal 
area  is  coloured  as  in  brutus  brutus,  tlie  bars  are,  however,  as  grey  as  in  Junius, 
but  a  little  broader  ;  the  postdiscal  black  sj)ots  of  both  wings  are  larger  than  in 
Junius  ;  the  submargiual  bars  as  heavy  as  in  brutus  brutus  ;  snbmarginal  interspaces 
more  olive  than  in  brutus  brutus,  much  wider  thau  in  brutus  Junius,  white  discal 
band  narrower  than  in  the  latter  form  ;  body  as  in  Junius. 

Bab.  Harrar  Highlands,  Somaliland,  1  c?  in  tlie  British  Museum. 

c.  Ch.  brutus  angustus. 

Charnres  bniitis,  Druce  (^noii  Cramer,  1779),  Pror.  Zoo!.  Soc.  Loud.  p.  412  (1875)  (Angola); 
Pliitz,  Sletl.  Ent.  Zed.  XLI.  p.  11)4.  n.  102  (1880)  (Cameroons,  vii.  ix.  .\.)  ;  Dewitz,  Nov. 
Act.  Lcop.  Car.  Ak.  Niiturf.  XLI.  2.  2.  p.  371  (1887)  (Mukenge)  ;  Capronn.,  C.  R.  Soc.  Eut. 
Belg.  XXXIII.  p.  125.  n.  6.'')  (1889)  (Kassai)  ;  Smith,  Pioc.  Zool.  Soc.  Loud.  p.  472.  n.  84 
(1890)  (Aruwimi)  ;  Godm.  &  Salv.,  ia  Jameson,  Story  Hear  Column  p.  440.  n.  79  (1890) 
(Aruwimi)  ;  Sharpe,  fris  IV.  p.  58.  n.  57  (1 891)  (Bauggala)  ;  Auriv.,  Enl.  7'idskr.  XII.  p.  215. 
n.  130  (1891)  (Cameroons) ;  id.,  I.e.  XV.  p.  310.  n.  18G  (1894)  (Cameroons,  ii.  xi.)  ;  Butl., 
Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Loud.  XXV.  p.  350.  n.  1  (1890)  (pt.  ;  Cameroons  ;  Angola)  ;  Auriv.,  Kongl. 
Sv.  Vet.  Ak.  Hand}.  XXXI.  5.  p.  231.  n.  1  (1899)  (pt.  ;  Congo;  Banggala,  Kassai,  Aruwimi  ; 
Mukenge  ;  Angola  ;  Cameroons). 

<J  ¥  .  Similar  to  natalensis,  but  diifers  as  follows  : — 

Wings  above  with  a  narrow  band,  that  of  forewing  measuring  only  2A  to  4  mm. 
before  SM-,  band  of  hindwing  gradually  decreasing  in  width  behind  ;  very  little  or 
no  olive  bine  scaling  along  band  on  eitiier  wing  ;  marginal  spots  of  forewing 
vestigial  or  absent,  the  posterior  ones  generally  absent,  but  sometimes  all  as  well 
marked  as  in  natalensis  ;  no  admarginal  spots  on  hindwing. 

Underside  :  bars  on  the  whole  heavier  than  in  natalensis,  basal  area  red  che.st- 
nut ;  of  the  discal  series  of  bars  of  the  liindwing  bars  (! — BI'  or  C — M"  absent, 
interspaces  between  white  band  and  black  postdiscal  bars  tawny  ochraceous,  while 
the  snbmarginal  interspaces  are  reddish  chestnut. 


(  433  ) 

Length  of  forewing  :  cj,  42 — 46  mm. 
,,  ,,  ?,  47 — 54  mm. 

Hah.  Augola  to  Niger,  gradually  merging  into  brutus  hrutiis.  In  the  Triug 
Mnsenm  18  cjcj,  4  ?  ?  from:  Congo:  Leojmldville,  Kassai,  Upoto  {ti/pe  1),  Lnkolele: 
two  and  four  days' march  from  Ft.  Beni,  Great  Forest,  May  6.  8.  '99  (Dr.  Ansorge)  ; 
Angola  ;  Cameroons  ;  Old  Calabar. 

Our  specimens  of  Ch.  brutus  from  Ran,  Nandi,  Uganda  Protectorate,  Fajao,  and 
Unyoro  agree  on  the  whole  better  with  the  following  form  than  with  angustus  ;  the 
fresh  specimens  have  the  band  of  the  upperside  rather  yellowish,  somewhat  like 
somalicas. 

d.  Ch.  brutus  brutus. 

Papilio  Eques  Achirus  biiitiis  Cramer,  I.e. 

Papilio  Equps  Achivus  cajus  Herbst,  I.e. 

Eriboea  bruUi.  (!),  Hiibner,  Verz.  heh.  Schmett.  p.  46.  n.  422  (1816-27). 

NymphaVi^  hrulliis  (!),  Godart,  Euc.  MM.  IX.  p.  351.  n.  3.  (1823)  (Guinea). 

Chm-axcB  biiilus,  Doubleday,  List.  Spec.  Lep.  Ins.  Brit.  JIus.  I.  p.   HI  (1844)  (S.  Leone)  ;  Butl., 

Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Loml.  p.  625.  n.  9  (1865)  (S.  Leone  ;  Guinea)  ;  Staud.,  E.rol.  Tiigf.  p.  160 

(1886)  ;  Mab.,  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  Fr.  (6).  X.  p.  23  (1890)  (Assinie)  ;  Karscb,  Enl.  Nadu:  XVUI. 

p.  176.  n.  48  (1892)  (Togo)  ;  id.,  Berl.   Ent.  Zeitschr.  XXXVIII.  p.  190.  n.  50  (1893)  (Adeli, 

July  to  Sept.) ;  Schaus  &  Clements,  fiierra  Leuiif  Lepid.  p.  8  (1893) ;  Butl.,  Jouni.  Linn.  Soc. 

L'init.  XXV.  p.  350  n.  1  (1896)  (pt. ;  S.  Leone  ;  Accra) ;  Auriv.,  Kongl.  Sv.  Vet.  Ak.  Handl. 

XXXI.  5.  p.  231.  n.  1  (1899)  (pt.  ;  S.  Leone  ;  Ashanti ;  Ivory  Coast ;  Togo  ;  Fernando  Po). 
Nymphalis  brutus,  Doubleday,  Westw.  &  Hew.,  Gen.  Diuru.  Lep.  II.  p.  308.  n.  5  (18.50)  (S.  Leone  ; 

Guinea)  ;  Kirby,  Cat.  Diurn.  Lep.  p.  268.  n.  8  (1871). 

(?  ?.  Like  brutus  angustus,  bnt  band  of  forewing  5  to  8  mm.  broad  before  SM" 
in  (J,  T  to  9  mm.  in  ? . 

There  are  seldom  traces  of  pale  blue  admarginal  spots  on  the  hindwing. 

Hab.  Sierra  Leone  to  the  Niger  ;  common.  In  the  Tring  Museum  10  c?  c?,  0  ?  ? 
from  :  Sierra  Leone  ;  Coomassie  ;  Accra  ;  Manfd  ;  0.  Calabar.  The  specimens  from 
Cameroons  belong  mostly  to  angustus,  or  are  intermediate. 

In  the  width  of  the  band  this  form  comes  much  nearer  natalensis  than  does 
angustus,  though  the  latter  is  geographically  intermediate. 

e.  Ch.  brutus  natalensis. 

Nymphalis  brutus,  Trimen  {non  Cramer,  1779),  Rhop.  Afr.  Austr.  p.  173.  n.  100  (1862)  (Natal). 

Charaxes  brutus  var.   Butler,  Proc.  Znol.  Soc.  Lund.  p.  625  sub,  n.  9  (1865).  (Pt.  Natal). 

Charaxes  brutus,  Gooch,  Entoni.  XIV.  p.  6  (1881)  (Natal  ;  larva  noticed) ;  Spiller,  ibid.  XV.  p.  8 
(1882)  (Natal)  ;  Trim.  &  Bowk.,  S.  Afr.  Butt.  I.  p.  335.  n.  Ill  (1887)  (pt.  ;  Nat.il  ;  Caffraria) : 
Montoiro,  Delagoa  Bay  p.  220  (1891)  ;  Butl.,  Proc  Zoul.  Soc.  Land.  p.  253.  n.  10  (1895) 
(Zomba)  ;  id..  I.e.  p.  720.  n.  5  (1895)  (Zomba) ;  id.,  Joum.  Linn.  Soc.  Land.  XXV.  p.  350.  n.  1 
(1896)  (pt.  ;  Nat.-il  ;  Delag.  Bay  ;  Zomba;  KUimandjaro  ;  Taita)  ;  Dist.,  Ami.  Mag.  N.  H. 
(7).  I.  p.  51  (1898))  (Barberton). 

Chara.ces  brutus  var  tuitalensis  Staudinger,  E.rot.  Tagf.  p.  169.  (1886)  (Natal) ;  Lanz,  Iris  IX.  p.  140. 
(1896)  (Parumbira,  Tanganyika,  October)  ;  Auriv.,  Kongl.  Sr.  Vet.  Ah.  Hnndl.  XXXI.  5.  p.  231. 
sub  n.  1  (1899)  (KafFraria  ;  Natal ;  Zambesi  ;  Delagoa  B. ;  Parumbira,  Tanganyika). 

c?.  Head  and  pronotum  deep  ferruginous,  abdomen  beneath  orange  in  middle, 
white  at  sides. 

Wings  above,  purjilish  black,  band  white,  sometimes  cream  colour,  obviously 

edged  with  pale  blue  from  M-'  of  forewing  to  (SM')  of  hindwing. Forewing  : 

band  broad  behind,  considerably  narrowing  costad,  8  to  10  mm.  wide  at  SM-,  5  to 
6  mm.  at  M",  and  3  or  4  mm.  between  M'  and  M^  two  upper  spots  often  minute, 
especially  in  Natal  individuals  ;  marginal  spots  distinct,  white,  pro.ximally  somewhat 


(434) 

bnffish. Hindwiug  :   bluish  border  of  band  wide,  especially  proxiraally  in  and 

behind  cell  ;  admarginal  spots  cream  colonr,  blnish  at  and  bnffish  between  veins,  iu 
most  individuals  widely  interrupted  between  veins,  but  sometimes  the  halfmoons 
complete  ;  blue  submarginal  dots  varying  in  number  from  2  to  5. 

Undi'rside :  reddish  chestnut  up  to  median  bars  or  almost  ferruginons  ;  discal 
bars  R' — SM-  of  hindwing  more  or  less  heavily  marked,  often  also  bar  SC^ — R' 
present ;  postdiscal  interspaces  (between  white  band  and  postdiscal  bars)  of  the 
same  or  nearly  the  same  tint  as  the  submarginal  interspaces ;  wing  strongly 
dentate,  tails  long  and  pointed. 

?.  Like  J,  abdomen  beneath  pale  orange  with  two  black,  slightly  interrupted 
lines. 

Wings,  above  :  more  brown,  less  deep  black  than  in  S,  band  wider  than  in  c?. 

Forewing  :  baud  10  to  12  mm.  broad  at  SM",  the  upper  spots  often  orange 

distally,  spots  R' — R^  elongate  in  most  specimens,  shorter  in  those  from  Natal  than 
in  individuals  from  tropical  East  Africa,  sometimes  there  is  a  very  faint  vestige 
of  the  discal  spots  SO* — R'  present  iu  Ch.  brutns  am/ara  ?  ;  marginal  spots  dull 
orange,  whitish  in  middle  at  edge  of  wing. — —Hindwing:  admarginal  spots  seldom 
vestigial  only,  occasionally  not  interrupted  between  veins,  smaller  in  Natal  speci- 
mens than  individuals  from  tropical  E.  Africa. 

Underside  exhibits  the  same  distinguishing  characters  as  (J,  tooth  at  M'  com- 
paratively shorter  than  in  S. 

Length  of  forewing  :  c?,  37—45  mm. 
„  „  ? ,  42—50  mm. 

Penis  as  in  andara  with  a  minnte  tooth  shortly  behind  the  snbapical  tooth. 

Hab.  East  Africa,  from  Natal  to  the  Tanganyika,  Kilimandjaro  and  the  coast 
regions  of  German  East  Africa,  not  found  in  the  Cape  Colony,  and  not  yet  recorded 
from  the  coast  districts  of  British  East  Africa.  In  the  Tring  Museum  11  S3, 
14??  from:  Natal:  Rikatla,  Delagoa  Bay ;  Mozambique;  Dar-es-Salaam ;  Taveta 
(July);  Zomba  and  Lauderdale,  Nyassaland  ;  Parambira,  October  22nd  and  Novem- 
ber 7th  (Dr.  Ansorge). 

The  larva  was  discovered  by  Mr.  Gooch.  Dr.  Trimen,  I.e.,  describes  the 
caterpillar  and  chrysalis  as  follows  : — 

"  Larva. — Bright  yellowish  green  (covered  with  minute  yellow  granules)  ; 
second  and  last  segments  of  a  much  duller  green  than  the  others.  On  each  side  of 
back  a  row  of  cuneiform  yellowish  marks,  broad  anteriorly,  and  deflected  upward 
and  posteriorly,  narrowing  to  a  point  before  hind-edge  of  the  segment.  On  seventh 
segment  a  yellow-circular  dorsal  marking  with  a  brown  centre.  Head  light  green  ; 
the  frontal  horns  short  and  tipjied  with  cobalt-blue, — the  two  outer  horns  shorter 
than  the  two  middle  ones  ;  mandibles  light  blue  tijiped  with  black.  (W.  D.  Gooch, 
MS.  description  and  outline  drawing  of  Natalian  larva,  1874). 

"  Captain  H.  C.  Harford,  who  also  observed  the  larva  in  Natal,  saw  the  ova 
deposited  on  the  leaves  of  the  Seringa  {Melia  azedarach),  and  noted  that  they  were 
at  first  pale  yellow,  but  became  in  a  few  hours  reddish  brown.  From  an  egg  that 
was  watched  on  a  leaf  out  of  doors  the  larva  was  hatched  on  the  eighth  day  after  its 
deposit.  It  was  brownish  green,  with  the  head  and  horns  brown,  and  the  caudal 
processes  very  long  and  curved  inward.  After  the  first  moult,  it  was  dark  olive 
green,  with  a  slight  indication  of  a  pale  spot  on  the  back  of  the  seventh  segment ; 
the  head  being  of  a  darker  brown,  but  the  horns  lighter  at  the  tip ;  while  the  anal 
processes  were  light  ashy  grey.       After  the  second  moult,  it  became  dark  green 


(  435  ) 

miiintely  irrorated  with  white,  and  showed  the  whitish  spot  on  the  second  segment 
much  more  distinctly;  the  head  was  larger  in  proportion  to  the  body,  and  presented 
an  ochreons  line  running  along  the  sides  and  along  onter  edge  of  the  horns.  After 
the  third  moult,  it  remained  of  the  same  dark  green,  but  the  white  dorsal  spot  was 
circled  with  light  blue.  (This  larva  does  not  appear  to  have  been  described  by 
Captain  Harford  in  its  final  stage). 

"  Pupa. —  Bright  green  ;  spiracles  reddish  brown  ringed  with  white,  diminishing 
in  size  towards  last  segment;  projections  of  head  tipped  with  white;  some  confluent 
white  spots  on  wing  covers.  Head  rather  acutely  bitid;  thorax  very  convex; 
wings  forming  slight  lateral  projections  ;  abdomen  making  a  great  angle  at  the 
segment  in  a  line  with  apex  of  wing-covers,  the  last  segment  prolonged  into  a  pedicel 
bearing  four  tubercles.    (H.  C.  Harford,  MS.  notes  on  Natalian  pupa,  1809)." 

About  the  habits  of  Ch.  brutus  natalensis  we  learn  from  Dr.  Trimen  that  he 
"  frequently  met  with  this  fine  Charaxes  at  Port  Natal,  and  managed  to  capture  a 
good  many  specimens  at  the  '  sucking  places '  (on  stems  or  branches  of  trees  where 
moisture  exuded)  so  specially  attractive  to  butterflies  of  this  group.  On  the  wing, 
brutus  is  one  of  the  very  swiftest  of  Nymphalidas,  and  it  is  difficult  to  follow  its 
flight,  except  when  it  is  chasing  another  of  its  species,  or  some  competitor  at  the 
drinking  stations  mentioned.  I  noted  examples  in  February,  March,  and  April, 
and  Colonel  Bowker  took  several  in  August  in  the  same  locality  ;  while  in  Kaffraria 
he  had  noticed  the  butterfly's  occurrence  in  March,  May,  and  June." 

The  individuals  from  the  Tanganyika  region  connect  ncUalensis  with  the  West 
African  forms. 

/.  Ch.  brutus  andara. 

Charaxes  andara  Ward,  Ent.  Mo.  Jhjg.  IX.  p.  2li;i  (1873)  (Madagascar)  ;  Saalm.,  Li-p.  .Vail.  p.  88. 
n.  128  (1884);  Mab.,  in  Grandid.,  Hisl.  Matlag.  Up.  I.  p.  187.  t.  22.  f.  4.  5.  G  (1887)  (Tamatave; 
Foulepointe)  ;  Butl.,  Jowra.  Liim.  Snc.  Land.  XXV.  p.  351.  n.  2  (1896)  (Antananarivo  ;  Ft. 
Dauphin)  ;  Auriv.,  Kongl.  St:  Vet.  AL  Handl.  XXXI.  5.  p.  231.  n.  2  (1899)  (Madag.) 

jj.  Edges  of  abdominal  segments  above  sometimes  slightly  grey.  Wings 
above  with  a  violet  tint  ;   band  conspicuously  edged  with  pale  blue  from   M-  of 

forewing  to  (SM')  o(  hindwing. Forewing  ;  band  6  to  8  mm.  broad  before  SM° 

(inclusive  of  blue  border),  patch  M' — M^  3  to  4  mm.  wide,  spot  R^ — R''  generally 
elongate,  narrow,  sometimes  prolonged  to  bar  D,  but  its  proximal  portion  then 
shaded  with  brown,  spot  R' — R^  often  also  elongate,  spots  SC^ — R'  mostly  bluish, 
small,  often  only  vestigial  ;  marginal  spots  white  as  a  rule,  often  slightly  orange 
proximally,  in  one  specimen  (in  Mr.  Grose-Smith's  collection)  all  orange  and  rather 

larger  than  usually. Hindwing:  two  submarginal  dots  M' — SM-,  blue  ;  admarginal 

bluish  creamy  white  line  seldom  continuous,  mostly  very  widely  interrupted  between 
veins,  there  remaining  only  triangular  spots  at  the  ends  of  the  veins,  these  spots 
extending  into  tails,  anal  admarginal  spot,  however,  linear  and  transverse,  bluish 
olive  ;  discal  band  stopping  at  (SM'). 

U»dersif/e  rufous  red  from  base  to  discal  band,  bars  without  grey  centres. 

Forewing  :  cell-bar  3  somewhat  rounded,  4  rather  slender,  as  is  bar  D ;  median  bars 
SC — R-  also  slender,  bars  SC'^ — R-  each  very  much  longer  than  broad  (a  part  of 
white  border)  discal  bars  SC^ — R'  dark  olive  ;  outer  area  of  wing  from  white  band 
to  margin  tawny  ochraceous  ;  black  postdiscal  patches  R' — M'  rather  smaller  than 

in  the  continental  forms,  less  pointed. ^Ilindwing  :  basal  costal  bar  not  touching 

white  costal  edge,  often  rounded,  almost  circular,  white  band  posteriorly  as  well  as 
anteriorly  with  ])rown  spots  or  vestiges  of  such  ;  interspace  between  white  discal 


(  436  ) 

band  and  black  postdiscal  bars  cinnamon  rufons,  as  a  rnle  darker  than  basal  area  ; 
postdiscal  bars  C— M-  transverse,  not  or  slightly  curved,  rather  thin,  not  dilated 
iu  middle,  edged  olive  distally  ;  submarginal  iutersj»ace  chestnut,  seldom  rufous 
chestnut,  mnch  wider  than  in  the  other  forms,  bar  R' — R^  5  mm.  distant  from 
submarginal  bar,  much  shaded  with  white  distally,  interspaces  M'  —  SM-  olive,  with 
bine  and  white  submarginal  dots  ;  sul)marginal  bars  blackish  olive,  transverse, 
linear  ;  wing  more  heavily  dentate  than  iu  the  continental  forms,  tail  R'  7  to  8  mm. 
long,  tail  M'  3  to  u  mm.,  tail  M-  6^  to  7i  mm. 

?.  Winffs  above  less  blaish  than  in  <?.— — Forewing  :  costal  margin  more  or 
less  tawny  ;  band  pale  orange,  white  from  M-  backwards,  posteriorly  edged  with 
pale  blue  at  both  sides,  bnt  especially  pro.\imally,  10  mm.  broad  at  SM",  patch 
W — M'  7  mm.  long,  oblique  proximally,  patch  R- — R'  extended  to  bar  U,  patch 
Ri — R-  about  twice  as  long  as  broad,  with  two  discal  spots  in  front,  besides  the 
two  rounded  postdiscal  spots  SC* — R',  discal  spot  S(J* — R'  rather  larger,  produced 
distad  along  R'  and  mostly  joined  to  the  postdiscal  spot,  discal  spot  HV* — SC  linear, 

an  orange  streak  also  in  front  of  HC*  ;  marginal  spots  pale  orange. Hindwing  : 

band  broadly  bordered  with  bluish  white  proximally,  basal  lialf  of  abdominal  fold 
also  milky  white,  pale  blue  distal  border  of  band  gradually  narrowing  costad  ;  blue 
submarginal  dots  M^ — SM^  heav)-,  fused  together  as  a  rule,  dot  M' — M^  often 
present  ;  admarginal  line  orange  between,  cream}'  buS'  or  blnish  at  veins,  nearly 
continuous,  or  iuterrupteil  at  the  veins,  often  obsolete  from  C  to  R',  anal  portion  as 
in  (?,  but  wider. 

Underside  :  as  iu  S ,  but  submarginal  area  of  hindwing  more  olive  and  white, 
the  chestnut  scaling  very  much  reduced,  sometimes  almost  entirely  replaced  by 
olive  and  white  ;  tails  and  teeth  as  in  t?,  rather  broader  at  base  and  longer. 
Length  of  forewiug  :   c?,  34 — 41  mm. 
„  „  ? ,  42—46  mm. 

Penis  sometimes  with  a  second,  very  small,  tooth  situated  behind  the  ordinary 
tooth  present  in  all  forms  of  brutus,  agreeing  with  that  of  nataleiisis. 

Hub.  Madagascar,  apparently  all  over  the  island  in  suitable  localities  ;  a  forest 
insect.     In  the  Tring  Bluseum  8  c?<J,  2  ?  ¥,  partly  from  Morondawa. 

The  female  is  very  different  from  those  of  the  continental  brutus  on  account  of 
the  development  of  the  discal  interstitial  patches  of  the  forewiug  above  ;  this  con- 
spicuous difference,  however,  does  not  justify  specific  separation,  because  traces  of 
the  discal  parts  of  those  j)atches  are  fonud  also  in  continenta.\  Jemales. 

P.  Black  j)ostdiscal  bars  of  hindwing  below  absent,  or  represented  by  elongate 
triangular,  longitudinal  spots,  their  grey  distal  borders  present,  upper 
ones  long,  curved  proximally  towanls  the  veins,  the  lines  in  the  same 
cellule  forming  distally  an  acute  angle,  but  do  not  always  reach  one 
another. 

/{'.  Bars  in  basal  half  of  underside  all  black,  not  centred  grey. 

58.  Charaxes  castor. 

Papilio  Equen  Achirug  aietor  Cramer,  Prip.  Exot.  I.  p.  Gl.  t.  37.  f.  c.  D.  (1775)  (Guinea). 
PapiUo  Eques  Achivus  poUux,  Fabricius  (non  Cramer,  1775),  Gen.  Ins.  p.  251  (1776). 

S  S .  Body  above  olive,  with  a  faint  russet  tint  anteriorly,  white  dots  on  head 
more  or  less  obvious,  line  behind  eye  conspicuous  ;  underside  olive  black,  faintly 
russet ;  palpi  with  a  very  broad  white  stripe,  breast  obliipiely  striped  huffish  white. 


(  437  ) 

segments  of  abdomen  edged  white,  this  colour  laterally  fused  to  a  streak,  forelegs 
black  above,  white  beneath,  other  legs  black,  densely  scaled  huffish  white,  exccjjt 
upperside  of  femora. 

cJ.    Wi/iffs  abocc  purplish  black,  base  of  hindwing  more  sepia  colour,  base  of 

forewing  occasionally  faintly  chocolate. Forowing  :  elongate,  median  bars  often 

vestigial  in  side-light,  cell  occasionally  with  one  or  two  ochraceous  buff  dots  at  the 
distal  and  jiroximal  edge  respectively  of  the  large  cell-bar  4,  corresjionding  to  the 
anterior  portions  of  the  apical  and  subapical  interspaces  of  the  cell  below;  a  band  of 
discal  interstitial  spots  from  SC^  to  internal  margin,  pale  ochraceous  or  butF,  the  band 
widely  interrupted  at  R-,  the  two  upper  spots  being  more  distal  than  the  other 
jiatches  which  stand  in  a  straight  row,  last  three  patches  up  to  M-  continuous  (veiu 
SM-,  however,  thinly  black),  4  to  7  mm.  broad  before  SM-,  jiatch  M' — M-  narrower, 
somewhat  halfmoon-shaped,  more  distal,  patch  R^— M'  again  narrower,  halfmoon- 
shaped,  again  more  distal,  spot  R- — R'  much  smaller,  elongate,  just  in  front  of 
l)atch  R' — ]\'P,  4  to  6  mm.  from  cell,  spots  SC^ — R-  smaller,  nearly  square,  the 
upper  of  the  two  somewhat  oblique,  the  second  slightly  concave  proximally  and 
often  also  concave  distally  ;  this  baud  of  patches  is  followed  by  a  postdiscal  series 
of  six  interstitial  spots  of  the  same  colour,  the  series  slightly  curved,  upijermost 
spot  the  largest,  subrotundate,  or  proximally  concave,  G  or  7  mm.  from  outer  margin, 
about  3  mm.  wide,  the  others  gradually  approaching  discal  patches,  spot  R^ — M' 
often,  spot  M^ — M^  always  touching  discal  patches  at  veins  M'  and  M-  respectively, 
halfmoon-shaped,  sometimes  these  last  two  spots  fused  with  the  discal  patches  at 
both  ends,  thus  entirely  isolating  the  respective  black  jjostdiscal  spots  ;  fringe  thinly, 
white   between   veins  ;    marginal   iuternervular  spots,  if  present,  minute,   creamy 

white. Hindwing  :  median  bars  C — R'  seldom  separated  from  the  black  basal 

area  by  some  creamy  buff  scaling  ;  a  triangular  ochraceous  buff  or  pale  buff  band, 
nearly  white  at  costal  margin,  seldom  reaching  M-,  often  much  shortened,  6  to  8  mm. 
broad  at  SC-,  externally  sinuate  at  SC-  and  R'  in  many  specimens,  the  outer  edge  of 
liand  at  R'  very  little  distal  of,  or  just  at  base  of  M'  ;  apex  of  cell  often  shaded  with 
creamy  buff;  four  or  five  blue  submargiual  dots,  the  last  two  fused,  with  white 
centres  ;  a  series  of  admarginal  interstitial  spots,  upper  one  or  two  ochraceous,  the 
following  more  or  less  pale  blue,  often  creamy  at  veins,  last  one  or  two  greenish 
olive  buff,  spot  C — SC-  generally  triangular,  the  others  transverse,  mostly  produced 
distad  at  veins,  narrowed  or  interrupted  at  iuternervular  folds,  spot  SC- — M-  thinner 
between  veins  than  the  black  marginal  line  ;  fringe  conspicuously  white  between 

veins. Underside:  basal  area  chestnut  or  black,  with  intergradations,  black  bars 

very  heavy,  nearly  the  same  in  position  as  in  Cli.  pelias,  jason,  epijasitis  %nAliansali, 

white  borders  of  bars  heavy. Forewing:  cell-bar  3  ovate  ;   bar  D  widened  in 

front  ;  submedian  and  median  bars  M' — SC-  close  together,  mostly  fused  or  joined 
together,  median  bar  R= — R'  separated  from  bar  D  by  the  white  border  line, 
median  bars  SC* — R^  fused  to  a  broad  band  which  is  narrowest  costally  ;  black 
discal  spots  SC — M-  ])laced  as  in  the  allied  species,  ui)per  two  much  larger  than 
tlie  others,  discal  interspaces  creamy  white,  interspace  SC^ — R'  generally  with 
an  ochraceous  spot  ;  jjostdiscal  interstitial  band  yellow  ochraceous  or  buff,  posterior 
patches  transverse,  often  luniform,  upper  ones  more  rounded,  touching  the  black 
discal  spots  or  being  separated  from  them  by  white  scaling  ;  black  jiostdiscal 
jiatches  heavy,  rounded  distally,  patches  M- — SM-  not  separated  or  incised  at 
(SM'),  but  faintly  emarginate  distally,  as  is  patch  M' — M^  iu  many  specimens, 
the  patches   bordered  distally,   seldom  also  proximally   (the    last    ones    always 


(  438  ) 

•excepted),  with  olive  grey,  this  scaling  forming  generally  a  kind  of  bracket  ], 
being  externally  limited  by  a  series  of  thin,  black,  snbmarginal  bars,  which  mostly 
<;nrve  basad  at  ends  ;  veins  olive  grey  near  ends,  Imt  black  at  edge  of  wing,  white 
internervular  marginal  dots  minute,  or  as  large  as  the  black  transverse  spots  at  ends 

of  veins. Hindwing  :  median  bars  somewhat  more  proximal  than  in  the  allied 

species,  except  Ch.  //fu/suli,  basal  costal  bar  less  S-sliaped  tlian  in  /lansali  ;  white 
discal  interstitial  band  widest  in  front,  variable  in  width  ;  of  the  discal  series  of 
bars  only  bars  M' — SJP  and  R- — R'  present  ;  j)0stdiscal  interstitial  band  chestnut, 
very  broad,  seldom  less  broad  than  the  submarginal  interspaces,  mostly  slightly 
separated  into  patches  by  the  thinly  grey  veins,  the  band  proximally  sinuated 
between  R-  and  R',  patches  R^ — M-  generally  rounded  i)roxinially,  the  band 
continued  to  abdominal  margin  by  a  pale  ochreous  luniform  patch  of  nearly 
even  width  ;  black  jwstdiscal  bars  inconspicuous,  bordered  externally  by  grey  lines 
which  form,  as  in  the  allied  sj)ecies,  acute  angles  upon  and  between  the  veins,  lines 
touching  SC-  and  R'  long  ;  submarginal  black  bars  transverse,  bars  M' — SM^  or 
R' — SM-  larger,  submarginal  intersjjaces  olive,  interspace  M- — SM-  large,  upper 
ones  more  or  less  heavily  shaded  with  bluish  grey,  blue  and  white  submarginal  dots 
obvious,  except  upper  ones  ;  admarginal  interspaces  pale  ochreous,  slightly  edged 
with  pale  blue,  especialh'  at  veins  ;  black  marginal  line  often  heavier  than  the 
admargiual  intersjiaces,  broadest  between  veins  as  a  rnle  ;  edge  of  wing  obviously 
dentate,  two  tails,  upper  one  acute,  4  to  7  mm.  long,  second  of  nearly  even  width, 
6  to  9  mm.  long. 

?.  Larger  than  S,  paler,  the  discal  interstitial  band  of  the  wing  above  on  the 
whole  wider,  tails  longer,  the  second  or  both  slightly  spatulate  and  curving  a 
little  frontad. 

Length  of  forewing  :   i,  44 — .53  mm. 
„  „  ?  ,  51 — 61  mm. 

Sexual  armature  similar  to  that  of  Ch.  Jason  ;  penis  with  a  few  minute  teeth 
immediately  behind  the  heavy  subapical  tooth. 

Hab.  A  common  species  in  tropical  Africa,  not  foimd  in  Cape  Colony  and  Natal, 
replaced  in  Abyssinia  by  Ch.  hansali. 

a.  Ch.  castor  flavifasciatus. 

Charaxes  hamuli  var.,  Slaudinger,  &o^  Tuiif.  p.  168  (1886)  (Zanzibar,  mainland). 

Charaxes  castor,  Trimen  &    Bowk.,  S.  Afr.  Butt.   I.  p.  338.  n.   112  (1887)  ;    lid.,  I.e.  III.  p.  407 

(1889)  (Barberton);   Pagenst.,  Jalirb.  Wisseiisch.  A:i.it.   Hambuiy.   X.   2.   p.  26.  n.  53  (1893) 

(E.  Ungu,  IX.)  ;  Trimen,  Proc.  Zoul.  Hoc.  Load.  p.  41.  n.  'IS  (1894)  (Manica)  ;  Holland,  Proc. 

U.  States  A'lil.  .Vus.  XVIII.  p.  262  (1895)  (Somaliland)  ;  Sharpe,  Proc.  Zool.  Son.  Land.  p.  533. 

n.  33.  (1896)  (Darro  MU.,  Somaliland,  XI.)  :  Butl.,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Loud.  XXY.  p.  353.  n.  10 

(1896)  (pt. ;  Tanganyika;  Mamboia). 
Charaxes  hansali,  Butler  (non  Felder,  1867),  Ami.  .Mag.  N.  H.  (6).  VII.  p.  42.  n.  9  (1891)  (Kandere 

and  Nguru,  Germ.  E.  Afr.,  Oct.  Nov.). 
Charaxes  castor  Crann.  \AT_tiari/asciatus  Butler,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Land.  p.  251.  n.  5  (1895)  (Zomba) ; 

id.,  I  c.  p.  852.  n.  9  (1896)  (Nyassaland) ;  id.,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Lond.  XXV.  p.  353.  n.  10  (1896) 

(pt.  ;    Del.  Bay  ;    Zomba  ;    Zambesi  ;    Centr.  Afr.  ;    "  Upp.   Egypt  "  loc.  err.  ?  an  hansali  ?)  ; 

Auriv.,  Kongl.  Sc.  Vet.  Ah:  Hamll.  XXXI.  5.  p.  232.  sub  n.  4  (18il9)  (Del.   Bay  ;  Zambesi  ; 

Hanica  ;  Nyassa  ;  Parumbira  ;  Brit.  E.  Afr.). 
Charaxes  Jiavi/ascialus  Butler,  Ann.  Mug.  iV.  //.  (6).  XVIII.  p.  68.  n.  2  (1896)  (Nyassaland). 
Charaxes  castor  var.  orientalis  Stand,  {sic!),  Lanz,  Iris  IX.  p.  140  (1896)  (Parumbira,  Oct.). 

<J  ? .  Wings  above  :  discal  band  pale  buff  yellow,  seldom  of  the  same  ochraceous 
tint  as  in  the  western  form. Forewing  :   marginal  internervular  bullish    white 


(439  )     ■ 

spots  present,  seldom  only  vestigial  ;  basal  area  iu  most  individuals  rather  paler, 
cell-bar  4  often  vestigial,  not  rarely  bordered  by  two  pale  buff  spots  ;  some  indi- 
viduals, especially  ?  ? ,  bave  a  vestige  of  a  pale  bntf  spot  before  the  base  of  R'. • 

Hindwing  :  snbmarginal  interstitial  lunules  mostly  not  interrupted  at  ioteruervular 
folds  in  c?. 

Underside  :  interspaces  in  basal  area  chestnut,  very  seldom  black,  bars  rather 

thinner  than  iu  the  west  coast  form. Forewing  :  postdiscal  pale  ocliraceous  spots 

not  touching  black  discal  spots  ;  marginal  white  spots  conspicuous. Hindwing  : 

chestnut  band  on  the  whole  less  broad  than  in  castor  castor,  more  deeply  siiuiate 
distally  at  0,  SC",  and  R\  the  sinus  sometimes  extending  to  near  proximal  edge 
of  this  baud  ;  submargiual  bars  and  marginal  line  rather  thinner  than  in  castor 
castor,  hence  pale  yellow  admarginal  interspaces  larger. 

«'.  Ch.  castor  flavifasciatus  f.  flavifasciatus. 

Interspaces  of  basal  half  of  underside  chestnut. 
This  is  the  ordinary  East  African  form. 

i'.  Ch.  castor  flavifasciatus  f.  reimeri  Rothsch.,  nov. 

Interspaces  of  basal  half  of  underside  black.     Type  from  Dar-es-Salaam. 

This  form  is  very  rare. 

In  a  gynandromorpbous  individual  in  the  Tring  Museum  from  Mikindani, 
German  E.  Africa,  collected  by  Herr  Reimer,  the  interspaces  of  the  basal  area  of  the 
underside  are  chestnut  on  the  c?-wings,  black  on  the  ? -wings. 

Hub.  East  Africa,  from  Nyassaland  and  Delagoa  Bay  to  Somaliland.  In  the 
Tring  Museum  18  tJcJ,  8  ¥  ?  from:  Delagoa  Bay;  Likoma,  Nyassa,  vi.  vii.;  Zomba, 
December  1895  (Dr.  P.  Rendall) ;  Parumbira,  October  (Dr.  Ansorge)  ;  Mikindani ; 
Lindi ;  Taveta,  vi.  vii.  '90  ;  Dar-es-Salaam. 

b.  Ch.  castor  castor. 

Papllio  Eqiies  Arkifus  cantor  Cramer,  I.e. 

Papilio  Eques  Achirus  jmlhix,  Fabricius  (uon  Cramer,  1775),  Ge/i.  Iiis.  p.  251  (1776)  ;  Goeze,  Enl. 

Beijtr.  III.  1.  p.  75.  n.  17  (1779)  ;  Fabr.,  Spec.  Li.i.  II.  p.  11.  n.  45  (1781)  ;  id.,  Mend.  Lis.  II. 

p.  6.  n.  49  (1787)  ;  Herbst,  Naturs.  SchmHt.  IV.  p.  GO.  n.  15-2.  t.  63.  f.  3.  4  (1790)  ;  Gmelin, 

Syst.  Nat.  I.  5.  p.  2-235.  n.  302  (1790). 
Papilio  Nymjihatis  pulhi.r,,  Fabricius,  E)it.  Syst.  III.  1.  p.  63.  n.  197  (1793). 
Eriboca  castoris  (!),  Hiibner,  Verz.  hek.  Schmett.  p.  47.  n.  426  (1810-27). 
Nymphilis  pijllu.r,  Godart,  Eiic.  Metli.  IX.  p.  352.  n.  5  (1823)  (Guinea)  ;  Lucas,  Lcp.  Ex.  p.  119. 

t.  62.  f .  1  (1835)  (Guinea)  ;  Doubl.,  Westw.  &  Hew.,  Goi.  Diuni.  Lrp.  II,  p.  308.  d.  4  (18.=)0)  ; 

Kirby,  Cat.  Dinrn.  Lrp.  p.  267.  n.  3.  (1871)  (pt.). 
Charaxes  polluT,  Doubleday,  L/.s-(  Sj>ec.  Lep.  Lis.  Brit.  Mus.  I.  p.  110  (1844)  (Ashanti)  ;  Feisth., 

Ami.  Soc.  Ent.  Fr.  p.  255.  n.  8.  t.  9.  f.  1.   ?  (1850)  (Senegal) ;  Butl.,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Lnnd. 

p.  623.  n.  3.  (1805)  (Ashanti  ;  Guinea). 
Charti.rcs  castor,  Butler,  Cat.  Diiirn.  Lep.  ticsir.  Fithr.  p.  53.  n.  15  (1869)  (S.  Leone)  ;  Druce,  Proc. 

Zool.  Soc.  Loud.  p.  412  (1875)  (Angola)  ;  Stand.,  Exot.  Tar/f.  p.  168  (1886)  (Senegal,  Cameroons, 

Fernando  Po)  ;  Capi-onn.,  C.  R.  Soc.  Ent.  Belg.  XXXIII.  p.  146.  n.  75  (1889)  (Gaboon)  ;  Mab., 

Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  Pr.  (0).  X.  p.  23  (1890)  (Assinie)  ;  MOsch.,  Ahh.  Senk.  Ges.  XV.  p.  61  (1890) 

(Aburi)  ;  Smith,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Land.  p.  472.  n.  83  (1800)  (Aruwimi)  ;  Godm.  ct  Salv.,  in 

Jameson,  Story  of  Rmr  Column,  p.  4.39.  n.  78  (1890)  (Aruwimi)  ;  Auriv.,  Ent.  Tidskr.  XII. 

p.  214.  n.  135  (1891)  (Cameroon.«)  :  Karsch,  Ent.  Nachr.  XVIII.  p.  176.  n.  51  (1892)  (Togo)  ; 

id.,  Berl.  Enl.  Zeilschr.  XXXVIII.  p.  187.  n.  51  (1893)  (Adeli)  ;  Auriv.,  I.e.  XV.  p.  309.  n.  184 

(1894)  (Cameroons,  IV.  XI.)  ;  Butl.,  .Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Land.  XXV.  p.  353.  n.  10  (1890)  (pt.  ; 

S.  Lcono  ;   Ashanti ;  0.  Calabar  ;  Cameroons  ;  Angola  ;  Fernando  Po)  ;  Auriv.,  Kongl.  Sv. 


(  440  ) 

Vet.  Ak.  Hnndl.  XXXI.  5.  p.  232.  n.  4  (1899)  (Senegal  ;  S.  Leone  ;  Ivory  Coast ;  Ashanti ; 

Togo  ;  Cameroons  ;  Congo). 
Xympluilh  cfi.iloi;  Kirby,  l,c.  p.  267.  n.  7.  (1871)   (pt.)  ;  Dewitz,  Nov.  Act.  Leop.  Car.  Al:  yaliirf. 

XLI.  2.  2.  p.  8.  28  (1879)  (N.  Angola). 
Charaxes  castor  va.r.  Jlavi/asciatus,  Butler,  l.r.  (pt.  ;  Accra). 

<?  ¥  .    Winffs  above  :  baud  pale  ochraeeons. Forewiiig :  marginal  spots  absent 

or  vestigial,  the  white  scaling  generally  restricted  to  the  fringe. Hiudwing  : 

posterior  admarginal,  ])ale  hlne,  spots  interrupted  as  a  rule. 

Vnfkrsidi; :   interspaces   in  liasal  area  varying   from  black  to  chestnnt. 

Forewing:  orange  ocliraceons  postdiscal  ])atche8  deeper  in  tint  than  m  Jlavifasciatus, 
in  most  specimens  touching  the  black  discal  spots  ;  black,  snlimarginal,  bracket- 
shaped   bars  heavier  than   in  the  eastern  form  ;  white  marginal  dots  minute. 

Hindwing  :  postdiscal  chestnut  band  less  deeply  triangularly  sinuate  externally  at 
veins  than  m  ^finvi/a.^ciatus,  the  sinus  less  pointed  ;  black  admarginal  line  as  wide 
as,  or  wider  than,  admarginal  interspaces. 

c\  Ch.  castor  castor  f.  castor. 

Interspaces  in  basal  area  of  mvhrmh  chestnut  or  deep  cinnamon  rufous. 

This  form  is  comparatively  rare.  K  fe.mnU  from  "Warri  with  short,  uon-spatnlate 
tails,  has  the  rufous  chestnut  baud  of  the  umlcr.sidi'  of  the  hindwing  very  narrow, 
the  patches  composing  the  band  are,  in  fact,  smaller  than  the  respective  submarginal 
interspaces,  patch  R' — R-  (for  instance)  measuring  ii  to  4  mm.  in  width. 

(IK  Ch.  castor  castor  f.  godarti. 

Ckuraxes  castor  var.  et  ab.  godnrti  Aurivillius,  l.r. 

Interspaces  in  basal  area  of  underside  black. This  is  the  usual  West  African 

form. 

Hab.  Senegambia  to  Angola,  Upper  Congo,  Unyoro,  Uganda  as  far  east  as  the 
Nandi  country.  In  the  Tring  Blusenm  :^n  SS,  10  ?  ?  from:  Sierra  Leone;  Gold 
Coast ;  Warri,  Niger,  January  and  July  (Dr.  Roth)  ;  ( !ameroons  ;  Congo  :  Stanley 
Pool  to  Lukolele,  Bopoto,  Kassai;  Fajao,  Unyoro,  22.  vii.  '9T  (Dr.  Ansorge);  Patsho, 
Nandi  country,  Uganda  Protectorate,  1 1 .  xii.  'Ofi,  and  Rau,  Nandi  country,  14.  iii.  '98 
(Dr.  Ansorge). 

Why  Prof.  Aurivillius  calls  the  form  godnrti  "  var.  et  ab.''  we  do  not  under- 
stand ;  the  name  of  the  West  African  "  var.,"  =  subspecies  =  geographical  race,  is 
Ch.  castor  castor ;  godarti  is  one  of  the  two  forms  of  this  dichromatic  subspecies. 

l^.  Bars  in  basal  half  of  underside  with  greyish  olive  centres. 

z'.  Upperside  with  a  broad  maize  yellow  or  orange  band  across  both  wings. 
2°.   Discal  interstitial  band  of  ujiperside  maize  yellow. 

59.  Charaxes  hansali. 

Charaxes  han»aU  Felder,  Reiae  Novara,  Lqy.  p.  446.  n.  728.  t.  59.  f.  3.  4  (1867)  (Bogos) ;  Oberth., 
Aim.  Mm.  Ch:  Genom  XV.  p.  166.  n.  46  and  p.  184.  n.  25  (1879)  (Shoa,  July,  Aug.)  ;  id., 
I.e.  XVIII.  p.  727.  n.  57.  (1883)  (Ambo-Karra,  VIII.)  ;  Butl.,  Jo,ir„.  Linn.  Soc.  Loud.  XXV. 
p.  353.  n.  9  (189G)  (Bogos,  Abyssinia)  ;  Sharpe,  Proc.  Zonl.  Soc.  Land.  p.  370.  n.  12  (1898) 
(Somaliland,  Wagga,  6000  ft.,  Feb.)  ;  Auriv.,  Koiigl  Sv.  Vet.  Ak.  Handl.  XXXI.  5.  p.  233. 
n.  6  (1899)  (Bogos  ;  Somaliland). 

Xijmphdis  hanmVi,  Kirby,  Cat.  Dhini.  Lrji.  p.  267.  n.  5.  (1871)  (Bogos). 

<S  ? .  Bodi/  above  olivaceous  russet,  abdomen  russet  olive  ;  dot  before  antenna 
and  line  behind  eye  conspicuous;  underside  as  in  pelias,  red  brown  stripes  less  bright, 


(  441   ) 

hazel  colour,  abdomen  white,  with  a  rather  narrow  brown  median  line,  ventral  edge 
of  pal])i  brown. 

(?.   Wififfs  similar  in  jiattern  and  shajje  to  those  of  CA.  pelias  saturnus. 

Vpperside  brownish  black,  pnrplish,  basal  area  rnsset  or  sepia  colour,  discal 

band,   postdiscal   and   admarginal    spots   maize   yellow. Forewing :    cell-bar   3 

vestigial,  4  mostl}'  large  and  fused  with  bar  D  and  the  series  of  median  bars,  the 
rnsset  or  sepia  colour  stopi)ing  midway  between  M-  and  M'  ;  median  bars  JP — S]VP 
ill-defined  proximally,  continuous,  bar  R' — M'  about  3  mm.  more  distal,  continuous 
with  bar  R^ — R^,  bars  SC — R-  again  about  4  mm.  more  distal,  also  fused  together, 
the  whole  area  between  these  median  bars  and  cell-bar  4  more  or  less  uniformly 
black,  the  jiroximal  limits  of  the  median  bars  SC'' — 51'  being  generally  vestigial 
only  in  side-light  ;  on  account  of  the  position  of  the  median  bars  the  yellow  discal 
band  consists  of  three  portions,  which  are  again  divided  by  the  veins,  last 
portion  about  (3  mm.  broad,  portion  R' — M'  4  mm.,  jiortion  S(''^ — R'  (sometimes 
with  a  streak  before  SC*)  3  mm.  broad  and  scarcely  toucliing  portion  H' — M', 
concave  pro.ximally  ;  the  discal  bars  SC — M'  are  fused  together  and  joined  along 
veins  to  postdisco-marginal  area,  hence  the  yellow  postdiscal  interspaces  reduced  to 
a  series  of  spots  of  which  spots  R' — M'  are  minute  or  just  traceable,  while  spot 
SC!' — >SC^  is  2  to  4  mm.  long  and  H  to  2  mm.  broad  ;  marginal  sjwts,  especially  the 

middle  ones,  less  extending  proximad  than  in  pelias. Hindwing  :  discal  band 

extending  to  M-,  somewhat  narrowing  behind,  basal  area  shaded  at  band  with  maize 
yellow  scales,  median  bar  C — SC^  visible  ;  abdominal  fold  grey,  brown  median  bars 
M- — SRP  often  vestigial,  sejsarating  a  triangular  patch  near  anal  angle  from  rest  of 
abdominal  fold,  outer  edge  of  band  slightly  concave  from  C  to  R^,  often  rounded- 
sinuate  between  R^  and  M',  M'  and  M-,  crossing  R  at  bent  of  this  vein  and  M' 
4  to  5  mm.  from  its  base  ;  3  to  5  blue  snbmarginal  spots,  last  two  fused  together  ; 
series  of  admarginal,  maize  yellow,  interspaces  complete,  the  interspaces  separated, 
about  as  thick  as  the  black  marginal  line,  transverse,  anal  one  greenish. 

Underside  hazel,  much  less  bright  red  than  in  Ch.  pelias,  postdiscal  band  of 
interstitial  patches  of  about  the  same  colour  as  the  basal  area,  discal  band  cream}', 

bars  in  basal  area  as  in  Ck.  pelias  saturnus. Forewing  :  olive  black,  discal  spots 

SC'* — IVP  as  in  saturnus,  jiostdiscal  interstitial  patches  gradually  smaller  towards 
SC"*,  the  upper  patches  not  larger  than  the  respective  black  discal  spots,  the  white 
interspaces  at  their  proximal  side  abont  as  large  as  those  patches,  much  larger  than 
in  Ck.  pelias  ;  black  jjostdiscal  spots  as  in  saturnus  ;  marginal  intersjiaces  creamy 

white  at  edge  of  wing. Hindwing  :  median  bars  rather  heavier  than  submedian 

ones,  submedian  longitudinal  liar  M- — (>S5r)  joined  to  short  median  bar  M" — 
(SM')  ;  discal  bar  R- — R^  heavy,  discal  bur  M'— M-  present  as  a  thin  line  ;  no 
red  brown  patch  before  0  at  outer  side  of  costal  median  bar  ;  postdiscal  hazel- 
coloured  band  narrower  than  in  saturnus,  the  grey  angles  less  conspicuous  ; 
jiostdiscal  black  bars  C — R-  represented  by  longitudinal  spots  ;  nearly  all  the  blue 
snbmarginal  dots  marked  ;  admarginal  intersj)aces  as  wide  as  in  ordinary  saturnus, 
creamy  white,  greenish  buff  ))roximally,  n]iper  ones  somewhat  ochraceons,  anal  one 
greenish  buff;  dentition  of  wing  as  in  C/(.  pelias  saturnus,  upper  tail  5  to  (i  mm. 
long,  second  8  to  9  mm. 

? .  Like  i,  larger,  postdiscal  interstitial  spots  R' — M-  of  the  upperside  of  the 
forewing  larger  ;  njijier  tail  11  mm.,  second  12  mm. 
Length  of  forewing  :  i,  41 — 43  mm. 
„  „  ? ,  50  mm. 

30 


(  442  ) 

Penis  similar  in  shape  to  that  of  Ch.  pelias  ;  besides  the  subapical  tootli,  which 
is  stroug,  there  is  farther  back  a  series  of  teeth  of  which  the  three  last  ones  are 
dorsal,  the  others  sinistro-lateral. 

Hab.  Abyssinia ;  Bogos  and  Shea  ;  the  mountainous  parts  of  Somaliland 
bordering  on  Abyssinia.     In  the  Tring  Mnseum  A  S  <S ,  1   ?. 

j".  Discal  interstitial  band  of  npperside  ochraeeous  to  orange. 
(5i).  Charaxes  pelias. 

Popilio  Eques  Achirus  pelias  Cramer,  Pup.  Exut.  I.  p.  5.  t.  3.  f.  c.  u  (1775)  (Cap.  b.  sp.). 
Pajnlio  Eques  Arhirus  cuslor,  Fabricius,  Gen.  Inn.  p.  251.  n.  30 — 31  (177G)  (pt.). 
Papilio  Eques  Achirus poUu.r.,  Gmelin,  Syxt.  Nat.  I.  5.  p.  2235.  n.  302  (1790)  (pt.). 

S  ? .  Body  above  ochraceons  tawny,  head  and  pronotum  more  tawny,  dots 
on  head  obsolete,  white  line  behind  eye  conspicuous  ;  beneath  dirty  white,  white 
stripe  on  palpi  very  broad,  the  ventral  tawny  or  brown  line  reduced  basally  to 
a  few  scales,  third  segment  black,  second  segment  often  with  black  or  deep 
brown  scales  in  apical  half  along  white  stripe  ;  breast  with  oblique,  dirty  white, 
black  and  tawny  stripes  ;  anterior  legs  black  above,  white  beneath  ;  abdomen 
white  beneath,  bases  of  segments  more  or  less  extended  fulvons  or  brownish  black. 

<J.    Wi/iffs    above   basal    area   varying    from    tawny   ochraeeous    to    blackish 

brown. Forewiug  :    cell-bar    3    sometimes    vestigial,    4    heavy ;    no    submedian 

bars  ;  median  bars  R' — SM'-  in  a  nearly  straight  row,  bar  R^ — M',  however,  a 
little  more  distal,  bars  R^ — M"  very  heavy,  patch-like,  straight  or  slightly  concave 
distally,  bar  R'' — li^  fused  with  bar  D  to  a  hammer-shaped  mark,  bars  SC — R^ 
large,  fused  together,  bar  IV — R-  produced  basad  to  near  bar  D  ;  discal  interspaces 
forming  a  pale  ochraeeous  band  which  is  5  or  0  mm.  wide  at  HW,  of  nearly  the 
same  width  up  to  R',  broken  at  R^,  the  portion  SC* — R^  being  more  distal  than 
the  main  part  of  the  band  ;  the  band  limited  distally  by  a  series  of  discal  bars 
extending  from  SC  to  M-,  the  upper  two  bars  larger  than  the  others,  fused  together, 
the  three  or  four  jwsterior  ones  often  halfmoou-shajied,  bar  M- — (SM')  sometimes 
vestigial ;  black  postdisco-marginal  band  pro.ximally  regularly  sinuate  between  the 
veins  from  SC*  to  M^,  the  black  scaling  extending  basad  along  these  veins,  including 
a  series  of  ochraeeous  admarginal  interspaces  which  vary  very  much  in  size,  and 
are  at  least  as  wide  as,  generally  much  wider  than,  the  black  scaling  at  the  veins 

which  separates  them,  the  interspaces  M" — SM-  often  not  separated. Hindwing: 

a  triangular,  pale  ochraeeous,  discal  band  from  costal  margin  to  M'  or  M",  anteriorly 
whitish  buff,  its  inner  edge  reaching  M'  at  base  of  this  vein  ;  abdominal  margin 
of  wing  grey,  abdominal  fold  brownish  grey  ;  disco-submarginal  area  black  ;  pale 
blue  submarginal  spots  conspicuous,  the  posterior  ones  largest,  the  series  generally 
not  extending  costad  beyond  R',  but  occasionally  reaching  SC^ ;  admarginal  inter- 
spaces halfmoon-shaped,  upper  ones  pale  ochraeeous,  the  others  creamy  white, 
shaded  with  ochraeeous  at  internervular  folds,  anal  one  olive  butf.  somewhat 
greenish  or  yellowish,  size  of  these  spots  very  varial)le,  the  sjiots  sometimes  touching 
each  other,  rounded  triangular,  nearly  as  in  C/i.  Jason,  while  in  other  individuals 
the  spots  are  widely'  separated  and  not  thicker  than  the  black  marginal  line. 

Underside  reddish  cinnamon  rufous  or  chestnut,  postdiscal  and  admarginal 
interspaces  of  forewiug  and  upper  admarginal  ones  of  hindwing  ochraeeous,  discal 
baud  white ;  basal  to  median  l)ars  black  with  centres  olive  grey,  edged  with 
white. Forewing  :   costal   edge   in   basal   half  olive   grey ;   cell-bars   'Z   and   3 


I 


(443  ) 

ronnded  at  ends,  bar  4  inclusive  white  border  at  least  as  hroad  as  apical  interspace 
of  cell ;  submediau  and  median  bars  M' — SIVP  close  together,  mostly  merged 
together,  median  bar  R'— M'  about  2|  mm.  from  base  of  M',  bar  R^— 11' jnst  in 
front  of  it,  separated  from  bar  D,  which  latter  is  much  wider  in  front  than  behind, 
or  touching  it,  bars  SC — R^  fused  to  a  short  broad  band,  which  is  only  5  mm. 
from  base  of  R°  and  measures  3  mm.  in  width  (incl.  white  border)  ;  white  discal 
band  generally  with  a  rufous  ochraceous  spot  between  Stl^  and  R',  often  with  a 
smaller  spot  before  S(f  and  a  third  before  R' ;  at  the  outer  edge  of  the  band 
stands  a  series  of  olive  black  spots  SC* — M^  representing  the  discal  bars,  the  band 
divided  by  the  veins  into  square  patches  from  R^  to  SM"  ;  jiostdiscal  ochraceous 
intersjiaces  triangular,  or  partly  halfmoon-sha])ed,  touching  with  tips  the  postdiscal 
black  spots  of  which  the  last  ones  are  large  and  the  upper  ones  sometimes  absent, 
these  spots  rounded  distally,  concave  or  straight  proximally,  interspaces  between 
them  and  submarginal  interspaces  all  olive  grey,  this  scaling  often  slightly  glossy 
at  edges  of  spots,  forming  a  ring  or  half-  ring  round  the  spots  ;  admarginal  interspaces 
as   above   separated   by  olive   grey  scaling  which  changes  into    black  scaling  at 

extremities  of  veins. Hindwing :  basal  costal  bar  long,  reaching  from  base  of 

C  to  end  of  PC,  curving  distad  at  end,  often  distinctly  S-shaped  ;  no  subbasal  bar 
C — SC-  ;  costal  submedian  bar  oblique,  posteriorly  close  to  PC,  bar  C — SC-  a 
little  more  distal,  touching  SC"  just  between  cell-bars  2  and  4  ;  submedian  bar 
M^ — SM'  beginning  just  before  point  of  origin  of  M^  longitudinal  ;  median  bars 
<J — M'^  almost  continuous,  costal  bar  more  proximal,  with  a  brown  red  spot  at 
outside,  bar  R^ — R^  fused  with  bar  D  (or  absent?),  bar  R^ — M'  absent,  liar 
M-— (SM')  much  more  distal,  about  10  mm.  from  base  of  M-,  close  to  discal 
abdominal  bar  ;  black  lines  upon  abdominal  fold  inclusive  white  borders  wider 
than  their  brown  red  interspaces  ;  white  discal  band  broadest  at  C,  gradually 
narrowing  to  M-,  the  white  interspace  at  abdominal  margin  between  transverse 
median  and  discal  bars  joined  to  the  baud  ;  besides  the  discal  liars  beyond  M^, 
which  are  fused  to  one  line,  there  is  a  short  and  heavy  bar  R- — R^  at  outer  edge 
of  band ;  postdiscal  brown  red  interspaces  triangular,  pointing  distad,  except 
interspace  M' — M^,  bordered  by  olive  grey  lines  distally  which  form  acute  angles 
upon  and  between  veins  ;  postdiscal  bars  represented  by  olive  scaling  at  the  distal 
points  of  these  angles,  but  bar  M- — SM-  black  ;  last  postdiscal  interspaces  M- — SM- 
pale  ochreous,  forming  one  long  narrow  halfmoon  ;  submarginal  bars  transverse, 
black,  ratlier  thin,  separate,  last  three  or  four  somewhat  1  uniform,  being  concave 
proximally,  last  two  fused  together,  all  the  submarginal  bars  with  blue  or  bluish 
scaling  at  proximal  side,  this  scaling  more  blue  and  more  extending  between  R' 
and  SM-,  with  minute  white  submarginal  dots  ;  admargiual  interspaces  more  or 
Jess  ochraceous,  with  creamy  white  scaling  at  veins,  posterior  interspaces  more 
greenish  than  yellow,  anal  one  greenish  olive  buff,  sometimes  the  ochraceous  colour 
reduced  to  subrotundate  spots  ;  two  tails,  second  longer  than  lirst. 

?.  Like  cJ,  larger,  disco-postdiscal  baud  of  ujiperside  paler,  basal  area  less 
bright,  upi)er  tail  comparatively  longer ;  abdomen  l)elow  brown  in  middle,  edges 
of  segment  white,  this  scaling  widened  at  sides. 

Length  of  forewing  :   d" ,  38 — 4(>  mm. 
„  „  ? ,  42—49  mm. 

Genital  armature  as  in  Ch.  jason. 

Hah.  Cape  Colony  northward  to  the  Congo,  the  Victoria  Nyanza  and  the 
Coast  regions  of  Brit.  E.  Africa. 


(  444  ) 
(I.  Ch.  pelias  saturnus  (Nov.  Zool.  VII.  t.  Iv!.  f.  2.  6). 

Chitraxes  jtuius  var.,  Bertoloni,  Mem.  Ac.  Sc.  Bologna  II.  p.  5.  a.  1  (Separat. !)  (1851)  (Mozambique). 
Sijmphdis  pelitif,   Trimen   (non   Cramer,    1775),   RUoji.    A/i:    .liistr.    I.   p.    175.   n.    101    (18G2) 
(Damaraland) ;  Kirby,  Cat.  Diuni.  Up.  p.  -267.  n.  4  (1871)  (pt.). 

(Tiamj-fs  mturnus  Butler,  Pioc.  Zool.  Sue.  Lnnd.  p.  624.  n.  5.  t.  3G.  f.  1.  J  (1805)  (Inter,  of  S.  Afr.): 
id.,  Lip  Exnt.  p.  5.  t.  2.  f.  2.  ?  (18C9)  (?,  Congo;  Zambesi);  Drace.  Pioc.  ZnoL  Soc. 
Lniul.  p.  412.  n.  2.  (1875)  (Angola)  ;  Auriv.,  Offers.  Vel.  Al:.  Fori,.  XXXVI.  7.  p.  41  (1879) 
(Damaraland)  ;  Spiller,  E„tom.  XV.  p.  8  (1882)  (Natal)  ;  Bull.,  Ann.  Mog.  N.  H.  (5).  XII- 
p.  101  (188.^)  (Vict.  Nyanza)  ;  Dewitz,  Xor.  Art.  Leap.  Car.  Ak.  Xaturf.  h.  4.  p.  371  (1887) 
(Lumami  R.,  II.  Ill  V.  VIII.);  Trim.  &  Bowk.,  S.  A/r.  Butt.  I.  p.  334.  n.  110  (1887)  (Xatal  ; 
Transvaal)  ;  Trim.,  Pmc.  Zool.  Soc.  Land.  p.  80.  n.  34  (1801)  (Omrora,  VIII. ;  Ehanda,  IX.)  ; 
Hamps.,  -Ihii,  Mug.  \.  II.  (6).  VII.  p.  189  (1891)  (Sabaki  R.)  ;  But].,  Pror.  Zo„l.  S„r.  Land. 
p.  647.  n.  16  (1893)  (Nyassaland,  I.);  Trim.,  ibul.  p.  41.  n.  62  (1894)  (Manica);  But!.,  ibid.  p.  251. 
n.  6.  (1895)  (Zomba);  id.,  I.e.  p.  720.  n.  8  (1895)  (Zomba)  ;  Holl.,  Proe.  U.  St.  Not.  .!/«.•.•. 
XVIII.  p.  753.  (1895)  (Brit.  E.  Afr.)  ;  Butl.,  Aim.  Mn,,.  X.  II.  (6).  XVIII.  p.  68.  n.  3  (1896) 
(Deep  Bay,  Nyassa,  II.)  ;  Lanz,  //•«  IX.  p.  140  (1896)  (Tanganyika)  ;  But).,  Jviim.  Linn.  Soe. 
I.imd.  XXV.  p.  354.  n.  11  (1896)  (Congo;  Angola;  Tanganyika:  Zomba;  Taita  ;  Zambesi; 
Delagoa  B.  ;  Matabele  ;  Durban;  Damaraland)  ;  Dist.,  Ann.  Mug.  X.  II.  (7).  I.  p.  51  (1898) 
(Pretoria,  II.  XH.  ;  Rustenburg,  XII.)  ;  Butl.,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Loud.  p.  188.  n.  9.  p.  904.  n.  6. 
(1898)  (Mashon.aland). 

Xymphalis  mtiiniii.i,  Dewitz,  I.e.  XLI.  2.  2.  p.  828  (1879)  (N.  Angola). 

Charaxes  jielia-i,  Vollenh.,  T/jdsehr.  r.  Ent.  XV.  p.  15.  D.  6.  (1872)  (Lower  Guinea)  ;  Gooch,  Enloni. 
XIV.  p.  6  (1881)  (Natal);  Westwood,  in  Gates,  .Mal„heMund  ed.  II.  p.  349.  n.  43.  (1H81) 
(Seruli  R.,  VIII.  ;  Victoria  Falls,  I.)  ;  Staud.,  E.rot.  Tag/,  t.  58.  (J  (1886)  (Transvaal). 

Charoxe.-<  peliox  var.  soliimux,  Staudinger,  /.■■.  p.  168  (1886)  (Transvaal  ;  Congo)  ;  Reb.  &  Rog.,  in 
Eaumann,  Massoilond  p.  332.  n  96  (1894)  (Ussui  &  Ussure,  Germ.  E.  Afr.)  ;  Auriv.,  Kongl. 
Sr.  VH.  Al.:  Ilundl.  XXXI.  5.  p.  232.  sub  n.  5  (1899)  (Congo  to  Damaraland,  Natal  northward 
to  Brit.  E.  Afr.). 

cj  ?  .    Winyit,  above. Forewing  :  postdiseal  ochraceons  interspace  SO^ — SC* 

at  least   4  mm.   long,  the  other  postdi.scal  interspaces  also  larger  than  the  black 

discal  bars  at  their  proximal  side. Hindwing  :  obvionsly  triangnlar,  admarginal 

interspaces  R' — R'  thicker  than,  or  as  thick  as,  the  black  marginal  line. 

Underside  reddish  cinnamon  rufons. Forewing  :  postdiseal  ochraceons  spots 

large,  triangnlar,  very  mnch  larger  than   the   black    discal   and   postdiseal   spots 

SO — M-,  postdisco-snbinarginal  olive  grey  scaling  p.alc  bluish  in  side-light. 

Hindwing :  costal  bars  separate,  at  least  basal  costal  bar  not  joined  to  the 
snbmedian  and  median  costal  bars  ;  lirown  red  interspaces  npon  abdominal  fold 
as  wide  as,  or  wider  than,  the  olive  black  lines  (white  borders  excluded)  ;  postdiseal 
brown  red  patches  R- — M"  as  wide  as  the  respective  partitions  of  the  white  discal 
band  or  even  wider  ;  ochreons  spots  in  admarginal  interspaces  extended,  expanded 
between  veins  ;  dentition  of  wing  acute,  tails  slender  and  long,  in  c?  upper  one 
4  to  6  mm.,  second  9  to  10  mm.,  in  ?  longer. 

In  tlie  ordinary  form  the  admarginal  intcrs])aces  SC- — R^  of  the  hindwing 
above  measure  about  ~  to  3  mm.  in  a  Ijasi-distal  direction. 

The  following  two  forms  deviate  from  the  normal  in  a  remarkable  way  : 

«'.  Ch.  pelias  saturnus  ab.  (loc. ':)  laticinctus. 

Chiiraxes  saturnus  var.  liiticinctvs  Butler,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Lmul.  p.  252.  sub  n.  6  (1895)  (Kondeland)  ; 
id.,  l.c.  p.  822.  n.  9  (1896)  (Vuwa,  west  coast  of  L.  Nyassa,  VIII.)  ;  id.,  I.e.  p.  851.  852.  n.  10 
(1896)  (Nyassaland). 

The  admarginal  interspaces  of  the  hindwing  about  as  wide  as  in  C/i.ja.wn. 
This  form  seems  to  be  found  esjiecially  often  in  Nyassaland,  but  apparently 


(  445  ) 

occurs  also  farther  north  and  east,  there  lieiug  an  example  from  Mpwapwa  iu  the 
Berlin  Museum  which  comes  very  near  t3-pical  luticiiictus. 

b^.  Ch.  pelias  satumus  ah.  (loc  ?)  brunnesceus  Rothsch.,  ab.  nov. 

The  basal  area  of  the  wings  aborc  brownish  black,  more  chocolate  near  base, 
disco-postdiscal  liand  deeper  yellow  than  in  ordinary  satnniKS,  the  admarginal 
spots  of  the  forewing  small  and  much  shaded  with  brown,  much  darker  than  the 
postdiscal  interspaces  both  above  and  below,  hindwing  rather  shorter  than  in 
ordinary  satumus,  the  admarginal  interspaces  larger  than  in  pelias  pelias,  but 
not  thicker  than  the  heavy,  black,  marginal  line,  interspaces  R- — M-  shaded  with 
blue  ;  discal  band  of  hindwing  scarcely  reaching  W,  only  4  mm.  wide  at  SC-.  On 
underside  the  white  discal  band  of  the  hindwing  is  narrower  than  in  ordinary 
satumus,  and  the  black  marginal  line  is  heavier. 

This  form,  which  resembles  somewhat  joe/«'as  joe/e'as,  occurs  in  northern  Angola. 

Hab.  Ch.  pelias  satumus  occurs  from  Natal  to  the  Congo,  Victoria  Nyanza, 
and  the  coast  regions  of  British  East  Africa  ;  it  is  a  rather  common  species  in 
Nyassaland.  In  the  Tring  Museum  31  SS,  6  ??  from:  Natal;  Delagoa  Bay; 
Likoma,  Nyassaland,  caught  in  June,  July,  August  (Rev.  Button)  :  Bandawe, 
Nyassaland,  March  (Watkinson)  ;  Parumbira,  October  (Dr.  Ansorge) ;  Mombasa  ; 
Angola  ;  Congo.  A  .specimen  said  to  be  from  Uganda  was  given  to  Dr.  Ansorge 
by  Capt.  Williams, 

Congo  individuals  are  rather  large  ;  the  blue  submargiual  spots  of  the 
npperside  of  the  hindwing  are  often  large,  but  not  always  larger  than  in  individuals 
from  other  places  ;  the  base  of  the  forewing  above  is  sometimes  as  bright  tawny 
orange  as  in  Nyassaland  specimens. 

Dr.  Trimen,  I.e.,  says  that  "  in  Damaraland,  where  Mr.  J.  A.  Bell  found  it 
rather  abundant,  the  butterfly  was  commonly  found  on  the  droppings  of  the  larger 
animals.  In  Natal  it  would  appear  to  be  rare.  Col.  Bowker  having  sent  me  only 
an  example,  which  was  taken  on  an  orange-tree  at  Pinetown,  and  another  <? 
captured  at  the  same  place  in  April  1883." 

b.  Ch.  pelias  pelias. 

Pupilio  Eques  .ichivus  pelias  Cramer,  I.e.  ;  Goeze,  Ent.  Bei/tr.  III.  1  p.  82.  n.  46  (1779)  ;  Herbst, 
Natiirs.  Schmelt.  IV.  p.  Q2.  n.  1.53.  t.  6.^.  f.  5.  (!.  (1790)  (syn.  ex  parte  ;  "  Guioea  "  loc.  err.). 

Erihoea  pelrijjiii  (!)  Hiibner,  ]'erz.  belc.  Schmelt.  p.  47.  n.  424  (1810-27). 

Nyiiijihdlis  peliiig,  Godart,  Em\  MM.  IX.  p.  351.  n.  2  (1823)  (Cap.  b.  sp.)  ;  Doubl.,  Westw.  &  Hew., 
Gen.  Diiini.  Lej).  II.  p.  309.  n.  20  (1860);  Trimen,  R/mp.  .\fr.  Aiislr.  I.  p.  175.  n.  101.  II.  p.  340 
(1862)  (pt.)  ;  Kirby,  Oil.  Dmrn.  Lep.  p.  207.  n.  4  (1871). 

Chriraxes  peli<is,  Butler,  Proc.  Zonl.  Soc.  Loud.  p.  024.  n.  4  (186."))  (Cap.  b.  sp.)  ;  id.,  Lep.  Ex.  p.  25. 
n.  1.  t.  10.  f.  5.  ?  (1809)  (Cap.  b.  sp.)  ;  Staud.,  Exni.  Ta,//.  p.  108  (1880) ;  Trim.  &  Bowk., 
.S.  Afr.  Bull.  I.  p.  331.  n.  109  (1887)  (Cape  Colony,  western  distr.)  iid.,  /.-■.  III.  p.  407  (1889) 
(Febr.)  ;  Butl.,  Joiirn.  Linn.  Soc.  Lo/id.  XXV.  p.  335.  n.  12  (1890)  ;  Auriv.,  Kongt.  Sr.  ]'el. 
Ak.  Handl.  XXXI.  6.  p.  232.  n.  5.  (1899)  (Cape  Colony). 

c?  ? .    Wings  abore  basal  area  blackish  brown. Forewing  :    postdiscal  pale 

ochraceous   interspaces  smaller  than   the    black    discal    bars    resp.    spots    at    their 

proximal  side  ;  cell-liar  4  large  and  sipiare. Hindwing  shorter  than  in  .safurnits, 

admarginal  interspaces  smaller,  widely  separated,  thinner  than  the  heavy,  black, 
marginal  line. 


(  44()  ) 

Underside  reddish  chocolate,  bars  pale  grey  with  thin  black  and  white  borders, 
interspaces  between  them  narrower  than  in  safur?ii(s,  lilack  onter  borders  of  median 

bars  of  fore-  and  hindwing  mneli  heavier  than  the  jiroximal  Iwrders.. -Forewing  : 

discal   bars  SC* — M^  heavier  than  in  saturnus,  larger  than  the  small  ochraceous, 

])ostdiscal   spots,  black   postdiscal   spots    (bars)   SC* — M'    obsolete  or  small. 

Hindwing  :  reddish  chocolate  interspaces  on  abdominal  fold  very  thin,  except  that 
near  basal  alidominal  margin  ;  basal  to  median  costal  liars  fnsed,  resp.  touching 
each  other  ;  postdiscal  reddish  chocolate  patches  smaller  than  in  saturnus,  not  so 
wide  as  the  white  discal  band  ;  admarginal  interspaces  with  yellow  spots  which  are 
widely  separated,  at  least  the  upper  ones  ;  edge  of  wing  bluntly  dentate,  tails 
shorter  and  broader  than  in  saturnus,  npper  tail  2  to  'i  mm.  long,  second  4  mm. 

Length  of  forewing  :   c?,  38  mm. 
„  „  ? ,  45  mm. 

Hab.  Gape  Colony.     In  the  Tring  Museum  1  (?. 

"  This  is  the  only  South-African  Charares  known  to  inhabit  the  open 
monntainous  western  tracts  of  the  Cape  Colony,"  says  Dr.  Triinen,  l.r.  "  Specimens 
have  reached  me  from  Genadendal  (Rev.  G.  Hettarsch)  and  Montagu  (Mr.  L.  Taats), 
and  I  noticed  it  in  Bain's  Kloof  in  January  1876.  Having  heard  from 
Dr.  D.  R.  Kannemeyer  that  the  species  occurred  abundantly  at  Montagu,  I  visited 
that  locality  in  January  1876,  but  did  not  succeed  in  taking  any  examples, 
although  I  saw  four  during  my  two  days'  sta}'.  I  found  that,  as  my 
correspondent  reported,  the  butterfly  haunted  the  '  Wagenboom '  (^Protea 
grandiflora),  sitting  close  until  accidentally  disturbed,  when  it  darted  away  with 
great  rapidity,  and  would  settle  on  some  distant  bush  of  the  '  Wagenboom,'  not 
returning  to  its  former  station,  as  is  the  habit  of  so  many  species  of  Charaxes. 
Dr.  Kannemeyer,  however,  who  had  a  very  much  more  intimate  acijuaintance  with 
pelias  than  I  enjoyed,  noted  that  it  commonly  showed  a  preference  for  some 
particular  twig,  generally  a  withered  one  ;  it  was  most  prevalent  at  the  end  of 
November  and  beginning  of  December.  Mr.  Taats  took  it,  in  the  same  locality, 
'  flying  about  willows,'  February.  I  think  it  very  proliable  that  the  larva  feeds 
on  the  Wagenboom,  and  that  the  butterfly  will  be  found  all  through  the  mountainous 
country  where  that  fine  shrnb  or  small  tree  prevails." 

f.  Discal  band  of  uppers  ide  obscurely  indicated  or  absent. 
k"^.  Hindwing  with  small  blue  postdiscal  spots  above. 

61.  Charaxes  jason. 

Papilio  Eques  Achivus  jason  Linn^,  Syst.  Nal.  ed.  XII.  p.  749.  n.  26  (1767)  (Barbaria) ;  Urury, 

Jlluatr.  Ex.  Ins.  I.  p.  1.  t.  1.  f.  1.  2.  and  Index  (1772)  (Smyrna);  Cramer,  Pap.  Exot.  II.  p.  1.36. 

t.  186.  f.  A.  B  (1777)  (Smyrna)  ;  Stoll,  in  Cramer,  Pap.  E.rnt.  IV.  p.  78.  t.  329.  f.  a.  u.  ? 

(1782)  (Smyrna"). 
Piijiiliii  Eijuia  .[(liiriisjasius  Linnd,  I.e.  (Errata)  ;  Onomal.  Hist.  Niit.Vl.  p.  80  (1776)  ;  Fabr.,  Si/nt. 

Ent.  p.  449.  n.  29.  (177.5)  (ayn.  ex  parte  ;  Barbaria)  ;  Goeze,  Enl.  Bri/tr.  III.  1.  p.  60.  n.  26 

(1779)  (pt.)  ;  Fabr.,  Spec.  Ihk.  II.  p.  10.  n.  40  (1781)  (syn.  ex  parte;  Barbaria)  ;  Fabr.,  .!/««(. 

Jus.  II.  p.  I'l.  n.  44  (1787)  ;  Cyrillo,  Enl.  Xaipol.  Spec.  prim.  t.  2.  f.  1  (1787) ;  Herbst,  A'«(«rs. 

Srhmetl.  IV.  p.  67.  n.  155.  t.  64.  f.  3.  4.  5  (1790)  (Africa)  ;  Gmel,  Sijst.  Nat.  I.  5.  p.  2234.  n.  26. 

(1790)   (pt.)  ;  Giorna,  Caleml.  Ent.  p.  99.  (1791)  (metam.)  ;  Petagna,  InMit.  Ent.  II.  p.  443 

n.  1.  (1792)  (Naples)  ;  Prunner,  Lep.  Petlemmt.  p.  2.  n.  2.  (1798)  ;  Esper,  Schmctt.  I.  t.  99. 

cont.  54.  f.  1.2.  cJ,  $  t.  104.  cont.  59.  f.  2-7.  metam.  Siippl.  TngM'lunett.  p.  29.  n.  187  and  p.  61. 

(180.5)  (Nizza,  end  of  Sept.,  habits,  metamorpb.). 
Papilio  (Ac!iiv,(.t)jaxii,x,  MuUer,  Natnm.  V.  1.  p.  .'■|7:1  n.  26  (1776)  (Barbaria). 


(  447  ) 

Papiliu   Xi/mphalis  jasiu«.   Fabricius,   Eiit.  Sijxl.   III.    1.    p.   61.   n.    191    (1793)   (syn.  ex  parte; 

Barbaria). 
Xympliiilix  Jasiui-,  Latreille,  Ilixt.  Xal.  Crnd.  Iiim.  XIV.  p.  83.  n.   1   (1805)  (Nizza)  ;  Godart,  E/ir. 

JUth.  IX.  p.  360.  n.  1  (1823)  (Barbary  ;  Spain  ;  Portugal,  Sicily,  Naples,  S.  France,  Nizza  ; 

Corsica  ;   Hyeres  ;  Dalmatia  ;   Constantinople  ;  Asia  Minor). 
Papilio  NymphnUs  rhen  Httbner,  Saminl.  Eur.  Srhmetl.  p.  19.  n.  1.  I.  f.  Ill,  112.  580.  581  (1805-21). 
Erihoea  uneilonix  Hiibner,  Verz.  bi'k.  Schmeit.  p.  47.  n.  423.  (1816-27). 
Papil/o  Jasins,  Ochsenheimer,  Schiiiett.  Eur.  I.  p.  151.  n.  1  (1807) ;  Godart,  Hini.  Nat.  Lep.  Fr.  II. 

p.  81.  n.  27.  t.  10.  f.  3.  4  (1822)  (metam.). 
Chara.reit  Jashis,  Ochsenheimer,  Hi-hiurtl.  Eur.  IV.  p.  18  (1816)  ;  Boisd.,  Spec.  Gen.  I.  t.  5  n.  f.  12 

(1836)  ;  Duponch.,  Bull.  Sac.  Enl.  Fr.  p.  59  (1837)  ;  id.,   Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  Fr.  p.  193  (1837) 

(larva)  ;    Thon,   Nalurg.   Schmeit.  p.   72.  t.  32.  f.  507.  508   (1837)  ;    Herr.-Schaff.,   Schmett. 

Eur.  I.  p.  45  (1843)  ;  Doubl.,  List.  Spec.  Lep.  Ins.  Brit  Mas.  I.  p.  110  (1844)  ;  Duponch.,  Cat. 

Meth.  Lep.  Eur.  p.   11  (1844)  (Spain  ;  Provence  ;  Italy  ;  Turkey  ;  June,  Sept.)  ;  Pierr.,  Bull. 

Soc.  Ent.  Fr.  p.  41  (1849)  (Hyferes)  ;  Bertol.,  .Vem.  Ac.  Sc.  Bologna  II.  p.  5.  n.  1  (Sep.  !)  (1851) 

(ex  parte)  ;  Girard,  Bull.  Soc.  Ent.  Fr.  p.  6  (1864)  ;  Pierr.,  Bull.  Soc.  Enl.  Fr.  p.  52  (1864) 

(Hyeres)  ;  Stand.,  Cat.  Lep.  Eur.  Faun.  p.  15.  n.  192  (1871)  (Maurit.  ;  Iberia  ;  Gall.  mer.  ; 

Italia;    Dalmat.  ;   Graecia)  ;   Pears.,  Ent.  Mo.  Mug.   X.  p.   113  (1873)  (Mentone  ;   habits!); 

Saiger,  Enl.  Xachr.  II.  p.  156  (1876)  ;  Nolck.,  Slelf.  Enl.  Zeit.  XLIII.  p.  174  (1882)  (Cannes, 

larva)  ;  Ragusa,  Nat.  Sic.  VII.  p.  31  (1884);  Calberla,  Iris  I.  p.  130  (1885)  (Civitavecchia,  VI.; 

Firenze,  X,);  Honr.,  Silz.-Ber.  Berl.  Enl.  Zeitschr.  p.  18  (1887)   (Dalmat.  ;  Lisboa)  ;  id.,  I  c. 

p.  21    (1891)   (Dalmat.;   Lisboa);   Donitz,  ibid.   (Portugal);   Norris,   Entom.  XXIV.  p.  17^ 

(1891)  (Corfu,  habits);   id.,   Entom.  XXV.  p.   95   (1892)  (R.  Magra,  Italy,  Oct.);   Bromil., 

ibid.  p.  323  (1892)   (Nizza)  ;   id..  I.e.  XXVI.   p.   219  (1893) ;  Stand.,  Entom.  XXVI.  p.  262 

(1893)  (Ajaccio);    Ruhl,   Pakiearet.    Grossschm.  I.  p.  320.   771   (1892-95);    Chapm.,  Ent.  liec. 

p.  191  (1894). 
Apatura  jasius,  Boisduval,  Iml.  Meth.  p.  14  (1829)  (Provence,  May,  Sept.). 
Paphia  jasius,  Duponchel,  Icon.  Chenill.  I.  p.  167.  n.  69.  t.  24.  f.  68.  a.  b.  c.  d  (1832)  (metam.). 
Nymphalisjasun  Doubl.,  Weatw.  &  Hew.,  Gen.  Diurn.  Lep.  II.  p.  308.  n.  1  (1850)  (S.  Eur. ;  As.  Min.; 

Barbary)  ;  Kirby,  Cut.  Diurn.  Lep.  p.  267.  n.  1  (1871). 
Charaxes,  Rambur,  Lep.  Andal.  p.  18  (1858)  (Cadiz). 
Nymphalis  iusius,  MuUer,  Zool.  Juhrb.  I.  p.  505  (1886)  (larva,  pupa). 
Charaxes  jason,  Butler,  Peoc.  Zool.  Soc.  Land.  p.  623.  n.  1  (1865)  (S.  Europe  ;  Asia  Min. ;  Barbary) ; 

id..  Cat.  Diurn.  Lep.  dcsrr.  by  Fabr.  p.  54.  n.  16  (1869)  ;  Butl.,  Journ.  Linn.  Snc.  Land.  XXV. 

p.  355.  n.  13  (1896)  (Corsica  ;  Spain  ;  S.  France). 

S  ? .  Similar  to  Ck.  epijasius.     Body  and  wiugs  above  more  brown. 

Wings,  upperside. Forewing  :  basal  half  of  costal  margin  russet  tawny  like 

head  and  pronotnm  ;  black  bars  vestigial,  in  side-liglit  the  interspaces  appearing 
paler  than  the  bars  ;  postdiscal  iuteistitial  spots  orange,  the  series  almost,  straight, 
slightly  curving  costad  anteriorly,  nearer  onter  edge  in  front  than  behind,  npper 
spots  largest,  spot  SC^— SC^  of  about  the  same  size  as  the  respective  admargiual 
spot,  often  somewhat  smaller  or  larger,  spots  R^— SM^  transverse,  posterior  ones 
often  obsolete  ;  admarginal  interstitial  band  as  in  ^yZ/a^Vs,  deeper  in  colour,  orange. 

Hindwing  :  discal   band   represented   by   a   white  patch  at  costal   margin,  the 

patch  much  shaded  with  brown,  often  vestigial  down  to  R-,  generally  with  one  to 
three  tawny  patches  or  spots  at  outside  ;  admarginal  band  of  interspaces  rather 
variable  in  width,  the  npper  patches  sometimes  not  longer  than  broad,  while  in 
other  individuals  they  are  as  long  as  in  epijasius,  orange,  posterior  ones  paler,  distaliy 
shaded  with  greenish  buff,  anal  one  greenish  buff ;  black  marginal  line  heavier 
than  in  epijasius,  its  breadth  measuring  between  R'  and  R-  often  more  than  half 
the  length  of  patch  R'— R-,  but  generally  only  one-third  the  length  of  this  patch  ;  a 
series  of  pale  blue  submarginal  dots  from  R'— SM-,  spots  SC- — R'  sometimes 
vestigial. 

Unilcrsic/e  as  in  epijasius,  basal  area  brighter  ferruginous  red,  jiostdisral  iuid 
admarginal  interstitial  patches  of  forewing  deep  orange,  olive  black  median  bars  of 


(  448  ) 

both  wini(s  thinner. Forewing  :    orange   patches    in    white   discal   band   small 

or  lOlisiilete,  hence  the  white  colour  more  extended  anteriorly  than  in  epijasius  ; 
orange  jiostdiscal  spots  longer  anteriorly  than  towards  internal  margin,  posterior 
ones   transverse ;    snhmarginal   olive   grey    scaling   sharply   defined   distally  ;   the 

admarginal  orange  patches  smaller  than  above. Hindwing  :  median  series   of 

bars  concave  from  C  -R^  often  almost  straight,  median  bar  M'— M-  a  little  more 
distal  than  in  epijasius  ;  white  discal  band  concave  distally  between  C  and  R^,  of 
about  even  width,  generally  widest  before  R^,  about  2|  mm.  broad  at  R'  ;  discal  bar 
R2 — R3  distinct  as  a  rule,  often  well  within  white  band,  seldom  absent ;  postdisco- 
snbmarginal  area  as  in  epijasius,  width  somewhat  variable  ;  admarginal  chrome 
coloured  band  somewhat  narrower  than  above,  in  some  si)ecimens  half  as  wide  again 
as  in  others,  limited  proximally  by  the  submarginal  bars,  which  are  transverse, 
the  upjjer  ones  being,  however,  sometimes  luniform,  while  the  hist  ones  are 
curving  basad  at  ends  towards  the  postdiscal  bars  ;  upper  tail  4  to  5  mm.,  second 
8  to  9  mm. 

?.  Paler  than  cJ,  larger;  median  bar  R^—M'  of  underside  of  hindwing  often 
present,  j)ale  blue  spots  of  upperside  of  hindwing  sometimes  enlarged  to  patches 
which  nearly  tonch  each  other  ;  tails  longer;  abdomen  olive  black  beneath,  segments 
edged  with  white,  this  scaling  often  extended  at  each  side  to  a  streak. 

Length  of  forewing  ;   S ,  37 — 42  mm. 
„  „  ? ,  40—47  mm. 

Clasper  (PI.  VIII.  f.  29)  with  the  dorsal  edge  in  dorsal  view  almost  straight, 
suddenly  curved  before  end,  hook  therefore  strongly  curved  ;  penis  (PI.  VIII.  f.  11) 
thick,  curved  before  end,  with  one  strong  dorsal  tooth  at  the  bent  and  often  one  or 
two  smaller  ones  close  behind  ;  penis-funnel  moderately  narrowed  towards  end,  apex 
rather  flat,  broad,  apical  edge  turned  down,  triangular,  pointed. 

Hab.  Mediterranean  countries,  where  the  food-plant.  Arbutus  unedo,  is 
abundant,  in  two  l)roods  ;  the  old  writers  received  it  from  Asia  Minor,  but  there  is 
ajiparcntly  no  recent  record  of  the  species  from  there.  The  admarginal  orange 
respectively  chrome  coloured  band  of  the  upperside  is  apparently  wider  in  specimens 
from  Greece  than  in  individuals  from  the  western  parts  of  the  Mediterranean 
subregion. 

The  egg,  larva  and  pupa  were  discovered  by  Pruuner,  a  German,  who  was  an 
oflBcer  in  the  Sardinian  army,  and  were  figured  and  described  by  Esjjer  {i.e.). 
Since  then  many  accounts  of  the  life  history  and  the  habits  of  Ch.  jasius  have 
been  published.  The  egg,  larva  and  pupa  agree  in  structure  with  those  of  other 
Ckaraxes  (see  p.  282).  The  larva  when  quitting  the  egg  is  brownish  green,  but 
soon  becomes  brilliant  green,  sometimes  somewhat  bluish.  Tiiere  is  a  yellowish 
green,  oval,  dorsal  jiatch  on  the  third  and  fifth  abdominal  segments  each,  which 
are  bordered  by  a  dark  line,  and  in  the  full-grown  caterpillar  become  more  or  less 
blue  centrally,  or  nearly  all  blue  ;  central  horns  green  or  yellow  basally,  red 
apically,  lateral  horns  red,  externally  yellow,  with  a  stripe  which  extends  to  the 
month  and  is  j>osteriorly  bordered  black.  When  tlie  caterpillar  has  cast  its  skin 
the  horns  are  first  very  short,  but  soon  grow  to  normal  size.  The  caterpillar  lives 
on  the  upperside  of  the  leaf,  where  it  spins  a  kind  of  web  which  enables  it  to  fasten 
itself  on  the  leaf.  Mr.  Pearson  gives,  I.e.,  the  following  description  of  the  early 
stages  of  Ck.  jasius  : 

"  I  was  fortunate  enough  in  the  course  of  last  winter  and  spring,  spent  at 
Mentone  on  the  shores  of  the  Mediterranean,  to  find  the  larva  of  this  species  in  some 


(  449  ) 

abundance,  and  trust  that  the  following  notes  on  its  habits  may  prove  of  interest. 
The  larvae  were  found  on  either  slope  of  one  of  the  numerous  valleys  whieli  intersect 
the  lower  i)arts  of  the  splendid  amphitheatre  of  hills  surrounding  Mentone.  These 
slopes  are  covered  with  a  scrub  consisting,  for  the  most  part,  of  myrtle,  arbutus,  and 
lentiscus.  Having  by  chance  discovered  a  small  individual  ou  an  arbutus  scrub,  I 
was  induced  to  search  farther,  when  I  found  the  larvae  to  be  by  no  means  uncommon. 
They  were  easily  discovered,  in  spite  of  their  colour  approximating  closely  to  that  of 
their  food  plant,  as  they  remained  always  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  leaf  on  the 
silken  carpet  to  be  after  mentioned,  which  also  greatly  assists  their  detection.  The 
arbutus  shrubs  were  generally  of  small  growth,  although  in  some  places  they 
attained  to  9  or  10  feet ;  the  stunted  plants  I  fonnd,  however,  to  be  the  most 
productive,  especially  when  isolated.  On  only  three  occasions  did  I  find  more  thau 
one  larva  on  a  bush,  viz.,  on  two  of  these  occasions  two,  and  on  the  other  no  less 
than  five.  The  larvae  had  hybernated,  being  all  found  during  the  month  of  January, 
and  were  about  half  grown,  with  the  exception  of  three  which  did  not  exceed  half 
an  inch  in  length. 

"  A  very  good  description  of  the  caterpillar  will  be  found  in  MM.  Duponchel 
and  Gueu6e's  '  Iconographie  des  Chenilles ' ;  the  only  remark  I  have  to  make  ou 
this  head  being,  that  in  my  specimens  there  was  an  evident  difference  in  the  shades 
of  green  exhibited  by  the  larvae  when  seen  together,  some  being  darker,  and  of  a 
bluish  green,  while  others  were  more  of  a  yellowish  green.  The  dift'erence  in  colour 
did  not  arise,  as  1  at  first  thought  it  might,  from  the  amount  of  shade  enjoyed  by 
the  shrubs,  as  the  darkest  larva  was  found  on  a  small  plant  of  a  foot  and  a  half  in 
height  exposed  to  the  full  rays  of  the  sun.  The  oval  dorsal  marks  on  the  seventh 
and  ninth  segments  were  also  much  more  strongly  marked  in  some  specimens  than 
in  others. 

"  The  larvae  of  this  species  are  very  easily  reared,  being  very  sluggish  and  rarely 
moving  from  the  leaf  on  which  they  may  be  resting  at  the  time  until  it,  or  those 
within  reach,  are  consumed.  When  they  do  move,  it  is  only  for  a  short  distance, 
and  they  invariably  retreat  again  to  the  original  leaf  on  which  their  web  is  spun. 
This  web  consists  of  fine  threads  of  silk  closely  jdastered  over  the  upper  surface  of 
the  leaf,  so  as  to  give  it  a  white,  shiny  appearance.  It  seems  absolutely  necessary 
to  the  larva  to  enable  it  to  cling  to  the  leaf,  and  one  of  its  first  proceedings  on  going 
to  a  new  leaf  is  to  spin  this  coating  of  silk  over  the  surface.  Thus  one  small  larva, 
from  some  defect  in  its  spinning  apparatus,  was  unable  to  weave  the  usual  carpet 
for  itself,  although  it  kept  incessantly  going  through  the  usual  motions  for  doing  so, 
moving  its  head  from  side  to  side.  It  was  constantly  falling  off  the  twig  on  which 
it  was  placed,  and  had  to  be  replaced  several  times  a  day,  till  at  length  it  fell  ofi'and 
was  lost.  They  feed  principally  during  the  night,  remaining  inactive  during  the  day 
except  when  it  is  bright  and  fine,  when,  strange  to  say,  they  begin  to  eat  as  vigor- 
ously as  on  the  approach  of  evening.  They  are  not  voracious  feeders,  however,  and 
eat  by  fits  and  starts,  never  consuming  much  at  a  time.  They  have  also  a  curious 
habit,  when  exposed  to  a  strong  sun,  of  extending  aud  retracting  the  segments  of 
their  bodies,  as  if  they  appeared  to  enjoy  the  heat.  When  once  they  begin  to  eat  a 
leaf,  they  seldom  commence  another  till  they  have  completely  finished  it,  gnawing 
the  midrib  down  to  the  very  stem.  Although  found  in  dry  localities,  aud  in  a  region 
subject  to  little  or  no  rain,  they  seem  to  be  fond  of  moisture.  I  was  in  the  habit  of 
sprinkling  their  food  with  water,  and  I  have  often  noticed  them  drinking  up  the 
drops.     In  a  state  of  repose,  the  larva  attaches  itself  to  the  leaf  by  its  four  pairs  of 


(  450  ) 

ckspers  uiily,  the  anal  pair  and  feet  proper  being  elevated,  and  the  horns  lying  along 
the  back.  Several  days  before  monlting,  the  new  head  appears  in  the  form  of  a 
square  dark  green  patch  immediately  behind  the  existing  horns.  This  i)atch  is 
bounded  on  each  side  by  a  rose-colonred  border,  ultimately  proving  to  be  the  new 
horns  ;  these  last  are  at  first  very  lax  and  drooping,  but  soon  gain  their  normal 
position.  There  is  a  marked  difference  in  the  size  of  the  head  after  the  last  moult,  it 
being  then  nearly  twice  its  former  size  ;  the  horns,  also,  instead  of  being  perfectly 
straight,  are  curved  slightly  downwards  towards  tlie  back.  When  about  to  ])npate, 
the  larva  becomes  of  a  clear  transparent  green,  and  rather  shrunk  in  size,  and  if 
placed  in  the  sun  becomes  very  restless,  generally  ending  by  falling  off  the  food 
plant.  It  then  spins  a  small  ball  of  silk  on  the  under  side  of  a  leaf,  either  on  the 
midrib  or  on  the  edge,  to  which  it  attaches  itself  by  the  tail  and  hangs  there  with  its 
head  directed  upwards  towards  the  under  jjart  of  the  body  for  three  days  (sometimes 
a  few  hours  more,  sometimes  a  few  hoars  less),  when  it  changes  to  a  smooth,  stout, 
whitish-green  chrysalis.  It  remains  from  twenty-five  to  twenty-seven  days  in  pupa. 
The  day  jirevious  to  emergence,  the  wing-cases  appear  suffused  with  a  rich  purple, 
the  double  border  of  gamboge  spots  at  the  outer  margin  of  the  forewings  being  very 
distinct.  If  the  day  be  warm,  the  perfect  insect  generally  emerges  during  the  early 
part  of  the  next  day  ;  if,  however,  the  weather  be  dull  or  cold,  it  often  does  not 
emerge  till  late  in  the  afternoon,  or  in  the  evening." 

The  butterfly  has  the  rapid  flight  of  its  congeners.  It  is  sometimes  observed 
sitting  on  the  stems  of  trees,  and  is  occasionally  attracted  by  dry  fruits,  figs  for 
instance. 

f .  Hindwing  above  with  a  very  large,  triangular,  blue  patch. 
62.  Charaxes  epijasius. 

Ckaraxes  epijasius  Reiche,  in  Feir.  &  Gal.,  Foy.  Abyss.,  Ent.  p.  469.  t.  32.  f.  1.  2  (1849)  (Abys-sinia) ; 
Feisth.,  Ann.  fioc.  Ent.  Fr.  p.  257.  n.  9  (1850)  (Senegal ;  ab.)  ;  Butl.,  Prnc.  Zonl.  Soc.  Loud. 
p.  6-23.  n.  2  (1865)  (Senegal);  id.,  Ann.  Hug.  N.  H.  (4)  XVIII.  p.  481,  (1876)  (Atbara)  ; 
Godm.  &  Salv.,  Prnr.  Zovl.  Soc.  Lutul.  p.  223.  n.  25  (1884)  (Lower  Niger)  ;  Staud.,  E.eot.  Tagf. 
p.  168  (1886)  (Abyssinia)  ;  Honrath,  Sitz.-Ber.  Bcrl.  Ent.  Z.itschi:  XXXI.  p.  18  (1887) 
(Abyssinia)  ;  Karsch,  Bfrl.  Ent,  Zeitschr.  XXXVUI.  p.  190.  n.  48  (1893)  (Adeli,  all  the 
year  round)  ;  Schaus  &  Clem.,  Sierm  Leone  Lep.  p.  8  (1893)  ;  Carpent.,  Proc.  R.  Dublin 
Soc.  (-2).  VIII.  (1895)  (Lokoja);  Butl.,  Joum.  Linn.  Soc.  Loml.  XXV.  p.  355.  n.  14  (1896) 
(White  Nile;  Atbara;  Senegal;  Lower  Niger);  Auriv. ,  Kongl.  Sr.  Vet.  Ak.  Ihindl.  XXXI. 
5.  p.  232.  n.  3  (1899)  (Senegal ;  S.  Leone  ;  Togo  Hinterland  ;  Niger  ;  Lokoja  ;  Njam  Njam  ; 
Abyssinia). 

Xynipliiilix  fjiijnsius,  Doubleday,  Li.^1.  Sjtec.  Lep.  Ih.i.  Brit.  Mas.  App.  p.  28  (1848)  (Senegal)  ; 
Doubl.,  Westw.  &  Hew.,  Gen.  IHurii.  Lep.  II.  p.  308.  -n.  2  (1850)  ;  Kirby,  Cat.  Diurn.  Lep. 
p.  267.  n.  2.  (1871)  (Abyssinia  ;  Senegal). 

<??.  L'pperside  of  body  olive,  head,  second  segment  of  palpi,  pronotum 
and  anterior  part  of  mesonotum  tawny  russet,  dots  on  head  obsolete,  line  behind 
eye  consjncnons  ;  iirulerside  as  in  /lansali,  brown  middle  line  of  abdomen  often 
broad. 

S.      Wings,  upperside  brownish  black,  j)urjilish,  the  median  and  discal  bars 

vestigial  inside-light. Forewing  :  postdiscal  interstitial  tawny  ochraceons  spots 

partly  vestigial,  spot  S(!^ — SC'  often  rather  clearly  marked  :  marginal  interspaces 
widened  proximad,  forming  a  broad  marginal  band,  chrome  yellow,  jialer  liehind, 
6   to   7   mm.  broad  at  SM-,  narrowing  costad,  incised   upon   iiiternervnlar  folds, 


(  451   ) 

posterior   veins  thinly,  upper  ones    lieavily  black,  this    black   scaling   dilated  at 

extreme  edge   of  wing. Hindwing  :    a    short,  pale  buff,  triangular,  discal  band 

from  costal  margin  to  R^  or  R-,  often  reduced  to  a  patch  before  Sfl^ ;  submarginal 
black  bars  well  defined,  bar  C— SU-  generally  excepted,  upper  ones  arched,  posterior 
ones  more  straight,  but  curved  distad  at  veins  ;  the  bars  form  the  outer  border  of 
a  large,  pale  blue,  triangular  patch,  which  is  widest  at  M",  reaching  to  base  of 
M',  expanded  between  C  or  S(J-  and  SM-,  narrowing  costad,  being  only  2  to 
3  mm.  ))road  between  SC^  and  R'  ;  admarginal  interspaces  maize  yellow,  forming- 
a  similar  band  as  on  forewing,  very  wide,  upper  patches  widest,  patch  R' — ^R^ 
measuring  6  to  "  mm.  lietween  veins,  anal  one  greenish  olive,  veins  within 
band  thinly  black  or  bluish  olive  :  black  marginal  line  as  in  Ch.  pelias 
sattii-nns,  extremely  thin  at  anal  angle,  fringe  heavily  white,  black  only  at  tips 
of  veins. 

Underside  as  in   Ck.  pelias  saturnus,  slightly  varying  in  the  depth  of  the 

red   and   ochraceons   tints. Forewing :    median    bars   more   distal,    and    discal 

ones,  which  are  all  present,  more  proximal  than  in  sati/rniis,  the  white  discal 
interspaces  reduced  to  a  thin  band,  which,  moreover,  includes  a  series  of  ferruginous 
red  patches  lietween  SC^  and  M^,  hence  the  white  band  here  represented  only 
by  the  distal  white  border  of  the  median  and  the  proximal  border  of  the  discal 
bars  ;  postdiscal  interstitial  patches  ochraceous  rufous,  touching  each  other  or 
fixintly  separated,  variable  in  size,  mostly  triangular,  often  transverse  ;  black 
postdiscal  patches  as  in  saturnus,  variable  ;  bluish  olive  grey  scaling  at  this  spot 
less  extended  than  in  Ch.  pelias,  partly  replaced  by  cream  coloured  scaling 
posteriorly  ;  submarginal  black  bars  not  vestigial  ;  admarginal  interspaces  smaller 

than  above  and  paler  ;  edge  of  wing  black  at  ends  of  veins. Hindwing  :   as 

in  saturnus,  white  discal  band  narrower,  sometimes  with  ferruginous  red  scaling 
at  the  outer  side  of  the  median  bars  C— R',  besides  the  patch  at  costal  margin, 
median  bar  R' — M'  sometimes  vestigial ;  ferruginous  red  postdiscal  patches  and 
olivaceous  submarginal  interspaces  narrower  than  in  C//.  pelias  owing  to  the 
extension  of  the  admarginal  interspaces  ;  upper  submarginal  black  bars  generally 
rather  shaded  with  olive  grey  ;  blue  snbmarginal  spots  conspicuous  ;  admarginal 
interspaces  a  little  smaller  than  above,  very  pale  buff  yellow,  whitish  at  vein.s 
distally  ;  dentition  of  wing  as  in  saturnus,  upper  tail  5  to  8  mm.,  second  9  to 
11  mm.  long. 

?.  Like  (J,  larger,  upperside  of  wings  a  little  more  brown,  white  band  of 
underside  broader,  and  postdiscal  interstitial  patches  of  forewing  less  bright. 

Length  of  forewing  :   cJ,  38 — 45  mm. 
„  ,,  ? ,  45  mm. 

Genital  armature  as  in  Ck.jason. 

Hah.  Abyssinia  to  Victoria  Nyanza,  Senegambia  to  the  Niger,  especially  in 
the  "Hinterlands."  In  the  Tring  Mnseum  19  c?c?,  1  ?  from:  Abyssinia,  Bogos 
and  Atbara  ;  Bulluji,  Unyoro,  12.  xii.  '97  (Dr.  Ansorge) ;  Fajao,  Unyoro, 
1().  viii.  '97  (Dr.  Ansorge).  Bathurst,  Senegambia;  Kanakra  IsL,  S.  Leone; 
Kumasi  to  Cape  Coast,  April  1899  (('a])t.  Giffard)  ;  Gambaga,  October,  November, 
1898  (('apt.  Giffard);  Carnotville. 

Feisthamel,  I.e.,  describes  a  sport  in  which  the  yellow  colour  of  the  band  of 
the  hindwing  above  has  changed  into  a  greenish  colour,  and  in  which  the  underside 
is  greenish  brown,  with  a  broad  middle  band  of  a  paler  colour,  tiie  bars  having 
disappeared. 


(  4.52  ) 

D-  Serrations  of  costal  margin  of  forewing  in  basal  half  equal  in  nnmlier 
to  Ihe  scale-rows  in  front  of  vein  (_'. 
e.  Median   and   sulimedian    liars   of  fore-  und  hindwing  lielow  well 
separated,  not  fnsed  together  to  a  narrow,  lirown  or  black, 
band  ;  tail  M-  not  spatulate. 
g^.  Cell-bar   4   of  forewing   below  separated   into   round   spots, 
costal   and   subt:ostal    bars  of  basal   half  of  hindwing 
represented  by  round  spots. 

o:?.  Charaxes  zingha. 

Piqnlio  Xi/mphiilis  jiholerntus  zingha  StoU,  in  Cramer,  Pup.  F..r.  IV.  p.  53.  t.  31u.  f.  n.  c  J.  (1780) 

(Afr.)  ;  Gmel.,  Sijd.  Nut.  I.  5.  p.  231-'.  n.  599  (IT'JO)  (S.  Leone). 
Pujiilio  Xi/mphalis  Phaleratus  herenice  Drury,  lUustr.  K.i\  Ins,  III.  p.  13  ;ind  Index  t.  11.  f.  1.  '2.  ^ 

(1782)  (S.  Leone)  ;  Fabr.,  Munt.  Ino.  II.  p.  48.  n.  471  (1787)  (S.  Leone)  ;  id.,  Ent.  Si/sl.  III.  1. 

p.  114.  n.  350  (1793). 
Papilio  zinghiis,  Herbst,  Xutum.  Schmetl.  VI.  p.  151.  n.  86.  t.  151.  f.  3.  4  (1793). 
Tigritlia  zinghu,  Hiibner,  Verz.  liek.  SchmHI.  p.  40.  n.  355  (1810). 
Nymphulis  bereniee,  GoA&ri,  Enc.  Meth.  IX.  p.  356.  n.  21.   (1823)  (S.  Leone);  Doubl.,  Westw.  & 

Hew.,  (rV«.  Diiini.  Lep.  TI.  p.  310.  n.  39  (1850)  (S.  Leone). 
PupiUii  bereiiiee,  Donovan,  Nat.  Rfpnsil.  III.  t.  107  (1825)  (S.  Leone). 
Clwraxes  berenice,  Butler,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  LoniL  p.  637.  n.  60  (1865)  (S.  Leone)  ;  id.,  Cat.  Diiini. 

Lep.  descr.  bij  Fabr.  p.  54.  n.  17  (1869)  (S.  Leone)  ;  Dewitz,  Nm:  Arl.  Leap.  Car.  Ak.  Nalurf. 

L.  4.  p.  371  (1887)  (Angola,  I.  II.  IV.  X.). 
Xiiuiplialis  (?)  -.higha,  Kirby,  Cat.  D/iirti.  Lep.  p.  273.  n.  57.  (1871)  (Afr.  occ). 
iinimra  zhighu,  Mabille,  Bull.  Soc.  Zml.  Fr.  I.  p.  280  (1876)  ;  Auriv.,  Ent.   ThUkr.  XII.  p.  216. 

n.  14G  (1891)  (Cameroons);  id., /.c.  XV.  p.  312.  n.  205  (1894)  (Cameroons)  ;  id.,  Kmujl.Sr. 

Vet.  Ak.  Hunitl.  XXXI.  5.  p.  245.  n.  1  (1899)  (S.  Leone  ;  Ashanti  ;  Cameroons  ;  Mukenge  ; 

Yanibuya). 
Chara.vcH  zinrjhn,  Staudinger,   E:rut.   Taijf.  p.   171.  t.  58.    J    (1881',)  (Gabuu)  ;   Godm.  &  Salv.,  in 

Jameson,  Storii  of  Rear  Column  p.  441.  n.  89  (1890)  (Yambuya). 

c?.  Body  above  tawny  (skeleton  black)  ;  palpi,  head  and  pronotum  lilack, 
white  dots  on  head  and  line  behind  eye  and  creamy  white  lateral  dot  of  j)ronotum 
prominent,  two  tawny  dots  on  prouotuui  near  middle,  also  conspicuous,  patagia 
pale  in  front,  edged  with  black.  Underside  black  and  pale  ochraceous  ;  paljii, 
middle  of  jiro-  and  mesosternum,  two  smaller  anterior  and  a  larger,  elongate, 
oblique,  posterior,  lateral  sjwts  on  mesosternum  and  abdomen,  jiale  ochraceous  ; 
mesosternum  with  three  dots  at  hinder  edge,  metasternum  with  a  jiatch  behind 
coxae  and  a  rounded  lateral  jjatch,  bufi"  or  whitish  ;  abdomen  with  a  black  line  at 
each  side  of  middle  line  ;  anterior  legs  with  tip  of  femur,  base  of  tibia  and  the 
tarsus  white,  the  other  legs  more  or  less  scaled  ochraceous,  but  femora  black  above, 
with  some  white  scales. 

Wings,  upperside,  black,  with  a  large  basi-discal  orange  red  (Chinese  orange) 

area   which   forms   a   large   triangle   jjointing    towards   apex   of  forewing. On 

forewing  the  area  occupies  base  of  cell,  extends  to  SC  or  R',  its  costal  edge  from 
SC* — R^  has  about  the  same  direction  as  M,  but  is  often  somewhat  concave,  outer 
edge  of  area  almost  straight,  oblique,  incised  upon  and  between  veins,  5  mm. 
distant  from  outer  margin  of  wing  at  R^,  8  to  9  mm.  at  SM^,  the  veins  R' — R' 
traversing  the  area  more  or  less  black,  patches  SC'" — R^  thus  more  or  less  separated, 
varying  in  width,  patch  SC' — R'  small,  sometimes  absent;  cell-bars  partly  vestigial ; 
median  and  submedian  bars  R-'— M-  represented  by  black  spots,  median  bar  M' — M- 
often  vestigial  only. Hindwing  :    orange   red  area   paler  at  costal    margin,  its 


(  453  ) 

outer  edge  nearly  straight,  crossing  M  a  little  beyond  M'  ;  a  series  of  snbmarginal 
dots  from  R- — SM-,  two  in  each  cellule,  the  upper  ones  (often  obsolete  or  absent) 
orange  red,  the  posterior  ones  white,  the  series  curved,  nearly  parallel  to  outer 
margin  ;  admarginal  SC" — M'  present,  orange  red,  spot  R' — R-  the  largest,  spots 
R- — M'  often  minute,  spot  M' — M-  seldom  vestigial,  placed  near  tip  of  tail,  creamy 
buff,  spots  M=— (SM')  and  (SM')— SM-  yellow,  mostly  fused  together,  much  smaller 
than  spot  R' — R-  ;  wing  strongly  rounded  anteriorly,  concave  from  R' — M-,  produced 
into  a  blunt  tail  at  M-,  dentate  at  W  and  M',  anal  angle  more  produced  than 
in  etesipe. 

L'mlerside. Forewing  :  internal  area  up  to  M'  reddish  orange,  this  colour 

entering  cell ;  rest  of  wing  very  pale  olive  buff,  with  the  veins  and  folds  and  the 
outer  margin  drab  ;  basal  cell-spot  and  cell-bar  2  fused  together  to  a  round  spot, 
which  has  a  similar  spot  in  front  before  C,  cell-bar  3  separated  into  two,  cell-bar 
4  into  three  round  spots,  the  latter  standing  in  a  triangle,  the  most  distal  spot 
smallest ;  bar  D  very  heavy,  measuring  2i  to  3  mm.  in  width  in  middle  : 
submedian  bar  M- — (SM')  sometimes  indicated  by  a  dot  below  base  of  M", 
submedian  and  median  bars  R'* — M-  oblong  spots,  which  do  not  always  touch 
the  veins,  median  bar  R' — M'  more  distal  than  bar  M' — M^,  6  mm.  from  base 
of  M',  all  these  spots  black,  no  median  bar  R- — R^,  median  bars  SC^ — R-  fused 
together  to  a  triangular,  blackish  drab,  mark,  pointing  postiead,  8  mm.  from 
upper  angle  of  cell  at  SC^ ;  discal  bars  SC^ — R^  fused  together  to  a  drab  line, 
which  is  ill-defined,  stands  midway  between  median  triangular  costal  patch  and 
apex  of  wing,  is  slightly  curved,  and  is  prolonged  to  M-  by  the  black,  partly 
obsolete,  bars  R^ — M-,  which  are  somewhat  heavier  upon  veins  ;  postdiscal  bars 
M' — SM-   represented   by   large   black   patches,  bar  R^ — M'  sometimes  vestigial, 

internal  margin  black  at  angle  of  wing. Hindwing  :    bars  black;   costal   area 

from  liase  to  beyond  middle,  posteriorly  limited  by  SC-  or  R\  creamy  buff,  here  and 
there  pinkish ;  two  spots,  one  at  base  of  C,  the  other  at  angle  of  PC,  representing 
the  basal  costal  bar  ;  submedian  and  median  costal  bars  also  developed  to  large 
round  spots,  submedian  and  median  bars  C — SC-  represented  by  smaller  round 
spots,  more  distal,  median  bar  R' — R^  also  a  round  spot  ;  basal  cell-bar  joined  at 
M  to  cell-bar  2  forming  a  ring  which  opens  costad,  cell-bar  4  joined  near  upper  end 
to  cell-bar  2,  curved  as  in  etesipe,  posterior  part  very  heavy,  sending  out  a  branch 
to  bar  D  ;  median  bars  R- — M-  all  joined  to,  or  fused  with,  bar  D  at  base  of  R', 
median  bar  M' — M-  about '3  to  4  mm.  from  b.ase  of  M-,  median  bar  M-— SM'  fused 
to  a  heavy  oblique  band,  8  mm.  from  base  of  M^  crossing  SiP  several  mm. 
proximally  of  its  end  ;  submedian  and  subbasal  abdominal  bars  forming  similar 
bands,  extending  to  abdominal  edge  of  wing,  all  these  bars  connected  with  one 
another  by  heavy  longitudinal  lines  upon  veins  and  internervular  folds,  the  veins  and 
internervular  folds  also  more  or  less  black  between  median  and  snbmarginal  bars, 
but  no  internervular  lines  between  median  and  discal  bars  C — R'  ;  discal  bar 
C — SC-  6  mm.  from  tiji  of  C,  bar  R' — R-  7  mm.  from  ti})  of  R-,  somewhat  hmiform, 
triangularly  dilated  basad,  bars  C — R''  fused  together  as  are  bars  M' — SM',  but 
discal  bars  R^ — M^  more  isolated,  represented  by  long  triangular  dashes  ;  i)ostdi8cal 
series  of  bars  similar  to  discal  series,  but  dilated  distad  upon  internervular  folds, 
bars  R- — M'  luniform,  bars  M' — SM-  very  heavy,  fused  witli  the  snbmarginal  bars, 
jiostdiscal  interspaces  C — M'  more  or  less  rufous  red,  the  uj)per  one  the  smallest, 
spots  R'— M^  halfmoon-shaped,  interspaces  M' — SM-  tilled  up  by  two  yellow  spots, 
the  second  twice  as  large  as  the  first,  both  narrower  than  interspaces  R' — M'  ; 


(  454  ) 

«nbmargin;il  bar  C— SC-  somewhat  curved,  bars  HC — R-  straight,  bars  W — M' 
mncli  more  tlistal,  tlie  sedes  being  broken  at  R-  as  in  etesipe,  slightly  curved  distad, 
bars  M' — M-  fused  with  the  postdiscal  bar  and  the  marginal  line  to  a  large  jiatch 
with  which  is  also  fused  the  large  patch  formed  by  the  postdiscal  and  submedian 
bars  M- — SM- ;  submarginal  interspaces  within  this  black  ])atch  represented  by 
-small  bluish  white  dots,  submarginal  interspaces  C — R^  drab,  divided  at  folds, 
followed  by  two  more  whitish  oues,  also  divided  ;  marginal  line  black,  not 
interrupted  ;  admarginal  interspaces  C — 11=  rather  large,  rufous  red,  intersjiace 
R- — K^  narrower,  constricted  or  interrupted,  the  nest  still  narrower,  often  obsolete, 
represented  generally  by  a  rufous  red  and  an  olive  buif  dot,  no  admarginal 
interspace  M' — M-,  while  interspace  M^ — SM-  is  represented  by  a  large  pale  yellow 
spot  ;  subbasal  to  discal  interspaces  in  posterior  half  of  wing  pale  butt',  becduiiiig 
almost  white  towards  base. 

?.  Body  above  ochraceous,  thorax  slightly  olivaceous,   liead  and   paljji   and 
jironotum  black,  spots  as  in  S,  anterior  tarsus  pale  ochraceous. 

Wings  abore  with   a   large   orange  area,    which    becomes   slightly   reddish    in 

■cell   of  forewing,  this    area    larger    than    in    cJ. Forewing  :    ajiex   blunt,  outer 

margin  faintly  concave  in  middle,  internal  angle  rounded  ;  cell  all  reddish  orange, 
with  the  dots  of  the  underside  all  marked,  but  partly  only  vestigial  ;  broad  bar  D 
also  mostly  isolated,  the  orange  colour  penetrating  outside  bar  D  to  SC^'^  ;  heavy 
median  bars  SC — R-  at  least  vestigial,  median  bar  R- — W  represented  by  a  black 
dot,  which  is  absent  from  underside,  median  bar  R-' — M'  a  conspicuous  dot,  a  little 
more  distal  than  in  J  ;  submedian  and  median  dots  M' — M-  vestigial ;  the  black 
outer  area  about  10  mm.  at  SM-,  narrowing  costad,  of  nearly  equal  width  from 
SC"  or  R'  to  R-* :  cellules  R'  to  costal  margin  black,  except  postdiscal  spot  SG' — R' 
(which  has  sometimes  a  distinct  spot  in  front)  ;  the  discal  bars  are  sometimes 
clearly  marked,  angle-shaped  or  luniform,  black  or  rufous  red,  separating  a  series 
of  spots  from  the  orange  area,  of  which  spots  M' — SM^  are  generally  small ;  veins 

black   near   outer  area. Hindwing  :    outline    nearly   as   in    t?,   anteriorly   less 

rounded,  the  wing  produced  into  a  lai)j)et  from  M^  to  (SM'),  this  lajipot  divided  by 
an  incision  at  fold  M' — BI-  into  a  smaller  and  slightly  longer,  rounded,  anterior, 
and  a  broader,  obliquely  rounded,  posterior  portion  ;  orange  or  pale  orange  area 
wider  than  in  S,  extending  3  to  5  mm.  beyond  apex  of  cell,  its  outer  edge  irregular; 
bar  D  and  median  bar  R- — R^  often  marked,  also  sometimes  median  bars  SU- — R-, 
while  the  other  bars  in  the  basal  half  generally  shine  through  from  the  underside  ; 
outer  half  of  wing  not  so  deep  black  as  in  S,  with  three  series  of  markings  :  a 
series  of  small  postdiscal  spots,  reddish  orange,  the  posterior  ones  paler,  the  upper 
oues  often  obsolete,  a  series  of  submarginal  dots,  the  series  broken  at  R-  and  again 
at  M',  the  upper  portion  often  obsolete,  orange,  the  second  jjortion  of  4  dots  rather 
heavy,  orange,  the  last  of  the  4  whitish,  and  the  third  portion  (still  more  distal) 
white  ;  an  admarginal  series  consisting  of  spots  C — R^  which  are  complete,  spot 
R' — R^  large,  orange,  and  of  spots  R' — SM-  which  are  yellow,  spot  R^ — M'  inter- 
rupted, sjwt  M- — SM'  also  interrupted,  the  ujiper  j)ortion  generally  absent,  or  at 
least  miiuite,  the  second  portion  a  rounded  or  ovate  patch,  spots  M- — SM'-'  often 
fused  to  a  narrow  line. 

Underside  appearing  somewluit  ]ialer  than  in  i,  the  l)ars  lieing  on  the  wjiole 
not  so  heavy,  and  consequently  the  jiale  intersj)aces  larger. 

Length  of  forewing  :   cJ,  34 — 38  mm. 
„  „  ¥,  41 — 46  mm. 


(  455  ) 

LeiigtU  of  SC-  of  liiudwing  (from  base)  :   <?,  23  mm  ;    ? ,  30  mm. 
„         M  +  M^       „  „  (?,  27  mm;   ? ,  33  mm. 

C'liisper  more  complicated  tban  iu  the  allied  species,  the  dorsal  margin  produced 
mesiad  into  a  tooth  which  is  deeply  grooved  on  the  npperside,  apex  of  clasper 
beyond  this  tooth  broad,  then  narrowed  into  a  hook ;  ventral  edge  of  clasper  armed 
on  the  inner  side  with  a  tooth  which  points  distad  (PI.  VIII.  f.  30,  subdorsal  view)  ; 
})enis-i'nnnel  long,  very  slender,  apical  third  convex  above,  almost  rod-like,  end  curved 
downwards,  forming  a  hook  ;  penis  thick,  apex  compressed,  a  short  denticnlated 
dorsal  ridge  before  the  end  ;  tenth  abdominal  tergite  with  two  processes. 

Hab.  West  Africa,  from  Sierra  Leone  to  the  Upper  Congo.  In  the  Tring 
Museum  22  SS,  11  ?  ?,  from  :  S.  Leone,  Ft.  Lokkoh,  Suza  country,  vii.  '99  (("apt. 
.Stevens)  ;  Slierboro  ;  Accra  ;  Warri,  Niger,  4.  v.  '76  (Dr.  Roth)  ;  Stanley  Pool  to 
Lukolele,  and  Bopoto,  Congo  ;  Great  Forest  on  Upper  Congo,  three  days'  march 
from  Ft.  Beni,  7.  v.  '99  (Dr.  Ansorge;. 

This  species  has  been  separated  generically  from  Ckaraxes  on  account  of  the 
outline  of  tlie  hindwing.  TLe  absence  of  tail  R'  and  the  shortness  of  tail  M-  give 
the  insect  a  peculiar  appearance,  but  do  no  more  justify  a  generic  separation  from 
Charaxes,  than  the  difference  in  the  outline  of  the  wings  does  in  the  case  of  varanes, 
mycerina,  etc.  In  our  opinion  Ch.  zingha  is  closer  related  to  Ch.  etesipc  than  this 
is  to  Ch.jamus,  camliopc,  polyxena,  etc.     It  is  in  colour  of  an  acraeoid  appearance. 

h}^.  Cell-bar  4  of  forewing  below  not  separated  into  rounded  spots. 

i^.  Bars  of  underside  chestnut  tawny  with  black  or  brown  borders,  heavy. 
irv'.  Discal  and  postdiscal  bars  of  hindwing  below  not  regularly  arched. 
M*.  Baud  of  upperside  of  hindwing  distal  of  middle  of  wing  iu  i. 

64.  Charaxes  etesipe. 

$  .  Papilin  Xi/wphalix  Phuleratus  ethencleg,  Drury  (nou  Cramer,  1777),  lllustr.  Er.  Ins.  III.  p.  12. 

t.  10.  f.  1.  2.  and  Index  (1782)  (S.  Leone)  ;  Fabr.,  Ent.  Stjst.  HI.  1.  p.  64.  n.  200  (1793)  (pt.). 
?  .  Nymphalis  etrsipe  Godart,  Enc.  Meth.  IX.  p.  3.55.  n.  19  (182:1)  (S.  Leone). 
<j.  Nymjihalis  elheta  Godart,  I.e.  p.  356.  n.  20  (1823)  (Afr.  occ.  ;   ^  of  etesipe .»). 

(?.  Bor/i/  above  olivaceous  black,  bead,  pronotum  and  anterior  portion  ot 
mesonotum  bistre  ;  dots  on  head  and  pronotum  and  line  behind  eye  prominent, 
mesial  dot  of  pronotum  mostly  concealed  by  the  hair-like  scaling  ;  underside 
cream  colour,  palpi  white,  stripes  on  sterna  underneath  legs,  posterior  part  of 
metasternum  aud  upperside  of  anterior  tibia  and  tarsus  brown  or  black,  four 
posterior  femora  black  on  npperside,  with  dispersed  white  scales. 

Wiriys  ahoce,  blackish  blue,  glossy  blue  in  side-light,  more  glossy  towards  base, 

with  a  greenish  tint. Forewing  :  outer  margin  generally  obvionsly  denticulate  ; 

a  spot  in  upper  angle  of  cell  and  a  series  of  five  discal  spots  SC — M'  white,  mostly 
edged  with  blue,  spot  R^ — R'  minute  or  absent,  close  to  cell,  spot  W — R-  also 
small,  the  other  three  about  1  to  IJ  mm.  in  diameter,  no  discal  spofs  from  M-  to 
internal  margin ;  a  complete  postdiscal  series  of  spots,  the  posterior  ones  the 
largest,  often  developed  to  large  patches,  pale  blue,  the  upper  four  or  five  small, 
more  or  less  white,  generally  blue  at  edges,  spot  R' — R-  the  smallest,  the  series 
l^arallel  to  outer  margin,  curving  costad  in  front  ;  a  complete  series  of  admarginal 

spots,    jiale    blue,    whitish    upon    iuternervular    folds. Hindwing  :    a   postdiscal 

series  of  pale  lilue  spots,  the  series  somewhat  angled  before  K^,  in  some  forms  the 
spots   dilated  basad   to   the   apex  of  the   cell  aud  fused  together,  the  upper  ones 


(  456  ) 

mostly  excepted,  rejiresenting  a  broad  disco-postdiscal  band,  bar  D  and  median  bars 
C — R-  sometimes  vestigial,  a  white  discal  i)atch  C— SC-  either  isolated  or  joined 
to  the  respective  bine  postdiscal  spot  ;  snbmnr<rinal  dots  white,  mostly  blue  at 
edges,  spot  H' — K-  small,  sometimes  vestigial  ;  admarginal  spots  R- — M-  generally 
continuous,  feebly  interrupted  by  the  black  veins,  extending  far  into  tails,  pale  blue, 
mostly  white  at  veins,  spots  SC^ — R°  rufous  red,  heavy,  or  vestigial,  or  absent  ; 
anal  spot  huffish  :  the  snbmarginal  and  admarginal  series  broken  at  R-  owing  to 
the  wing  being  suddenly  dilated  at  H-  :  a  white  and  jiale  blue  patch  at  abdominal 
margin  near  anal  angle. 

I'nderside  variegated  with  cream  colour  and  drali  ;  basal  to  median  bars  rnf'ous 
red,  edged  with  black.— — Forewing  :  markings  in  cell  and  snl)median  and  median 
bars  heavy  ;  basal  cell-spot  present,  with  a  costal  spot  in  front  ;  bar  3  more  or  less 
rounded,  bar  4  strongly  angled,  interspaces  more  or  less  creamy  white  ;  submedian 
bar  M'— M-  before  base  of  M',  more  distal  than  bar  M-— (SM'),  the  latter  extended 
black,  often  joined  to  respective  discal  one,  no  submedian  bar  R' — M'  ;  discal  bars 
M' — (SIP)  continuous  or  nearly  so,  bar  R^ — M'  more  distal,  about  4  mm.  from  base 
of  M',  somewhat  luniform  as  a  rule,  bar  R- — W  more  jiroximal,  bar  R' — R-  more 
distal  thau  bars  SC^ — R',  these  latter  fused  to  one  marking,  median  bars  with 
milky  white  patches  at  outer  side  ;  discal  bars  black,  standing  in  a  slightly  curved 
series,  bar  M- — (SM')  sometimes  touching  median  bar,  bars  SC — M'  short,  more 
like  spots  thau  bars,  not  luniform,  all  at  outside  with  milky,  or  creamy,  white 
patches — posterior  ones  externally  shaded  with  rufous  in  some  individuals — which 
are  well  separated  from  one  another  and  reach  to  the  postdiscal  black  bars,  which 
stand  in  a  series  about  parallel  to  outer  margin,  the  posterior  bars  patch-like,  the 
middle  ones  rejiresented  by  rather  small  spots,  the  upper  two  larger  again,  especially 
patch  SC'^ — SC^,  which  has  often  a  rnfous  red  centre  ;  submargiual  bars  thin, 
forming  a  blackish  drab  line  which  is  more  or  less  interrupted  at  veins,  very  widely 
so  at  R',  edge  of  wing  thinly  blackish  drab,  admarginal  interspaces  with  white  or 

creamy  patches  between  veins,  patches  SC — SC*  and  R' — R-  small. Hindwing  : 

basal  costal  bar  represented  by  a  l)rown  spot,  PC  edged  with  blackish  brown,  costal 
submedian,  median  and  discal  bars  wanting,  the  costal  area  uj)  to  jwstdiscal  bar 
creamy  white  ;  subbasal  to  discal  bars  C — SC^,  cell-bar  2  and  upper  portion  of 
cell-bar  4,  as  well  as  median  and  discal  bars  SC- — R',  heavy  ;  subbasal  to  median 
bars  C — SC-  close  together;  bar  D  thin;  basal  cell-spot  black,  veius  SM-,  SJP, 
and  (SM')  more  or  less  black,  a  line  between  these  veins  and  sometimes  one  beyond 
SM^  also  black  ;  median  bars  M^— SM-  zigzag;  discal  and  postdiscal  bars  black, 
j)arallel,  bars  R- — R'  more  distal  than  bars  R' — R^  and  R' — M',  postdiscal  bars 
R^— SM-  arched,  the  respective  discal  ones  not  or  only  slightly  arched  ;  submedian 
white  spots  prominent,  submedian  interspaces  drab,  this  colour  extending  between 
C  and  R-  to  discal  bars  or  more  basad  ;  blackish  brown  submargiual  bars  C — H- 
straight,  bars  R" — M'  enlarged,  l)lack,  bars  M' — SM-  much  shaded  with  blue  ; 
admarginal  spots  C — R^  rufous  red,  bordered  all  round  with  white,  transverse,  ui>i)er 
one  triangular,  spot  R- — R'  olive  buff,  small,  often  very  thin,  sjwts  R^— M-  larger, 
more  or  less  yellow,  not  interrupted  at  M',  anal  spot  olive  buff  ;   tails  slender,  long. 

?.  Body  above,  less  black  than  in  S,  bistre  brown  ;  underside  as  in  S,  but 
abdomen  brown,  with  huffish  or  whitish  edges  to  the  segments ;  anterior  tarsi  white. 

Wi7i^s,  upitemide :  purple  black,  with  a  slight  bluisli  gloss,  which  is  stronger 

and  more  greenish  in   basal  area. Forewing  :    the  markings   creamy  white,  or 

from  M-  to  costal  margin  jjale  tawny  ochraceous  ;  discal  spots  as  in  i,  but  smaller, 


(  457  ) 

epots  R^ — ]VP  either  separate  or  fused  with  the  postdiscal  jiatches,  iu  which  case 
bars  R' — M-  are  vestigial ;  postdiscal  spots  always  large,  except  upper  three,  about 
6  to  8  mm.  wide  at  SM-,  the  series  oblique  ;  no  distinct  admarginal  spots. Hind- 
wing  :  a  mediauo-discal  band  from  costal  to  abdominal  margin,  white,  straight,  at 
right  angles  to  H',  narrowest  between  SC-  and  R',  much  shaded  with  olive  bufi'  or 
blue  (except  in  front),  bordered  with  that  colonr  at  both  sides  ;  submargiiial  white 
spots  as  in  S,  sometimes  obsolete,  excejjt  the  last  ones;  admarginal  spots  less 
conspicuous  than  in  c?,  often  more  or  less  obsolete. 

Underside :  similar  to  that  of  S,  disco-postdiscal  creamy  or  milky  white  patch 
of  forewing  large,  no  discal  bar  M- — (SM')  ;  tails  less  pointed,  sometimes  slightly 
spatulate. 

Length  of  forewing  :  <?,  34 — 41  mm. 
„  ,,  ?,  39 — 45  mm. 

Tenth  tergite  of  abdomen  (S)  rounded  ;  clasper  essentially  as  in  Ch.  ackaemenes; 
penis-funnel  shorter  than  in  that  sjjecies,  otherwise  similar  in  shape  ;  penis  with  a 
triangular  ridge  about  3  mm.  before  end,  similar  to  that  of  C/i.  etkeocles,  but  dorso- 
lateral ;  the  size  and  outline  of  the  ridge  is  variable  ;  there  are  often  some  small 
teeth  before  the  ridge. 

Hub.  Tropical  West  and  East  Africa,  and  Madagascar. 

The  geographical  representative  forms  which  we  unite  here  under  one  species 
are  constantly  and  conspicuously  diiferent  in  the  width  of  the  postdiscal  band  across 
the  upperside  and  in  some  other  details  ;  the  East  African  tavetensis  stands  exactly 
intermediate  between  the  West  African  etesipe  and  the  Malagassic  cacuthis,  while 
abyssinicus  connects  taeetensis  with  etesipe. 

a.  Ch.  etesipe  cacuthis. 

Chanixeg  cacuthis  Hewitson,  Exot.  Butt.  III.  Charaxes.  t.  3.  f.  ]'2.  ?  .  13.  (^  (1803)  (Madagascar)  ; 
Bull.,  Pi-oc.  Zool.  So,-.  Loud.  p.  029.  d.  26  (1865)  (Madag.)  ;  Saalm.,  Lep.  Maihig.  p.  88.  n.  127 
(1884) ;  Mab.,  in  Grandid.,  Hht.  X„t.  Mu,l„gagc.,  Lep.  I.  p.  185.  n.  4.  t.  22.  f.  1.  2.  3  (1885-87) 
(E.  and  N.E.  Madag.  ;  Nossibc'^)  ;  Butl.,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Lmul.  XXV.  p.  399.  n.  145  (1896) 
(Madag.)  ;   Auriv.,  Kongl  Sv.  Vet.  Ak.  Bandl.  XXXI.  5.  p.  234.  n.  15  (1899)  (Madag.). 

Nymphalis  aiculhis,  Kirby,  Cut.  Diurn.  Lep.  p.  2l)9.  n.  25  (1871)  (Madag.). 

?.   Charaxes  antanala  Lucas,  Ann.  Sc.  Nat.  (5).  XV.  no.  22.  p.  1  (1872)  (Madag.). 

cJ.    Witiffs   above,   band  broad. Forewing :    rather  more  elongate  than  in 

etesipe  etesipe,  outer  edge  denticulate,  postdiscal  band  7  to  10  mm.  wide  behind 
SM-,  5A  mm.  behind  M= ;  white  discal  spot  M' — M-  touching  or  almost  touching 

postdiscal  patch  ;    admarginal  sjiots  small,  last   two  seldom  fused. Hindwing  : 

white  costal  patch  C — SC^  contiguous  with  blue  postdiscal  one,  blue  ])atch  SC- — IV 
about  6  mm.  long,  band  not  interrupted  from  R'  to  (SM'),  broader  from  R'  to  M- 
than  black  outer  area,  outwardly  concave  between  veins  R' — SM^,  crossing  M 
between  bases  of  M'  and  M-,  generally  two  white  spots  SC" — R-  marked  within 
baud  close  to  its  proximal  edge;  admarginal,  rufous  red,  spots  80" — R-  present  as 
a  rule,  but  often  obsolete. 

Underside :  white  colour  somewhat  more  extended  than  iu  the  other  two  races. 

Forewing  :   submarginal  bars  R^ — M'  present,  discal  bars  M- — SJP  close  to 

median  bars. 

?  .  Wings  above. Forewing  :  markings  from  M-  to  costal  margin  pale  tawny 

ochraceous  or  whitish  ochreous  buff  ;  discal  spots  R' — M-  fused  with  the  postdiscal 
ones,  respective  median  bars  vestigial  within  the  patches  thus  formed,  postdiscal 
and  discal  spots  R- — R^  joined  together  by  means  of  chestnut  scaling  which  extends 

31 


(  -iss  ) 

sometimes  to  apex  of  cell,  sjiots  11'— R-  sometimes  joined  together  in  the  same  way. 

Hindwing  :  band  bordered  with  blue,  the  blue  scaling  extending  basad  beyond 

base  of  M'-;  submarginal  dots  L'— H-  obsolete  as  a  rule  ;  admarginal  spots  8(j-— R- 
vestigial. 

Underside. Forewing :   outer  half  of  cellules  R-— M'  for  the  greater  part 

drab,  the  submarginal  bars  present. Hindwing:  postdiscal  bars  and  white  snl)- 

uuirginal  spots  somewhat  wider  apart  than  in  the  continental  forms. 

Length  of  forewing  :  c?,  34 — 38  mm. 
?,  39— 42  mm. 

Ilah.  Madagascar.      In  the  Tring  Mnseum  11    Si,'i    ?  ?:  Antonamb*:',  liaie 
d'Antongil,  iii.  iv.  "08  (A.  Jlocquerys)  ;  Antanosy  country. 

b.  Ch.  etesipe  tavetensis  (Nov.  Zool.  V.  t.  5.  f.  4.  S). 

Ch'ini.res  Irmiensis  Rothschild,  :\')7'.  Ziml.  I.  p.  535.  n.  (1894)  (Taveta) ;  Butl.,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc. 

Land.  XXV.  p.  3S9.  n.  146  (1890)  ;  Aiiriv.,  Kongl.  Sc.  V^t.  Ak.  ILmdl.  XXXI.  5.  p.  'i.'U.  n.  14 

(1899). 
Charaxes  cacuthis,  Lanz  (non  Hewitson,  1863),  Iris  IX.  p.  142  (1896)  (Parumbira,  X.). 

<S.  W/'/iffs  aboce :  as  in  cacuthis,  but  posterior  postdiscal  patches  of  forewing 
narrower,  patch  M-— SM-  measuring  4  mm.  at  the  widest  point,  discal  spots  R'— M- 

widely  separated  from  postdiscal  ones  as  in  etesipe. Hindwing:  postdiscal  blue 

patches  C— R-  much  smaller  than  in  cacnthis,  separated  from  one  another,  the  ujtper 
ones  not  entirely  contiguous  with  white  discal  patch,  no  white  discal  spots  S('- — R-, 
black  outer  area  wider  from  R-  to  SM-  than  in  both  etesipe  and  cacuthis  ;  white 
submarginal  dots  all  present,  but  dot  R'— R-  minute  as  a  rule  ;  admarginal  spots 
SC=— R=  obsolete. 

Underside :  as  in  etesipe,  the  creamy  white  discal  spots  of  the  hindwing  larger 
on  the  whole. 

?.    Wings  ahore. Forewing:  markings  creamy  white  ;  discal  spots  R' — M- 

fused  with  the  postdiscal  ones  to  ovate  patches,  bars  within  these  jiatches  vestigial. 
Hindwing  :  band  bordered  and  shaded  over  with  olive  buff:  rnfons  red  admar- 
ginal spots  SC"-^— R=  at  least  vestigial,  bluish  grey  admarginal  spots  R-— M-  present. 

Underside:   somewhat  more  extended  drab   than  in  cacuthis. Forewing: 

cellules  R-— M'  white  for  the  greater  part  from  discal  bars  to  outer  margin,  discal 
bars  R' — M°  obsolescent. 

Length  of  forewing  :  tj,  35—41  mm. 
„  „  ?,42mm. 

Hab.  East  Africa,  hi  the  Tring  Maseum  'i  6 i  from:  Taveta,  July  1891 
{type);  Dar-es-Salaam  ;  Zomba,  Nyassaland,  xii.  1895  (Dr.  Percy  Rendall).  2  ?  ? 
in  the  Berlin  Mnseum  from  Uar-es-Salaam. 

The  Zomba  example  has  the  blue  postdiscal  patches  of  the  forewing  above 
more  proximal  than  the  other  specimens,  the  patches  being  the  same  in  position  as 
in  cacuthis,  and  the  band  of  the  hindwing  is  also  more  proximal. 

c.  Ch.  etesipe  abyssinicus  Rothscli.  snbsp.  nov. 

Charaxes  />(««<>«,  Oberthur  (non  Godart,  1823),  Ann.  Mii.-^.  Cii;  Genova  XV.  p.  165.  n.  44.  (1879) 
(Let  Marefia,  Shoa,  Aug.  '77)  ;  id.,  I.e.  XVIII.  p.  727.  n.  55  (1883)  (Feleklek,  XII.,  Sciotalit, 
I.  IV.);  Auriv.,  ?.<•.  (pt.). 

<S.  Differs  from  Ch.  etesipe  tavetensis  as  follows:  Upperside,  forewing,  jjost- 
discal  patch  M-— SM-  larger,  jiatch  at  internal  margin  e.xtended  to  angle  of  wing  ; 


(  459  ) 

admarginal  spots  larger,  spots  M- — SM^  merged  together  to  one  spot,  which  is 
somewhat  3-shaped  and  touches  the  veins. — Hindwing:  pale  lilne  baud  of  more 
even  width,  being  narrower  behind,  and  broader  in  front  than  in  tavetfnsis,  patch 
S('= — Ri  measuring  nearlj'  5  mm.  in  length,  while  patch  R^ — M'  is  ver)'  little  over 
5  mm.  long. 

Underside :  ground  colour  more  cinnamon,  the  white  patches  as  well  as  the  red 
bars  near  the  end  of  the  cell  of  the  hindwing  mnch  less  distinct. 

?.   Unknown. 

In  the  form  of  the  band  of  the  hindwing  intermediate  between  C/i.  etesipe 
tavetensis  and  (_li.  etesipe  etesipe. 

Length  of  forewing  :  S,  40  mm. 

Hab.  Abyssinia  :  Sciotalit,  Scioa  (Shoa),  23.  i.  '80  (Antinori;,  1  <?. 

d.  Ch.  etesipe  etesipe. 

Piip/Ko  Nyiiiphalis  Pluderatus  etJievcles,  Drury  (non  Cramer,  1777),  l.c. ;  Fabr.,  I.e. 
(?).  Papilio  Eqties  Achims  elheodes,  Herbst,  Naliirs.  ScJimrIL  IV.  p.  71.  n.  167.  t.  65.  f.  5  (1790)  (pt.). 
?  .  Nymphalis  etesipe  Godart,  I.c.  ;  Doubl.,  Westw,  &  Hew.,  Gen.  Diurn.  II.  p.  308.  n.  9  (1850). 
j.  Nymphalis  ethela  Godart,  l.c.  :  Gut'r.,  Icon,  mrjnc  An.  t.  78.  f.  4  (1820)  &  p.  477  (1844)  ;  Griffith, 

Anim.  Kingdom,  Ins.  t.  2.  f.  4  (1832)  ;  Doabl.,  Westw.  &  Hew.,  l.c.  n.  10  (1850). 
?  .  Cluiraxes  elcsipr,  Butler,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Lonrl.  p.  629.  n.  25  (1865)  (S.  Leoae). 
fj.  Charaxes  ethehi,  Butler,  l.c.  n.  27. 

$  .  Charaxes  etheocUs,  Butler,  Ckit.  Diurn.  Lep.  ilescr.  hij  Fair.  p.  52.  n.  9  (1869)  (pt.). 
(j  5  .  Chariixes  etesipe,  Butler,  Tr.  Ent.  Soc.  Land.  p.  273.  t.  5.  f.  6.  J  (1869)  (ctlieta  =  cJ  of  etaipc) ; 

Mab.,  in  Grandid.,  Hist.  Mndag.,  Lep.  I.  p.  189.  n.  8  (1885-87)  (Madagascar  ex  err. ! .')  ;  Dewitz, 

Nov.  Act.  Leop.  Cur.  Ak.  Naturf.  L.  4.  p.  371   (1887)  (Mukenge,  IV.  VIII.)  ;  Capronn.,  C.  R. 

Soc.  Ent.  Belg.  XXXIII.  p.  146.  n.  80  (1890)  (Gaboon)  ;  Smith,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Loml.  p.  472. 

n.  87  (1390)  (Aruwimi)  ;  Godm.  &  Salv.,  in  Jameson,  Story  of  Hear  Column  p.  440.  n.  81  (1890) 

(Aruwimi  ;   Upper   Congo)  ;   Auriv.,  Ent.   Tidslr.  XII.   p.  215.  n.  140  (1891)  (Cameroons  ; 

Gaboon) ;  id.,  l.c.  XV.  p.  311.  n.  196  (1894)  (Cameroons,  IV.  XI.)  ;  Butl.,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc. 

Loud.  XXV.  p.   399.  n.   147   (1896)   (S.   Leone  ;  Accra  ;  O.  Calabar  :  Isubu  ;   Cameroons)  ; 

Auriv.,  Kongl.  Sr.  Vet.  Ak.  Handl.  XXXI.  5.  p.  234.  n.  13  (1899)  (S.  Leone  to  Angola  and 

Aruwimi  ;  Abyssinia  and  Madagascar  loc.  err.). 
cJ  $.  Nymphalis  etesipe,  Kirby,   Cat.  Diurn.  Lep.  p.  269.  n.  24  (1871)  (Afr.  occ.)  ;  Dewitz,  Nor. 

Act.  Leop.  Car.  Ak.  Naturf.  XLI.  2.  2.  p.  29  (1879)  (N.  Angola). 

S.    Wings  shorter  and  broader  than  in  the  other  races  ;  ahore  with  postdiscal 

macular  bands  narrow. Forewing :   discal  spot  M' — M-  nearer  to  cell  than  to 

postdiscal  spot ;  postdiscal  spot  M- — SM-  proximally  incised,  distally  produced  into 
a  short  line  upon  (SM'),  somewhat  shaped  like  figure  3,  about  half  as  wide  again 
transversely  as  in  basi-distal  direction,  spot  M' — M-  convex  proximally,  somewhat 
concave  distally,  diameter  about  IJ  mm.,  spot  at  internal  margin  very  variable  in 

length  ;  ])Osterior  admarginal    spots   rather   heavier   than  in  the  other  races. 

Hindwing :  postdiscal  spots  nearly  eijual  in  width,  spot  C — SC-  often  small, 
sometimes  obsolete,  spots  R' — SM-  distinctly  halfmoon-shaped,  all  separated  from 
one  another,  the  last  ones,  however,  mostly  touching  each  other. 

Underside  more  extended  drab  than  in  cacuthis. — Forewing :  discal  bars 
M' — SM-  widely  separated  from  median  ones  ;  cellule  M- — SM-  mnch  shaded  with 
black,  with  scarcely  any  or  with  few  white  scales  at  outer  side  of  median  bar, 
the  discal  bar  M^ — SM-  very  heavy,  as  iu  tacetensis  ;  cellules  R- — M'  with  n  large 

creamy   patch,   the    submarginal    bars    more   or    less   obliterated. Hindwing : 

discal  bars  R' — M^  very  short. 

?.  Wings,  above:  markings  varying  individually  from  white  to  creamy  buff. 
Forewing  :    spots  smaller  than  in  taceten.ns,  discal  spots  R' — M-  as  a  rule 


(  460  ) 

separate  from  postdiscal  ones,  seldom  close  to  them,  or,  if  fused  with  them,  very 

small. Hiiidwing:  admarginal  line  R- — M-  obsolete  or  very  thin  and  interrupted; 

white  submarginal  dots  C — R-  more  or  less  obsolete  in  the  specimens  from  Sierra 
Leone  to  Gold  Coast. 

Length  of  forewing:    i,  35 — 4U  mm. 
„  „  ¥,  41 — 45  mm. 

/lab.  West  Africa,  from  Sierra  Leone  to  Angola  and  Unyoro.  In  the  Tring 
Museum  36  cTt?,  11  ??  from:  Sierra  Leone;  Kumassi  to  Mansu,  iv.  '!t9 
(Northcott)  ;  Mamfi,  Accra,  Begoro  ;  Warri,  20.  ix.  '97  (Dr.  Roth)  ;  Cameroons  ; 
Great  Forest  of  Upper  Congo,  two  and  three  days'  march  from  Ft.  Beni,  C.  v.  & 
T.  V.  '99  (Dr.  Ansorge)  ;  Congo  ;  Kassai  ;  Wakibara,  Unyoro,  23.  vii.  '97, 
Warringo  R.,  Unyoro,  8.  vii.  '97,  Fajao,  Unyoro,  10.  xii.  '97  (Ur.  Ansorge). 

Dr.  Rotli  caught  a  ?  at  night  at  a  lamp  (!)  at  Warri,  Niger  Coast  Protectorate- 
Pi.  V.  of  Nov.  ZooL.  V.  represents  a  curious  aberration  from  Sierra  Leone. 

n*.  t?  with  band  of  hindwing  above  in  middle. 

65.  Charaxes  penricei  Rothsch.,  sp.  nov. 

<?.  Body  as  in  CA.  etesipe. 

Wings,  wpperside,  bluish  black,  somewhat  metallic  green  towards  base. 

Forewing  :  markings  similar  in  position  to  those  of  Ch.  etesipe  cacuthis,  all  white, 
the  posterior  patches  slightly  edged  with  blue,  postdiscal  spots  SC^ — R^  larger 
than   in  cacuthis,  patch   M- — SM-   0  mm.  wide,  more  proximal  than  in  cacuthis, 

being   9  mm.   distant   from  end  of  SM^ Hindwing  :  a  band  across  the   wing 

as  in  the  ?  etesipe,  but  the  band  is  blue  for  the  greater  part,  the  white  colour 
being  restricted  to  spots  which  correspond  to  the  white  spots  of  the  underside, 
externally  the  band  is  incised  npon  the  veins,  point  of  origin  of  M'  about  in  middle 
of  band  ;  median  bar  C — SC-  and  bar  D  appear  as  black  lines  within  the  band  ; 
.submarginal  and  admarginal  spots  essentially  as  in  etesipe  etesipe. 

Underside  nearly  as  in  etesipe  S,  but  the  white  markings   larger  and  purer 

in  colour,  the  red  bars  brighter. Forewing  :  black  discal  bars  R^ — SM-  placed 

as  in  etesipe  ? ,  being  much  more  proximal  than  in  etesipe  6,  discal  bar  M- — SM^ 
not  clearly  separated  from  the  respective  median  one,  white  postdiscal  interspace 
M^— SM=  3i  mm.  broad  at  M-',  and  6  mm.  at  SM-,  black  postdiscal  patch  M^— SM^ 

larger  than  in  etesipe  ?. Hindwing:    rufous  red   post<liscal    spots   C — W    very 

conspicuous,  the  following  postdiscal  interspaces  also  more  or  less  rufous  red, 
median  and  subraedian  bars  M^ — (SM')  closer  together  than  in  etesipe. 

Length  of  forewing  :   cJ,  38  mm. 

Genital  armature  not  essentially  different  from  that  of  Ch.  etesipe. 

llab.  Quebe  R.,  Angola  (Penrice),  1  S. 

This  curious  sj)ecies  resembles  much  more  the  ?  of  Ch.  etesipe  than  the  6 
on  the  upperside  of  the  hindwing,  while  on  the  forewing  the  pattern  recalls  that 
of  Ch.  etesipe  cacuthis  from  Madagascar. 

w'.  Discal  and  postdiscal  bars  of  hindwing  below  regularly  arched,  forming 
halfmoons  together. 

60.  Charaxes  achaemenes  (Nov.  Zool.  VII.  t.  12  f.  1.  ?). 

Ch/iraxes  jocuste  Doubleday,  List.  Spec.  Lep.  Ins.  Brit.  Huh.  I.  Append,  p.  28  (1844)  {nom.  mul.)  ; 
But!.,  Proc.  Zool.  Sor.  Lmid.  p.  628.  n.  21  (1865)  (»'>;».  mul.;  Senegal) ;  id.,  IV.  Eiil.  6V.  Lmul. 


(  461   ) 

p.  274  (1809)  (m-hienifws  =jocaste);  id.,  Ann.  Ma;,.  N.  B.  (4).  XVIII.  p.  481  (1876)  (Atbara); 

id.,  I.e.  (0).  VII.  p.  4->.  n.  11   (1891)  (Kandera,  X.)  ;  id.,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Lnml.  p.  648.  n.  17 

(1893)  (Zomba,  VII.). 
Nymphalh  jucaste  Doubleday,  Westw.  &  Hew.,  Gen.  Diurn.  Lcp.  II.  p.  309.  n.  17  (1850)  {nom.  mid  ; 

Senegal). 
Charaxes  achamenr.i  Felder,  Reise  Noi-ara,  Lep.  p.  446.  n.  729.  t.  59.  f.  6.  7  (1867)  (Natal) ;  Butl., 

Tr.  Ent.  Soc.  Land.  p.  121.  n.  20  (1870)  (=  S  oi  jocoste);  Obertb.,  yl;m.  Mus.  Civ.  Genom 

XVIII.  p.  727.  n.  56  (1883)  (Shoa,  August)  ;  Trim.  &  Bowk.,  S.  Afr.  Butt.  I.  p.  .340.  n.  113 

(1887)  (Natal  ;  Del.  Bay  ;  Becbuanaland)  ;  Mab.,  Ann.  Soe.  Ent.   Fr.  p.  23  (1890)  (Assinie)  ; 

Trim.,  Pm:  Zool.  So,:  Loml.  p.  80.  n.  35  (1891)  (S.W.  Afr.;  Omrora,  VIII. ;  Ehanda,  IX.)  ; 

Monteiro,  Ddogoa  Boy  t.  1.  f.  2  (1891) ;  Trim.,  I.e.  p.  41.  n.  65.  t.  5.  f.  7.   ?   (1894)  (Manica)  ; 

Carpent.,  Proc.  Roy.  Dublin  Soc.  (2).  VIII.  (1895)  (Lokoja)  ;  Butl.,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Loud. 

p.  256.  n.  18  (1895)  (Zomba)  ;  id.,  Jmirn.  Linn.  Soc.  Lond.  XXV.  p.  356.  n.  15  (1896)  (Senegal ; 

Atbara  ;  Kandera  ;  Zomba  ;  Zambesi  ;  Del.  Bay)  ;  id..  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Lond.  p.  822.  n.  11. 

(1896)   (Deep  Bay,   Nyassa,  III.);   id.,  /..-.  p.  852.  n.  11  (1896)   (Nya'^sa)  ;    Lanz,   h-ix  IX. 

p.  142.  (1896)   (Tanganyika)  ;   Auriv.,  Kougl.  Sv.   Vet.  Ak.  Handl.  XXXI.  5.  p.  234.  n.  IS 

(1899)  (Senegal ;  Ivory  Coast ;  Lokoja  ;  Angola  ;  S.W.  Africa.  ;  Becbuanaland  ;  Natal  to  the 

Tanganyika,  Somaliland  and  Abyssinia). 
A'ym/ihalh  acJiaenienes,  Kirby,  Cat.  Diurn.  Lep.  p.  269.  n.  20  (1871)  ;  Dewitz,  Nuc.  Act.  Leoii.  Car. 

Ak.  Naturf.  XLI.  2.  2.  p.  28  (1879)  (Angola). 

<?.  Body  above  olive  drab,  head  and  pronotum  nearly  walnnt  brown,  abdomen 
drab  colour  ;  white  dots  on  head  and  line  behind  eye  conspicnous  ;  underside 
creamy  white,  with  brown  oblique  streaks  on  breast  underneath  femora,  anterior 
tibia  brown  in  front. 

Wi7igs  aboee  olive  black,  bistre  colour  towards  base  ;    markings  white. 

Forewing  :  elongate  as  in  Ck.  fahius  faiius  ;  cell  mostly  with  an  obscure  spot 
in  upper  angle ;  a  discal  band  of  four  patches  from  R'  to  internal  margin,  oblique, 
patch  M^— S^P  5  mm.  broad  at  SM-,  patches  R=— M^  mostly  somewhat  narrower, 
separated,  conve.x  proximally,  somewhat  concave  distally,  especially  patch  R^— M', 
this  band  jjreceded  by  three  discal  sjwts  ;  spot  R-— R'  close  to  cell,  small,  the 
other  two,  S0°— R^  at  about  ^  the  way  from  cell  to  apex  of  wing;  an  oblique 
postdiscal  series  of  spots  from  SC^  to  IVP,  decreasing  in  size  posticad,  the  upper  one 
U  to  2i  mm.  wide,  spots  R'— M^  close  to  discal  patches,  with  which  they  are 
sometimes  completely  fused  ;  a  series  of  admarginal  elongate  dots  from  SC— SM^ 
standing  upon  the  iuternervular  folds,  the  s])ots  of  about  the  same  size  throughout. 

Hindwing  ;  a  discal  band  from  costal  margin  to  abdominal  fold  as  prolongation 

of  the  band  of  the  forewing,  4|  mm.  broad  at  SC^  generally  widened  basad  in  cell, 
its  outer  edge  nearly  straight,  crossing  M  at,  or  a  little  beyond,  origin  of  M'  ;  a 
complete  series  of  snbmarginal  dots,  all  prominent,  more  or  less  heavily  shaded 
with  glaucous  blue  :  admarginal  spots  linear,  glaucous  blue,  somewhat  white  at 
veins  as  a  rule,  extending  into  tails,  spots  IV— W  thin,  SC-— R^  absent  or  vestigial, 
C— SC-  absent,  anal  one  more  or  less  yellow,  wing  suddenly  widened  from  R-  to  SM-, 
hence  the  admarginal  and  snbmarginal  series  of  spots  broken  at  R-  (which  is 
especially  evident  on  underside)  ;  abdominal  fold  grey  in  middle,  especially  near 
SM^  with  an  ill-defined  white  patch  before  anal  angle. 

Underside :  greyish  white,  variegated  with  drab  colour  ;  basal  to  median  bars 
rnfous  chestnut,  edged  with  black,  except  thin  bars  SC^'—SM' of  hindwing,  which 
have  the  black  edges  seldom  vestigial. Forewing  :  basal  cell-spot  present,  cell- 
bar  3  represented  by  a  spot  behind  SC,  bar  4  very  oblique,  curved  costad,  somewhat 
comma-shaped,  but  of  nearly  the  same  thickness  throughout,  closer  to  M-  than  M' ; 
bar  D  somewhat  dilated  costally  ;  snbmedian  and  median  bars  about  at  right  angles 
to  veins,  interspaces  M'— (SM')  of  about  the  same  width,  bars  M'— M=  more  distal 


(  462  ) 

than  l)ars  5P — (SM'),  no  submedian  bar  R' — M',  median  bar  W — M'  1  to  U  mm. 
more  distal  than  median  bar  M' — M-,  3  mm.  from  base  of  M',  slif^htly  curved,  bar 
R^ — R^  a  little  more  proximal,  bars  SC — R'  6i  mm.  from  apex  of  cell,  forminor  one 
continnons,  obliqne,  straight  line,  bar  R' — R-  more  distal,  small,  convex  distad  : 
discal  bars  HV* — M-  widely  sojiarated  from  one  another,  small,  the  upjier  two, 
which  are  the  heaviest,  with  drab  coloured  patches  at  proximal  side,  bar  R-— R' 
generally  a  mere  dot,  bar  R' — M'  mostly  curved,  no  discal  bar  M- — SM-,  the  discal 
interspaces  milky  white,  much  wider  than  the  median  ones,  proximal  portions  of 
postdiscal  interspaces  also  white,  fnsed  with  tlie  discal  ones,  so  that  the  discal  bars 
R' — M-  are  placed  within  the  white  area,  rest  of  postdiscal  interspaces  drab  colour 
with  a  series  of  internervnlar,  cadmium  yellow,  spots  which  decrease  in  size  costad 
and  are  distally  bordered  by  the  black  postdiscal  bars,  of  these  latter  bars  SC* — R' 
are  minute,  bars  SC — SC''  subtriangular,  liars  M- — SM-  fused  to  one,  nearly 
quadrangular,  patch,  the  diameters  of  which  are  about  2  and  3  mm.  ;  submarginal 
bars  tawny  olive,  luniform,  convex  distally,  IJ  mra.  from  edge  of  wing  between 
veins,  last  three  less  curved,  last  two  joined  together  and  more  black,  submedian 
interspaces  ecru  drab  with  darker  centres,  posterior  ones  like  posterior  admarginal 
interspace  shaded  with  pale  blue  ;  marginal  line  drab  ;  longitudinal,  whitish,  dashes 

at  ends  of  internervnlar  folds. Hindwing  :  basal  costal  bar  vestigial,  close  to  base 

of  wing,  PC  edged  with  rufous  chestnut,  no  submedian  and  median  costal  bars  ;  all 
the  basal  to  median  bars  thin,  except  bars  C — SC-,  which  are  close  together,  and 
cell-bar  2,  as  well  as  upper  portions  of  cell-bar  4  ;  snbbasal  bar  M' — (.SM')  joined 
along  (SM')  to  submedian  bar,  median  bars  M-— (8M')  and  (SM')— SM-  both 
curved  basad  near  (SM'),  the  prolongations  soon  fused  to  a  line  which  extends 
to  submedian  series  ;  median  bar  SC^ — R'  at  or  beyond  D-,  bar  R^ — R^  about 
1  mm.  more  distal  than  bar  D  ;  discal  bars  black,  luniform,  the  upper  three 
heavier  than  the  others,  bar  R- — R'  the  most  distal  of  the  series,  bars  M- — SM' 
almost  straight,  slightly  oblique  to  veins,  somewhat  inclining  basad  posteriorly  ; 
discal  interspaces  drab  colour  at  discal  bars,  this  colour  filling  up  the  greater  part 
of  interspaces  R^ — M^,  while  the  rest  of  the  discal  interspaces  (as  well  as  cell)  is 
creamy  white  ;  postdiscal  bars  thin,  lunitorm,  the  series  parallel  to  the  discal  one, 
but  the  upper  three  bars  are  little  wider  apart  from  the  discal  ones  than  bans 
W — M-,  postdiscal  interspaces  obscurely  cadmium  yellow  and  greenish  buif,  the 
upper  ones  more  yellow  than  the  others  ;  admarginal  black  bars  shaded  with  pale 
blue,  upper  three  straight,  but  not  continuous,  the  following  ones  more  distal  (owing 
to  the  form  of  the  wing)  and  also  heavier,  except  bar  M' — M-  which  is  nearl}' 
entirely  replaced  by  blue  scaling  ;  white  submarginal  spots  larger  than  the  black 
ones,  submarginal  interspaces  ecru  drab  ;  admarginal  interspaces  ( ' — R-  cadmium 
yellow,  well-defined,  edged  with  creamy  white,  the  others  greenish  buff,  more  or 
less  white  at  veins  ;  tails  long,  upper  one  pointed,  4  to  7  mm.  long,  second  of  nearly 
even  width,  0  to  1 1  mm.  long. 

S.  Larger  than  6,  body  above  as  in  c^,  or  olivaceous  tawiiy.     Wings  broader 
than  in  tJ,  tails  longer.     Upperside  of  wings  umber  brown  towards  base,  or  basal 

area  rufous  tawny  ;  markings  larger  than  in  d. Forewing  :   markings  yellowish 

buff  or  orange  buff,  discal  band  paler  behind,  discal  and  postdiscal  spots  SC'' — R' 
more  or  less  fused  together  to  long  streaks,  discal  bars  R' — M'  absent  or  vestigial. 

. Hindwing :  discal  band  like  that  of  forewing,  rather  paler  ;  submarginal  spots 

ns  in  <S,  larger;  admarginal  spots  C — R'  more  or  less  tawny,  sometimes  faint. 

Underside:  as  in  S,  submarginal  pale  blue  patches  R- — SM-  of  hindwing  large. 


(  463  ) 

Length  of  forewing  ;  S,  34 — 30  mm. 
,,  „  ?  ,  39 — 45  mm. 

Teuth  tergite  of  abdomen  (c?)  rounded  triangular,  subtruiicated,  with  tlie  trace 
of  a  sinns  ;  clasper  slender,  almost  gradually  narrowed  to  a  point  from  beyond 
middle  to  end,  the  apical  third  very  slender,  slightly  curved  mesiad,  armed  on  the 
dorsal  edge  by  a  tootli  which  points  sharply  mesiad  (PI.  VIII.  f.  36)  ;  penis-fnnncl 
short,  narrow,  apex  convex  dorsally,  extreme  tip  suddenly  narrowed  and  curved 
downwards,  forming  a  sharp  hook  ;  penis  with  a  dorsal  series  of  teeth,  the  proximal 
teeth  a  little  larger  and  placed  towards  the  left  side. 

The  seventh  ventral  segment  of  the  abdomen  of  the  ?  (Nov.  Zool.V.  p.  550,  f.  14) 
convex  in  middle  postically  forming  a  cavity  at  the  month  of  the  vagina. 

Hab.  East  Africa,  from  Natal  (?)  to  Abyssinia,  and  from  there  to  Senegambia 
and  the  hinterlands  of  the  West  Coast  as  far  south  as  the  Niger;  not  known  from  the 
trne  West  African  forest  region.  A  rather  common  insect  in  British  Central  Africa. 
In  the  Tring  Museum  50  cfc?,  9  ?  ?  from:  Gold  Coast;  Bathurst ;  R.  Gambia; 
Abyssinia  ;  Wakibara,  Unyoro,  9.  vii.  and  23.  vii.  '97  (Dr.  Ansorge) ;  Ndi,  Brit.  E. 
Afr.,  20.  iii.  '95  (Dr.  Ansorge)  ;  Kibwezi,  5.  ii.  '95  (Dr.  Ansorge)  ;  Zomba,  Nyassa- 
land,  xii  '95  (Dr.  Percy  Rendall)  ;  Likoma,  Nyassaland,  1.  vi.,  2.  vi.,  12.  vi.,  15.  vi., 
16.  vi.,  17.  vi.,  3.  vii.,  11.  vii.,  15.  vii.,  17.  vii.,  20.  vii.,  21.  vii.,  1896  (Rev.  Dntton)  ; 
Lauderdale,  Nyassaland  ;  Chipaika  Estate,  Bandawe,  Nyassaland  (F.  Watkinsou)  ; 
Delagoa  Bay,  vi.  ;  at  various  places  between  Lialui  and  Njoko,  Upp.  Zambesi,  iv.  '98 
(Coryndon);  Calweha  R.,  Angola,  29.  iii.,  15.  iv.,  30.  iv.,  1.  v.,  11.  v.,  12.  v.,  20.  vi.  '98 
(Penrice) ;  Olimbinga  R.,  Angola,  3.  iv.  and  2.  v.  '98  (Penrice)  ;  Benguella  to 
C'aconda,  Angola,  v.  '07  (Penrice)  ;  Natal  (Felder  ;  correct  ?)  ;  Zambesi  (Felder). 

The  similarity  between  the  ?  of  C/i.  achaemenes,  Ch.  guderiana,  and  c?  ?  (7*. 
pelias  saturnus  is  very  striking  (see  Nov.  Zool.  VII.  t.  12.  f.  L  2.  3.). 

Mr.  Coryndon,  when  trekking  down  the  Zambesi  from  Lialui,  observed  this 
species  being  often  attracted  by  the  meat  (antelopes,  etc.)  hung  on  to  the  waggon  ; 
he  found  it  also  feeding  on  the  trunk  of  a  small  wounded  tree. 

j'.  Bars  in  basal  half  of  underside  thin,  black,  seldom  tawny,  but  in  the  latter 
case  not  edged  with  black ;  or  jjartly  absent, 
o'.  Discal  bars  of  fore-  and  hind  wing,  below,  black,  regularly  arched. 

0*.  Discal  bars  M' — SM-'  of  forewing  below  absent,  or  vestigia],  placed 
within  a  whitedisco-postdiscal  band  ;  fore-  and  hindwing  below 
with  red  or  yellow  postdiscal  spots. 
If'.  Band  and  spots  of  upperside  cream  colour  or  yellow. 

67.  Charaxes  fabius. 

Papilio  Eqiies  Aehivus  fahius  f  abricius,  Si)ec.  Ins.  II.  p.  12.  n.  47  (17S2)  (India). 

S  ? .  Bodi/  above  bistre  brown,  thorax  slightly  olivaceous  ;  underside  creamy 
buff  to  clayish  bull",  palpi  paler. 

(?.    Wings,  upperside:    brownish   black,  bistre   brown  at  base,  with  creamy 

white  or  deep  maize  yellow  markings. Forewing   rather   pointed  ;   a  band  of 

three  patches  runs  straight  across  veins  from  M'  to  internal  margin  which  it  readies 
beyond  middle  ;  these  patches  are  homologous  of  tlie  discal  and  postdiscal  inter- 
spaces which  are  fused  together,  the  band  is  continued  costad  and  apicad  by  two 
series  of  spots,  an  inner,  discal,  series,  of  which  spot  R' — M'  is  often  absent,  spot 


(  464  ) 

W — R'  stands  closer  to  cell,  aud  spots  SC — R',  often  partly  absent,  are  placed  at 
^  of  the  way  from  cell  to  ajiex  of  wing  ;  and  an  outer,  postdiscal,  series  of  4  or  5 
spots  running  ajiicad  but  curving  costad  at  SC,  spot  S(_'* — S('°  often  absent ;  a 
series  of  submarginal  dots,  Ijecoraing  minute   or  obsolete  costad,  the   last  three 

always  present. Hindwing  :    an  almost  straight  discal  band,  which  is  pale  in 

front,  extends  from  costal  margin  to  M-  or  (SM"),  its  inner  edge  crosses  M  at  origin 
of  M',  its  width  variable  according  to  locality  ;  a  series  of  small  white  or  yellowish 
submarginal  spots,  the  last  two  with  some  blue  or  olive  bntf  scaling  at  outside  ; 
adraarginal  spots  maize  yellow  or  creamy,  narrow  upon  internervular  folds  or 
divided  into  triangular  spots,  spot  C — SC-  always  absent,  often  also  the  next  (ine, 
the  last  one  or  ones  mostly  olive  buff. 

Underside  :  ecru  drab  or  fawn  colour,  the  outer  region  sometimes  deejier  drab 

colour  or  shaded  with  tawny  olive,  bars  black. Forewing  :  cell-bar  1  absent,  2  a 

dot,  3  represented  by  two  spots  or  complete,  4  nearly  straight  or  angled  ;  bar  D 
not,  or  little,  dilated  in  front ;  snbmedian  bar  not  distal  of  base  of  M',  generally 
midway  lietween  bases  of  M'  and  M-,  snbmedian  bar  R' — M'  absent;  median  bars 
R' — SM-  at  right  angles  to  veins  (or  nearly  so),  bar  M' — M^  sometimes  arched, 
bar  R^ — R'  in  front  of  R' — M'  or  more  proximal,  bars  SC^ — R-  at  nearly  J  the  way 
from  cell  to  apex  of  wing,  discal  interspaces  at  outer  side  of  median  -bars  with 
creamy  white  or  pale  yellow  patches,  which  are  jiartly  absent  in  some  forms  ;  discal 
bars  more  or  less  arched,  bars  S(!* — M'  forming  the  proximal  border  of  postdiscal 
spots,  which  correspond  in  size  and  position  to  those  of  the  upperside,  discal  bar 
R^ — M'  sometimes  very  close  to  median  one,  with  the  interspace  between  of  the 
ground  colour ;  the  creamy  or  pale  yellow  patches  M' — SM-  represent  the  discal  and 
postdiscal  ones  fused  together,  sometimes  patch  M' — M-  divided  by  a  Inniform 
discal  bar  into  a  discal  and  postdiscal  portion  ;  submarginal  bars  represented  by 
black  spots,  of  which  spots  M^ — SM^  form  a  large  double  patch,  contiguous  with 
this  series  (and  marked  even  if  the  submarginal  spots  are  obsolete)  is  a  series  of 
chrome  yellow  or  deep  chrome  spots  which  are  larger  than  the  lilack  sulimarginal 
spots  and  gradually  decrease  in  size  costad  ;  the  submarginal  patches  M' — SM^ 
with  creamy  scaling  at  outside  which  forms  a  spot  between  M-  aud  SM-  which 

resembles   the   figure  3. Hindwing :    subbasal   costal   bar  and   basal   cell-spot 

absent ;  snbmedian  series  stopping  at  (SM'),  crossing  M  at,  or  close  to,  base  of  M-  ; 
median  series  somewhat  irregular,  but  nearly  straight  from  costal  margin  to  R^, 
bars  M- — SM-  about  at  right  angles  to  (SM'),  the  series  reaching  M  at  or  a  little 
beyond  base  of  M- ;  veins  SM-  and  SM^  sometimes  partly  black  ;  discal  interspaces 
in  most  forms  with  creamy  white  patches  at  median  bars  ;  discal  bars  thin,  arched, 
Innnle  R^ — M'  more  proximal,  R- — R^  more  distal,  than  the  others,  hence  the  series 
angled  at  R^  ;  the  discal  Innules  followed  at  1  to  2  mm.  distance  by  a  series  of 
chrome  yellow  or  red  halfmoons,  of  which  the  second  is  sometimes  obsolete  ;  these 
halfmoons  are  contiguous  with  the  black  postdiscal  bars,  which  are  obliterated  iu 
some  forms  ;  white  submarginal  dots  C — R-  sometimes  obsolete,  black  sulimarginal 
liars  linear,  with  blue  sjiots  at  proximal  side,  the  bars  contiguous  with  yellow  or 
olive  bufi'  admarginal  interspaces  which  are  paler  at  veins  :  tails  acute,  second  at 
least  as  long  as  first. 

?.  Like  tJ,  but  larger,  wings  broader,  tails  longer  and  less  pointed,  the  first 
longer  than  second,  creamy  white  or  yellow  marking  wider. 

Length  of  forewing  :  <S,  30—40  mm. 
„  „  ?,  34 — 48  mm. 


(  465  ) 

Clasper  apically  jirodnced  into  a  hook,  variable  in  the  different  subspecies,  the- 
thickened  basi-ventral  part  armed  with  a  tooth  or  dentate  process  ;  penis-funnel 
curved  downwards,  forming  a  strong  and  sharply  pointed  hook ;  penis  armed 
with  teeth,  dilated,  1  or  2  mm.  before  the  end,  into  a  ridge;  tenth  tergite  bluntly 
triangular,  with  the  apex  more  or  less  sinuate. 

Hab.  From  Ceylon  and  N.  India  to  iSuraatra,  Borneo,  the  Philippines,  Celebes, 
and  the  Sula  Is.  ;  not  found  in  Java,  not  recently  on  the  Andaman  and  Nicobar 
Islands,  but  recorded  by  Godart  (1823)  from  the  Nicobars  (by  mistake  ?). 

The  sexual  armature  of  the  cj  cj  is  obviously  different  in  the  several  geographical 
races  (compare  figs.  20—23,  37—44,  50—53  of  Plate  VIII.). 

The  species  is  of  an  African  tyjie  and  lives  in  more  open  country,  not  in  the 
dense  forest. 

a.  Ch.  fabius  lampedo. 

Eriboea  UimpnU  Hiibner,  Samml.  E.r.  Schmetl.  II.  t.  52.  f.  3.  4.   ?   (1816-?). 

Nymphalis  lamprdn,  Doubleday,  Westw.  &  Hew.,  Gen.  D'mrn.  Lep.  II.  p.  309.  n.  31  (1850). 

Charaxes  himpnhi,  Butler,  Proc.  Zoul.  Sue.  Loud.  p.  628.  n.  20  (1865)  ;  Semper,  Tagf.  Philijip.  p.  79, 

n.  99  (1887)  (Mariveles,  Luzon  ;  Cebu) ;  id.,  U.  p.  335.  n.  99  (1892)  (S.E.  Mindanao ;  Palawan) ; 

Butl.,  Jourii.  Linn.  Snc.  Loud.  XXV.  p.  356.  n.  17  (1896)  (Palawan). 
(J.  Chimi.r.es  zephyrua  Butler,  Cht.  Ent.  I.  p.  5  (1809)  (hab.  ?) ;  id.,  Lep.  E.rol.  p.  27.  n.  4.  t.  10.  f.  1. 

(1870). 
Nymphiilis  fahius  var.  a.  Eriboea  hiin/tcdo,  Kirby,  Cat.  Diurn.  Lep.  p.  269.  sub  n.  18  (1871). 
Charaxes  fabius  var.  lampedo,  Staudinger,  L-is  II.  p.  82  (1889)  (Palawan). 

(?  ? .    Wings  above  :   yellowish  olivaceous  buff  towards  base,   markings  deep 

maize  yellow. Forewing  :    discal  and  postdiscal  spots  R' — M'  separate,  of  the 

same  size,  or  the  discal  one  somewhat  smaller,  no  streaks  in  front  of  discal  spot 
SC — R>;  postdiscal  spot  SO*— SC*  absent ;  of  the  submarginal  series  spots  SC^— R^ 

are  absent,  spot  R' — M'  is  generally  obsolete. Hindwing  :  discal  band  somewhat 

wider  behind  than  between  SC'*  and  R-,  approaching  admarginal  spots  posteriorly  ; 
the  latter  constricted  but  not  divided  between  veins  in  ?,  more  or  less  divided  into 
triangular  spots  in  S . 

Underside  :  fawn  colour. Forewing  :  discal  bar  M^ — M^  at  least  vestigial, 

arched  ;    yellow    postdiscal    spots    deep    chrome    colour. Hindwing  :    the    discal 

luuiform  liars  all  well  marked,  postdiscal  rufous  red  sjjots  all  present,  spot  SC- — R' 
not  obsolete;  no  black  postdiscal  bars;  median  bars  bordered  white  distally,  with  or 
without  white  patches  at  outer  side  ;  admarginal  buft'  spots  slightly  more  yellow  or 
olive  buff  between  veins  ;  tails  c?,  first  4,  second  o  to  G  mm.;  ?,  first  7  to  9,  second 
5i  to  7  mm. 

Length  of  forewing  :  cJ,  37 — 40  mm. 
„  „  ?,  44— 46  mm. 

Sexual  organs  of  J  on  PI.  VIII.  ;  clasiier  (f  37  side  view,  f.  38  dorsal  view) 
with  a  long  irregularly  dentate  subventral  process,  apex  of  clasper  with  a  hook  of 
which  the  outer  edge  is  slightly  denticulated,  and  a  short  round  lobe  ;  penis  dilated 
about  2  mm.  before  the  end  (f.  20),  the  dilated  dorsal  part  dentate  ;  i)enis-lunuel 
short,  but  slender. 

Hab.  Philipiiine  Islands :  Palawan,  1  cJ,  1  ?  (Dr.  Platen)  ;  Mindoro,  1  ? 
(Dr.  Platen);  Mindanao,  1  c^,  1  ?  (Dr.  Platen);  Luzon  (Semper);  Cebu  (Semper); 
Mariveles  (Semper). 

The  discal  interspaces  of  the  hindwing  below  are  in  the  Palawan  specimens  we 
have  seen  more  extended  white  than  in  those  from  Mindoro  and  Mindanao,  especially 


(  466  ) 

in  the  ?;  whether  this  difference  is  constant,  we  do  not  know,  as  we  have  not 
examined  a  longer  series  of  lampeclo.  Hiibner's  figure  (without  locality)  agrees 
best  with  Palawan  examples,  while  the  type  oi  zepli>/rus,  which  has  also  no  locality, 
is  without  distinct  white  discal  band  on  the  underside  of  the  hindwing. 

b.  Ch.  fabius  hannibal  (Nov.  Zool.  V.  t.  7.  f.  1.  cJ). 

Chitraxes  hannihiil  Butler,  Lep.  Exot.  p.  14.  n.  3.  t.  6.  f.  5  (1869)  (Tondano  ;  Macassar)  ;  Rothsch., 
Irk  V.  p.  437  (1H92)  (S.  Celebes)  ;  Butl.,  Juum.  Linn.  Hoc.  Land.  XXV.  p.  357.  n.  19  (189G) 
(Tondano  :  Macassar  ;    ?  of  echo  ?). 

Nymj>lialis  fiilius  var.  b.  Char,  lutnnibal,  Kirby,  Cat.  Diuni.  Lep.  p.  2G9.  sub  n.  18  (1871)  (Celebes). 

Nymphalis  fabius,  Pagenstecher,  Ab.  Seuk.  Geselkch.  XXIII.  p.  403.  n.  183  (1897)  (Min.ahassa). 

S  ?  .    ]Vinff.s  abovf  :  with  the  markings  cream  colour. Forewing  :  discal  and 

postdiscal  spots  R'— M'  of  the  same  size,  or  discal  one  larger,  sometimes  fused 
together  ;  patch  M^ — SM''  at  least  twice  as  long  as  (in  direction  of  veins)  broad  ; 

snbmarginal  dots  M' — SM-  small,  the  others  absent. Hindwing:  band  narrowing 

behind  ;  admarginal  spots  mostly  divided  into  triangular  dots. 

Underside  :  fawn  colour. Forewing  :    median  bar  R^ — R^  continuous  with 

bar  R' — M'  or  very  little  more  proximal ;  discal  luniform  bar  R' — M'  marked, 
at  least  vestigial,  but  bar  M' — M-  not  present,  except  a  vestige  of  it  behind  M'  ; 
postdiscal  yellow  spots  small,  deep  chrome  colour,  sometimes  tinged  with  rufons. 

Hindwing  :  series  of  median  bars  straight  to  (SM'),  with  a  narrow  white  baud 

at  outside  ;  discal  bars  well-marked,  black,  regularly  arched,  postdiscal  rnfous  red 
spots  all  present,  no  black  bars  at  their  outside  ;  admarginal  spots  smaller  than  in 
lampedo,  farther  from  margin. 

?.  Like  cJ,  but  band  of  npperside  twice  as  wide,  that  of  hindwing  at  least  as 
wide  behind  as  in  front,  approaching  snbmarginal  dots  behind  ;  admarginal  dots 
R'— M',  or  even  R^ — M',  of  forewing  vestigial  ;  tails  longer,  especially  upper  one. 

Length  of  forewing  :  cJ,  37 — 40  mm. 
,,  „  ?  ,  4(] — 48  mm. 

Sexual  organs  of  JcJ,  see  PI.  VIII.  ;  clasper  with  a  sharp  hook  and  a  blunt 
lobe  at  apex  (f.  39  side  view,  f.  40  dorsal  view),  inner  ventral  armature  consists  of 
a  rectangular  ridge  which  is  not  produced  into  a  distinct  tooth  ;  penis  (f.  21)  armed 
■dorsally  with  a  series  of  teeth,  which  becomes  doubled  and  trebled,  where  the  penis 
is  dilated,  and  turns  round  towards  the  ventral  side  where  the  denticulation  is 
very  heavy  ;  penis-funnel  slender,  much  less  curved  than  \u  fabius  fabius,  suddenly 
hooked  at  end  (f.  50). 

Hub.  Celebes  :  Maros  country,  S.  Celebes,  W.  Doherty,  August — September 
1891,  4  cJcf,  1  ?;  Talant,  W.  Doherty,  February— March  1892,  1  ?:  Saugir, 
W.  Doherty,  February— March  1892,  1  ?. 

In  the  Sangir  examples  the  rufous  red  postdiscal  spots  of  the  underside  of  the 
hindwing  are  rather  larger  tiian  in  the  ?  ?  from  Celebes  and  Talaut. 

I".  Ch.  fabius  mangolianus  Rothsch.,  snbsp.  nov. 

? .  Wings  above :  with  the  markings  nearly  as  yellow  as  in  lampedo,  except 
the  submarginal  spots  of  the  forewing,  which  are  creamy  white  ;  band  of  fore-  and 
hindwing  from  M'  of  forewing  to  (SM')  of  hindwing  narrower  than  in  hannibal  ?. 

Forewing  :   more  elongate  than  in  lianiiibal    ?  ,  submarginal   spots   R' — SM- 

preseut,  spot  >SC'— R'  vestigial,  the  last  two  fused  together. 


(  467  ) 

Underside  :  median  bars  and  black  postdiscal  spots  of  forewiog,  and  discal 
arched  bars  of  liindwing  obviously  heavier  than  in  lampedo;  discal  interspaces  of 
forewing  more  suffused  with  white;  rufous  red  postdiscal  patch  SC" — R'  of  hindwiug 
absent. 

Length  of  forewiug  :  ? ,  48  mm. 

Hab.  Mangoli,  Sula  Islands,  1  ?  (Dr.  Platen)  ;  also  in  Dr.  Standinger's 
collection. 

d.  Ch.  fabius  echo  (Nov.  Zool.  V.  t.  7.  f.  2.  ? ). 

C'lmraxes  echo  Butler,  Ann.  Mag.  N.  H.  (.3).  XX.  p.  400.  t.  8.  f.  5.  G.  ^  (1867)  (Siugapore)  ; 
Druce,  Proc.  Zool.  Snr.  Land.  p.  346  (1873)  (Malacca)  ;  Dist.,  R!ioj).  Mitl.  p.  103.  n.  1.  f.  38 
(1883)  (Singapore:  Mai.  Pen.  ;  Borneo)  ;  Nicev.  &  Martin,  Jourii.  As.  Sac.  Beng.  LXIV.  2. 
p.  437.  n.  2(!0  (189.i)  (Selesseh) ;  Butl.,  Jonrii.  Linn.  Soc.  Lond.  XXV.  p.  357.  n.  18  (1896) 
(Labuan  ;  Sarawak)  ;  Hagen,  Irh  IX.  p.  183.  n.  241  (1896)  (N.  E.  Sumatra). 

Nymjihalis  fubius  var.  c.  Chur.  echo,  Kirby,  Cat.  Diiirn.  Lep.  p.  269.  sub  n.  18  (1871). 
haraxes  echo  sumatramis  Rothsch.,  Nov.  Zool.  V.  expl.  of  PI.  VII.  (1898)  (Sumatra). 

S-   Wings  above  :   slightly  olivaceous   at   base,  markings    sulphur  or   cream 

yellow. Forewing  :  discal  spots  R' — M'  and  R'— R-  absent,  only  spots  SC^ — R' 

and  R-— R'  being  marked  ;  patches  M' — SM-  rather  widely  separated  ;  the  post- 
discal series  e.xtending  to  SC  ;  last  three  submarginal  dots  present. Hindwing  : 

band  very  narrow,  about  li  to  2  mm.  broad  behind  SC-,  narrowing  behind  or  of 
nearly  the  same  width  ;  submarginal  dots  very  prominent,  as  large  as  or  much 
larger  than  the  admarginal  spots  ;  the  latter  separated  into  small  dots. 

Underside. Forewiug  :  discal  creamy  white  patches  M' — SM-  rather  larger 

than  above,  no  discal  patches  SC — M',  but  the  discal  interspaces  sometimes  suffused 
with  white  scaling  ;  discal  bar  M'— M^  absent ;  postdiscal  spots  SC* — M'  much 
shaded  with  drab  colour,  postdiscal  yellow  spots  chrome  colour,  the  last  two 
generally  much  larger  than  the  others  ;  cell-bar  3  not  distinctly  divided  into  dots, 
generally  complete,  cell-bar  4  straight  ;  median  bars  R- — M'  continuous. Hind- 
wing  :  median  bars  C— R'  continuous,  with  a  white  band  at  outside;  discal  luuiform 
bars  bordered  with  bluish  white  distally  (which  is  not  the  case  in  any  of  the 
jireceding  subspecies),  barSC^ — R'  sometimes  obsolete;  postdiscal  spots  deep  rufous 
red,  sjiot  SC- — R'  olisolete,  or,  if  marked,  more  yellow  than  the  others  and  far  apart 
from  discal  bar,  nearly  all  the  spots  with  an  indication  of  the  black  postdiscal  bar  at 
outside  ;  black  submarginal  spots  more  or  less  linear. 

? .  Like  iS,  but  the  markings  of  the  upperside  rather  wider. 

Length  of  forewing  :  S,  30 — 33  mm. 
„  „  ?,  34  mm. 

Clasper  more  widened  dorsally  at  end  than  in  the  other  forms  (PI.  VIIL  f.  41.  42.), 
the  internal  subventral  ridge  produced  into  a  short  tooth  ;  penis  very  short,  thick, 
dorsally  with  2  to  4  curved  teeth  about  1^  mm.  before  the  end  (f.  22)  ;  i>enis-funuel 
slender,  rather  long  (f.  51),  much  less  curved  than  in  J'abitt.sjabius. 

Hah.  Malay  Peninsula,  Singapore  {tijpe^,  and  Borneo  :  Perak,  1  c?  ;  Pengaron, 
S.E.  Borneo,  1  S\  N.E.  Sumatra  :  Selesseh,  1  ? ,  21.  xi.  '93,  and  Battak  Mts.,  1  i, 
8.  vii.  '94  (Dr.  Martin). 

I  considered  at  first  the  individuals  from  Sumatra,  in  which  tlie  white  discal 
liand  of  the  underside  of  the  hindwing  is  obsolete,  to  represent  a  separate  sulispecies. 
but  on  comparing  more  material  from  Borneo  and  the  Malay  Peninsula  I  find  that 
the  difference  does  not  hold  good  in  every  case. 


(  468  ) 
('.  Ch.  fabius  sulphureus  Rothsch.,  subsp.  nov. 

CItaraxes/ubius,  Nic^-ville,  litilt.  of  fnilia  II.  p.  280.  n.  570  (1886)  (Thoungyeen  ;  Mepley) :  Adams., 
List  Ilurm.  LejK  p.  20  (1889)  (Arakan,  III.  to  V.)  ;  Manders,  Tr.  Ent.  Snc.  Lond.  p.  52G.  n.  92 
(I8;i0)  (Shan  States,  XII.,  5000  ft.)  ;  Wats.,  J,mni.  Bumhii,  N.  H.  Soc.  VI.  p.  41.  n.  93  (1891) 
(Pauk  to  TUin,  X.  ;  Tilio,  III.)  ;  id.,  I.e.  X.  p.  G57.  n.  121  (1895)  (Chin  Hills,  IV.)  :  Butl., 
Juum.  Linn.  Sw.  Lniid.  XXV.  p.  356.  n.  16  (1896)  (pt.  ;  Thoungyeen  ;  Tilin  Yaw) ;  Moore, 
Lep.  Ifid.  II.  p.  249  (1896)  (pt.). 

S.  Wings  above  :  olive  black,  more  greenish  olive  towards  base  ;  markings 
brimstoue  yellow. — — Forewiug  :  discal  spot  R^— M'  absent,  spot  R'— R-  absent  or 
minute  ;  postdiscal  spot  SC^ — iSC'°  about  as  large  as  spot  R^ — R^  ;  submargiual  dots 

marked  up  to  R'  or  R-. Hindwing :  band  tapering  behind,  about  3  to  4  mm.  broad 

behind  SC-  ;  admarginal  spots  divided  into  triangular  dots,  except  anal  one  which  is 
complete  and  bluish  olive  buft'. 

Underside:  ecru  drab;  postdiscal  yellow  spots  of  both  wings  chrome  yellow. 

Forewing  :  cell-spots  heavy  as  a  rule,  cell-bar  4  angled  in  middle,  bar  D  heavier 
thau  in  all  the  preceding  races  ;  white  discal  siwts  SC'— R'  and  R'— R-,  and  post- 
discal ones  S(_;^— M'  clearly  marked  ;  median  bar  M' — M-  almost  straight,  discal 
bar  M' — M-  very  seldom  vestigial  and  then  jilaced  close  to  median  one  ;  no  white 
patch  between  discal  and  median  bars  R'— M' ;  postdiscal  yellow  spot  iSC^ — SC 

obsolete. Hindwing  :  discal  interspaces  more  or  less  white,  this  band  stopping 

sometimes  at  M-,  sometimes  reaching  abdominal  margin  ;  discal  luuiform  bars 
bordered  with  bluish  white  externally  ;  postdiscal  chrome  yellow  spots  all  present, 
bordered  outwardly  by  the  olive  black  postdiscal  bars,  the  spots  surrounded  with 
more  or  less  conspicuous  greenish  olive  scaling  ;  admarginal  spots  yellow  between, 
creamy  white  at  veins,  except  at  veins  C  and  SC- ;  basal  costal  bar  short,  but  rather 
heavy. 

? .  Unknown. 

Length  of  forewing  :  J,  32 — 36  mm. 

tJlasper  similar  to  that  oi  fab.  fabius,  but  the  dorsal  lobe  triangular  and  more 
jirominent ;  penis  as  m  fabius  ;  penis-funuel  short,  denticulate  beneath  (f  b'i). 

Ilab.  Teuasserim  and  Shan  States.  3  cJ  J"  iu  the  Tring  Museum  from  :  Muong 
Guow,  vii.  to  ix.  '94,  Yunzalun,  xi.  '91  (Bingham),  Thaungyiu  valley,  14.  v.  '93 
(Bingham). 

f  Ch.  fabius  fabius. 

ruj/iliu  Eques  Achirus fabius  Fabricius,  Spec.  Jus.  II.  p.  12.  n.  47  (1781)  (India;  Mus.  Banks)  :  id., 
Maiil.  Ills.  II.  p.  7.  n.  52  (1787) ;  Gmel.,  Sysl.  Nut.  I.  5.  p.  2235.  n.  304  (1790). 

I'apiUo  Nympluilisfuhius  Fabricius,  Ent.  Si/st.  III.  1.  p.  64.  n.  201  (1793). 

Pajiilio  Xymphalis  solan  Fabricius,  Ent.  .s'^.sV.  III.  1.  p.  69.  n.  210  (1793)  (hab.  ?). 

Pdpiliu  Eques  Achints  evphunes  Esper,  Aiisl.  .Sclimetl.  p.  238.  t.  59.  f.  1.  ^  (1785-98). 

Nymphalisfubius,  Godart,  Euc.  Meth.  IX.  p.  353.  n.  8  (1823)  (Nicobar  Is. !) ;  Doubl.,  Westw.  &  Hew., 
Gen.  Viurn.  Lep.  II.  p.  3(19.  n.  28  (1850)  (India)  ;  Horaf.  >.\;  Moore,  Vnt.  Lei).  '"><■  J^"*-  ^-  ■'•  (-'■ 
I.  p.  205.  n.  416  (1857)  (N.  India)  ;  Kuby,  Col.  Diurn.  Lep.  p.  26H.  n.  18  (1871)  (India). 

Charaxes  fabius,  Doubleday,  List  Spec.  Lep.  Ins.  Brit.  Mus.  I.  p.  110  (1844)  (N.  India)  ;  Butl., 
Proc.  ZorA.  Soe.  Lond.  p.  628.  n.  19  (1865)  (India  ;  Indian  Is.)  ;  id..  Cat.  Diurn.  Lep.  descr. 
b,j  Eabr.  p.  52.  n.  10  (1869)  (Madras)  ;  Moore,  Lep.  CeijI.  I.  p.  29.  t.  15.  f.  1  (1880-81)  ;  id., 
Pretc.  Zool.  See.  Loml.  p.  238  (1882)  (Dharmsala,  VII.,  at  sugar)  ;  Swinh.,  itiid.  p.  130.  n.  42 
(1885)  (Pooua,  IV.  XI.  ;  Belgaum  ;  Bombay,  XI.)  ;  Nicev.,  Jejurn.  As.  Soc.  Ben;/.  LIV.  2.  p.  45. 
n.  52  (1885)  (Calcutta)  ;  Swinh.,  I.e.  p.  425.  n.  33.  (1886)  (Mhow,  VI.  X.)  ;  Doherty,  Journ. 
As.  Soc.  Benrj.  LV.  2.  p.  124.  n.  93  (1886)  (Kumaon,  foot  of  hills)  ;  Wood-Mas.  &  Nicuv.,  ibid. 
p.  363.  n.  101  (1886)  (Cachar,  IX.)  ;  Nicev.,  Butt,  'f  Iml.  II.  p.  280.  n.  570  (1886)  (pt.  ;  Oudh  ; 
Chumba,    III.  ;    Mundi,  VII.    IX.  ;    Sikkim  ;    Assam  ;    Cachar  ;    Calcutta,  common  ;    Orissa  ; 


(  469  ) 

Poona  ;    Belgaum  ;    Bombay  ;    Travancore  ;    Ceylon)  ;   Aitk.,  Junrn.   Bombay   N.  H.    Soc.   I. 

p.  133.  n.  20  (1886)  { Khandeish  ;  Tanna)  ;  Hamps.,  Jouni.  As.  Snc.  Beiuj.  LTII.  2.  p.  355.  n.  82 

(1888)  (Nilgiris,  3  to  4U0O  ft.)  ;  Elwes,  Tr.  E,it.  Soc.  Land.  p.  368.  n.  211  (1888)  (Sikkim)  ; 

Davids.  &  Aitk.,  .rmrii.  Bombay  N.  II.  Soc.  V.  p.  278.  n.  39.  t.  A.  f.  3.  3a  (1890)  (metam.)  ; 

Betham,  ibkl.  V.  p.  285.  n.  50  (1890)  (Centr.  Prov.)  ;  Fergus.,  ibid.  VI.  p.  440.  n.  81  (1891) 

(Travancore)  ;  Davids.,  Bell  &  Aitk.,  ibid.  X.  p.  258.  n.  06  (1895)  (Canara,  habits)  ;  Moore, 

LcjK  Iiid.  II.  p.  251.  t.   183.  f.   1.  !(..  Vj.  \r.  Irf.,  1.,  p.,  (J,   ?   (1896)  ;   Bull.,  .fourn.  Limi.  Soc. 

Loud.  XXV.  p.  356.  n.  16  (1896)  (pt.  ;  Mhow  ;  Bombay  ;  Poona  ;  Nilgiris  ;  Madras  ;  Ceylon) ; 

Nic($v.  &  Mackinn.,  .loiirn.  Bombay  N.  H.  Soc.  XI.  p.  377.  n.  123  (1897)  (Mussorie,  IV.  and 

IX.,  rare). 
yymplialis  Solon,  Godart,  Eiic.  ilfth.  IX.  p.  357.  n.  24  (1823)  ;   Doubl.,  Westw.  &  Hew.,  I.e.  p.  309. 

n.  26  (1850). 
Charaxes  solon,  Butler,  Proc.  Zoo}.  Soc.  Loud.  p.  628.  n.  22  (1865). 

c?.  Like  Ch.fahius  sulphuretis,  but  markings  of  upperside  deep  maize  yellow 
postdiscal  spots  of  forewing  above  larger,  peuis-fuaael  more  evenl)'  coiive.N; 
beueatli,  not  denticulate.  There  are  oue  or  two  short  streaks  iu  front  of  the  discal 
s])ot  SO* — R'  of  the  forewing  above  ;  tlie  discal  spot  R' — M'  of  the  upperside  of  the 
forewing  is  sometimes  indicated  b}-  an  obscure  lunule. 

?.  Like  c?,  bnt  markings  of  upperside  larger,  sometimes  all  the  snbmargiual 
spots  of  the  forewing  present ;  discal  spot  R' — R-  of  forewing  always  vestigial, 
patches  M' — SM-  touching  one  another  at  veins. 

Length  of  forewing:  tj,  33 — 41  mm. 
•      „  „  ? ,  34—43  mm. 

Penis  (f.  23)  compressed,  the  right  side  more  or  less  membraneous,  a  series  of 
teeth  above,  the  most  distal  rather  high,  the  others  forming  a  ridge  ;  peuis-funnel 
strongly  curved,  forming  a  very  shar])  hook  (f.  53)  ;  clasper  produced  into  a  sharp 
slender  tooth  at  end,  dorsal  edge  raised  before  end  into  a  lobe  (f.  43.  44.). 

Hab.  Sikkim  (low  country)  to  S.  India  and  Ceylon  ;  20  cJ<^,  5  ?  ?. 

In  the  Ceylon  specimens  the  postdiscal  interstitial  spots  of  the  forewing  above 
are  on  the  whole  smaller  than  iu  the  individuals  from  the  Continent. 

l'^.  Band  of  upperside  white,  shaded  with  pale  blue  at  edges. 


68.  Charaxes  hildebrandtl. 

Xymphalis  kildebraitdli  Dewitz,  Xoi:  Act.  Leo}}.  Car.  Ak.  Naturf.  XLI.  2.  2.  p.  28.  t.  2.  f.  16.  ^ 

(1879)  (Angola). 
Chm-axes  hildebraiidti,  Aurivillius,  Eiit.  Tidskr.  XV.  p.  311.  n.  195  (1894)  (Cameroons);  Butl.,  Jouni. 

Linn.  Soc.  Land.  XXV.  p.  363.  n.  32  (1896)  (Ondo  country,  Lagos)  ;  Auriv.,  Kongl.  Sv.  Vet. 

Ak.  Ilandl.   XXXI.   5.   p.   236.    n.   27    (1899)    (Ashanti  ;   Lagos  ;    Cameroons ;   Ogowe'   R.  ; 

Kuilu  R.  ;  Bena-Bendi,  Congo  ;  Angola). 
C'hdvcuns  galba  Distant, /Voc.  Zoo/.  .Sot.  p.  709  (1879)  (=  hildebrandti  accord,  to  Distant;  hence 

"  yulbo  "  nom.  max.  superfl.). 
Cliara.rex  talagnyae  Holland,  Tr.  Amcr.  Enl.  Soc.  XIII.  p.  332.  t.  8.  f.  3  (1880)  (Ogowo  R.). 

c?.  Bod>/  above  blackish  olive,  more  russet  in  front,  four  dots  on  head  aud  a  line, 
behind  eye  white,  no  dorsal  dots  on  prouotum  ;  underside  greyish  creamy  white, 
femora  blackish  above  ;  antennae  chestnut,  club  black. 

cJ.    Wiiiqs,  upperside  :  brownish  black  ;  a  creamy  white  baud  runs  across  both 

wings,  edged  with   pale  glaucous  blue. Forewing  :    band   separated   into   spots, 

except  behiud,  (i  mm.  broad  at  mterual  margin,  tapering  iu  frout,  spot  SC* — SC* 
often  absent,  spots  SC* — R-  a  little  more  distal  than  the  others,  C  to  T  mm.  from 


(  470  ) 

outer  margin,  tbe  band  proximally  withont  pale  bine  edge  between  SC^-*  and  M'  or 
M- ;  there  is  occasionally  a  vestige  of  a  median  liar  within  jiatch  R' — M'. Hind- 
wing  :  band  inclnsive  of  pale  glaucous  blue  borders  7  to  S  mm.  broad  in  middle, 
stopping  at  (SM'),  no  blue  scaling  proximally  between  C  and  R'  ;  subniarginal 
white  dots  minute,  mostly  vestigial,  anal  admarginal  interstitial  spot  linear,  blue,  a 
trace  of  a  blue  admarginal  sjiot  behind  R^,  no  other  admarginal  markings. 

Underside  :  ecrn  drab,  bars  black. Forewing  :  cell-bar  2  short,  bar  3  repre- 
sented by  two  conspicuous  dots,  bar  4  angled  in  middle,  the  angle  pointing  distad, 
much  nearer  base  of  M-  than  that  of  M';  bar  D  very  thiu;  submedian  bar  M- — (SM') 
heavy,  bar  W — M-  about  1  mm.  more  distal  than  bar  M- — (SM')  and  than  cell-bar  4; 
median  bars  SC'^ — R^  almost  continuous,  very  thin,  6  mm.  from  cell  at  K',  bar 
U^ — M'  about  ]  mm.  more  distal,  bars  M' — SM-  gradually  a  little  more  pro.ximal, 
all  tbe  bars  more  or  less  straight,  at  right  angles  to  the  veins  ;  discal  intersi)aces 
R'^ — SM-  milky  white  ;  discal  bars  brown,  regularly  arched,  concave  distally,  thin^ 
vestigial,  or  absent,  bar  R-* — M-  close  to  median  bar,  postdiscal  interspaces  milky 
white,  last  ones  merged  together  with  discal  patches  ;  postdiscal  bar  (SM') — SM- 
represented  by  a  black  patch,  4  mm.  distant  from  outer  margin,  all  the  others 
replaced  by  wax  yellow  spots,  which  show  distally  sometimes  vestiges  of  the  black 
liars  :  these  spots  are  homologous  to  the  proximal  borders  of  the  discal  bars,  the 

series  about  parallel  to  outer  margin,  upjier  ones  5  to  0  mm.  distant  from  it. 

Hindwing  :  no  basal  and  subbasal  costal  bars,  subbasal  bar  C — SC-  also  absent ; 
submedian  series  nearly  continuous,  or  more  obviously  broken  at  veins,  the  bars 
more  or  less  straight  ;  median  bars  thin,  continuous,  the  line  crossing  M  at  base  of 
M-,  broken  at  SM-,  proximal  half  or  more  of  discal  interspaces  white  ;  discal  bars 
arched,  concave  distally,  all  well  marked,  of  even  thickness,  the  series  slightly 
convex  in  middle,  all  the  bars  with  very  thin,  milky  white,  distal  edges,  followed  by 
postdiscal,  wax  yellow,  halfmoons  which  are  bordered  distally  by  the  thin,  black, 
jiostdiscal  bars  ;  submarginal  white  dots  larger  than  above,  jiosterior  ones  with 
])urplish  blue  scales  at  outer  side,  followed  by  the  black,  short,  submarginal  bars  ; 
admarginal  interspaces  wax  yellow,  anal  one  more  greyish  olive  buff ;  tails  acute,^ 
upper  one  3  to  4  mm.,  second  2  mm.  long. 

9 .  Unknown. 

Length  of  forewing  :   34  to  36  mm. 

D'  of  hindwing  reaches  M  before  joint  of  origin  of  M'. 

Clasper  broad,  dorsal  edge  convex,  irregularly  notched  before  end,  ajjex 
gradually  narrowed  into  a  short-pointed  honk  ;  the  ridge  which  extends  from  the 
end  of  the  hook  to  the  inner  surface  of  the  clasper  notched,  appearing  denticulated  ; 
tenth  tergite  rounded. 

JIab.  West  Africa  from  the  Gold  Coast  to  Angola.  In  the  Tring  Museum 
4  dS  from  the  Kuilu  R.,  French  Congo,  and  from  Leopold ville. 

]{esembles  on  the  upperside  C//.  bratus. 

Specimens  from  N.  Angola  have  generally  more  jjale  blue  scaling  on  the 
hindwing  than  those  from  the  countries  farther  north. 

p*.  Discal  bars  M* — SM-  of  forewing  below  present  ;  if  absent   (some   ?  S  ), 
admarginal  interspaces  C — R^  of  hindwing  occupietl  liy  thin,  linear, 
rufous  red  bars. 
m^.  Median  bars  SC — SM^  of  forewing  below  not  continuous,  bar  R- — R^ 
being  more  proximal  than  the  others. 


(  471  ) 

»?'.  Hindwing  aliove  with  broad  postdiscal,  bine,  band  in  <?  ;    ?  ?  un- 
known, except  tliat  of  yuderiana,  which  bears  on  njiperside 
a  close  resemblance  to  Ch.  pelias  (see  Nov.  Zool.  VII.  t.  12). 
9'  Forewing  without  large  white  snbmarginal  spots  ;  adraarginal 
interspaces  C — R'  of  hindwing  above  not  white, 
c*.  Forewing  above  with  a  series  of  discal  and  a  series  of 
postdiscal  bine  spots, 
c'.  Forewing  above  without  obvious  pale  blue  marginal 
patches  ;    median   and    discal   interspaces    of 
underside  more  or  less  gloss}'  white. 

69.  Charaxes  blanda  (Nov.  Zool.  V.  t.  6.  f.  3.  (?). 

Charaxes  blamla  Eothschild,  Xuc.  Zuul.  IV.  p.  507.  n.  1  (1897)  (Mikindani)  ;  Auriv.,  Kungl.  Sv. 
Vet.  Ak.  Handl.  XXXI.  5.  p.  236.  n.  25a  and  p.  538  (189!)). 

c?.  Body  above  olive  black,  white  dots  on  head  and  pronotum  verj'  prominent; 
underside  creamy  buff,  palpi  and  middle  of  breast  creamy  white,  stripes  on  breast 
underneath  legs  black,  anterior  tibia  black  above. 

<?.    Wim/s  above  black,  with  a  strong  greenish  blue  gloss. Forewing:  more 

greenish  in  basal  and  internal  marginal  areas;  shaped  as  in  (/«f/e/-/(/w«,  but  outer 
margin  obviously  dentate  ;  a  very  small  spot  in  upper  angle  of  cell,  a  discal  row  of 
five  somewhat  larger  spots  SC''.^ — M-,  spots  R^ — R'  however  obsolete,  being  repre- 
sented only  by  a  very  few  scales,  more  proximal  than  the  other  sjiots,  a  postdiscal 
series  of  spots  from  SC''  to  internal  margin,  parallel  to  oater  margin,  but  curving 
costad  anteriorly,  the  first  six  spots  small  (^  to  f  mm.  in  diameter),  the  last  three 
measuring  1^,  2\,  3^  mm.  respectively,  the  first  9  mm.  from  apex,  the  third  5  mm. 
from  outer  margin  ;  all  the  markings  pale  blue,  the  five  upper  postdiscal  ones  with 
large  white  centres  ;  no  admarginal  spots  ;  fringe  restricted  white  between  veins. 

Hindwing  :  a  large  disco-postdiscal  patch  i>ale  blue,  9  mm.  wide  behind,  s  mm. 

iu  middle,  while  its  two  sections  SO- — R^  measure  3i  and  6  mm.  respectively,  two 
pale  bine  sjiots  before  SC^,  the  one  in  front  of  the  patch,  the  other  more  basal  and 
less  distinct,  behind  the  latter  spot  there  are  a  few  blue  scales  between  SC-  and  R'  ; 
white  sul)marginal  sj)ots  thin,  linear,  shaded  with  jiale  blue,  the  last  two  with 
reddish  purple  ;  admarginal  interstitial  spots  transverse,  greenish  blue,  anal  one 
ochraceous,  upper  ones  absent,  spots  R^ — M-  continuous,  with  a  yellow  tint  upon 
internervnlar  folds  ;  abdominal  fold  wood  brown,  with  a  greyish  white  patch  before 
anal  angle. 

Underside :  broccoli  brown,  paler  at  base,  bars  heavy,  proximal  portions  of 
discal  interspaces,  the  median  interspaces,  inclusive  of  the  apical  interspace  of  the 
cell  of  the  forewing  greyish  white,  almost  silvery,  postdisco-marginal  area  of  fore- 
wing also  shaded  with  grey  glossy  scaling,  except  a  small  jiatch  at  costal  margin,  a 
larger  one  between  M'  and  SM-,  and  a  rather  broad  marginal  baud  which  terminates 

anteriorly  at  SCV*. Forewing  :  bars  nearly  iu  the  same  position  as  in  yuderiana, 

but  submedian  bar  M' — M^  exactly  behind  point  of  origin  of  M',  hence  much  nearer 
median  bar  M' — M-  than  in  yndericuia  ;  discal  bars  M' — SM=  black,  more  proximal 
than  in  qaderiana,  the  others  brown,  less  conspicuous  ;  postdiscal  bars  M- — SM- 
represented  by  two  elongate,  black,  patches  ;  between  tiiese  and  the  discal  bars  two 

pale  blue  sjwts. Hindwing  :  discal,  arched,  bars  very  prominent,  postdiscal  bar 

M^ — SM^   also   very   heavy  ;    white   snbmarginal    spots    ill-defined,   rather    large, 


(472  ) 

transverse,  except  last  two  which  are  very  small,  with  conspicuoas  blue  dots  at  outer 
side  between  R-  and  SM-  ;  admarginal  interstitial  markings  C — R^  maroon  red, 
with  a  fine  white  otitor  border,  the  other  admarginal  spots  less  sharply  defined, 
yellowish  olive  buflf ;  anal  angle  less  produced  than  in  guderiana,  dentition  heavy, 
tails  slender,  njjper  one  G  mm.,  second  7  mm.  long. 

?.  Unknown. 

Length  of  forewing  :  S,  '^\  mm. 

t'lasper  essentially  different  from  that  of  (h.  etheocles  and  allies  ;  the  apical 
lobe  of  Ch.  etheocles  developed  in  blanda  to  a  tooth,  dorsal  edge  of  clasper  angled 
in  apical  third,  dentate  (f.  31.  32.)  ;  penis-fnnnel,  in  a  dorsal  view  (f.  47).  with 
almost  parallel  sides,  then  suddenly  narrowed,  the  narrower  portion  compressed 
and  slightly  curved  downwards ;  penis  with  some  minute  teeth  dorsally,  the  row 
beginning  about  1  mm.  from  end,  some  more  teeth  on  the  left  side  and  also  a  few 
ventrally  about  2  mm.  from  end  ;  tenth  tergite  triangular,  not  sinuate. 

Hab.  German  East  Africa :  Mikindani,  I  S  in  the  Tring  Museum,  caught 
between  January  and  May  (Reimer). 

rf*.  Forewing  above  with  pale  blue  marginal  patches. 

70.  Charaxes  northcotti  (Nov.  Zool.  VI.  t.  8.  f.  .5.  S~). 

Charaxes  northcolti  Rothsnbild,  Enlom.  XXXII.  p.  171.  n.  1  (1899). 

(?.  Body  abore  olive  black,  bistre  brown  in  front,  white  dots  on  head  and 
pronotum  conspicuous  ;  underside  clayish  buff,  i}alpi  and  middle  of  breast  cream}- 
buff,  upperside  of  anterior  tibia  mummy  brown. 

(?.  Wings  upperside :  black,  somewhat  olive  at  base,  marked  with  pale 
greenish  bine  and  white. Forewing  :  a  small  spot  in  upper  angle  of  cell,  con- 
sisting of  blue  and  white  scales,  another  very  minute  one  behind  R-  at  onter  side  of 
D' ;  a  series  of  discal  spots,  ujiper  two  white  with  some  blue  scales  at  edges,  the 
third  more  proximal,  spots  R' — M^  more  or  less  halfmoon-shaped,  spots  M- — SM- 
vestigial  or  absent ;  a  postdiscal  series  of  spots  j)arallel  to  outer  margin,  upper  two 
white  with  bine  edges  and  placed  more  proximal,  the  spots  increasing  in  size 
posteriorly  ;  admarginal  spots  large,  pale  blue  ;  some  dispersed  blue  scales  between 

discal  and  admarginal  series ;  fringe  white,  except  at  ends  of  veins. Hindwing  : 

a  large  discal  patch,  narrowing  behind,  limited  by  vein  W,  preceded  by  a  small 
spot,  outwardly  concave  between  veins  :  white  submargiual  dots  transverse,  small, 
rather  heavily  liordered  pale  blue,  last  ones  shaded  with  reddish  jiurple;  admarginal 
pale  blue  spots  heavy,  anal  one  ochraceous. 

Underside:  as  in  Ck  etkalion,  wood  brown,  slightly  cinnamon,  with  a  silky 

gloss. Forewing  :  discal  inters]iaces  greyish  at  outer  side  of  median  bars  ;  jKist- 

discal  black  patch  M-— SM'  i)rominent,  the  respective  postdiscal  and  submargiual 

interspaces  grey. Hindwing  :    postdiscal  interstitial  halfmoons  not  prominent ; 

upper  four  admarginal  interstices  rufous  red,  the  others  olive  yellow. 
n    -(?.  Unknown. 

Sexual  organs  similar  to  those  of  Ch.  etheocles,  the  ventral  ridge  of  the  penis 
higher  than  in  fig.  10. 

Hab.  Hinterland  of  the   Gold  Coast,  2  tJc?:    Gambaga,   near  the  Volta   R., 
28.  viii.  '9s  (Northcott)  ;  Kumassi  to  Cape  Coast  Castle,  iv.  '99  (Capt.  Giffard). 


(473  ) 

A  third  c?  from  the  same  country  in  Miss  Sharpe's  collection. 
Colonel   Northcott,  the  discoverer  of  this  species,  fell  in  the  battle   on  the 
Modder  River. 

^.  Forewing  above  without  blue  discal  spots  between  R''  and  M^. 
71.  Charaxes  kheili. 

J.  Charaxes  kheili  Staudinger,  Iris  IX.  p.  216.  t.  2.  f.  4  (1896)  (Njam-Njam)  ;  Auriv.,  Kongl.  Sv. 
Vet.  Ak.  Hand!.  XXXI.  5.  p.  237.  n.  33  (1899)  (Niam-Niam  ;  Zongo  ;  Sassa). 

c?.  Differs  from  Ch.  northcotti  in  the  following  points  : — 

Upperside. Forewing  :   more  falcate,  spot  in   cell    larger,  discal  series  of 

interstitial  spots  consisting  only  of  two  spots  SC^-" — R^  ;  posterior  postdiscal  and 

admarginal  spots  smaller. Hindwing  :    the  blue  band  is  narrower,  though  it 

varies  considerably  in  width,  a  little  farther  away  from  the  submarginal  dots  than 
in  northcotti. 

Vndersuh  essentially  as  in  nortlicotti. 

¥ .  Unknown. 

Length  of  forewing  :  (J ,  36  mm. 

Hab.  Njam-Njam,  coll.  Staudinger;  Congo  :  Zongo,  Mokoanghay  (Lt.  Tilkens), 
Sassa,  Mus.  Bruxelles. 

W.  Forewing  above  with  white  marginal  patches. 
72.  Charaxes  guderiana  (Nov.  Zool.  VII.  t.  VII.  f.  7.  S,  t.  XII.  f  3.  ?). 

Nymphalis  guderiana  Dewitz,  Nov.  Act.  Leap.  Car.  Ah.  Naturf.  XLI.  2.  2.  p.  29.  t.  2.  f.  18.  ^  (1879) 
(Angola). 

Charaxes  guderiana,  Trimen,  Proc.  Zool.  Sac.  Lorul.  p.  81.  n.  37  (1891)  (S.-W.  Afr. :  Omrora,  VIIT.; 
Ehanda,  IX. ;  S.  Mashonaland)  ;  But].,  ihid.  p.  648.  n.  18  (1893)  (Brit.  C.  Afr.,  I.  VIU.  XII.)  ; 
Trim.,  I.e.  p.  42.  n.  66.  t.  5.  f.  8.  ?  (1894)  (Manica,  UI.  IV.)  ;  But!.,  I.e.  p.  561.  n.  16  (1894) 
(Brit.  E.  Afr.,  Fuladoya)  ;  Eeb.  &  Eog.,  in  Baumann,  Masmihmd  p.  332.  n.  99  ('1894)  (Ussuri  ; 
Sogonoi)  ;  Butl.,  I.e.  p.  254.  n.  14  (1895)  (Fwamba,  Nyaasald.)  ;  id.,  I.e.  p.  720.  n.  9  (1895) 
(Zomba) ;  id.,  Joum.  Linn.  Soc.  Lo-nd.  XXV.  p.  358.  n.  21  (1896)  (L.  Mweru  ;  Zomba ;  Fwamba ; 
Brit.  E.  Afr.)  ;  id.,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc. Land.  p.  822.  n.  12  (1896)  (Deep  Bay,  Nyassaland)  ;  id.,  I.e. 
p.  862.  n.  12  (1896)  (Nyassaland)  ;  id.,  Ann.  Mag.  N.  B.  (6).  XVIII.  p.  68.  n.  4  (1896)  (Henga, 
Nyassaland.,  I.  II.)  ;  Lanz,  Iris  IX.  p.  142  (1896)  (Tanganika)  ;  Auriv.,  Kongl.  Sv.  Vet.  Ak. 
Handl.  XXXI.  5.  p.  238.  n.  35  (1899)  (Angola ;  Omrora  ;  Mashonaland  ;  Manicaland  ;  Nyassa- 
land ;  Mero  See  ;  Tanganyika  ;  Ussure  ;  Brit.  E.  Afr.). 

Charaxes  pelias  Cr.  (sic!),  var.  tanganika  Robbe,  Ann.  Soc.  Eni.  Belg.  XXXVI.  p.  133  (1892) 
(Tanganyika). 

(?  ? .  Body  above  in  S  olive  black,  russet  or  wood  brown  in  front,  in  ?  all 
russet,  four  dots  on  head,  a  line  behind  eye,  and  two  dots  at  each  side  of  prothora.x, 
white  ;  underside  varying  from  greyish  white  to  drab  grey,  palpi  with  a.  thin 
white  ventro-lateral  line  in  the  darker  specimens,  upperside  of  four  posterior  femora 
black  with  rather  dense  white  scaling,  anterior  tibia  brown  above. 

cJ.    Wings,  upperside,  black. Forewing  :  basal  area  with  a  strong,  metallic, 

greenish  or  purplish  blue  gloss,  a  similar  gloss  near  outer  margin,  but  much 
feebler ;  a  transverse  spot  in  apex  of  cell,  narrowed  behind,  generally  reaching 
R',  white  ;  two  white  discal  spots  SC^* — R^  6  mm.  from  cell,  mostly  preceded  by 
one  or  two  thin  white  lines  ;  a  postdiscal  series  of  spots  parallel  to  outer  margin, 
curving  costad  anteriorly,  spot  R- — R^  4  mm.  and  spot  M' — M^  3  mm.  from  outer 
margin,  white,  edged  with  pale  blue,  especially  the  posterior  ones,  spots  M-  to 
internal  margin  mostly  entirely  pale  blue  ;  a  series  of  white  admarginal  spots,  upper 

32 


(  474  ) 

ones  elongate,  small,  spots  M' — SM'  merged  together  to  one  single,  large,  patch, 

all  more  or  less  edged  with  pale  bine  ;  fringe  white,  except  at  ends  of  veins. 

Hindwing :  a  pale  bine  postdiscal  band  of  variable  width,  npper  partitions  mostly 
separated,  often  obsolete,  partitions  W — SM^  more  or  less  convex  proximally 
regularly  concave  distally,  width  of  band  2  to  3i  mm.  between  R'  and  M' ;  white 
snbmarginal  dots  transverse,  with  pale  bine  borders  which  are  in  most  specimens 
very  heavy  and  not  rarely  joined  at  veins  M',  M-,  (SM'),  to  the  postdiscal  band, 
black  bars  R' — SM''  separating  the  postdiscal  band  and  the  submarginal  spots  as 
thin  as,  or  very  much  thinner  than,  the  submarginal  blue  and  white  markings  ; 
admarginal  interstices  C — R'  creamy  white,  heavy,  separated  by  the  thinly  black 
veins,  often  with  ochreous  dots  npon  the  internervnlar  folds,  interstices  R' — SM' 
pale  blue,  mostly  with  creamy  white,  longitudinal,  subtriangular,  small  spots  at 
veins,  and  with  ochreons  dots  in  middle,  anal  one  nearly  all  ochreous ;  abdominal 
fold  brown,  greyish  near  margin. 

Underside  drab,  with  a  vinaceons  tint,  shaded  with  grey  except  median  and  a 

great  portion  of  discal  interspaces. Forewing  :  cell-bar  2  elongate-ovate,  bar  3 

represented  by  two  heavy  dots,  bar  4  somewhat  oblique,  curved  distad  in  middle, 
mostly  slightly  concave  near  ends,  reaching  M  midway  between  M'  and  M^,  a 
white  spot  in  apex  as  above,  but  a  little  smaller  and  often  less  well-defined  ; 
submedian  bar  M^— (SM')  about  1  mm.  distal  of  base  of  M-,  bar  M' — M^  generally 
a  little  more  di.stal  than  the  lower  end  of  cell-bar  4,  but  often  touching  it ;  median 
bars  R^ — SM''  gradually  1  or  2  mm.  more  proximal,  bar  R^ — M'  3^  mm.  from 
base  of  M\  bar  R^ — R^  just  in  front  of  it  or  more  proximal,  bars  SC — R'  5  mm. 
from  cell,  with  contiguous,  white,  patches  at  outside,  simUar  patches  often  at 
outside  of  median  R' — M^,  bnt  here  mostly  reduced  to  a  white  line  ;  discal  bars 
arched,  all  black,  well  marked,  with  white  spots  at  outside,  which  are  variable 
in  size  and  distinctness  ;  postdiscal  bars  represented  by  patches,  patches  M^ — SM^ 
black,  often  large,  the  others  brown,  halfmoon-shaped,  concave  proximally,  upper 

ones  often  obsolete;  admarginal  spots  as  above,  but  not  well-defined,  more  huffish. 

Hindwing :  basal  and  snbbasal  costal  bars  and  subbasal  bar  C — SC-  absent, 
submedian  and  median  bars  thinner  than  those  on  forewing,  both  costal  bars  a 
little  more  proximal  than  the  respective  bars  C — SC^,  the  two  lines  of  bars  about 
parallel,  concave  distally  between  C  and  R'  resp.  M,  median  bars  (SM') — SM' 
not  continuous,  at  right  angles  to  the  veins,  or  pointing  somewhat  basad  with 
hinder  ends  ;  discal  bars  regularly  arched,  black,  with  heavy,  yellowish  or  greyish 
olive  buff,  outer  borders,  followed  by  rufous  red  halfmoous  which  are  distally 
bordered  by  the  black  postdiscal  bars,  these  bars  thin,  often  absent,  bar  R' — R' 
often  developed  to  a  patch  ;  white  snbmarginal  spots  small,  transverse,  not  sharply 
defined  as  a  rule,  posterior  ones  pinkish,  submarginal  black  bars  C — R^  thin,  often 
obsolete,  bars  R' — SM-  heavier  but  shorter,  with  a  blue  dot  at  proximal  side  ; 
admarginal  interstices  C — R'  creamy  white,  the  others  white  only  at  veins,  all 
with  an  ochreous  spot  in  middle  ;  thin  marginal  line  drab  ;  fringe  white  except 
at  ends  of  veins  ;  anal  angle  produced,  wing  triangular  ;  tails  slender,  acute,  upper 
one  4  mm.,  second  5  mm.  long. 

?.    Winqs  above. Forewing:  brownish  black,  basal  area  hazel  tawny;    a 

triangular  patch  in  apex  of  cell,  a  discal  and  a  postdiscal  band  of  interstitial  patches 
buff  yellow  ;  the  discal  patches  R'  to  internal  margin  large,  often  contiguous,  patch 
R' — M'  the  smallest  of  them,  spot  R* — R'  more  proximal,  small,  often  absent,  spots 
SC*' — R-  about  5  to  6  mm.  from  cell,  contiguous,  or  very  slightly  separated,  mostly 


(  475  ) 

■with  one  or  two  thin  lines  in  front ;  the  postdiscal  spots  all  well  separated,  spot 
R' — R^  5^  mm.  and  spot  M' — M-  6  mm.  from  outer  margin,  the  series  curving  costad 
anteriorly,  on  the  whole  almost  parallel  to  outer  margin  stopping  at  M^,  spot  M^ — 
(SM')  seldom  vestigial  ;  admarginal  spots  all  large,  dull  ochraceous  rufous,  often 

paler  in  middle,  spot  M^ — SM^  shaded  with  bluish  white  at  proximal  edge. 

Hindwing  :  basal  area  rather  paler  than  base  of  forewing,  abdominal  fold  grey, 
blackish  outwardly,  with  a  grey,  ill-defined,  rather  small  patch  before  anal  angle ;  a 
black  or  dark  brown  median  patch  C — R'  ;  discal  band  of  forewing  continued  to 
(SM^),  tapering  behind,  outer  edge  more  or  less  sinuate  between  R^  and  M^,  crossing 
R'  proximal  of  bent  ;  white  snbmarginal  spots  transverse;  upper  ones  sometimes 
obsolete,  all  shaded  and  edged  with  pale  blue,  this  blue  scaling  extended  to  patches 
between  R^  and  SM-  ;  admarginal  interstices  as  prominent  as  in  d,  interstices  C — R' 
orange  buff,  the  others  greenish  blue,  with  an  orange  buff  spot  upon  internervnlar 
fold  ;  snbmarginal  bars  rather  deeper  black  than  disco-submarginal  area,  bars 
M' — SM^  more  or  less  isolated,  often  reduced  to  mere  dots;  discal  bar  C — SC^  some- 
times vestigial  within  discal  band. 

Underside  :  spot  in  apex  of  cell  of  forewing,  and  discal  band  of  patches  of  both 
wings  creamy  white,  disco-snbmarginal  area  of  forewing  and  snbmarginal  area  of 

hindwing  shaded  with  grey. Forewing  :  interstitial  patches  smaller  than  above, 

spot  in  apex  of  cell  often  small,  shaded  with  drab,  postdiscal  interstitial  spots 
reduced  to  lunules,  middle  ones  creamy  white,  double  one  M- — SM^  grey  ;  post- 
discal bars  M^ — SM^  represented  by  three  black,  triangular,  patches,  the  last  two 
contiguous,  the  other  postdiscal  bars  represented  by  clayish,  indistinct,  patches  ;  no 

admarginal  spots,  or  only  vestiges  of  them. Hindwing  :  discal  interstitial  band 

much  narrower  than  above,  costal  median  bar  in  front  of  median  bar  C — SC^  ; 
admarginal  interstitial  markings  C— R'  rufous  orange,  R' — SM-  olive  buff  with 
gallstone  yellow  centres  ;  tails  less  slender  than  in  <S,  upper  one  slightly  spatulate, 
length  6  to  7  mm.  and  5^  to  6|  mm.  respectively. 

Length  of  forewing  :   <S,  29 — 35  mm. 
„  „  ?,  31— 40  mm. 

Clasper  as  in  Ch.  etkeocles,  ajaical  lobe  short  ;  penis  with  a  ventro-lateral  tooth, 
not  ridge,  from  this  tooth  a  series  of  small  teeth  extends  dorsad  as  in  etkeocles  ; 
tenth  tergite  triangular,  rather  produced  mesially. 

Hab.  Angola;  German  S.W.  Africa;  Manicaland;  Mashonaland;  Nyassaland; 
Tanganyika;  German  and  Brit.  East  Africa.  In  the  Tring  Museum  33  cJcJ,  ~  ?  ? 
from :  Angola  :  Bolombo  R.  28.  iv.,  8.  v.,  24.  vi.  '98  (Penrice),  Calweha  R.,  1.  v., 
15.  V.  '98  (Penrice),  Cnbal  R.,ii.and  ii.;  '99  (Penrice),  Kuhiriri  R,  xi.  '99  (Peurice); 
Nambooma,  Upper  Zambesi,  iv.  '98  (Coryndon)  ;  Arlington,  near  Ft.  Salisbury,  ii. 
'95  (Coryndon);  Blantyre;  Ft.  Abercorn,  Nyassaland;  Zomba,  xii.  '95  (Dr.  Rendall); 
Chipaika  Estate,  Bandawe,  Nyassaland,  3.  v.  '99  (Watkinson)  ;  Mineni  Valley, 
Manicaland,  9.  and  13.  iii.  (Selous)  ;  Ruanda,  Tanganyika,  23.  xi.  '93  (Dr.  Ansorge); 
Magwangware,  15.  i.  '94  (Ansorge)  ;  Parumbira,  24.  x.  '93  (Ansorge). 

In  one  ^  the  costal  snbmedian  and  median  bars  of  the  underside  are  absent, 
as  in  Ch.  achaemenes. 

The  remaining  allies  of  Ch.  guderiana  with  "  black "  males  are  a  puzzle  to 
Lepidopterists.  The  authors  who  have  had  to  deal  with  them  were  startled  by  the 
great  differences  between  the  numerous  forms  of  the  female  sex,  while  they  vainly 
endeavoured  to  discover  constant  distinguishing   characters  between   the   various 


(  476  ) 

males,  and  hence  were  inclined  to  express,  more  or  less  tardily,  donbts  abont  the 
number  of  distinct  species  being  really  so  large  as  some  anthors  accepted  it  to  be 
Only  Dr.  Butler  speaks  with  great  coufideuce  on  the  question.  He  tells  us  more 
than  once  that  there  is  no  great  difficnlty  either  in  distinguishing  certain  species 
which  others  had  not  recognised,  or  in  mating  the  sexes  correctly.  However,  in 
looking  over  Dr.  Butler's  various  lists  of  African  Butterflies  and  his  Revision  of  the 
genus  Charaxes,  it  will  be  noticed  that  sometimes  individuals  which  Dr.  Butler 
pronounced  in  one  place  to  belong  undoubtedly  to  one  species  are,  in  another  paper, 
referred  to  a  different  one.  The  question  of  mating  and  distinguishing  the  males 
can,  therefore,  hardly  be  so  easy  to  solve  as  Dr.  Bntler  thinks  it  to  be.  In  fact,  it 
will  be  seen  further  on  that,  for  instance,  the  males  which  Dr.  Butler  calls  rosae  in 
his  Revision  belong  partly  to  ethalion,  while  his  males  of  viola  are  not  at  all  the  males 
of  this  form.  To  show  the  difficulties  that  meet  here  the  classifier  we  mention  that 
eighteen  names  have  been  bestowed  on  the  insects  under  consideration,  and  that  Dr. 
Bntler,  in  1896,  enumerated  these  Charaxes  as  ten  distinct  species  (five  of  which 
have  Dr.  Bntler  as  author),  while  Aurivillins,  in  1899,  treated  them  as  belonging  to 
six  species,  of  which  he  did  not  venture  to  give  distinguishing  characters  except  in 
the  female  sex.  Moreover,  "  it  is  singular,"  as  Dr.  Butler  says.  I.e.,  "  that  even 
carefnl  Lepidopterists  have  agreed  in  regarding  two  distinct  females  as  sexes  in 
more  than  one  instance."  It  is  indeed  surprising  that  Hewitsou  (pkaeus,  cedreatis), 
Butler  (alladinis),  Dewitz  (alladinis),  Trimen  (p/iaeus),  and  Standinger  (chiron)  all 
blundered  in  describing  a  female  as  a  male.  But,  to  us,  this  shows  only  that  great 
care  should  be  exercised  before  one  confidently  expresses  any  opinion  on  these  insects. 

We  are  sorry  to  say  that  it  was  the  long  time  we  spent  on  the  study  of 
Charaxes  ethalion  and  allies  and  the  tawny  Indian  Charaxes  which  has  prevented 
the  speedy  publication  of  this  monograph. 

Negative  results  are  seldom  satisfactory.  And  almost  entirely  negative  would 
be  the  results  of  our  researches  in  the  present  group  of  forms  of  Charaxes,  if 
we  considered  it  the  aim  of  the  Lepidopterist  merely  to  find  constant  distinguishing 
characters  between  forms  which  appear  to  him  to  represent  distinct  species.  Very 
positive  and  hence  satisfactory,  however,  we  find  our  results,  if  we  regard  them 
from  the  higher  standpoint  of  the  systematist  who  searches  for  the  degree  of 
blood-relationship  of  the  forms,  and  of  the  biologist  who  wants  reasonable  ex- 
planations of  great  differences  in  closely  allied  insects  and  of  similarities  in  forms 
which  are  not  so  nearly  related. 

By  comparing  a  very  large  material  and  dissecting  a  great  number  of  males 
from  different  localities— there  are  over  220  SS  in  the  Tring  Museum,  about 
half  of  which  we  have  examined  as  to  their  sexual  organs — we  feel  justified  in 
regarding  it  as  a  fact  that  only  two  kinds  of  males  are  constantly  distinguishable. 
And  from  this  fact  we  draw  the  conclnsion  that  there  are  neither  ten,  nor  six, 
but  only  two  distinct  species,  the  one  (ethalion)  occurring  only  in  East  Africa, 
from  Natal  to  Taveta  and  most  likely  further  north,  while  the  second  (etheocles) 
inhabits  the  whole  of  tropical  Africa  from  Senegambia  and  Abyssinia  to  Damaraland, 
Transvaal,  and  Delagoa  Bay  ;  the  former  is  relatively  constant  in  both  sexes,  and 
the  latter  is  polymorphic  in  either  sex,  but  especially  in  the  female. 

This  result,  we  confess,  is  not  in  accordance  with  our  anticipation.  We 
thought  that  close  researches  would  show  that  there  were  three  distinct  forms  of 
males  (not  connected  by  intcrgraduate  specimens):  namely  (1)  viola  in  Senegambia, 
Abyssinia  and  East  Africa  in  two  subspecies   (viola   and   kir/a),  (2)  ethalion  in 


(  477  ) 

East  Africa  from  Natal  to  Brit.  E.  Afr.,  and  (3)  etheocles  all  over  tropical  Africa, 
except  the  north  and  south,  in  numerous  individual  varieties.  However,  the 
Senegalese  viola  males  are,  as  we  have  found,  not  always  distinguishable  from 
certain  East  African  examples,  and  these  are  gradually  connected  by  intermediate 
specimens  with  etheocles  males.  Hence  we  do  not  see  that  there  is  any  justification 
in  classifying  these  insects  as  more  than  two  species,  ethalion  and  etheocles. 

The  polymorphism,  or  better,  the  polychromatism,  in  the  female  sex  of 
Ch.  etheocles  is  astonishingly  great,  but  does  not  surpass  that  of  certain  other 
Nymphalidae,  or  of  Papilionidae. 

The  variously  coloured  females  of  etheocles  can  be  grouped  according  to  the 
pattern  of  the  upper  surface  into  six  main  forms,  these  forms  being  : 

(1)  similar  to  the  ?  ?    or  c?<J  of  the  many  other  Charaxes,  for  instance, 

ameliae  and  imperialis ; 

(2)  similar  to  the  male  etheocles,  the  white  markings  of  the  upperside 

having  almost  entirely  disappeared  ; 

(3)  similar  to  the  ?  ?  of  Ch.  violetta  and  cithaeron  ; 

(4)  similar  to  the  ?  of  Oh.  bohemani ; 

(6)  similar  to  the  ¥  ?  of  Ch.  tiridates  and  numenes  ; 

(6)  similar  to  the  i  of  Ch.  bohemani. 
If  we  look  upon  the  females  of   Ch.  etheocles  from  this  point  of  view,  the 
polychromatism  becomes   less  perplexing,  the   acquisition  of  various   patterns  in 
the  same  species  assuming  a  definite  meaning.     The  pattern  of  form  (1)  is  the 
normal  one  from  which  the  other  patterns  have  been  derived;  it  is  very  variable. 
If  the  more  or  less  great  similarity  between  the  females  of  this  form  and  other 
Charaxes  is  due  to  all  these  insects  having  preserved  a  pattern  which  approaches 
the  ancestral  one,  the  agreement  between  the  other  forms  of  etheocles-  ?  respectively 
with  bohemani,  tiridates,  etc.,  must  accordingly  be  the  outcome  of  parallel  develop- 
ment caused,  as  one  is  wont  to  say,  by  the  protection  which  similarity  in  colour 
affords  the  individuals  that  associate  together.     Such  an  association  of  etheocles-'i 
with  other  similarly  coloured    Charaxes  is  a  fact  observed  first  by  Selous  ;  but 
we   have   very  little    further    information    on    this   point.      It    need  scarcely   be 
mentioned  that  in  a  group  so  difficult  to  deal  with  as  the  present  one  mistakes 
as   to   identification   are  hardly  avoidable  ;  for  this    reason  the   lists   of  captures 
are    not  wholly  reliable,  and   hence   there   is   some  difficulty  iu  ascertaining  the 
geographical   distribution   of  the   various   forms.     So   much,   however,   is   certain 
that  the  varions    ? -forms  of  Ch.  etheocles  have  not   the   same   distribution.     In 
this  respect  it  is  very  interesting  to  note  that,  for  instance,  the    ?  -form  called 
cedreatis  is  found  only  iu  West  Africa,  where  Ch.  tiridates  occurs  commonly,  the 
Jemale  of  which  it  resembles,  and  that  the  forms  agreeing  in  appearance  with  the  sexes 
of  Ch.  bohemani  are  also  restricted  to  the  area  inhabited  by  this  species  ;  ihe  females 
of  form   (3)   do   also   not   seem   to   go   farther  north  than  the  Congo,  occurring 
commonly  in   East   and   South-West  Africa ;   while   the   form   (1),  which   is  the 
only  one  met  with  in  the  coast  districts  of  Sierra  Leone,  is  apparently  very  rare 
in  the  Congo  basin.     The  ?-form  kirki  found  in  British  and  German  East  Africa 
has  no  representative  in  West  Africa  except  in  Senegambia.     It  is  evident  tliat  there 
is  an  important  geographical  element  in  the  variation  of  Ch.  etheocles,  but  the  data 
available  do  not  allow  us  to  differentiate  more  than  two  subspecies  of  '7;.  etheocles, 
the  one  which  inhabiting  Senegambia  and  the  Hinterlands  of  Sierra  Leono,  Gold 
Coast,  Niger  and  probably  of  the  Cameroons  (Ch.  etheocles  viola)  is  monochromatic 


(  478  ) 

iu  either  sex,  while  the  other  found  in  the  other  districts  of  tropical  Africa  is  very 
variable  {Ch.  etheodes  etheocles). 

Dr.  Butler,  in  his  Revision  of  Charaxes,  mentions  also  seasonal  variation. 
But  that  was  merely  a  guess  ;  we  have  no  evidence  whatever  that  the  individuals 
treated  as  such  by  Dr.  Butler  are  seasonal  varieties.  On  the  other  hand  we  know 
that  series  of  individuals  of  the  male  sex  caught  at  the  same  place  on  the  same 
day  exhibit  considerable  differences. 

Ck.  etheocles  has  been  bred  by  Dr.  Jnnod. 

«•.  Hindwing  above  in  3  without  a  heavy  postdiscal  band. 

?■'.  Penis  with  a  ventral  series  of  teeth  ;  ? ,  a  series  of  discal  and  a  series 
of  postdiscal  spots  on  forewing,  the  posterior  discal  ones  enlarged,  no- 
spot  iu  apex  of  cell. 

73.  Charaxes  ethalion  (Nov.  Zool.  VII.  t.  12.  f.  4.  6.  ?). 

Charaxes  ethalion  Boisduval,  in  Delegorgue,  Voy.  Afr.  Auslr.  II.  p.  593.  n.  83.  ?  (1847)  (Pt.  Natal); 

But).,  Proc.  Zool.  Sac.  Lmid.  p.  625.  d.  15  (1865)  (Zulu ;  Pt.  Natal)  ;  Gooch,  Eiitom.  XIV.  p.  6. 

(1881)  (Natal)  ;  Trim.  &  Bowk.,  S.  Afr.  Butt.  I.  p.  342.  n.  114  (1887)  (Cape  Colony;  Caffraria; 

Natal  ;  Delagoa  Bay) ;  Butl.,  I.e.  p.  255.  n.  15  (1895)  (Zomba)  ;  id.,  I.e.  p.  720.  n.  10  (1895). 

(Zomba)  ;  id.,  Joum.  Linn.  Sac.  Land.  XXV.  p.  362.  n.  31  (1896)  (pt.  ;  Caffraria  ;  Natal ;  Zulu  ; 

Delagoa  B. ;  Zomba)  ;  id.,  Ami.  Mag.  N.  B.  (6).  XVIII.  p.  68.  n.  5  (1896)  (Nyassaland)  ; 

Stand.,  Iris  IX.  p.  218  (1896)  (Natal  ;  Nguru  ;  Germ.  E.  Afr.)  ;  Dist.,  Ann.  Mag.  A'.  U.  (7) 

I.  p.  51  (1898)  (Barberton). 
Ni/mphalis  erithalion  Doubleday,  Westw.  &  Hew.,  Gen.  Diurn.  Lep.  t.  48.  f.  1  (1850). 
Nymphalis  ethaliuii,  id..  I.e.  p.  309.  n.  21  (1850)  (Pt.  Natal;  Zulu) ;  Trim.,  Rhop.  Afr.  Auslr.  p.  170. 

n.  98.  and  p.  340  (1862-66)  (Pt.  Natal)  ;  Science  Gossip  p.  281  (1883). 
Nymphalis  erythalion  (!),  Lucas,  in  Cheny,  Enc.  d'Hist.  Nat.,  Pap.  p.  152.  f.  267  (1851-53). 
Nymphalis  ephyrii,  Trimen,  Rhop.  Afr.  Austr.  p.  340  (1866)  ;  Kirby,  Cat.  Diurn.  Lep.  p.  269.  n.  22 

(1871)  (pt.;  Natal). 
Charaxes  ephyra,  Staudinger,  Exot.  Tagf.  p.  170.  t.  58.  ^  (1886)  (pt.  ;  Natal)  ;  Karsch,  Bert  Ent. 

Zeitschr.  XXXVIH.  p.  192.  n.  56  (1894)  (sub  syn.). 
Charaxes  etheocles  var.  ethalion,  Aurivillius,  Kongl.  Sv.  yet.  Ah.  Handl.  XXXI.  5.  p.  237.  sub  n.  34 

(1899). 
S-  Charaxes  rosae  Butler,  Joum.  Linn.  Soc.  Land.  XXV.  p.  360.  n.  25  (1896)  (pt.). 

(?.    Wings  short,  broad. Upperside  velvety  black,  with  very  little  metallic 

gloss. Forewing :  blue  spot  in  cell  seldom  marked,  one  discal  spot  near  costa, 

also  pale  blue,  often  absent,  one  postdiscal  dot  of  the  same  colour,  often  wanting, 

seldom  followed  by  a  second  dot. Hindwing  :  postdiscal  greenish  lunules  seldom 

vestigial;  admarginal  spot  C— SC^  not  marked,  the  next  three  either  rufous  red  or 
greenish  olive  buff,  sometimes  very  faint,  posterior  ones  yellowish  olive  buff,  often 
very  thin  ;  snbmarginal  white  and  blue  dots  small,  upper  ones  vestigial  or  absent. 

Underside  clayish  fawn  colour,  often  with  a  vinaceous  flush,  rather  uniform  iu 
colour,  the  discal  interspaces  being  very  little  paler. 

?.  Resembling  Ch.  eth.  etheocles  ?-f.  etheocles. Upperside,  ioreviing  :  discal 

patches  larger  than  the  postdiscal  ones,  the  two  series  widely  separated  down  to  M^, 
seldom  only  to  R',  the  upper  spots  yellowish  or  white,  the  last  patches  white,  more 
or  less  edged  and  shaded  with  blue,  occasionally  quite  pale  blue  ;  discal  spot 
B,2 — R'  vestigial  or  absent ;   patch  at  internal  margin  8  to  12  mm.  long  ;   posterior 

postdiscal    spots    mostly  very    small  ;     no  spot  in  cell ;    no  marginal  spots. 

Hindwing  :  a  broad  discal  band,  white,  much  shaded  with  pale  blue  or  all  pale  blue, 
extending  to  base  of  M^  and  beyond  bent  of  R',  externally  somewhat  convex  ; 
admarginal  spots  SC^ — R'  bright  rufous. 

Underside,  proximal  portions  of  discal  interspaces  more  or  less  white,  these 


(479  ) 

white  patches  often  absent  from  hindwing  and  occasionally  obscnre  also  on  fore- 
wing  :  ground   varying   in  tint  from  clay  colour   to   clayish  drab. Forewing  : 

postdiscal  interspaces  M^— SM^  mostly  white,  the  other  postdiscal  interspaces  less 
pale,  not  so  prominent  as  in  ?-£  etheocles  ;  submarginal  interspaces  M^ — SM^ 
greyish  white,  forming  a  patch  which  resembles  the  number  3,  the  other  sub- 
marginal  interspaces  less  pale,  not  strongly  arched  ;  black  postdiscal  double  patch 
M^— SM'  as  in  9-f.  etheocles,  but  the   preceding  patches  not   so  well  marked  as 

in  that  form. Hindwing  :  postdiscal  bicolourons  halfmoons  smaller  than  in  ?  -f 

etheocles,  the  postdiscal  bars  at  their  distal  side  not  enlarged  to  patches. 

There  are  four  principal  forms  of  the  ?  -sex  according  to  the  development  of  the 
band  of  the  upperside  : 

a.  Discal  and  postdiscal  spots  and  band  white,  shaded  with  blue. 

b.  Upper  spots  of  forewing  bnif. 

c.  Discal  and  postdiscal  spots  R'— M^  not  completely  separated  (PI.  XII. 

f.  4).     Chipaika  Estate,  Bandawe,  Nyassaland,  17.  iv.  '99. 

d.  Band  and  spots  pale  blue  (PI.  XII.  f  6),  except  upper  postdiscal  spots. 

Taveta  (July)  ;  Zambesi. 

Forms  a  aad  b  are  the  ordinary  ones  which  are  in  the  Tring  Museum  from 
Natal,  Nyassaland,  Delagoa  Bay,  and  Taveta. 

Length  of  forewing  :  cj,  29 — 35  mm. 
„  „  ? ,  38—42  mm. 

The  penis  differs  from  that  of  Ch.  etheocles  constantly  in  the  series  of  teeth 
not  turning  towards  the  upperside,  but  remaining  ventro-lateral  (PI.  VIII.  f  19),  the 
most  distal  teeth  are,  therefore,  not  visible  in  a  view  of  the  penis  from  the  right  side. 

Hab.  Cape  Colony,  Natal  to  British  East  Africa.  In  the  Tring  Museum 
32  3S,  14  ?  ?  from:  Natal,  Pinetown  {Si,  ?  ?);  Rikatia,  Delagoa  Bay  {<Si, 
?  ?);  Lauderdale,  Bandawe,  Zomba  (xii.),  N3'a8saland  (<?(?,  ?);  Chipaika  Estate, 
Bandawe  (F.  Watkinson)  ;  Tanganyika  {6S)  :  Dar-es-Salaam  (c?)  ;  Taveta,  vi.  vii. 
(c?c?,  ?  ?)  ;  Kibwezi,  Brit.  E.  Afr.,  7.  iv.  '94  (c?)  (Dr.  Ansorge). 

"  I  met  with  this  interesting  Charaxes"  says  Dr.  Trimen,  I.e.,  "  sparingly  at 
Port  Natal  in  January  and  February  1867,  but  succeeded  in  capturing  female 
examples  only.  One  of  the  latter  was  seated  quite  on  the  bare  ground,  and  had 
evidently  only  just  emerged  from  the  chrysalis.  I  was  attracted  to  the  spot  by 
seeing  her  flutter  downward  from  a  neighbouring  tree.  Colonel  Bowker  found  both 
sexes  on  the  wing  in  the  same  locality  in  August  1878.  I  believe  that  I  noticed  a 
$  in  the  edge  of  the  wood  at  Knysna,  in  the  Cape  Colony,  as  long  ago  as  1858,  and 
Mr.  Streatfeild,  C.M.G.,  informed  me  that  he  took  the  species  in  the  George  district 
in  1877,  and  in  Kaffraria  Proper  in  1878." 

.;'.  Penis  with  the  series  of  teeth  turning  dorsad  distally  ;  ? ,  forewing  above 
with  white  band  curved,  or  basal  area  blue,  or  band  as  in  ethalion,  but 
cell  with  apical  spot. 

74.  Charaxes  etheocles  (Nov.  Zool.  VI.  t.  VIII.  f  6.  (?.  7.  ?  ;  and  Nov. 
ZooL.  VIL  t.  12.  f.  5.  7.  8.  ?  ?). 

? .  Papilio  Eques  Adiiviis  etheocles  Cramer,  Pajj.  Exot.  II.  p.  34.  t.  119.  f.  D.  E  (1777). 
(J.  Nymphalis  ephyra  Godart,  En.  MM.  IX.  p.  355.  n.  18  (1823). 

(J.  Bodi/  above  olive  black,  with  a  greenish  tint,  white  dots  on  head  and 
pronotum  prominent  ;  below  varying  from  clayish  buff  to  creamy  white. 


(  480  ) 

Wings,  upperside  :  black,  often  with  a  distinct  greenish  tint,  especially  in  basal 

area. Forewing  :  a  spot  in  apex  of  cell,  one  to  three  discal  ones  SC^— R^  about 

6  mm.  from  cell,  spot  SC°— R'  the  largest,  a  postdiscal  series  of  dots  parallel  to 
outer  margin,  upper  two  larger  and  more  proximal,  all  these  spots  grey  blue,  post- 
discal ones  generally  more  white,  the  number  of  these  spots  variable,  sometimes  all 
wanting,  while  in  other  e.xamples  the  postdiscal  series  is  complete  reaching  to  8W, 
occasionally  there  is  also  a  discal  dot  W — M'  marked  ;  outer  margin  with  or 
without  bluish  grey  or  greenish  grey  markings,   which  vary  much   ia   size   and 

distinctness. Hindwing  :  a  series  of  postdiscal  lunules  from  R'— (SM^),  bluish 

grey,  or  glossy  green,  seldom  with  a  russet  tint,  varying  from  being  very  distinctly 
marked  to  being  scarcely  traceable  ;  white  submarginal  dots  shaded  at  edges  with 
pale  green,  last  two  with  pale  blue ;  admarginal  interspaces  greenish  grey,  more  or 
less  distinct,  sometimes  vestigial  only,  interspaces  SC-— R'  mostly  with  a  rufons  bar. 

Underside :  ground  colour  varying  from  greyish  white  to  russet,  often  vinaceous, 
mostly  with  an  obvious  silky  gloss  which  assumes  a  greenish  tint  in  certain  lights  ; 

bars  of  basal  half  black. Forewing  :  cell-bar  1  absent,  2  a  heavy  dot,  3  separated 

into  two  dots,  4  oblique,  curved  distad  in  middle,  reaching  M  about  midway  between 
M'  and  M^ ;  snbmedian  bar  M^— (SM')  about  1  mm.  distal  of  base  of  M^,  bar 
M^— M-  again  1  to  2  mm.  more  distal,  but  always  proximal  of  base  of  M' ;  mediau 
bar  M^ — SM-  curved  distad  in  middle,  simdar  in  shape  to  cell-bar  4,  mediau  bar 
M'— M-  concave  distally,  or  straight,  J  to  1  mm.  more  distal  than  bar  M- — SW, 
bar  R^ — M'  at  right  angles  to  R',  again  more  distal,  while  bar  R- — R'  is  |  to  1  mm. 
more  proximal,  median  bar  R' — R-  not  continuous  with  bars  SC* — W ;  discal  bars 
regularly  concave,  upper  ones  generally  less  distinct,  posterior  ones  black,  postdiscal 
series  parallel  to  discal  one,  last  bars  forming  two  black  patches  as  a  rule,  the  others 

are  also  patch-like,  but  are  less  black  being  generally  russet,  often  vestigial. 

Hindwing  :  basal  and  subbasal  jcostal  bars  as  well  as  snbbasal  bar  C — SC^  absent  ; 
submedian  and  median  costal  bars  a  little  more  proximal  than  the  respective  bars 
C — SC^,  occasionally  united  at  costal  margin  to  a  half-ring ;  no  bars  beyond  SM^ 
except  the  median  bar  ;  discal  bars  regularly  concave,  postdiscal  ones  parallel  to 
them,  but  seldom  well  marked,  postdiscal  interspaces  accordingly  halfmoon-shaped, 
the  greater  distal  portions  rufous  red,  these  red  spots  very  variable  in  distinctness, 
the  discal  bars  externally  with  a  greenish  or  yellowish  grey,  or  yellowish  olive  buff 
border,  which  is  often  vestigial  only  ;  black  submarginal  bars  C — R'  transverse, 
often  indistinct,  bordered  proximally  by  the  white  submarginal  dots,  the  following 
ones  appear  as  black  dots  to  which  are  joined  proximally  blue  and  white  spots  ;  admar- 
ginal interspaces  C — R'  more  or  less  conspicuously  rufous  red,  edged  at  both  sides 
with  thin,  glossy,  greyish  white,  lines,  upper  half  of  intersjjace  R' — M'  often  of  the 
same  colour,  interspaces  R' — SM^  yellowish  olive  bnff ;  marginal  black  line  thin  ; 
tails  acute,  upper  one  generally  somewhat  longer  than  the  second. 

2  ■  Bod'/  above  olive  black,  more  russet  in  front :  underside  of  palj)i  and  breast 
more  or  less  cream  colour,  abdomen  brownish  black,  or  dark  clay  colour. 

Wings  above :  very  variable  in  pattern,  never  so  black  as^in  c?,  brownish  black 
with  a  purplish  tint,  basal  half  of  forewing  and  nearly  the  whole  hindwing  pale 

tawny  olive  in  one  form. Forewing  :  a  series  of  discal  and  another  of  postdiscal 

interstitial  spots  paler  than  the  ground  colour,  white,  bntf,  tawny  olive,  or  blue,  a 
spot  in  apex  of  cell  white  or  buff  or  pale  blue  ;  the  discal  spots  from  R^  to  internal 

margin  and  the  cell-spot  often  forming  a  continuous,  curved,  band. Hindwing  : 

with  a  white,  pale  blue,  or  buff  band  across  disc,  or  without  a  band ;  white  sub- 


(  481  ) 

marginal  spots  mostly  larger  than  in  <?  ;  admarginal  interspaces  also  generally 
larger,  their  colour  variable,  anal  one  (sometimes  the  last  three)  of  an  olive  buff 
tint,  the  others  more  or  less  tawny  orange,  this  colonr  sometimes  restricted  to  inter- 
spaces C— R^  which  occasionally  are  mnch  shaded  purplish  black. 

Underside:  bars  essentially  as  in  d",  median  bars  R^— M'  of  the  forewing 
mostly  absent  in  the  specimens  with  a  curved  band ;  discal  and  postdiscal  inter- 
spaces of  forewing  and  the  median  and  discal  ones  of  hindwiug  paler  than  in  c?; 
often  a  discal  band  of  a  bluish  white  or  huffish  white  colour  present ;  tails  longer 
than  in  3,  less  acute,  upper  one  often  spatulate,  sometimes  truncate. 

Length  of  forewing  :  S,  30 — 40  mm. 
„  „  ?,  35— 44  mm. 

Clasper  narrowed  into  a  concave  lobe  (PI.  VIII.  f.  33.  34.  35)  which  is  very  little 
curved  mesiad,  the  armature  being  formed  by  a  sharp  long  tooth  into  which  the  ridge 
is  produced  that  runs  from  the  ventral  edge  of  the  apical  lobe  to  the  inner  surface  of 
the  clasper,  this  tooth  has  a  ventral  position,  it  projects  mesiad  and  is,  therefore, 
best  seen  in  a  dorsal  (f.  35),  or  ventral  view  (f.  33)  ;  tenth  tergite  not  divided, 
rounded  triangular  ;  penis-funnel  (f.  45,  46)  short,  broad,  free  portion  triangular, 
extreme  tip  compressed,  forming  a  short,  sharp,  hook  ;  penis  with  a  triangular, 
dextro-lateral  ridge  ventrally  about  2J  mm.  before  the  end,  this  ridge  is  variable  in 
height  and  outline,  always  more  or  less  dentate,  an  irregular  series  of  teeth  of 
variable  size  runs  on  the  left  side  of  the  penis,  from  the  ridge  obliquely  towards  the 
dorsal  side  of  the  penis,  the  series  ending  about  |  mm.  before  the  tip  (PI.  VIII. 
f.  12—18),  number,  size,  and  position  of  teeth  variable,  the  ridge  and  the  portion  of 
side  of  the  penis  immediately  before  it  often  rugate  and  rather  densely  denticulated, 
while  in  other  individuals  this  jjortion  is  smooth  and  the  series  of  teeth  is  regular  ; 
but  this  difference  is  individual  only. 

Hab.  All  over  Africa  south  of  the  Sahara,  except  Cape  Colony  and  Natal.  In 
the  Tring  Museum  over  220  c?  <?,  and  48  ?  ? . 

"We  distinguish  two  subspecies  :   Ch.  etheocles  etheocles  and  Ck.  etheocles  viola, 
a.  Ch.  etheocles  etheocles. 

$.  Papilio  Eques  Achivus  etheocles  Cramer,  Pap.  Ex.   II.    p.  34.  t.   119.  f.  D.  E.  (1777)  Sierra 
Leone;  Goeze,  Ent.  Beytr.  lU.  1.  p.  85.  n.  69  (1779);  Fabr.,  Spec.  Lis.    II.    p.    12.    n.   41! 
(1781)  (Afr.  occ.)  ;  id.,  Mant.  Ins.  II.  p.  6.  n.  51  (1787);  Herbst,   Naturs.  Schmett.  IV.  p.  71. 
n.  157.  t.  65.  f.  3.  4  (1790);  Gmel.,  Sysl.  Nat.  I.  5.  p.  2234.  n.  299  (1790). 
§  .  Papilin  Nymphalis  etheocles,  Fabricius,  Ent.  Syst.  III.  1.  p.  64.  n.  200  (1793)  (syn.  pro  parte). 
?  .  Eriboea  etheocUssa  (!),  Hubner,  Vers.  bek.  Schmett.  p.  47.  u.  431  (1816-27). 
$.  Nymphalis  etheocles,  Godart,  E?ic.  Meth.  IX.  p.  355.  n.  17  (1823);  Doubl.,  Westw.  &  Hew., 

Gen.  DIurn.  Lep.  11.  p.  308.  n.  7  (1850)  (pt.)  ;  Kirby,  Cat.  Diuni.  Lep.  p.  269.  n.  21  (1871). 
(J.  Nymphalis  ephyra  Godart,  I.e.  p.  355.  n.   18  (1823)  (Afr.  occ.  :  pt.)  ;  Doubl.,  Westw.  &  Hew., 
l.c.  p.  308.  n.  8  (1850)  (pt.)  ;  Kirby,  Cat.  Dium.  Lep.  p.  269.  n.  22  (1871)  (pt.)  ;  Mab.,  Bull. 
Soc.  Zool.  Fr.  I.  p.  280  (1876)  (Congo  ;  synom.  ex  parte)  ;  Dewitz,  Nov.  Act.  Leap.  Car.  Ak. 
Naturf.  XLI.  2.  2.  p.  8.  n.  28  (1879)  (N.  Angola). 
?.  Chiirai-j-s  etheocles,  Thon,  Naturg.  Schmett.  p.   74.  t.  37.  f.  547.  548  (1837)  ;  Butl.,  Cat.  Dium. 
Lep.  descr.  by  Fabr.  p.  52.  n.  9  (1869)   (pt.  ;  ephyra  =  ^J  of  etheocles?)  ;  Caproun.,  C.  R.  Son. 
Ent.  Belrj.  XXXni.  p.  125.  n.  69  (1889)  (Kassai). 
?  .  Charaxes  etheocles  (!),  Butler,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Lotul.  p.  629.  n.  23  (1865)  (pt.). 
cj.   Charaxes  ephyra,  Butler,  l.c.  p.  629.  n.  24  (1865)  (pt.)  ;  Plotz,  Stett.  Ent.  Zeit.  XLI.  p.   194. 
n.  106  (1880)  (Cameroona  ;  VIII.  XII.)  ;  Staud.,  Exot.  Tagf.  p.  170  (1886)  (pt.  ;  Gold  Coa-st ; 
Gaboon  ;  Angola)  ;  Capronn.,  /.<-.  p.  146.  n.  79  (1889)  (Gaboon)  ;  Godm.  &  Salv.,  Proc.  Zool. 
Soc.  Loml.  p.  440.  n.  85  (1890)  (Aruwimi)  ;    Trim.,   ibid.  p.  80.  n.  36  (1891)  (S.W.  Afr.  : 


(  482  ) 

Ehanda  VIII.  IX.;  small);  Auriv.,  Eitt.  Tiihkr.  XII.  p.   215.  n.   139  (1891)  (Cameroons) ; 

Trimen,  I.e.  p.  43.  n.  67  (1894)  (Manica,  lU.)  ;  Karech,  BeH.  Ent.  Zeitachr.  XXXVIII.  p.  192. 

n.  56  (1894)  (pt.)  ;  Auriv.,  I.e.  XV.  p.  31 1.  n.  194  (1894)  (Cameroons,  HI.  V.  XI. ;  ephyra=  J  of 

etheocles  ?  ?). 
J.  Charaxes  ephyra,  Butler,  Ent.  Mo.  Mag.  XI.  p.    57  (1874)   (?,   Gold  Coast;  distinct  from 

ethalion  !). 
(J  ?  .  Charaxes  etheocles,  Trimen,  I.e.  p.  80.  note  (1891)  (etheocles  =  J  of  ephyra)  ;  Butl.,  Journ.  Linn. 

Soc.  Land.  XXV.  p.  359.  n.  24  (1896)  (Lagos  ;  Gold  Coast ;  Cameroons  ;  Congo)  ;  Stand.,  Iris 

IX.  p.  218  (1896) ;  id.,  I.e.  p.  .363.  t.  3.  ?  ?  (1896)  ;  Auriv.,  Kmigl.  Sv.  Vet.  Al:  Ilandl.  XXXI. 

5.  p.  237.  n.  34  (1899). 
5  .  Charaxes  alladinis  Butler,  Cist.  Eiit.  I.  p.  5  (1869)  ("J'  "  ex  err. !  !  ;  hab.  ?)  ;  id.,  Lep.  Exot. 

p.  27.  n.  5.  t.  10.  f.  2  (1870)  ("jj  "  ex  err.)  ;  Dewitz,  Nov.  Act.  Leap.  Car.  Ak.  Naturf.  L.  4. 

p.  371.  t.  17.  f  8.  ?  .  9.  ?  (1887)  (fig.  8  "cJ  "  ex  err.  ! !  ;  N.  Angola). 
?.  Nymphalix  alladinis,  Kirby,  Cat.  Diuni.  Lep.  p.  269.  n.  23  (1871). 
? .  Charaxes  cedreatis  Hewitson,  Ent.  Mo.  Mag.  X.  p.  247  (1874)  (W.  Afr.  ;  "^"  ex  err.  ! !)  ;  id.. 

Exot.  Butt.  V.  Charaxes  t.  5.  f.  22.  23.  24  (1876). 
?  .  Charaxes  phaeus  Hewitson,  I.e.  XIV.  p.  82  (1877)  (Del.  Bay  ;  "J"'  ex  err. !  !)  ;  Trim.  &  Bowk., 

S.  Afr.  Butt.  I.  p.  344.  n.  115  (1887)  ("(J  "  ex  err.)  ;  iid.,  I.e.  III.  p.  408  (1889)  ;  Monteiro, 

Delagoa  B.  t.  1.  f.  4  (1891)  ;  Trim.,  Prnr.  Zool.  Soc.  Lond.  p.  43.  n.  68  (1894)   (Manica,  IV.)  ; 

Lanz,  Iris  IX.  p.  143  (1896)  (Tabora) ;  Auriv.,  I.e.  p.  236.  n.  28  (1899)  (Del.  Bay  ;  Nyassaland  ; 

L.  Mero  ;  Tabora). 
?  .  Charaxes  hirki  Butler,  Ent.  Mo.  Mag.  XVIII.  p.  105  (1881)  (Mamboia). 
(J  ?  .  Charaxes  carteri  Butler,  I.e.  p.  108  (I88I)  (Accra)  ;  Godm.  &  Salv.,  in  Jameson,  Story  Rear 

Column  p.  440.  n.  86  (1890)  (Nkalama  R.,  IV.). 
jj  5  .  Charaxes  ephyra  var.,  Dewitz,  Nov.  Act.  Leap.  Car.  Ak.  Naturf.  h.  4.  p.  371.  t.  17.  f.  10.  (J. 

11.   ?  (1887)  (N.  Angola). 
(J.  Charaxes  kirki  Butler,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Lond.  p.  60.  n.  17  (1888)  (Foda,  X.) ;  id.,  Ann.  Mag.  N.  H. 

(6).  VII.  p.  42.  n.  12  (1891)  (Kandera,  Germ.  E.  A.,  X.). 
(J.  Charaxes  alladinis  Butler,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Lond.  p.  648.  n.  19  (1893)  (Brit.  C.  Afr.,  I.  VTII.). 
? .  Charaxes  manica  Trimen,  Proe.  Zool.  Soe.  Lond.  p.  43.  n.  69.  t.  4.  f.  9  (1894)  (Manica)  ;  Butl., 

ibid.  p.  822.  n.  13  (1896)  (Songwe  VaUey,  lU. ;  Deep  Bay,  VII.). 
(J  ?  .  Charaxes  hoUandi  Butler,  Ann.  Mag.  N.  H.  (6).  XII.  p.  266  (1893)  (S.  Leone)  ;  id.,  Journ. 

Linn.  Soc.  Lcml.  XXV.  p.  362.  n.  30  (1896)  (S.  Leone  ;  O.  Calabar). 
?.  Charaxes  rosae  Butler,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Lond.  p.  255.  sub  n.  16  (1895)  (Delagoa  B.)  ;  Lanz, 

Iris  IX.  p.  143  (1896)  (Tanganyika). 
?  .  Charaxes  dewUzi  id.,  I.e. 
g.  Charaxes  phaeus,  Butler,   I.e.  p.  255.  n.   16  (1895)   (Zomba)  ;   id..  I.e.  p.   852.  n.   13  (1896) 

(Nyassaland). 
(J  ?  .  Charaxes  2)haews,  id.,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Lund.  XXV.  p.  361.  n.  27  (1896). 
(?  ?  .  Charaxes  chanlen  Holland,  Proc.  U.  St.  Nat.  Mus.  XVIII.  p.  262.  (J.  p.  753.  ?  (1895)  (Brit- 

E.  Afr.). 
cf .  Cherraxes  ephyra  var.  })haeacus  Staudinger,  Iris  IX.  p.  216  (1896)  (Germ.  E.  Afr.  ;  Niam  Niam). 
cJ.  Charaxes  ephyra  ab.  catochrous  id.,  I.e.  p.  218  (1896)  (Cameroons). 

(J.  Charaxes  hollandi,  Sharps,   Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Lond.   p.   533.  n.  34  (1896)  (Walenso,  Somali- 
land,  X.). 
c?  ?.  Charaxes  fulgurata  Aurivillius,  Rongl.  Sv.  Vet.  Ak.  Bandl.  XXX.  1.  5.  p.  236.  n.  30  (1899) 
(Angola). 

As  we  must  regard,  according  to  our  researches  on  the  dead  specimens,  the 
individuals  occurring  in  the  same  place  so  closely  related  as  if  they  were  the 
immediate  offspring  of  the  same  mother  individual,  there  is  no  justification  in 
maintaining  that  a  certain  male  of  that  series  of  individuals  is  the  mate  of  one 
certain  form  ot  female.  Unless  there  is  evidence  to  the  contrary,  we  have  to 
assume  that  the  individuals  of  the  same  place  copulate  indiscriminately.  The 
Angola  S  figured  by  Dewitz,  for  instance,  is  not  the  mate  of  only  one  of  the 
three  Angola  ?  ?  represented  on  the  same  plate,  but  of  all  three.  Hence 
we  consider  it  wrong  to  apply  the  same  varietal  name  for  the  S  and  one  of 
those  ?  ? ,  and  other  varietal  names  for  the  remaining  two  ?  ? .     Such  a  nomencla- 


(  483  ) 

tnre  is,  moreover,  very  misleading,  if  employed  in  lists  of  captures,  because  the  use 
of  the  same  name  for  a  certain  cJ-form  and  for  a  certain  ?-form  obscures  the 
geographical  distribution  of  the.  varietal  forms.  For  instance,  "  alladinis  "  is 
recorded  by  Butler  in  his  Revision  from  Lagos,  Cameroons  and  Gaboon  ;  the  form 
inhabits  most  likely  these  places,  but  all  the  specimens  mentioned  from  there  by 
Butler  are  males,  while  alladinis  is  the  name  of  a  certain  kind  ciijemale.  Therefore 
the  record  of  males  is  no  evidence  that  the  particular  ?  "  alladinis  "  occurs  in 
Lagos,  Cameroons  and  Gaboon.  What  we  want  is  a  precise  knowledge  of  the 
distribution  of  the  ?  -form  alladinis,  and  this  knowledge  will  not  be  furthered  by 
employing  the  name  alladinis  for  something  that  is  not  the  ?-form  alladinis. 
Therefore,  in  the  following  synopsis  a  name  employed  for  a  (J-form  will  not  be 
used  again  for  a   ?-form. 

(J.  Variable  ;  transitions  between  the  different  forms  numerous  ;  form  4  is 
apjjarently  the  most  constant  of  ail. 

A.  Forewing  above  :  marginal  greenish  grey  or  bluish  grey  spots  large ;  at  least 
two  postdiscal  spots. 

a.  Forewing  falcate,  above  with  more  than  two  postdiscal  spots,  the  spots  not 

deeply  arched  ;  the  series  mostly  consisting  of  five  to  eight  spots  ; 
admarginal  spots  SC^ — R'  of  hindwing  above  rather  large,  greenish 
grey,  with  red  centres  ;  postdiscal  pale  bluish  green  lunnles  of  same 
wing  often  heavy,  sometimes  vestigial.  Discal  spots  R^ — M'  of  fore- 
wing above  more  or  less  marked  (type),  or  absent.  Reminding  one  of 
gtuleriana,  but  the  broad,  pale  blue,  postdiscal  band  of  the  hindwing  of 
the  latter  species  consists  in  the  present  form  of  Innules,  which  are,  at 
the  utmost,  1  mm.  broad.  1.   c?-f.  pieta  Rothsch.,  f.  nov. 

We  possess  this  form,  which  seems  to  be  confined  to  East  Africa, 
from :  Unyoro :  Kitanwa,  9.  x.  '97  {type  f)  ;  Fajao,  25.  xi.  '97 ; 
Kasokwa,  25.  viii.  '97  and  5.  x.  '97;  Warringo  River,  8.  and  9.  vii.  '97 ; 
Wakibara,  23.  vii.  '97  ;  Kiorbezi,  4.  i.  '98  ;  Kikoyero,  31.  iii.  '97  ; 
Hoima,  23.  viii.  '97  ;  Fovira,  9.  v.  '97  ;  Busilika,  Bulamwezi,  11.  ii.  '98  ; 

Karunga,  Kyanika,  Bulamwezi,  20.  iii.  '97. Quilimane,  Portug.  E.  A., 

23.  vii.  '93. A  long  series,  collected  by  Dr.  Ansorge. 

b.  Forewing  above  with  more  than  two  postdiscal  spots,  but  the  spots  forming 

deeply  arched,  greenish,  halfmoons,  the  horns  of  which  reach  the 
marginal  spots.  2.  c?-f.  fulgurata. 

Ch.  ephyra  var.,  Dewitz,  I.e.  t.  17.  f.  10  (1887). 
Ch.  fulgurata  Aurivillius,  I.e. 

c.  Forewing  above  with  two  postdiscal  spots  ;  hindwing  above  with  the  post- 

discal spots  SC^— R'  heavily  red  in  many  specimens ;  underside  varying 
from  whitish  grey  to  greyish  clay  colour  ;  generally  somewhat  smaller 
than  the  form  picta,  sometimes  (Angola  specimen)  resembling  in  shape 
Ch.  ethalion.  3.   c?-f.  chanleri. 

Ch.  chanleri  Holland,  I.e. 

Ch.  ephijra  var. phaeacus  Staudinger,  I.e. 

In  the  Tring  Museum  from  :  Unyoro,  Fajao,  15.  and  20.  vii.  '97,  Warringo  R., 
8.  vii.  '97  (Dr.  Ansorge)  ;  Somalilaud  :  Walenso,  Sheik  Hnseiu,  Upper  Shebeli  R., 
5  to  7000  ft.,  wet  country,  26.  x.  '94  (Dr.  Donaldson  Smith).     German  E.  Afr : 


(484  ) 

Dar-es-Salaam.  Rhodesia  :  Nambooma,  TJpp.  Zambesi,  beginning  of  April  1898, 
Njoko,  April  1898  (Coryndon).  Transvaal :  Rnstenburg,  ix.  x.  '94  (Ayres).  Angola : 
Cnbal  R.,  iii.  '99  (Penrice). 

One  of  the  Nambooma  specimens  is  figured  in  Nov.  Zool.  VI.  t.  VIII.  f.  6  ; 
the  d  individuals  from  that  place,  as  well  as  the  Njoko  example,  have  the  underside 
very  much  variegated  ;  the  ? ,  figured  on  the  same  plate,  which  Mr.  Coryndon 
obtained  in  jiractically  the  same  district,  has  the  underaide  more  uniform  'in  colour. 
Our  two  specimens  from  Somaliland,  Walenso,  are  the  same  in  size  as  $-i.  picta. 

B.  Forewing  above :  marginal  spots  small,  or  absent  ;  if  large,  there  is  only 
one  (or  no)  postdiscal  spot. 

d.  Forewing  above  with  two,  rather  large,  postdiscal  spots  ;  underside  clayish 

chocolate,  very  uniform  in  colour  ;  wings  broad,  resembling  in  shape  those 
of  Ck.  ethalion,  but  are  larger.  4.   c?-f.  cytila  Rothsch.,  f.  nov. 

We  received  a  series  of  this  peculiar  form  from  near  Bandawe,  Nyassaland, 
some  of  them  being  caught  in  April,  and  also  a  few  specimens  from  Ft.  Abercorn, 
Nyassaland.  Together  with  them  came  the/emale  form  represented  on  Plate  XII. 
f.  7,  which  has  precisely  the  same  underside  as  regards  the  tint  of  the  ground 
colour.  Several  specimens  from  Angola,  caught  by  Mr.  Penrice  (Kuhiriri  R.  and 
Longa  R.,  Nov.  '99),  as  well  as  specimens  from  Zomba  in  Mr.  Adams's  collection, 
agree  on  the  npperside  fairly  well  with  this  form,  but  have  the  underside 
flushed  with  a  strong  vinaceous  tint,  the  forewing  being,  moreover,  more  variegated. 
With  these  S  S  come  two  kinds  of  ?  ? ,  which  are  mentioned  under  forms  13  and  13. 

e.  Forewing  above  with  one  or  no  postdiscal  spot,  or  ground  colour  of  under- 

side not  uniformly  clayish  chestnut. 
a^  Basal  two-thirds  of  underside  almost  white.     Upperaide  :  forewing  with 
three  dots  along  costal  edge,  one  or  the  other  of  them  often  absent, 
seldom  all  wanting;  marginal  dots,  if  marked,  very  small;  admarginal 
spots  of  hindwing  not  centred  red.  5.  c?-f.  catochroiis. 

Charaxes  ephyra  ah.  catochrous  Staudinger,  Iris  IX.  p.  218  (1896). 

This  is  the  form  of  which  Dr.  Butler  says  :  "  Mr.  Godart's  description  (of 
ephyra)  is  sufficiently  good  to  identify  the  species  with  certainty."  However, 
Godart's  description  seems  to  us  to  apply  much  better  to  form  8. 

In  the  Tring  Mnsenm  from  :  Cameroons  ;  Warri,  Niger  Coast  Protectorate, 
V.  and  vi.  (Dr.  Roth)  ;  Leupoldville,  Congo  ;  Uuyoro  :  Fajao,  15.  and  16.  vii.  '97, 
Wakibara,  23.  vii.  '97,  Karunga,  Kyanika,  Bulamwezi,  20.  iii.  '97  ;  Masindi,  28.  vii. 
'97  (Dr.  Ansorge). 

b^.  Basal  two-thirds  of  underside  not  white,  the  median  interspaces  always 

much  darker  in  tint ;  discal  interspaces  of  underside  at  outside  of 

median  bars  and  part  of  submedian  intersjmces  more  or  less  pale 

clay  colour,  sometimes  almost  grey. 

a^.  Marginal  spots  of  forewing  above  absent  or  small ;  ground  colour  of 

underside  broccoli  brown.  (5.  6-i.  hollandi. 

Ch.  hollamli  Butler,  I.e. 

A  common  West  African  f<^irm,  occurring  from  Sierra  Leone  to  the  Congo  and 
British  E.  Africa ;  dated  specimens  in  the  Tring  Museum  from :  Ran,  Nandi 
country,  14.  iii.  '98,  and  Kabras,  Uganda  Protectorate,  13.  xii.  '96  (Dr.  Ansorge)  ; 
AV^arri,  Niger  Coast  Protectorate,  22.  viii.  '97  ;  Kumasi  to  Cape  Coast  Castle,  iv.  '99 


(  485  ) 

(Uapt.  GiiFard)  ;  Great  Forest  of  Upper  Congo,  fifteen  days'  march  from  Ft.  Beni, 
19.  V.  '99  (Dr.  Ansorge). 

b^.  Like  preceding,  but  underside  with  an  obvious  reddish  purple  tint, 
especially  on  the  darker  coloured  portions  of  the  wings. 

7.   c?-f.  carteri. 
Ch.  carteri  Butler,  I.e. 

Also  common  in  West  Africa  from  Sierra  Leone  to  the  Upper  Congo ;  inter- 
gradations  between  this  and  forms  6  to  10  numerous.  This  is  what  Dr.  Butler  puts 
as  c?  to  ?  -f.  alladinis.  Dated  specimens  in  the  Tring  Museum  from  Warri,  Niger 
Coast  Protectorate,  iv.  '96  (Dr.  Roth)  ;  Yanga,  Ituri  R.,  29.  v.  '99  (Dr.  Ansorge). 

c^.  Underside  as  in  6  or  7  ;  upperside,  marginal  spots  of  forewing 
conspicuous,  white  snbmarginal  dots  of  hindwing  large,  one 
postdiscal  dot,  the  second  seldom  vestigial ;  admarginal  spots  of 
hindwing  without  red  centres.  8.  ^-f.  ephjra. 

Nymphalis  ephyra  Godart,  Em.  Meth.  IX.  p.  355.  n.  18  (1823). 

Charaxes  viola,  Butler  (non  Butler,  1865),  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Land.  XXV.  p.  359.  n.  23  (1896) 
(Ashanti  ;  0.  Calabar  ;  Angola). 

Distributed  over  West  Africa  from  Sierra  Leone  to  the  Congo  basin  ;  resembling 
the  East  African  forms  1  and  3.  In  the  Triug  Museum  from  :  S.  Leone  (Capt. 
Stevens)  ;  Kumasi  to  Cape  Coast  Castle,  iv.  '99  (Capt.  Giflfard)  ;  Knmasi  to 
Kintampo,  iv.  '99  (Col.  Northcott)  ;  Agawasso,  Gold  Coast,  middle  of  vii.  '97;  Great 
Forest  on  Upper  Congo,  four  days'  march  from  Ft.  Beni,  8.  v.  '99  (Dr.  Ansorge). 

d^.  Upperside,  forewing:  spot  in  cell  generally  large,  the  other  two 
costal  spots  small,  the  postdiscal  one  of  them  mostly  absent, 
marginal  spots  absent  or  vestigial,  basal  area  green  ;  hindwing  : 
admarginal  spots  SC-— R^  more  or  less  ochraceous,  or  ochraceons 
rufous.      Underside  dark  clay  colour,  bars  heavy. 

9.   ^-f.  lutacea  Rothsch.,  f.  nov. 
Known  to  us  from  the  Congo  basin  and  Unyoro.     In  the  Tring  Museum  from  : 
Lukolele,    Stanley    Pool  ;    Great    Forest,     two    and    three    days'    march    from 
Ft.  Beni,  6.  v.  '99  and  7.  v.  '99  {type)  (Dr.  Ansorge)  ;  Fajao,  Unyoro,  23.  vii.  '97 
(Dr.  Ansorge). 

e^.  Upperside  violet  blue  ;  forewing :  with  or  without  marginal  spots, 
costal  spots  sometimes  all  wanting  ;  hindwing  :  admarginal  spots 
obscnrely  marked.     Underside  as  in  form  6,  seldom  as  in  7. 

10.   c?-f.  violacea  Rothsch.,  f.  nov. 
In  the  Tring  Museum  from  :   Kumasi  to  Mansu,  Gold  Coast,  iv.  '99  (Col. 
Northcott)  ;  Ogow6  R.  {type)  ;  Bopoto,  Congo  ;  Sakarnmbi,  one  day's  march  from 
Ft.  Beni,  Congo  Free  State,  .5.  v.  '99,  and  three  days'  march  from  Ft.  Beni,  7.  v.  '99 
(Dr.  Ansorge)  ;  Yanga,  Ituri  R.,  29.  v.  '99  (Dr.  Ansorge). 

Besides  these  ten  forms,  which  can  be  subdivided  almost  infinitely,  there 
exist  in  collections  individuals  which  agree  on  the  upperside  with  one  or  the  other  of 
forms  5  to  10,  but  have  the  ground  of  the  underside  much  more  uniform  in  colour. 
Two  such  individuals  in  the  Tring  Museum  have  the  upperside  obviously  oily 
green ;  the  marginal  markings  of  the  forewing  above  and  the  snbmarginal  dots 
of  the  hindwing  are  as  in  c?-f  ephyra.  A  specimen  from  Buaia,  Bnsiro,  Uganda, 
24.  iii.   '99   (Dr.  Ansorge),  has  the   shape   and   size  of  J-f.  chanleri,  the  costal 


(  486  ) 

spots  of  the   forewing  are  obsolete,  and  the   underside  is  conspicnonsly  flashed 
with  purple  red. 

Figs.  12  to  17  of  PI.  VIII.  represent  various  penis  forms  :  f.  14,  Warringo  R.= 
cJ-f.  picta;  f  15,  Kiorbezi=  c?-f.  picta  ;  f.  13,  Nambooma=  c?-f.  chanleri  \  f.  12, 
Bandawe=(?-f.  cytila  ;  f.  16,  Wakibara=tJ-f.  catockrous  ;  f.  17,  Warri,  Niger  = 
c?-f  catockrous. 

¥ .  Polychromatic. 
A.  Forewing  above  with  a  discal   and  a  postdiscal  series   of  paler   spots,  or  the 
spots  nearly  all  absent,  base  not  pale  bine,  no  white  curved  band. 
a.  Hindwing  with  a  broad  discal  band  across  disc,  white,  buff,  blue. 

a^.  Discal  and  postdiscal  patches  of  forewing  merged  together,  only  the 
upper  two  or  three  pairs  separated,  the  band  thus  formed  creamy 
buff,  anteriorly  and  distally  ochraceous  ;  hindwing  with  admarginal 
spots  SC^ — W  orange,  the  following  ones  olive  buff,  discal  band 
white,  slightly  bluish  proximally,  and  with  a  faint  tint  of  ochraceous 
at  distal  edge.     Underside,  discal  interspaces  white. 

1.    ^-i.kirki. 

(?)  Charaxea  viola  Butler,  Ann.  Mag.  N.  E.  (4).  XVni.  p.  481  (1876)  (Atbara ;  haec  forma?  aut 

Ch.  etheocles  viola  1). 
Ch.  kirtci  Butler,  I.e.  (Mamboia). 
Ch.  chanleri  Holland,  I.e.  p.  753.  ?   (Brit.  E.  Afr.  ;  Kiknyu  ?). 

Resembling  the  Senegalese  Ck.  etheocles  viola.  It  is  known  from  British 
E.  Africa  (Kiknyu  or  Kenia  district?),  Taveta,  May  1891  (Mus.  Tring),  German 
E.  Africa,  Mamboia;  possibly  the  Abyssinian  individuals  recorded  by  Butler,  I.e., 
as  viola  belong  here  also. 

i'.  Discal  and  postdiscal  patches  of  forewing  more  or  less  joined  together, 
or  nearly  all  separated,  ochraceous  ;  band  of  hindwing  huffish 
ochraceous  or  buff,  admarginal  spots  all  orange,  except  anal  one. 
Underside  flushed  with  reddish  purple,  discal  and  postdiscal  inter- 
spaces of  forewing  with  buff  patches,  discal  interspaces  of  hindwing 
forming  a  buff  coloured  band. 

2.   ?  -f.  ockracea  Rothsch.,  f.  nov. 

Ch.  ephyra,  Staudinger,  Irh  IX.  t.  3.  f.  6  (1896)  (Gaboon). 

Occurs  in  West  Africa  :  Congo  (Mus.  Tring). 

c^.  Discal  and  postdiscal  patches  of  forewing  above  as  before,  upper  ones 
huffish,  posterior  ones  white,  slightly  bluish  ;  band  of  hindwing 
white,  and  shaded  with  blue  at  edges.    Resembling  ?  of  Ch.  ameliae. 

3.    ?-f  etheocles. 

P.  E.  A.  etheocles  Cramer,  I.e. 

Ch.  ephyra,  Staudinger,  Iris  IX.  t.  3.  f.  3.  4  (1896). 

A  West  African  form,  the  commonest  in  S.  Leone ;  known  from  S.  Leone, 
Gold  Coast,  Cameroons,  Gaboon. 

(P.  Like  4'  or  c^  but  the  last  discal  patch  of  the  forewing  and  the  band  of 
the  hindwing  blue.     Resembles  Ch.  imperials  ?  . 

4.    ?-f.  re^a^/s  Rothsch.,  nov. 


(  487  ) 

Ch.  hoUamli  Butler,  I.e.  ?  ,  non  (J. 

Ch.  ephyra,  Staudinger,  Iris  EX.  t.  3.  f.  5  (189G)  (S.  Leone). 

Occurs  on  the  West  Coast :  Sierra  Leone  (type),  0.  Calabar. 

e'.  Like  ?-f.  regalis,  bnt  forewing  :  discal  patches  bine  up  to  E^,  post- 
discal  spots  (except  upper  two)  absent;  hindwing:  blue  band  broader, 
its  outer  edge  convex,  parallel  to  margin  of  wing.  Transition  to  the 
individual  of  ?  -f  pkaeus  with  green  base,  mentioned  below. 

5.   ?  -f  dewitzi. 

Ch.  alladmis  Dewitz,  I.e.  t.  17.  f.  8  (1887). 
Ch.  dewitzi  Butler,  I.e.  Angola. 

b.  Hindwing  without  broad  discal  band. 
_/\  Upperside  with  a  red  purple  gloss  ;  spots  of  forewing  more  or  less 
ochraceous,  the  discal  and  postdiscal  series  both  stopping  at  M^,  there 
being  no  spots  beyond  this  vein,  or  the  external  series  continued  to 
internal  margin ;  proximal  series  often  reduced  to  two  or  three  spots  ; 
hindwing  sometimes  with  a  postdiscal  line  of  ochraceous  lunules. 

6.   ?-f.  senate  Rothsch.,  f.  nov. 

Ch.  ephyra,  Staudinger,  Irin  IX.  t.  3.  f.  2  (189fi)  (Gaboon). 

In  the  Tring  Museum,  from  the  Gold  Coast,  R.  Ogow6,  and  the  Congo. 

g^.  Upperside  purple  blue,  spots  of  forewing  white  or  whitish  blue,  or 
purple,  hindwing  with  indications  of  blue  postdiscal  patches. 

7.  ?  -f.  alladinis. 

Cli.  alladinis  Butler,  I.e. 

Ch.  ephyra,  Staudinger,  Iris  IX.  t.  3.  f.  1.  (1896)  (Gold  Coast). 

In  the  Tring  Museum  from  the  Gold  Coast,  Lagos  and  Cameroons. 
h'-.  Like  preceding,  bnt  hindwing  with  two  red  and  blue  patches. 

8.   'i-tfulgens  Rothsch.,  f.  nov.  (PI.  XII.  f.  5). 
In  the  Tring  Museum  from  Sierra  Leone. 

?'.  Like  form  6,  but  more  steel  blue,  especially  on  hindwing,  spots  of 
forewing  absent,  except  a  small  discal  costal  spot,  which  is  pale  blue, 
and  the  vestige  of  a  spot  in  the  apex  of  the  cell. 

9.    ?-f  virilis  Rothsch.,  f.  nov. 
One  specimen  without  precise  locality  in  the  Tring  Museum,  labelled  W.  Afr. 
B.  Forewing  above  with  a  curved,  white,  band,  or  basal  half  of  wing  pale  blue 
as  in  Ch.  hohemani  <S. 
c.  Forewing  with  white  curved  band ;  basal  third  of  hindwing  not  pale  blue. 
k^.  Basal    area  of  forewing  and  greater   part  of   hindwing   tawny  olive. 
Forewing :   patch   R^— M'  of  band   long,  patches  M^— SM-  small, 
obsolescent ;  of  the  postdiscal  series  SC*— M^  of  spots  only  the  upper 
two  marked.     Resembling  ?  Ch.  tiridates.  10.   i -{.  cedreatis. 

Ch.  cedreatis  Hewilaon,  I.e. 
Ch.  earteri  Butler,  I.e.  ?  . 

Hewitson's  specimens  came  from  Angola  and  Fernando  Po. 
In  the  Tring  Museum  from  the  Gold  Coast  and  the  Congo. 

IK  Basal  area  of  both  wings  brown,  with  a  metallic  gloss  ;  band  of  hind- 
wing broad,  white  or  pale  blue  ;  hindwing  below  with  or  without 
white  discal  band.  11.   i-t.rosae. 


(  488  ) 

Ch.  alladinis  var.,  Dewitz,  I.e. 
Ch.  rosae  Butler,  I.e. 

In  the  Tring  Mnsenm  from  Delagoa  Bay  ;  Zomba,  xii.  '95  (Dr.  P.  Rendall)  ; 
Taveta,  vi.  and  vii. 

(/.  Basal  two-thirds  of  hindwing  pale  bine  ;  forewing  with  white  band. 

m}.  Basal  area  of  forewing  brown  ;  postdiscal  markings  of  forewing  angle- 
or  halfmoon-shaped.  12.    ?-f.  lunigera  Bothsch.,  nom.  nov. 

Ch.  ephyra  var.,  Dewitz,  I.e.  t.  17.  f.  11. 

Ch.fulguriita  Aurivillius,  I.e.  (  ?  ,  non  (J).  .^■ 

Found  in  Northern  Angola.     Type  :  Denily's  fignre. 

w^  Basal  area  of  forewing  blue  or  greenish  bine.  Resembling  ?  Ch. 
bohemani.  13.    ? -f.  wawz'm,  (Plate  XII.  f.  7). 

Ch.  manica  Trimen,  I.e. 

Received,  together  with  c?-f.  cytila,  from  near  Bandawe,  Nyassaland, 
(F.  Watkinson)  ;  Loanda  ;  Longa  R.,  Angola,  Nov.  1899  (Penrice). 

0^.  Band  of  forewing  interrnpted  at  IP,  patch  M' — M-  oblique,  bine  colour 
more  restricted  than  in  the  preceding  form. 

14.    ?-f.  vetula  Rothsch.,  f.  nov.  (PI.  XII.  f.  8). 
In  the  Tring  Mnaeum  from  the  Ogoir6  R. 
e.  Forewing  without  white  band. 
/>'.  Basal  areas  of  both  wings  pale  bine,  extending  on  forewing  to  point  of 
origin  of  M',  sometimes  greenish  at  base,  in  which  case  the  upperside 
comes  near  that  ?  -f.  dewitzi ;  posterior  postdiscal  spots  of  forewing 
absent.     Resembling  c?  C/;.  ^o^ewaMi'.  15.   ^-tphaeus. 

Ch.phaeus  Hewitson,  I.e.  :  Monteiro,  I.e.  t.  1.  f.  4  (1891). 

Recorded  from  Delagoa  Bay  ;  Manicaland,  April  ;  Tabora,  German  E.  Africa. 
In  the   Tring    Museum    from    Hikuenge,   Luanda,    viii.,   and   "  Mozambique 
(Monteiro),"  the  former  with  the  base  of  the  wings  greenish  ;  a  third  specimen, 
from  Angola  (Penrice),  agrees  with  that  from  Hikuenge. 

q^.  Basal  areas  grey  green  blue,  not  violet  at  edges,  extended  on  forewing 
beyond  base  of  M',  joining  the  postdiscal  spots  M^ — SM^  which  are 
not  obsolete,  postdiscal  sjwts  of  the  same  colour,  upper  two  white 
proximally  ;  a  series  of  minute  admargiual  dots  up  to  R- ;  underside 
with  a  strong  vinaceous  grey  finsh,  markings  not  prominent. 

16.    ?-f.  coryndoni  Rothsch.,  f.  nov.  (Nov.  ZooL.  VI.  t.  8.  f.  7.) 

I  received  this  peculiar  form,  together  with  the  S  i  mentioned  under  S-i. 
ckanleri,  from  Mr.  Coryndon,  who  found  it  at  Gazungnla,  Upper  Zambesi,  in 
April  1898. 

b.  Ch.  etheocles  viola. 

^.  Nym}>halis  ephyni  Godart,  Eitc.  Mcth.  IX.  p.  355.  n.  18.  "N.  B."  (1823)  (partim). 

(J  J.  Charaxes  ephyra,  Feisthamel,  Ami.  Soc.  Eitt.  Fr.  p.  253.  n.  10  (1850)  (Casamanca) ;  Butl., 

Proe.  Zool.  Soe.  Loml.  p.  623.  n.  24  (1866)  (pt.). 
(J  ?  .  Nymphalin  ephyra,  Kirby,  Cat.  Diurn.  Lep.  p.  269.  n.  22  (1871)  (pt.). 


(  489  ) 

5 .  Charaxes  viola  Butler,  I.e.  p.  627.  n  16.  t.  36.  f.  4  (1865)  (W.  Afr.);  Karsch,  Berl.  Eni.  Zellschr 
XXXVni.  p.  187.  n.  49  (1894)  (Adeli,  Togo)  ;  Butl.,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Loml.  XXV.  p.  359. 
D.  23  (1896)  (pt. ;  W.  Afr.). 

^  ?  .  Charaxes  viola  Butler,  Atm.  Mag.  N.  H.  (4).  XVIII.  p.  481  (1876)  (Atbara  ;  haec  subsp  .»). 

J.  Charaxes  chinm  Staudinger,  Exot.  Tagf.  p.  168.  t.  58  (1886)  (Senegal  ;    "(J  "  ex  err.). 

j.  Charaxes  ephi/ra,  Karsch,  I.e.  p.  192.  n.  56  (1893)  (Adeli,  Togo). 

(J  $  .  Charaxes  etheocles  var.  viohi,  Aurivillius,  Koiujl.  Sr.  Vet.  Ak.  Handl.  XXXI.  5.  p.  238.  sub 
n.  34(1899)  (pt.). 

S-  Small,    resembling    Ch.    etheocles    etheocles    S-L    ckanleri,    wings    more 

elongate. Upperside.,  forewing  :    cell-spot  alwa}'8  present,   rather   large,  discal 

spot  SC — R'  also  heavy,  mostly  accomjianied  by  a  line  in  front  and  a  dot  behind  ; 
two  postdiscal  dots,  of  which  the  second  is  seldom  absent,  occasionally  traces  of  two 

more  dots  ;  marginal  spots  large,  more  or  less  fused  together. Hindwing  more 

triangular  than  in  the  other  West  African  specimens  of  Ch.  etheocles,  admarginal 
spots  rather  heavy,  sjiots  SC- — R'  paler,  often  with  orange  red  centres,  broader  than 
the  space  between  them  and  the  white  submarginal  dots  ;  black  snbmarginal  dots 
R^ — SM-  obvious  on  account  of  their  deep  black  colour  ;  postdical  line  of  lunules 
R' — (SM')  always  present. 

Underside  clayish  ecru  drab,  rather  uniform  in  colour,  median  interspaces 
scarcely  darker  than  base. 

Underside  of  breast,  especially  of  metasternum,  as  pale  as  the  paljii  ;  abdomen 
little  more  huffish. 

? .  Resembling    Ch.   etheocles    etheocles     ?  -f  kirki.       Wings    above  pnrjilish 

brown. Forewing  :  a  series  of  discal  and  one  of  postdiscal  spots,  spots  SC* — R^ 

separate,  or  spots  R' — R^  connected  by  tawny  scales,  the  others  merged  together  to 
a  band  which  is  cut  by  the  brown  veins,  the  band  is  7  to  8  mm.  broad  at  internal 
margin,  is  about  5  mm.  from  outer  margin  and,  at  M^,  8  mm.  from  cell,  mostly 
whitish  at  internal  margin  ;  patch  R'-' — R'  often  subdivided  by  brown  scales,  some- 
times the  proximal  portion  absent,  patches  R' — M'  occasionally  also  with  tawny 
brown  scales  in  or  near  middle  ;  outer  margin  with  a  series  of  large,  but  rather 

obscurely    marked,    tawny    spots. Hindwing :    a    broad,    white,    discal    band, 

posteriorly  shaded  with  pale  blue  or  violet,  measuring  6  to  7  mm.  at  SC-,  1 4  mm. 
along  M^,  the  black  postdisco-submarginal  area  reduced  to  a  band  which  becomes 
very  narrow  behind  and  measures  only  4  mm.  in  front ;  white  submarginal  dots 
large,  edged  externally  with  blue,  especially  last  ones,  black  submarginal  dots 
R' — SM^  conspicuous  ;  admarginal  spots  C — R'  orange  ochraceous  centred  with 
orange,  the  others  greenish  olive  bulF,  often  yellowish  in  middle. 

Underside  clayish  ecru  drab. Forewing  :  discal  and  postdiscal  interspaces  of 

forewing  creamy  buff,  discal  luniform  bars  feebly  marked,  posterior  ones  obsolete. 

Hindwing  :  discal  interspaces  paler  than  on  forewing,  but  not  sharply  marked  ; 

postdiscal  interstitial  halfmoons  not  prominent,  their  proximal  halves  cream  buff 
or  pale  straw  yellow,  distal  halves  dark  cinnamon  rufous. 

Length  of  forewing  :   cJ,  3U — 33  mm. 
„  „  ?  ,  34 — 37  mm. 

Triangular  ridge  of  penis  much  reduced  in  height  (PI.  VIII.  f.  18). 

Hab.  Senegambia  and  the  Hinterlands  of  the  West  Coast,  probably  as  far 
south  as  Cameroons.  In  the  Tring  Museum  9  c?c?,  6  ??  from:  Bathurst ; 
R.  Gambia  ;  Gambaga,  near  Volta  R.,  28.  viii.  '99  (Col.  Northcott) ;  Gambaga, 
Nov.  Dec.  '98  (Capt.  Giffard). 

A  c?  specimen  in  the  Tring  Museum  labelled  "  Cameroons  "  agrees  with  viola. 

38 


(  490  ) 

Both  sexes  of  this  form  were  described  by  Feisthamel  in  1850  as  ephyra. 
Dr.  Butler,  in  1865  and  1896,  failed  to  recognise  the  identity  of  Feisthamel's  insect 
with  his  own  viola.  What  Dr.  Butler  considered  in  1896  to  be  c?<?  of  viola  are 
ephyra  Godart,  not  ephyra  Feisth.  =  viola  Butl.  Aurivillius,  with  wonted  careful- 
ness, put  the  synonymy  right. 

«'.  Median  bars  of  fore-  and  hindwing  contiuuons. 

0*.  Upperside  with  a  very  strong  bine  gloss  (cJ). 

75.  Charaxes  thysi. 

Charaxes  thysi  Capronnier,  C.  R.  Soc.  Ent.  Bilg.  XXXIII,  p.  125.  n.  70  (1889)  (Kassai)  ;  Butl., 
Journ.  Limi.  Soc.  Loud.  XXV.  p.  374.  n.  66.  and  p.  3G4.  sub  n.  33  (1896)  ;  Auriv.,  Kongl.  Sv. 
Vet.  Ak.  Handl.  XXXI.  5.  p.  236.  n.  26.  t.  5.  f.  7  (1899)  (Congo). 

(?.  Body  above  olivaceous  black,  head  and  pronotum  with  the  usual  white  dots; 
underside  huffish  white,  abdomen  rather  darker. 

cJ.    Wings  above  black,  with  a  strong  hyacinth  blue  gloss. Forewing  :  a 

postdiscal  campanula  blue  band  from  SC^  to  internal  margin,  composed  of  seven 
spots,  the  first,  third  and  fourth  a  little  more  proximal  than  the  others,  the  band 

gradually  broader  behind,  patch  M^ — SM^  measuring  3  mm.  in  width. Hindwing : 

band  of  forewing  continued  across  disc  to  abdominal  fold,  its  proximal  margin  convex 
before  cell,  where  the  band  is  4|  mm.  broad,  its  outer  margin  nearly  straight,  but 
indented  upon  the  veins  ;  a  series  of  purplish  blue  submarginal  dots  ;  admarginal 
interstitial  markings  transverse,  purplish  blue,  extending  into  tails,  where  they 
become  whitish,  anal  one  olive  grey  ;  abdominal  fold  pale  brown,  a  triangular, 
grey,  patch  beyond  end  of  SM^. 

Underside  silvery  white. Forewing  :  cell-bars  similar  to  those  of  the  allied 

species,  bar  4  bent  distad  in  middle  ;  submedian  bar  M^ — (SM')  just  behind  base 
of  M-,  submedian  bar  M' — M-  proximal  of  base  of  M'  ;  median  bars  forming  a 
nearly  continuous  line,  2 J  mm.  distant  from  cell  at  R^,  only  lA  mm.  at  R^ ;  discal 
bars  situated  in  a  brown  band  which  runs  from  costal  to  internal  margin,  is  nearly 
straight,  begins  11  mm.  from  apex  of  wing  and  crosses  SM^  6  mm.  from  its  end  ; 
to  this  band  is  joined  a  large,  double,  blackish  brown,  patch  M- — SM-  ;  postdiscal 
bars,  bars  SC — M^  represented  by  a  pale  brown,  rather  indistinct,  zigzag  line,  while 
bar    M^ — M^   is    larger,    blackish,    and    halfmoon-shaped ;    outer    margin    brown; 

submarginal,  white,  interspace  M^— SM-  resembling  the  number  3. Hindwing  : 

basal  and  subbasal  costal  bars,  and  subbasal  bar  G— SC^  absent  ;  submedian  and 
median  bars  forming  two  nearly  continuous  lines,  pale  russet  wood  brown  ;  the 
series  of  discal  and  postdiscal  bars  parallel,  situated  in  a  faintly  curved,  tawny,  band 
of  2^  mm.  breadth,  nearly  parallel  to  outer  margin,  crossing  C  3  mm.  from  its 
end,  discal  bars  linear,  curved,  postdiscal  ones  more  rounded,  except  the  last  ones 
which  are  also  linear  and  curved  ;  submarginal  bars  abbreviated,  but  transverse, 
last  two  rounded,  minute;  admarginal,  interstitial,  markings  transverse,  ochraceous, 
bordered  at  both  sides  with  a  very  thin  white  line,  anal  one  olive  ;  tails  slender, 
acute. 

?.  Unknown. 

Length  of  forewing  :  31  mm. 

Hah.  Kassai,  Congo  Free  State  (Capt.  Thys),  in  Mns.  Brnxelles,  Mus. 
Stockholm,  coll.  Staudiuger. 


(491   ) 

The  scales  in  the  btisal  area  of  the  forewing  above  have  very  short  teeth,  those 
in  the  outer  half  have  scarcely  any  teeth. 

p  ^  Bine  gloss  of  npperside  not  strong. 

k''.  (5  with  pale  blue  band,  ¥  with  white  band. 

76.  Charaxes  baumanni. 

Charaxps  haumanni  Eogenhofer,  Verh.  Znol.  Bot.  Ges.  Wien.  XLI.  p.  564.  ?  (1891)  (Pare)  ;  id.,  in 
Baumann,  Usamhara  p.  328.  n.  88  (1891)  ;  Auriv.,  Kongl  Sv.  Vet.  Ak.  Handl.  XXXI.  5.  p.  236. 
n.  25  (1899)  (Manicaland  ;  Zomba  ;  TJsambara). 

Charaxes  whytei  Butler,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Loud.  p.  049.  d.  20.  t.  60.  f.  2.  ^  (1893)  (Zomba,  I.  XII.) ; 
id.,  I.e.  p.  14  note  (1894)  ;  Trim.,  ibid.  p.  607  (1894)  ;  Butl,  I.e.  p.  255.  n.  17.  t.  15.  f.  3.  ?' 
(1895)  (Zomba)  ;  id.,  I.e.  p.  720.  n.  11  (1895)  (Zomba)  ;  id.,  Jouni.  Linn.  Soc.  Land.  XXV. 
p.  363.  n.  33  (1896)  (Zomba). 

Charaxes  selousi  Trimen,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Land.  p.  45.  n.  72.  t.  6.  f.  10.  J  (1894)  (Manicaland). 

Charaaes  ethalion,  Bntler,  I.e.  p.  362.  n.  31  (1896)  (pt.). 

S  ? .  Bodi/  above  dark  olive,  four  dots  on  head,  a  line  behind  eye,  and  two  dots 
at  each  side  of  prothorax  white  ;  underside  clay  colour,  palpi  and  middle  of  breast 
more  creamy  buff,  npperside  of  anterior  tibia  of  ?  black. 

(J.    Wings  above  black. Forewing:  a  postdiscal  series  of  white  spots  jiarallel 

to  outer  margin  anteriorly  curved  costad,  upper  spots  minute,  edged  with  pale  bine, 
last  ones  larger,  merged  together  to  a  band  which  is  about  5  mm.  wide  at  internal 

margin,  nearly  all  whitish  blue,  3  mm.  distant  from  outer  margin  before  SMI 

Hindwing  :  a  broad  disco-postdiscal  blael  white  band,  tapering  at  both  ends,  its 
inner  edge  somewhat  convex,  especially  posteriorly,  crossing  M  at  base  of  M',  its 
outer  edge  nearly  parallel  to  outer  margin  ;  a  series  of  white,  minute,  submarginal 
dots  ;  admarginal  interstitial  markings  transverse,  continuous  or  subcontinuous, 
tawny,  shaded  with  blue  at  edges,  anal  one  yellow,  spot  C — SC"  absent,  the  next 
one  abbreviated. 

Underside  russet  wood  brown,  glossy,  except  at  outer  margin  of  forewing  and 

in  disco-j)ostdiscal  area  of  hindwing. Forewing  :  cell-bar  2  short,  bar  3  separated 

into  two  dots,  bar  4  straight,  somewhat  oblique  ;  bar  D  thin  ;  submedian  M- — (SM') 
behind  point  of  origin  of  M-,  bar  M' — M-  about  1 J  mm.  more  distal  ;  median  bars 
more  or  less  straight,  continuous,  the  line  straight,  crossing  R'  about  1  mm.  from 
crossveius,  M^  5  mm.  from  its  base,  bordered  white  distally,  the  white  scaling 
forming  an  ill-defined  baud  ;  discal  bars  represented  by  an  obsolete  line  which 
becomes  more  prominent  on  account  of  the  scaling  at  its  proximal  side  being  deeper 
in  tint  than  that  at  its  distal  side,  the  line  parallel  to  the  median  line  from  R'  to 
internal  margin,  4  to  4|  mm.  distant  from  it,  then  carving  distad  and  costad  ; 
postdiscal  bar  (SM') — SM-  represented  by  a  small  black  patch  about  1  mm.  distant 
of  discal  line,  scaling  whitish  at  discal  side  of  the  patch  ;  vestiges  of  pale  postdisco- 

snbmarginal  wings. Hindwing :    no   basal  and   snbbasal   costal   bars    and    no 

subbasal  bar  C — SC^  submedian  bars  continuous,  or  the  line  slightly  broken  at 
base  of  R'  ;  median  bars  continuous,  the  line  apjjearing  as  a  continuation  of  the  line 
of  forewing,  straight,  curving  abdominad  beyond  (SM'),  crossing  M-  at  base,  with 
an  ill-defined,  narrow,  white,  band  at  outer  side  ;  discal  bars  arched,  concave  distally, 
middle  ones  rather  feebly  marked,  bar  R' — R^  more  distal  than  the  others,  often 
obsolete,  the  series  slightly  biconcave  ;  postdiscal  bars  ill-defined,  partly  obsolete, 
parallel  to  the  discal  ones,  interspaces  halfmoou-shaped,  cinnamon  rufous,  olivaceous 


(  492  ) 

proximally  ;  snbmarginal  white  dots  shaded  with  bine  at  edges,  small,  followed 
by  the  black,  abbreviated,  snbmarginal  bars,  which  are  bordered  distally  with  a 
thin  bluish  white  line  each  :  admarginal  transverse  interspaces  reddish  rnfons, 
contiguous,  anal  one  olive  buff,  npjier  one  reduced  ;  tail  slender,  acute. 

? .  Wi?igs,  upperside,  black  brown. Forewing  :  a  white  discal  band  consist- 
ing of  three  small  spots  SC'*'' — R',  more  or  less  isolated,  at  R^  about  4  to  5  mm. 
from  end  of  cell,  followed  by  four  contiguous  patches,  patch  R^ — M'  the  smallest, 
triangularly  sinuate  distally,  patch  M' — M"  of  the  same  length  as  the  following 
ones,  measuring  5  to  5i  mm.  along  veins,  sinuate  distally,  inner  edge  of  the  band, 
from  R^  to  internal  margin,  almost  unbroken,  crossing  M''  5  to  6  mm.  from  its  base; 
a  series  of  white  postdiscal  spots  SC^ — M'  or  SC^ — M^,  the  series  forming  nearly  a 
right  angle,  spots  R' — M^  close  to  discal  band,  subluniform.— — -Hiudwing  :  discal 
band  of  forewing  continued  to  abdominal  margin,  of  nearly  even  width  (5  to  7  mm.) 
down  to  (SM'),  then  much  narrower  ;  white  snbmarginal  dots  more  prominent  than 
in  tj,  followed  by  the  snbmarginal  bars  which  are  deeper  black  than  the  ground 
of  the  wing  ;  admarginal  interspaces  tawny  ferrngiuous,  more  or  less  separated  at 
veins,  edged  with  pale  bine. 

Underside  similar  to  that  of  S,  but  the  white  discal  band  as  broad  as,  or 
broader  than,  on  upperside  ;  postdiscal  area  of  forewing  more  or  less  whitish  ; 
postdiscal  interspaces  C — SC^  and  R^ — M'  of  hiudwing  more  or  less  white,  this 
scaling  sometimes  extended  to  outer  margin ;  upper  tail  not  pointed,  6  mm.  long, 
second  pointed,  6  mm.  long. 

Length  of  forewing  :   <?,  28 — 30  mm. 
„  „  ? ,  30—33  mm. 

Hab.  East  Africa :  Manicaland,  Nyassaland,  Germau  East  Africa,  Usambara. 
In  the  Tring  Museum  1  <?,  2  ?  ?  from  Zomba,  xii.  95  (Dr.  Percy  Rendall),  Dar- 
es-Salaam. 

V  Upperside  black  and  orange. 


77.  Charaxes  anticlea  (Nov.  Zool.  V.  t,  vi.  f.  4.   j). 

Papilio  Nymphalis  Phaleratus  anticlea  Drury,  Illustr.  Ex.  Ins.  III.  p.   36.  t.  27.  f.  5.  C  (1782) 

(S.  Leone). 
Papilio  Nymphalis  hnratius  Fabricius,  But.  Syst.  III.  1.  p.  64.  n.  202  (1793)  (huh.?). 

cJ  ? .  Body  above  olive  black,  head  and  anterior  j)art  of  thorax  somewhat  russet, 
four  dots  on  head,  a  line  behind  eye,  and  two  dots  laterally  on  prothorax,  white  ; 
underside.^  palpi,  middle  of  breast  and  legs  pale  clay  colour,  sides  of  breast  clayish 
brown,  abdomen  clay  colour,  upperside  of  anterior  tiliia  black,  of  fonr  posterior 
femora  also  black,  speckled  with  white  scales. 

(J.    Wings  above  velvety  black. Forewing  :    a  postdisco-submarginal  baud 

cadmium  orange,  broadest  behind,  more  or  less  continuous  from  M'  to  internal 
margin,  partitions  .SC — R'  separated,  often  reduced  to  small  sjjots,  the  upper  ones 
often  absent,  the  spots  sometimes  horseshoe-shaped,  the  baud  seldom  reduced  to  a 
small   spot  M' — M^  and  a  large  ])atch  between  M-  and  internal   margin  ;  black 

marginal  border  varying  in  width  between  M'  and  SM-  from   J   to  2A   mm. 

Hiudwing  :  outer  area  cadmium  orange,  extending  down  to  bent  of  R^  sekhim  to 
base  of  M',  the  area  narrowed  costally  ;   a  series  of  black  postdisco-submarginal 


(  493  ) 

spots  with  white  centres,  the  spots  seldom  so  large  that  they  almost  touch  each 
other,  the  middle  ones  mostly  absent,  the  npper  two  often  joined  to  the  black 
basi-discal  area,  a  thin,  sharply  defined,  marginal  line  black  ;  abdominal  fold 
clayish  brown. 

Underside  bistre  brown,  with  a  pinkish  and  nifons  tint,  basal  areas,  proximal 
part  of  discal  areas  and  part  of  outer  areas,  especially  in  apical  region  of  forewing, 

with  a  pinkish  grey  gloss. Forewing  :  cell-bar  2  short,  ovate  or  ronnded,  bar 

3  represented  by  two  heavy  dots,  bar  4  obliqne,  curved  distad  in  middle,  con- 
cave near  ends,  continuous  with  submedian  bars  M' — SM-,  submediau  bar  M- — SM^ 
generally  heavy,  like  the  respective  median  one  ;  median  bars  more  or  less  continu- 
ous, parallel  to  the  submedian  series,  crossing  R-  close  to  lower  angle  of  cell,  the 
brown  median  interspaces  band-like  ;  discal  bars  feebly  marked,  arched,  concave 
distally,  the  series  about  midway  between  median  bars  and  outer  margin,  obtusely 
angled  at  R'  ;  postdiscal  bars  M- — SM-  represented  by  two  ill-detiued,  black, 
patches,  which  are  often  preceded  by  a  patch  M' — M^  ;    posterior  postdiscal  and 

submarginal  interspaces  more  or  less  obscurely  cinnamon  rufous. Hindwing  :  no 

basal  and  subbasal  costal  bars,  subbasal  bar  C — SO-  also  absent ;  submedian  and 
median  bars  forming  two  continuous  lines,  which  are  parallel,  costal  bars  heavier 
than  the  others,  brown  median  interspaces  band-like  ;  glossy  scaling  at  outside  of 
median  line  band-like  ;  discal  and  postdiscal  bars  arched,  parallel,  the  double  series 
somewhat  angled  at  R-,  interspaces  rufous  red,  upper  ones  more  olive  ;  black  sub- 
marginal  bars  thin,  last  two  small  dots,  the  upper  ones  obsolete  or  vestigial,  the 
others  concave  proximally,  edged  purplish  white  distally,  white  submarginal  dots 
shaded  with  purple ;  admarginal  interspaces  continuous,  except  upper  one  which  is 
isolated,  rufous  red,  anal  one  olive  buff;  black  marginal  line  edged  with  bluish 
white,  metallic  plumbeous  at  anal  angle  ;  tails  short,  triangular. 

? .  Wings  broader,  hindwing  less  triangular,  outer  margin  of  forewing   less 

concave  than  in  S.     Upperside  dull  brownish  lilack. Forewing  :  a  pale  orange 

disco-postdiscal  band  anteriorly  divided  into  two  discal  and  three  postdiscal  spots, 
while  the  discal  and  postdiscal  sjjots  R-  to  internal  margin  show  seldom  vestiges  of 
a  black  line  separating  them  ;  discal  and  postdiscal  spots  R' — R-  sometimes  joined 
together  along  R^,  the  band  8  to  10  mm.  broad  at  SM^,  more  or  less  concave  between 

the  veins  at  both  sides. Hindwing  :  the  band  continued  to  abdominal  margin, 

narrowed  beyond  (SM'),  very  little  narrower  in  front  than  behind,  paler  than  on 
forewing,  except  at  outer  edge  ;  submarginal  white  dots  seldom  all  marked,  upper 
ones  mostly  obsolete,  sometimes  all  obsolete  except  the  last  two  ;  admarginal  inter- 
spaces orange,  continuous,  interstitial  spot  C— SC  sometimes  separated,  anal  one 
thin,  olive  buff. 

Underside,  paler  than  in  cf ,  bars  heavier  ;  discal  and  postdiscal  interspaces  of 
forewing  pale  buff,  except  a  brown  patch  SL? — R^  at  proximal  side  of  discal  liars, 
more  than  proximal  half  of  discal  interspaces  of  hindwing  occnpied  by  creamy 
band,  tails  longer  than  in  <?. 

Length  of  forewing  :   S ,  28 — 31  mm. 
„  „  ?,  31—33  mm. 

Clasper  with  the  rather  broad  apex  narrowed  into  a  hook  which  points  mesiad ; 
penis-funnel   short,    narrow,   triangular,   gradually   curved   in   a   side  view,   apex 
produced    downwards    into    a   sharp,   rather  long,    pointed,  tooth  ;    penis  armed 
about  2  mm.  from  end  by  a  short  row  of  rather  heavy  dorso-lateral  teeth. 
Hab.  West  Africa  from  Senegambia  to  Angola  and  Uganda. 


(  494  ) 
a.  Ch.  anticlea  anticlea. 

Papilio  NymphaJis  Phaleratus  anfu;h:a  Drury,  I.e. 

PapiVio  Nymphalis  koratius  Fabricius,  I.e. 

Nymphalis  antidea,  Godart,  Enc.  MM.  IX.  p.  353.  n.  9  (1823)  (S.  Leone) :  Doubl.,  Westw.  &  Hew., 

Gen.  Diurn.  Lep.  II.  p.  309.  n.  13  (1850)  (S.  Leone)  ;  Kirby,  Cat.  Diuni.  Lep.  p.  268.  n.  14 

(1871)  (S.  Leone). 
Nymphalis  honilius,  Godart,  I.e.  p.  354.  n.  13  (1823). 
Charaxes  antidea,  Doubleday,  List.  Spec.  Lep.  Ins.  Bril.  3[tts.  I.  p.  110  (1844)  (S.  Leone)  ;  Butl., 

Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Loud.  p.  627.  n.  U  (1865)  (S.  Leone)  ;  Butl.,  Oil.  Diuru.  Lep.  desn:  by  Fabr. 

p.  53.  n.  11  (1869)  ;  Westw.,  Thes.  Oj-oii.  p.  181.  t.  34.  f.  5.  ?   (1874)  (S.  Leone)  ;  Schaus  & 

Clements,  Sierra  Lcntie  Lep.  p.  8  (1893)  ;  But].,  .Joiirn.  Liim.  Soc.  Lonil.  XXV.  p.  364.  n.  34 

(1896)  (pt. ;  S.  Leone)  ;  Auriv.,  Koiigl.  Sv.  Vel.  A!,:  Uandl.  XXXI.  5.  p.  2.%.  n.  24  (1899)  (pt. ; 

S.  Leone). 
Charaxes  horalius,  Feisthamel,  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  Fr.  p.  259.  n.  11.  J,  $  (1850)  (Cazamanca). 

cj.  Black  border  of  forewiug  aboce  1  mm.  (or  less)  wide  between  M-  and 
internal  margin. 

? .  Forewing  above,  orange  patches  R' — R-  completely  separated  ;  hindwing, 
orange  admarginal  markings  continnons  above  and  below. 

Ilab.  Senegambia  to  the  Niger  (?).  In  the  Tring  Museum  16cf  <J,  2  ?  ?  from 
Sierra  Leone,  vi.  vii.,  '99  (Capt.  Stevens)  ;  Accra. 

As  we  have  not  seen  specimens  from  the  Niger,  we  do  not  know  how  far  sonth 
this  form  extends,  but  judging  from  analogy  we  believe  that  it  does  not  range 
farther  south  than  the  Niger. 

b.  Ch.  anticlea  adusta  Rothsch.  subsp.  nov. 

Nymphalis  antidea,  Dewitz  (non  Drury,  1782),  Noi\  Act.  Leap.  Car.  Ak.  Naturf.  XLI.  2.  2.  p.  28 

(1879)  (N.  Angola). 
Charaxes  antidea,  Capronnier,  C.  R.  Soc.  Ent.  Belg.  XXXIII.  p.  146.  n.  82  (1889)  (Gabun)  ;  Butl. 

I.e.  (part.  Angola)  ;  Auriv.,  I.e.  (pt. ;  Cameroons  ;  Gabun  ;  Angola). 

cJ.  Black  border  of  forewing  above  2  mm.  (or  more)  wide  between  M-  and 
internal  margin. 

? .  A  ?  from  the  Cameroons  (Barombi)  in  the  Berlin  Mnsenm  differs  from  the 
Sierra  Leone  ?  ?  as  follows  : — Upperside,  forewing  :  orange  patches  R' — R^  not 
completely  separated  ;  hindwing  :  admarginal  orange  markings  thin,  posterior  ones 
separated  between  the  veins,  anal  one  very  faint.  Umlerside  :  discal  bars  heavier,  in- 
terspaces between  them  darker  ;  hindwing  :  submargiual  white  dots  larger  than  in  the 
?  of  ant.  anticlea,  posterior  admarginal  orange  spots  interrupted  between  the  veins. 

Hab.  Cameroons  to  Angola,  Congo  and  Uganda.  In  the  Tring  Museum  5  c?  c? 
from  Kampala  {t>/pe),  21.  iii.  '97  (Dr.  Ansorge),  Leopoldville,  and  Lnkolele,  Congo. 

In  a  cJ  from  Niam-Niam  in  Dr.  Staudinger's  collection  the  orange  area  of  the 
hindwing  is  very  wide,  extending  proximally  to  the  point  of  the  origin  of  M'. 

p^.  Discal  bars  of  fore-  and  hindwing  not  regularly  arched. 
q*.  Underside  not  green,  scaled. 

o''.  Markings  of  njjperside  blue. 

q^.  Cell  of  forewing  above  with  a  large  blue  patch. 

m'.  Forewing  above  without  conspicuous,  blue,  marginal 
patches. 

78.  Charaxes  myceriua. 

Nymphalis  mycerina  Godart,  Enc.  Meth.  IX.  p.  369.  n.  65  (1823)  (hab?  ;  "N.  B"  excepted)  ;  Lucas, 
Lep.  Ex.  p.  124.  t.  65.  f.  2  (1835). 


(  495  ) 

Charaxes  nausicaa  Staudinger,  Iris  IV.  p.  137  (1891)  (S.  Leone  ;  Cameroons)  ;  Butl.,  Journ.  Linn. 

Soc.  Land.  XXV.  p  373.  n.  64  (1896)  (O.  Calabar  ;  R.  Ogow^). 
Charaxes  mycerina,  Aurivillius,  Kongl.  Sv.  Vet.  Ak.  Bandl.  XXXI.  5.  p.  244.  n.  73  (1899)  (S.  Leone; 

Cameroons  ;  Kuilu  ;  Kassai). 

3  ? .  Head,  jironotnm  and  anterior  part  of  mesonotam  olive  mnmmy  brown, 
rest  of  upperside  olivaceous  black,  the  dots  on  head  white  ;  antennae  chestnut ; 
underside  of  palpi  and  middle  of  prosternum  creamy  white,  rest  of  underside  clayish 
creamy  buff,  abdomen  deeper  in  tint  in  S  than  in  S  ;  legs  tawny,  with  whitish  grey 
scaling,  femora  nearly  black  ;  anterior  tibia  mummy  brown,  anterior  tarsus  creamy 
white. 

cj.    Wings  above  blue  black,  markings  pale  blue,  purplish  in  side-light. 

Forewing  :  outer  margin  deeply  concave  between  SC^  and  M^,  more  produced  at 
SC*  than  at  apex  proper  ;  cell  blue,  except  a  patch  in  upper  angle,  the  blue  scaling, 
however,  not  very  dense,  especially  distally,  the  black  underscales  not  all  covered  ; 
two  discal  spots  SC* — R',  3  mm.  from  cell,  elongate,  the  upper  short  and  thin, 
the  second  3  to  5  mm.  long,  IJ  mm.  broad  ;  a  postdiscal  series  of  five  spots, 
uppermost  spot  between  SC^  and  R^,  10  mm.  from  cell,  elongate  ovate,  3^  to  4  mm. 
long,  no  spots  between  R^  and  R^,  four  posterior  spots  between  R^  and  internal 
margin,  in  a  slightly  curved  series,  spot  R^ — M'  the  smallest,  spot  M' — M-  ronnded, 
diameter  about  If  mm.,  spot  M^ — SM^  sometimes  incised  distally,  subrectangular, 

diameters  2  and  3  mm.,  last  spot  4  to  6  mm.  from  end  of  SM^,  4  mm.  long. 

Hindwing  :  a  discal  band  from  C  to  (SM'),  narrowing  in  front,  continuous  from 
R'  to  (SM'),  4  to  5  mm.  broad  at  M',  partitions  C — R'  isolated,  spot  C — SC^ 
sometimes  very  small,  4  to  5  mm.  from  end  of  C,  inner  edge  of  band  crossing  M  at 
point  of  origin  of  M'  ;  two  or  three  minute  submarginal  dots  near  anal  angle  ;  five 
transverse  admarginal  sjxits  between  R'  and  SM-,  slightly  separate  at  veins,  or 
contiguous,  anal  one  very  thin,  spot  R' — R-  often  divided,  a  vestige  of  spot  SC^ — R' 
sometimes  present ;  abdominal  fold  blackish  brown. 

Underside  clay  colour,  rather  glossy  ;  median  interspaces,  and  a  large,  sub- 
triangular,  disco-postdiscal  area  from  C  to  M'  of  forewing  and  outer  margin  of  both 

wings   bistre  brown,  hindwing  shaded   with   grey  ;   bars    thin. Forewing  :    no 

basal  cell-spot,  cell-bar  2  absent,  cell-bar  3  represented  by  two  small  dots,  thinly 
bordered  white,  the  second  abont  li  mm.  from  base  of  M-,  bar  4  transverse,  very 
little  oblique,  slightly  irregular,  reaching  M  midway  between  M'  and  M-,  its  upper 
end  2^  mm.  from  base  of  R^,  ground  paler  clay  colour  at  proximal  side  of  bar  4 
than  near  bar  3  ;  bar  D  very  thin  ;  submedian  bars  M' — SM^  continuous  with 
cell-bar  4,  forming  with  it  a  slightly  curved  Hue  which  crosses  M-  2i  mm.  from 
base  of  M^  ;  median  bars  SC* — SM^  continuons,  the  bars  somewhat  concave 
proximally,  forming  a  line  which  begins  4i  mm.  from  base  of  SC*-^,  and  crosses 
M'  2  mm.  from  base  of  M',  the  median  and  submedian  lines  parallel  behind, 
divergent  in  front  ;  median  bar  M-— SM-  straight,  or  distally  concave  ;  discal 
interspaces  SC^-^— R^  shaded  with  grey,  width  of  this  greyish  area  2i  mm.  at  SC^', 
and  5  mm.  at  R^  ;  no  discal  and  postdiscal  bars,  but  there  is  a  disco-postdiscal,  very 
indistinct,  dark  clayish  line  between  internal  margin  and  apex  of  wing,  7  mm.  from 
outer  margin  at  SM-,  slightly  curved,  proximally  bordered  with  silvery  white  scales 

down  to  M',  this  scaling  reaching  outer  margin  of  wing  in  front. Hindwing  : 

no  basal  costal  bar,  no  subbasal  bars  ;  submedian  bars  almost  continuous,  forming 
a  proximally  concave  line  from  costal  margin  to  M  which  crosses  C  2  mm.  from  PC, 
and  reaches  M  2i  mm.  from  M'-,  bar  M'— (SM')  near  base  of  M^  ;  bar  D  extremely 


(  496) 

thin ;  median  bars  more  or  less  concave  distally,  forming  a  continuous  line  which 
is  concave  distally  l)etween  costal  margin  and  R^,  then  convex,  crossing  M'  close 
to  its  base,  and  reaching  abdominal  margin  2  mm.  beyond  end  of  SiP,  last  bar, 
however,  indistinct  ;  discal  bars  merged  together  to  a  continnons,  tawny  olive,  line, 
which  is  somewhat  concave  distally,  begins  2  mm.  before  end  of  C,  and  terminates 
at  abdominal  margin  3  mm.  from  end  of  SM-  ;  close  to,  and  nearly  {uirallel  with, 
this  line  is  a  postdiscal  line  between  abdominal  margin  and  R^  which  widens  out 
into  an  indistinctly  defined  patch  between  R^  and  SC-,  interspace  between  the  two 
lines  clay  colour,  jmstdiscal  line  sometimes  only  vestigial  ;  a  series  of  extremely 
small,  white,  snbmarginal  dots,  the  dots  about  2  to  2|  mm.  from  outer  margin  ; 
edge  of  wing  very  feebly  scalloped,  tail  R^  represented  by  a  short  triangular  tooth, 
no  second  tail,  abdominal  angle  produced  but  rounded. 

? .    Winffg,   upperside,   paler   than   in    ^,   blue   brown. Forewing  :    outer 

margin  more  produced  at  SC*  than  in  c?,  discal  and  postdiscal  spots  a  little  larger, 

a  vestige  of  a  postdiscal  spot  R'— R-. Hind  wing  :  band  wider  than  in  c?,  5  mm. 

broad  at  M-,  patch  SC- — R'  not  separated. 

Underside  as  in  <?,  but  costal  snbmedian  bar  of  hindwing  about  2  mm.  more 
proximal  than  bar  C — SC-  ;  tail  R^  5  mm.  long,  broad,  subtruncate. 

Length  of  forewing  :   c?,  36 — 37  mm. 
„  „  ? ,  43  mm. 

Clasper  produced  apically  into  a  narrow,  somewhat  spoon-shaped  lobe,  which  is 
not  pointed  ;  penis-fnnnel  (PI.  VIII.  f  48.  49)  suddenly  narrowed  distally,  of  the 
shape  of  a  reversed  tulip,  the  compressed  apes  not  forming  a  hook,  but  a  rounded 
mesial  crest  which  extends  upon  the  upperside  ;  penis  with  a  dorsal  series  of  very 
small  teeth,  the  series  turning  proximally  towards  the  left  side  ;  tenth  tergite 
bilobed. 

JIab.  Sierra  Leone  to  the  Congo.  In  the  Tring  Museum  2  c?c?,  1  ?  from:  Gold 
Coast;  Cameroons  ;  Stanley  Pool  to  Lukolele. 

w'.  Forewing  above  with  conspicuous,  blue,  marginal  patches. 


79.  Charaxes  doubledayi. 

Charuxes  mycerina,  Doubleday  (non  Godart,  1823),  List.  Spec.  Lep.  Lis.  Brit.  Mus.  I.  p.  109  (1844) 

(S.  Leone)  ;  Bntl.,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Loud.  p.  638.  n.  65  (1865)  (S.  Leone)  :  Staud.,  Exol.  Tagf. 

p.  171  (1886)  (S.  Leone; 0.  Calabar);  Auriv.,  Enl.  Tidskr.  XII.  p.  -216.  n.  143  (1891)  (Cameroons); 

Schaus  &  Clements,  Sierra  Leone  Lepid.  p.  9  (1893)  ;  Karscb,  Berl.  Eiil.  Zeitschr.  XXXVIII. 

p.  192.  n.  59  (1894)  (Togo)  ;  Auriv.,  I.e.  XV.  p.  311.  n.  200  (1894)  (Cameroons,  V.)  ;  Butl., 

Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Lond.  XXV.  p.  372.  n.  63  (1896)  (S.  Leone;  0.  Calabar;  Fernando  Po  ; 

Cameroons). 
Nymphalis  mycerina,  Doubleday,  Westw.  &  Hew.,  Gen.  Ditirn.  Lep.  II.  p.  310.  n.  40.  t.  53.  f.  2.  (J 

(1850)  (syn.  excl. ;  S.  Leone)  ;  Kirby,  Cat.  Diuni.  Lep.  p.  270.  n.  30  (1871)  (pt.). 
Cluiruxes  doubledayi  AuriviUius,  Kmgl.  Sv.  Vet.  Ak.  Handl  XXXI.  5.  p.  244.  n.  74  (1899)  (S.  Leone, 

type  ;  Ashanti  ;  Togo  ;  O.  Calabar  ;  Cameroons  ;  Ogow^  R.). 

S  ? .  Similar  to  Ck.  mycerina  ;  antennae  much  darker,  the  blue  scaling  in  the 
cell  of  the  forewing  denser  and  more  extended,  forewing  with  admarginal  blue  spots, 
band  of  hindwing  of  c?  not  interrupted  at  R'.  On  the  underside  the  cell-bar  of  fore- 
wing more  straight,  more  obliquely  placed,  its  upj)er  end  being  only  1|  mm.  distant 
from  base  of  R^,  median  bars  also  straighter,  the  bistre  brown  outer  marginal  band 
more  sharply  defined,  the  clay  coloured  area  between  it  and   the  disco-postdiscal 


(  497  ) 

line  divided  by  a  band  of  bistre  brown  patches  ;  median  bar  M^ — SM^  straight  or 
distally  convex  ;  costal  median  bar  of  hiudwiug  3  or  4  mm.  more  distal  than  bar 
C — SC^  ;  the  white  borders  of  the  bars  of  both  wings  much  more  prominent  than 
in  mijcerina  ;  anal  angle  less  produced. 

? .  Differs  from  Ch.  mycerina  in  a  similar  way  as  the  c? . 

Length  of  forewing  :   S,  35 — 42  mm. 
„  „  ? ,  42  mm. 

Hab.  Sierra  Leone  to  the  Congo  Basin ;  not  rare.  In  the  Tring  Musenm 
28  (J  c?  from  :  S.  Leone  ;  Accra  and  Mamf^,  Begorro  ;  Calabar  ;  Cameroons  ;  Ogowe 
E. ;  Upper  Congo. 

r^.  Cell  of  forewing  above  without  blue  patch. 

o'.  Hindwing  above  with  blue  band  in  middle. 


80.  Charaxes  porthos. 

Charaxes  porlhos  Smith,  Ent.  Mo.  Mag.  XX.  p.  57  (1883)  (Cameroons)  ;  id.  &  Kirby,  Mop.  Exot. 
I.  Charaxes  t.  1.  f.  4.  5.  ^  (1887)  ;  Butl.,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Lcmd.  XXV.  p.  372.  n.  62  (1896) 
(0.  Calabar)  ;  Auriv.,  Koiigl.  Sv.  Vet.  Ak.  Handl.  XXXI.  5.  p.  244.  n.  70  (1890)  (Cameroons  ; 
Gaboon  ;  Bena-Bendi,  Congo). 

Charaxes  midas  Staudinger,  Iris  IV.  p.  135.  t.  2.  f.  4.  (J  (1891)  (Cameroons). 

<? .  Body  as  in  Ck.  zelica  ;  antennae  chestnut. 

i.  Wings,  iipjicrside  blue  black  as  in  mycerina  ;  an  azure  blue  band  from  near 
apex  of  forewing  to  SM^  of  hindwing  which  it  reaches  in  middle,  the  band  nearly 
straight,  reaching  internal  margin  of  forewing  9  mm.  from  end  of  SM^,  separated, 
on  the  forewing,  into  more  or  less  rhomboidal  patches,  patch  R' — R^  abont  2i  mm. 
in  width,  the  others  slightly  broader,  a  minute  dot  before  R\  on  hindwing  the  band 
narrows  towards  costal  margin,  being  5J  mm.  broad  along  M-  and  2i  mm.  at  SC^. 

Forewing  :  a  small  discal  spot  R'— R^  4  mm.  from  cell,  blue,  seldom  preceded 

by  another  spot  ;  outline  of  wing  as  in  zelica,  but  outer  margin  more  concave  in 

posterior  half Hindwing  :  a  series  of  submarginal  dots,  dots  C— R'  white,  edged 

with  pale  blue,  the  others  minute,  blue  ;  vestiges  of  a  blue  admarginal  line. 

Underside  vinaceous  cinnamon,  shaded  over  with  glossy  grey  ;  a  rather  heavy 
line  of  burnt  umber  colour,  faintly  bordered  black  proximally  in  some  places, 
extends  from  end  of  SC  of  forewing  to  abdominal  margin  of  hindwing,  which 
it  reaches  3  mm.  from  end  of  SM^,  the  line  crossing  SM-  of  forewing  and  C  of 
hindwing  «  mm.  from  end,  slightly  curved  at  both  extremities,  with  two  patches 
of  glossy   grey   scaling   proximally  at  its  upper  end  ;  cell-bars  of  forewing,   and 

submedian  and  median  bars  of  both  wings  as  in  zelica,  but  a  little  heavier. 

Forewing  :    outer   marginal  area  less  greyish,  more  pure  cinnamon,  than  rest  of 

wing,  slightly  deeper  in  tint  between   SC  and  M',  especially  near  margin. 

Hindwing  :  a  series  of  minute,  white,  submarginal  dots,  upper  two  the  largest,  the 
last  two  accompanied  distally  by  a  black  dot  each  ;  no  tails,  outer  margin  very 
faintly  toothed  at  R',  anal  angle  somewhat  prodnced,  but  rounded. 

?.  Unknown. 

Length  of  forewing  :   $,  38  mm. 

Hah.  Cameroons ;  Gaboon ;  Congo.    In  the  Tring  Museum  1  i  from  Carnotville 
Apparently  as  rare  as  zelica. 


(  498  ) 

})' .  Bine  band  of  liindwing  beyond  middle. 

e*.  Forewing  above  with  a  series  of  spots  near  the  middle  of  the  wing. 

81.  Charaxes  zelica. 

(J.  Charaxfi  zelica  Bntler,  Eiit.  Mo.  Mag.  VI.  p.  28  (1869)  (Ashanti?)  ;  id.,  Lep.  Ex.  p.  12.  t.  5. 
f.  3.  fj  (1869)  ;  Anriv.,  Ent.  Tidsh:  XV.  p.  311.  n.  199  (1894)  (Cameroons,  V.)  ;  Butl., 
Journ.  Linu.  Soc.  Lmid.  XXV.  p.  372.  n.  61  (189G)  (Ashanti?)  ;  Auriv.,  Kongl.  Sv.  Vet.  Al: 
EamU.  XXXI.  5.  p.  244.  n.  71  (1899)  (Ashanti?  ;  Cameroons  ;  Angola). 

S.  Body  above  olive  black,  mnmmy  brown  in  front;  underside  of  palpi,  middle  of 
prosternum,  and  anterior  tarsi  creamy  white,  breast  olive  mnmmy  brown,  fonr  jwsterior 
tibiae  and  abdomen  cinnamon,  femora  black,  with  white  scales,  tarsi  clayish  bnfF. 

S.    Wings  above  bine  black,  glossy  in  basal  area,  with  a  faint  greenish  sheen, 

fringe   of  both    wings   creamy   bnff. Forewing  :    oater   margin   concave,   apex 

rounded,  though  produced  ;  a  discal  series  of  small  pale  blue  spots,  the  series 
straight  from  SC*-=  to  SM-,  spot  SC'°— R'  abont  2  mm.  long,  5  mm.  from  cell, 
spot  R- — R^  absent,  spots  R'— SM-  transverse,  abont  1  to  li  mm.  thick,  widely 
separated  from  one  another,  spot  M- — SM-  7  mm.  from  outer  margin,  spot  behind 
SM-  more  proximal,  elongate  ;   a  rounded   postdiscal  dot  SC^ — R'   11  mm.  from 

onter   margin,  pale   blue. Hindwing  :  an   almost   straight   series    of  postdiscal 

spots,  upper  one  transverse,  about  1  i  mm.  thick,  4  mm.  from  end  of  C,  spots 
SC- — R^  more  rounded,  a  little  larger,  spots  R^— SM-'  transverse,  1  to  1^  mm.  thick  ; 
a  submarginal  series  of  small,  white,  submarginal  dots,  edged  with  blue  ;  a  series 
of  transverse  admarginal  pale  blue  spots,  the  spots  separated,  sometimes  obsolete. 

Underside  olive  mummy  brown,  a  darker  brown  line  from  apex  of  forewing  to 
anal  angle  of  hindwing,  crossing  SM-  of  forewing  0  mm.  from  end,  M^  of  hindwing 
4  mm.  from  its  base,  slightly  curved  on  either  wing,  bordering  the  outer  marginal 
area  which  is  wood  brown  ;  bars  and  their  white  borders  extremely  thin,  sometimes 

just  traceable. Forewing  :  no  cell-bars  1  and  2,  bar  3  separated  into  two  minute 

dots  as  in  mycerina,  bar  4  transverse,  nearly  straight,  nearly  parallel  to  cross  veins; 
submedian  bars  M'— SM-  continuous  with  cell-bar  4  ;  median  bars  more  or  less 
concave  distally,  continuous,  the  line  beginning  2i  mm.  from  base  of  SC*'*,  bar 
M^ — SM-  concave  or  biconcave  distally  ;  a  wood  brown  patch  at  proximal  side  of 
sabmedian  bar  M^— SM^  and  another  at  the  distal  side  of  median  bar  M=— SM^ 
both   very   couspicnous  ;    marginal  area  with    vestiges   of  a   submarginal    and   a 

postdiscal    olivaceous    band. Hindwing  :    submedian   and  median  bars   similar 

to  those  of  tmjcerina,  but  thinner  ;  outer  area  with  a  postdiscal  olivaceous  mummy 
brown  band  which  gradually  fades  away  distally  ;  white  submarginal  dots  small 
but  all  marked,  the  posterior  ones  with  small  black  dots  at  outer  side  ;  edge  of 
wing  slightly  dentate,  anal  angle  produced,  rather  acute,  no  tail. 

¥.  Unknown. 

Length  of  forewing  :   c?,  39  mm. 

Hab.  Recorded  from  Cameroons,  Angola  and  (?)  Ashanti  ;  in  the  Tring 
Museum  3  SS,  one  without  locality,  another  from  Caruotville,  the  third  from 
between  Kumassi  to  Kintampo,  iv.  '99  (Col.  Northcott).     Rare  in  collections. 

c*.  Forewing  above  with  a  series  of  spots  close  to  outer  margin. 
82.  Charaxes  laodice. 

?  .  Papilio  Nymphalis  Phaleratm  laodice  Drury,  Illuslr.  E.mt.  Ins.  III.  p.  34  and   index,  t.  26. 
f.  1.  2.   ?  (1782)  (S.  Leone). 


(  499  ) 

? .  Papilio  Nymphalis  lymrgux  Fabricius,  Eiit.  Syst.  III.  1.  p.  67.  n.  209  (1793)  (Africa). 

? .  Nymphalis  lyrurgus  Godart,  Enc.  Meth.  IX.  p.  364.  n.  49  (1823)  (S.  Leone). 

<f .  Philogmma  laodice,  Doubleday,  Westw.  &  Hew.,  Gen.  Dium.  Lep.  U.  p.  311.  n.  3  (1850) ;  Butl., 

Cat.  Diurn.  Lep.   descr.  by  Fahr.  p.  49.  d.  1  (1869)  ;  Plotz,  St.  E.  Zeit.  p.  194.  n.  109  (1880) 

(Cameroons). 
cJ.  Nymj)halis  nesiope  Hewitson,  Exol.  Butt.  I.  Nymphalis  t.  1.  f.  5.  6  (1854)  (S.  Leone)  ;  Kirby, 

Cat.  Diurn.  Lep.  p.  270.  n.  31  (1871). 
(J.  Charaxes  m-siojie,  Butler,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Loud.  p.  639.  n.  66  (1865)  ;    Druce,  ibid.  p.  413.  n.  9. 

(1875)  (Angola)  ;    Dewitz,  Nov.  Act.  Leap.  Car.  Ah.  Naturf.  L.  4.  p.  371  (1889)  (N.  Angola, 

X.  II.) ;  Capronn.,  C.  R.  Soc.  Ent.  Belg.  XXXIII.  p.  126.  n.  73  (1889)  (Congo) ;  Auriv.,  Enl. 

Tidslcr.  XII.  p.  216.  n.  144  (1891)  (Cameroons). 
(J  $  .   Charaxfs  laodice,  Aurivillius,  I.e.  XV.   p.  312.   n.  201    (1894)  (Cameroons  ;  nesiope  =  c?  of 

laodice)  ;  Butl.,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Lond.  XXV.  p.  373.  n.  65  (1896)  (0.  Calabar  ;  Fernando  Po  ; 

Cameroons  ;  Angola  ;  L.  Tanganyika)  ;  Auriv.,  Komjl.  Sv.  Vet.  Ale.  Ilaiidl.  XXXI.  5.  p.  244. 

n.  72  (1899)  (Ashanti ;  0.  Calabar  ;  Cameroons  ;  Gaboon  ;  Congo  ;  Angola  ;  Tanganyika). 
? .  Palla  laodice,  Kirby,  Cat.  Diurn.  Lep.  p.  274.  n.  4  (1871)  (S.  Leone). 

c?  ? .  Body  as  in  C/t.  mycerina,  breast  deep  burnt  nmber  colour,  antennae 
chestnut. 

(J.  Wings  above,  blue  black,  with  pale  azure  blue  markings,  which  assume  a 
purplish  tint  in  side-light.— — ^Forewing  :  two  discal  spots  SC— R-,  5  mm.  from 
cell,  the  second  sometimes  vestigial ;  a  postdiscal  series  of  spots  from  SC*  to  internal 
margin,  parallel  to  outer  margin,  only  2|  to  3  mm.  distant  from  it,  spots  R' — R' 
minute,  often  absent,  spot  M- — SM-  the  largest,  transverse,  diameters  2  and  3J  mm. 

Hindwing  :  a  postdiscal  series  of  spots,  forming  a  more  or  less  interrupted, 

almost  straight  band,  widest  in  middle,  2  to  3  mm.,  spot  C— SC^  very  small  or 
absent,  posterior  spots  (or  all)  slightly  concave  distally,  spot  R^ — R'  4  mm.  distant 
from  outer  margin  ;  a  series  of  extremely  small  bluish  white  snbmarginal  dots, 
often  partly  absent;  admarginal  spots  transverse,  separated  at  veins,  upper  one  or 
two,  seldom  also  anal  one,  absent  ;  abdominal  fold  brownish  black. 

Underside  varying  from  walnut  to  burnt  umber  brown  ;  glossy  grey,  especially 
a  median,  a  discal  and  a  postdiscal  band  on  forewing,  and  the  whole  hindwing  except 

a  band  in  postdisco-submarginal  area. Forewing  :   submedian  and  median  lines 

of  bars  nearly  as  in  Ch.  doablcdayi,  white  edging  rather  prominent,  median  Ijar 
M^— SM^  more  or  less  concave  distally,  cell-bar  4  oblique,  nearly  touching  upper 
angle  of  cell,  submedian  bar  M-— SM=  at  proximal  and  median  bar  M-— SM-  at 
distal  side  with  a  cinnamon  patch  ;  discal  bar  indicated  by  brown  transverse  spots 
or  lunules,  which  form  an  indistinct  line  anteriorly  curving  towards  outer  margin  ; 
ending  at  SC^,  proximally  bordered  by  glossy  white  scaling,  which  is  condensed 
before  SC^  to  a  rather  large,  conspicuous,  admarginal  patch  ;  within  the  postdisco- 
marginal,  not  glossy,  area,  there  is  a  postdiscal  and  a  submarginal  series  of  ill- 
defined,  cinnamon,  interstitial  spot ;  apex  of  wing  produced  as  in  Ch.  douhledayi, 

outer   margin  angled  at  M-. Hindwing  :  submedian  line  of  liars  more  or  less 

broken  at  veins,  strongly  concave  proximally  taken  as  a  whole;  median  line  of  bars 
about  parallel  to  the  submedian  one  from  C  to  R',  costal  bar  more  distal  than  the 
concave  bar  0— SC-  in  most  specimens  ;  a  discal  line,  continuous,  brown,  slightly 
concave  distally,  beginning  2§  mm.  from  end  of  C,  crossing  R^  3i  mm.  from  base  of 
M',  and  ending  at  abdominal  margin  near  anal  aagle,  externally  bordered  by  a 
cmnamon  line  npon  which  follows  a  brown  postdiscal  band  which  fades  away 
distally  ;  a  series  of  minute,  white,  snbmarginal  dots  ;  an  admarginal  cinnamon 
rnfous  line,  more  or  less  widely  interrupted  at  the  veins  ;  a  short  tooth  at  R^  outer 
margin  rather  more  distinctly  concave  between  veins,  anal  angle  produced  as  ia 
zelica. 


(  500  ) 

?  .  Wings  above  purplish  blue  brown,  outer  margin  burnt  umber  colour  ;  mark- 
ings somewhat  paler  than  in  c?. Forewing:  apes  more  strongly  prodnced  than  in 

cJ,  angled  at  8C^  ;  two  discal  spots  SG'— R-  ;  postdiscal  spots  smaller  than  in  t?, 
spots  R' — R',  or  SC — R^  absent,  last  spot  very  small  or  absent,  spots  M' — SM^ 

transverse,  more  or  less  concave  distally. Hindwing  :  postdiscal  band  narrower 

than  in  S,  slightly  concave  proximally,  the  spots  composing  it  all  isolated, 
transverse,  more  or  less  halfmoon-shaped,  snbmarginal  dots  white,  rather  more 
prominent  than  in  <?,  bat  the  series  not  always  complete  ;  admarginal  spots  absent 
or  partly  vestigial. 

Underside,  jmlerthan  in  <S,  more  russet  brown  ;  tail  R'  5  mm.  long,  dilated  at 
apex,  truncated  or  rounded. 

Length  of  forewing  ;  c?,  32—38  mm. 
„  „  ? ,  40—43  mm. 

Hab.  West  Africa  from  the  Gold  Coast  to  Angola,  the  Upper  Congo  and  the 
Tanganyika.  In  the  Tring  Museum  16  c?<?,  2  ?  ?  from  :  Accra  and  Mamfe,  Gold 
Coast;  Begoro,  Ashanti;  "Warri,  Niger  Coast  Protectorate,  vi.  '96  (Dr.  Roth)  ;  Sobo 
country,  Lower  Niger,  iv.  '9.5  (Dr.  Roth)  ;  Ogowe  R.  ;  Bopoto,  Upper  Congo  ; 
Lukolelo,  Congo  ;  Kassai ;  Kitima  in  the  great  forest  of  the  Upper  Congo, 
twenty-one  days'  march  from  Fort  Beni,  Congo  Free  State,  25.  v.  '99  (Dr.  Ansorge). 

]/.  Markings  of  npperside  not  blue. 

s*.  Cell-bar  4  of  forewing  below  distal  of  point  of  origin  of  M'. 

83.  Charaxes  nichetes. 

Charaxes  tiichetea  Smith,  Etit.  Mo.  Mag.  XX.  p.  58.  (1883)  ((J,  J  ,  Cameroons)  ;  Auriv.,  Kongl.  Sv. 
Vet.  Ak.  Handl.  XXXI.  5.  p.  244.  n.  69  (1899). 

<??.  Body  above  orange  to  dark  tawny,  often  with  a  purplish  sheen,  tips  of 
palpi  black  ;  underside  ochraceous  buff  to  jmle  tawny  hazel. 

(?.    Wi)igs  above  orange  ochraceous  rufous,  varying  in  the  depth  of  the  tint  with 

a  beautiful  reddish  purple  sheen  in  side-light. Forewing :  outer  margin  deeply 

•concave,  apex  therefore  much  produced,  most  distal  point  between  veins  SC  and  SC; 
cell-bar  3  represented  by  a  brown  spot  ;  bar  D  widened  in  costal  half;  median  bars 
R' — M-  as  rounded  sjwts  or  patches,  median  bar  M-  (SM')  often  absent,  liars 
iSC — R^  about  5  to  7  mm.  from  cell,  as  spots  or  small  patches  ;  discal  bars 
enlarged  forming  a  purplish  black  band  which  is  externally  concave  between  the 
veins,  often  produced  distad  at  veins  to  join  the  brown  or  deep  tawny  marginal 
band,  the  proximal  edge  of  which  is  often  marked  by  blackish  bars,  width  of  discal 

band  very   variable. Hindwing  :    anal   angle  produced,   outer  margin  rounded, 

slightly  scalloped,  no  tails  ;  a  purplish  black  discal  band  of  variable  width  stopping 
at  abdominal  fold,  widest  in  middle,  almost  parallel  to  outer  margin,  crossing 
R'  just  proximal  of  bent  of  this  vein,  distally  dentate  upon  R' ;  postdiscal  and 
snbmarginal  merged  together  to  rings. 

Underside  tawny  hazel,  with  a  slight  retldish  purple  gloss,  bars  dark  cinnamon 

rufous,   not   prominent. Forewing  :    cell-bar   1    absent,   bar  2   abbreviated   in 

front,  bar  3  abbreviated  behind,  sometimes  composed  of  a  larger  anterior  and  a 
tiny  posterior  spot,  4  mostly  arched,  seldom  straight,  situated  near  end  of  cell, 
touching  (or  almost  so)  bar  D  at  ends  ;  subbasal  bar  M-  (SM')  indicated  by  a 
dot  proximally  of  base  of  M^  ;    submedian  bars  R' — SM^  concave  distally,  the 


(  501   ) 

respective  mediau  bars  coocave  proximally,  the  two  bars  often  joined  together 
to  rings  ;  no  median  bar  R^ — R',  median  bars  SC* — R'  obliqne,  straight  or 
distally  convex  ;  discal  bars  SC* — R'  proximally  concave,  abont  8  mm.  from  cell  ; 
a  thin,  pnrplish  black,  or  deep  tawny,  mostly  continnons,  line  beginning  at  costal 
margin  6  mm.  from  apex  to  internal  margin,  crossing  SM^  about  10  mm.  from  end  ; 
area   between   this  line   and  onter  margin  with  a  whitish  gloss  except  a  line  of 

postdiscal,  triangular,  spots  ;  a  white  submarginal  spot  SC* — SC'\ Hindwiiig  : 

basal  and  subbasal  bars  indistinct  or  absent ;  costal  snbmedian  and  median  bars 
absent  ;  submedian  line  of  bars  generally  reaching  SM-,  the  bars  widely  separated 
from  one  another,  bar  M- — (SM')  just  distal  of  base  of  M^,  or  exactly  at  the  point  of 
origin  of  this  vein  ;  median  line  of  bars  also  widely  interrupted  at  the  veins,  bar 
R' — R-  close  to  origin  of  R- ;  a  straight  discal  line,  posteriorly  approaching  anal 
angle,  crossing  R^  about  2  mm.  from  base  of  M'  ;  abdominal  area  and  area  between 
that  line  and  margin  glossy  grey,  except  a  series  of  postdiscal  tawny  spots,  of  which 
the  upper  ones  are  triangular  pointing  distad,  the  posterior  ones  Inniform,  being 
distally  concave,  an  admarginal  and  a  marginal  line  also  excepted. 

.  ?  Like  <S,  ground  colour  less  bright,  black  markings  of  upper  side  more 
extended  ;  hindwingless  produced  at  anal  angle,  tooth  R^  and  M^  a  little  longer  than 
the  others. 

Length  of  forewing  :   <J,  35 — 37  mm. 
„  „  ?,  41  mm. 

Clasper  produced  into  a  simple,  strong,  hook  ;  the  ridge  which  runs  from  the 
tip  of  the  hook  to  the  inner  surface  of  the  clasper  is  rather  high  and  ends  somewhat 
abruptly  ;  tenth  tergite  divided  into  two  sharply  pointed  processes  ;  penis  thin, 
with  very  minute  teeth  forming  an  irregular,  oblique  series  beginning  about  3  mm. 
from  the  end  ;  penis-funnel  short,  triangular,  apex  compressed,  rather  strongly 
chitinised,  turned  down  to  a  sharp  hook. 

Hab.  Cameroons  to  Angola,  Nyassaland  ;  two  subspecies. 

The  differences  between  the  two  forms  leonimis  and  nichetes  do  not  justify 
a  specific  separation,  nor  are  they  constant,  certain  Angola  individuals  standing 
intermediate  in  character  between  typical  nichetes  and  typical  leoninus. 

a.  Ch.  nichetes  leoninus. 

Charaxes  leoiiims  Butler,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  p.  253.  n.  12.  t.  1.5.  f.  2.  ^  (1895)  (Zomba) ;  id.,  /.<■. 

p.  720.  n.  13  (1896)  (Zomba)  ;  id.,  Joiini.  Linn.  So,:  Uml.  XXV.  p.  372.  n.  59  (1896)  (Zomba) ; 

id.,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Lnnd.  p.  823.  n,  14  (1896)  (Lower  Nyika,  VI.). 
Charaxes  nichetes  var.  leoninus,  Aurivillius,  Koiigl.  Si:  Vel.  Ak.  Haiidl.  XXXI.  5.  p.  244.  sub  n.  69 

(1899)  (Zomba). 

(?.  Body  above  and  wings  orange  ochraceous  rufous  ;  discal  reddish  jnirple, 
black  band  of  wings  narrow,  that  of  forewing  not  extended  to  rounded  median  bars, 
that  of  hindwing  mostly  narrower  than  the  interspace  between  itself  and  the  thin 
bar  D,  from  which  it  is  separated,   width  2  to  3|  mm.  at  R'. 

Underside :  discal  line  across  lioth  wings  continuous,  purplish  black. 

?  .  Paler,  larger,  discal  baud  of  upjiersidt:  rather  broader. 

I  lab.  Nyassaland.  In  the  Tring  Museum  2  cJ,  2  ?  from  :  Zomba,  December 
1895  (Dr.  Percy  Rendall)  ;  t'hipaika  Estate,  Bandawe  (F.  Watkinsou). 

The  individuals  from  Angola  belong  to  the  following  subspecies,  but  are  partly 
intermediate. 


(  502  ) 
b.  Ch.  nichetes  nichetes. 

Charaxea  nichetes  Smith,  Eiit.  Mo.  Mag.  XX.  p.  58  (1883)  (J,  ? ,  Cameroona) ;  id.  &  Kirby,  Rhnji. 
Exot.  I.  Charaxes  t.  4.  f.  1.  2.  3.  (J,  ?  (1890) ;  Weym.,  Stetl.  Ent.  Zeit.  p.  120.  n.  11  (1892) 
(ogomisis  =  hamatus  =  nichetes)  ;  Butl.,  Jounu  Linn.  Sor.  Lond.  XXV.  p.  372.  n.  60  (189t)) 
(Cameroons)  ;  Auriv.,  Kongl.  St:  Vet.  Ak:  HaniU.  XXXI.  5.  p.  244.  n.  69  (1899)  (pt.  ; 
Cameroona  ;  Ogowi'  K.  ;  Ka.ssai). 

<J.  Charaxes  hamatus  Dewitz,  Ent.  Nachr.  X.  p.  285.  fig.  (1884)  (N.  Angola);  id.,  Nuv.  Act, 
Leap.  Car.  Ak.  Naturf.  L.  4.  p.  372  (1887)  (N.  Angola,  XII.). 

<J.  Charaxes  ngovensis  Holland,  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc.  XIII.  p.  330.  t.  8.  f.  2  (1886)  (Ogow^  E.). 

c?.  Darker  than  leoninus,  the  red  purple  gloss  stronger;  discal  band  of 
upperside  considerably  wider,  on  forewing  touching  the  round  median  spots  or 
even  extending  further  basad,  on  hind  wing  twice  the  width  of  the  band  of  leoninus, 
cell  and  ai'ea  behind  cell  shaded  with  purplish  brown. 

Underside,  discal  line  less  continuous  and  less  black  than  in  leoninus. 

?.  Upperside  of  wings  more  shaded  with  black  than  in  S,  black  discal  band 
broader. 

Uab.  Cameroons;  Ogow6  R.;  Congo;  Kassai;  Angola.  In  the  Tring  Museum 
6  cJcJ  from:  "West  Africa";  Congo:  Leopoldville,  Bnmba,  Congo,  10.  vi.  '99 
(Dr.  Ansorge) ;  Bolombo  R.,  Angola,  28.  iv.  '99  (Peurice). 

f.  Cell-bar  4  of  forewing  below  proximal  of  point  of  origin  of  M'. 
q'.  Underside  with  £i_cpntinnous  line  acroBS  both  wings. 

g^.  Forewing  falcate,  line  across  forewing  below  gently  curved,  bars 
in  outer  half  of  hindwing  below  indistinct. 

84.  Charaxes  paphianus  (Nov.  Zool.  VI.  t.  8.  f.  1.  ?). 

Charaxes  paphianus  Ward,  Ent.  Mo.  Mag.  VIII.  p.  120  (1871)  (Cameroons)  ;  Auriv.,  Ent.  Tidskr. 

XV.  p.  311.  n.  198  (1894)  (Cameroons,  VI.  X.  XI.);  But).,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Loud.  XXV. 

p.  402.  n.  154  (1896)  (S.  Leone  ;  Cameroons  ;  Angola)  ;  Auriv.,  Kangl.  So.  Vet.  Ak.  Handl. 

XXXI.  5.  p.  242.  n.  62  (1899)  (S.  Leone  ;  Ashanti  ;  Togo  ;  0.  Calabar;  Cameroons ;  Ogow^  ; 

Quango  ;  Mukenge  :  Aruwimi  ;  Angola). 
Philognoma  fahatii  Butler,  Lep.  Ex.  p.  101.  t.  38.  f.  1.  ^  (1872)  (Gold  Coast  ;  Ashanti)  ;  Smith, 

Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Loud.  p.  472,  n.  91  (1890)  (Aruwimi). 
Palla  /alcata,  Kirby,  Cat.  Diurn.  Lep.  p.  749.  n.  6  (1877)  (Afr.  occ.)  ;  Staud.,  Exol.  Tag/,  p.  174. 

(1886)  (Angola)  ;  Dewitz,  Nor.  Act.  Leap.  Car.  Ak.  Naturf.  L.  4.  p.  372  (1887)  (Angola,  Jan.). 
? .  Palla  hamulom  Weymer,  Stett.  Ent.  Zeit.  LIII.  p.  94  (1892)  (Gold  Coast). 
Charaxes  falcata,  Karsch,  Berl.  Ent.  Zeitschr.  XXXVIII.  p.  192.  n.  58  (1893)  (Togo)  ;  Butl.,  Journ. 

Linn.  Soc.  Land.  XXV.  p.  402.  n.  153  (1896)  (Ashanti  ;  0.  Calabar). 

c?  ?.  Body  as  in  Ck.  lickas,  but  beloiv  much  deeper  brown. 

S.    Wings,  upjjerside,  yellowish  tawny  orange,  paler  than  in  Ch.  lichas,  with 

a  reddish   purple   gloss  in  side-light. Forewing  :     enter  margin  concave  from 

SC  to  M^,  apex  produced  ;  cell-bars  3  and  4  generally  vestigial  behind  SG,  bar  D^ 
thin  ;  median  bars  R' — M^  seldom  traceable,  but  shining  through  from  below, 
median  bar  R^ — R^  3  to  1  mm.  from  cell,  sometimes  merged  together  with  bar 
D',  median  bars  &('/• — R-  represented  by  two  patches  which  are  rounded  distally, 
occasionally  produced  basad  to  cell  ;  three  discal  spots  SC° — R',  the  upper  one 
large,  generally  completely  merged  together  with  the  black  apical  area  ;  a  black 
marginal  band  narrowing  behind,  mostly  not  extending  to  hinder  angle  of  wing, 
dilated  basad  from  R'  or  SC,  the  black  scaling  seldom  reaching  to  apex  of  cell 
or  further  down  SC ;  three  postdiscal  spots  R^ — M'  either  small  and  isolated,  or 


(  503  ) 

partly  or  totally  merged  together  with  the  marginal  band,  in  which  case  the  latter 

appears  dilated  between  the  veins. Hindwing  :  median  bars  C — R'  more  or  less 

vestigial,  discal  bar  C— SC-  also  visible  ;  postdiscal  bars  generally  very  feebly 
marked,  often  absent,  except  bar  C — SC^  which  is  mostly  present ;  the  bars 
concave  distally,  seldom  joined  at  ends  to  the  submarginal  ones,  which  are  concave 
proximally  ;  the  lower  submarginal  bars  generally  very  short  and  feeble,  sometimes 
obsolete,  the  npper  ones  a  little  heavier  at  interuervular  folds,  bar  C — SC^  heavy, 
extended  to  margin  of  wing,  mostly  merged  together  with  the  postdiscal  bar  at 
the  veins  ;  admarginal  line  vestigial,  especially  between  SC  and  R' ;  abdominal 
fold  yellowish  buff. 

Underside  bnrnt  nmber  brown,  faintly  ochreons  here  and  there  in  submedian 
and  discal  interspaces  ;  glossy,  except  in  submarginal  region  of  forewing  posteriorly 
and  in  marginal  region  of  hindwing  ;  median  interspaces  of  both  wings  slightly 
deeper  in  tint,  band-like  ;  bars  thin,  subbasal  to  median  ones  thinly  edged  white  ; 
a  line  beginning  at  costal  margin  of  forewing  near  apex,  crossing  M-  7  mm.  from 
its  base,  C  of  hindwing  7  mm.  from  its  tip,  M  a  little  proximally  of,  or  at,  base 
of  MS  and  ending  at  abdominal  margin  3  mm.  from  end  of  SM^,  the  line  is  dark 
mummy  or  walnut  brown,  gently  curved  on  forewing,  straight  on  hindwing,  with 

a  rather  indistinct,  thin,  greyish  proximal  border. Forewing  :    basal  third  or 

fourth  of  costal  margin  white  ;  no  basal  cell-spot,  cell-bar  2  concave  proximally, 
bar  3  represented  by  two  dots  of  about  equal  size,  bar  4  very  slightly  oblique, 
a  little  distal  of  base  of  M^,  in  most  specimens  distinctly  angled  in  middle,  the 
angle  pointing  distad  ;  bar  D'  very  thin  ;  submedian  bar  M^— (SM')  just  before 
base  of  M^,  not  continuous  with  cell-bar  4  ;  median  bars  M^ — ^SM^  concave  distally, 
bars  R^ — M-  much  less  so,  mostly  straight,  much  more  proximal  than  in  Ch.  lichas, 
bar  R^ — M'  continuous  with  bar  R^ — R-\  or  a  little  more  proximal,  median  bars 
SC^ — R^  forming  a  proximally  concave  line  which  is,  at  R-,  6  mm.  distant  from 
cell  ;  two  oblique  discal  bars  SC* — R',  the  second  mostly  obsolete,  the  first  also 
occasionally  absent,  both  pointing  distad  with  hinder  end,  the  one  appearing  as 
•continuation  of  the  other ;  postdiscal  bars  triangular,  tip  of  angles  pointing  distad, 
but  mostly  the  tip  alone   clearly  marked   as   a  black   dot  ;   glossy  grey  scaling 

near  margin  rather  more  obvious  than  on  disc. Hindwing  :   costal  basal  and 

subbasal  bars  absent,  snbbasal  bar  C — SC^  also  not  marked  ;  cell-bar  2  concave 
jiroximally  ;  submedian  and  median  bars  forming  two  regularly  curved,  parallel, 
lines  which  are  not,  or  slightly,  broken  at  the  veins,  the  median  line  either  touching 
in  middle  the  straight,  discal,  baud-like  line,  or  up  to  2  mm.  distant  from  it  ; 
postdiscal  bars  very  faint,  concave  distally  ;  submarginal  bars  also  feebly  marked 
concave  proximally,  bordered  distally  with  white  lines  or  dots,  both  the  postdiscal 
and  submarginal  series  parallel  to  outer  margin,  much  less  broken  at  R^  than 
in  lichas  ;  admarginal  line  obsolete  ;  outer  margin  of  wing  more  triangular  than 
in  Ch.  lichas,  tail  longer. 

?.    Wi7i(is  above  yellow  ochraceous,  more  tawny  ochraceons  distally  and   at 

base. Forewing  :  median  bars  R- — M^  close  to  cell,  bars  SO^ — R^  as  heavy  as  in 

S ,  discal  bars  SC^ — M'  present,  sometimes  also  bar  SC* — SC  isolated,  bars  R- — M' 
more  proximal  than  the  upper  ones  ;  a  complete  postdiscal  series  of  patches,  upper 
three  more  distal  than  the  four  others,  size  variable  ;  admarginal  band  also  variable 
in  width,  the  markings  at  apex  of  wing  more  or  less  merged  together  (as  in  figure), 

or  more  or  less  isolated. Hindwing  :   median  bars  C — R^  more  or  less  vestigial, 

as  is   bar   D  ;   discal    line   well    marked  down   to   R',  then    vestigial  ;   postdiscal 


(  504  ) 

spots  concave  distally,  larger  than  in   (J,  snbmarginal  bars   also  heavy  in  most 
examples . 

Underside  mnch  paler  than  m  3,  pinkish  bnff,  shaded  with  clay  colour, 
markings  as  in  <?,  veins  more  obviously  green. 

Length  of  forewing  :  c?,  27 — 32  mm. 
,,  „  2 ,  33  mm. 

Clasper  similar  to  that  of  Ck.  lichas,  bnt  the  tooth  before  the  apex  is  more 
dorsal,  appearing  as  process  of  the  dorsal  edge  of  the  clasper  ;  penis-fnnnel  shorter 
than  in  liclias,  more  suddenly  narrowed,  apical  rod-like  portion  thinner  ;  penis  with 
the  teeth  more  dispersed. 

Hab.  West  Africa  from  Sierra  Leone  to  Angola  and  the  Upper  Congo  and 
Arnwimi  Rivers.  In  the  Tring  Museum  \2  S S  from:  S.  Leone;  Knmassi  to 
Cape  Coast  Castle,  iv.  '99  (Capt.  GitfarJ)  ;  Lnkolele,  C'ongo  ;  Sakarumbi,  one  day's 
march  from  Ft.  Beni,  Congo  Free  State,  5.  v.  '99  (Dr.  Ansorge). 

h^.  Forewing  not  falcate,  line  across  underside  of  forewing  not  curved,  bars  in 
outer  half  of  hindwing  below  distinct. 

85.  Charaxes  lichas. 

(J.  Philognoma  lichas  Doubleday,  in  Donbl.,  Westw.  &  Hew.,  Gen.  Diurn.  Lep.  II.  t.  49.  f .  3.  ^ 
(1860). 

(?  ? .  Head,  pro-  and  mesonotum  olive  tawny,  the  last  in  ?  more  olive  buff, 
metanotum  and  abdomen  tawny  {S)  or  ochraceous  (?),  palpi  and  antennae  brown, 
four  white  dots  on  head,  and  a  short  line  behind  eye  white,  occasionally  a  double 
dot  before  antennae  ;  underside  buff  in  cJ,  creamy  buff  in  ¥  . 

S.   Wings,  upper  side,  tawny  orange,  with  a  strong  reddish  purplish  sheen  in 

side-light. Forewing  :    in  the  darkest  specimens  apical    half  black,  this  area 

reaching  cross-veins  and  extending  basad  at  costal  margin,  often  entering  upper 
angle  of  cell,  at  M^  the  area  is  suddenly  narrowed  to  a  marginal  band  of  3  to  4  mm 
breadth,  which  reaches  down  to  internal  margin,  the  edge  of  the  margin  remaining 
generally  tawny  orange  ;  the  area  includes  in  many  specimens  some  tawny  orange 
spots,  namely,  a  discal  interstitial  spot  R^ — R'  close  to  cell,  often  completely 
merged  together  with  the  basal  area,  two  discal  spots  SC — R'^  about  6  to  7  mm. 
from  cell,  a  discal  spot  R^— M'  4  mm.  from  base  of  M',  two  postdiscal  spots  R' — R^ 
4  mm.  from  outer  margin,  and  two  postdiscal  spots  M' — SM-,  the  latter  snbdivided, 
all  these  spots  or  some  of  them  often  absent  ;  occasionally  there  is  a  submarginal 
spot  M-— SM-  present,  in  which  case  the  admarginal,  submarginal  and  postdiscal 
bars  M- — SM-  are  recognisable  ;  median  bars  R' — M-  often  vestigial  ;  in  the  palest 
specimens  the  discal  and  upper  postdiscal  tawny  spots  are  merged  together  with  tlie 
basal  area,  in  which  case  the  black  area  is  mnch  reduced  ;  outer   margin  concave 

between  R-  and  SM^ Hindwing  :  postdiscal  and  submarginal  bars  thin,  black, 

the  postdiscal  ones  curved  distad  at  ends,  joining  the  submarginal  ones,  which  are 
straight  or  very  sliglitly  curved,  thus  forming  more  or  less  halfmoon-shaped  rings, 
ring-spot  R^ — R^  small,  posterior  postdiscal  bars  often,  the  submarginal  ones 
seldom,  obsolete  ;  a  thin  but  mostly  very  distinct  admarginal  line  black,  interrupted 
at  veins  R^ — SM-,  posterior  bars  sometimes  obsolete ;  admarginal  interspace  C — SC- 
often  black,  this  black  scaling  not  seldom  extending  basad  to  the  vestige  of  discal 
bar  C— SC-  ;  median  bar  C— SC^  sometimes  vestigial,  as  is  in  some  specimens  also 


(  505  ) 

median  bar  SC^ — R' ;  basal  half  or  two-thirds  of  abdominal  fold  orange  bnfF,  paler 
towards  base. 

Underside  ochraceous  ;  median,  and  greater  part  of  discal,  interspaces  of  both 
wings  and  postdisco-marginal  area  of  forewing  down  to  M-  densely  shaded  with 
brown  scaling  which  varies  from  burnt  umber  colour  to  cinnamon  rnfous,  the  other 
interspaces  also  partly  shaded  with  snch  scaling,  but  cell  of  forewing  np  to  bar  4, 
basi-snbmedian  interspace  M— SM^  a  spot  at  ontside  of  each  median  bar  of  the 
same  wing,  and  the  snbmedian  and  postdiscal  interspaces  of  hindwing  more  or  less 
pnre  ochraceous,  sometimes  whitish,  especially  the  discal  spots  and  submedian 
interspace  of  cell  of  hindwing  ;  the  latter  wing  often  also  with  conspicuons  creamy 
white  spots  at  outside  of  median  bars,  spot  R- — W  almost  silvery  white  in  some 

specimens  ;    bars    black,   or   tawny,   without   white    edges. Forewing :    costal 

margin  white  or  ochraceous  at  base,  with  a  black  dot  1 1  mm.  from  base,  a  second 
black  mark  in  front  of  cross-veins  ;  no  basal  cell-spot,  cell-bar  2  convex  distally, 
bar  3  separated  into  a  number  of  dots,  bar  4  straight,  obliquely  placed,  hooked  at 
extreme  upper  end,  coutiunous  with  submedian  bars  M- — SM",  the  line  crossing 
M  exactly  at  point  of  origin  of  M-,  cell-folds  brown  apically  ;  median  bars  SC'' — R^ 
continuous,  forming  a  nearly  straight  line  5  mm.  from  apex  of  cell,  median  bars 
R=— SM2  deeply  concave  distally,  bar  R^— R'  i  to  2  mm.  from  cell,  bar  R'~M' 
more  distal  than  bars  M' — SM-,  which  are  continuous  or  nearly  so;  a  straight  or 
slightly  curved  brownish  black  line  from  costal  to  internal  margin,  4^  mm.  from 
outer  margin  at  SC"*,  10  mm.  at  SM^,  partition  SC^ — SC^  pointing  obliquely  basad, 
part  SC — R'  represents  apparently  the  postdiscal  bars,  while  the  rest  is  homologous 
to  the  discal  bars,  at  proximal  side  of  line  there  is  glossy  white  scaling  in  costal 
region  ;  discal  bars  S(I^ — R'  concave  distally,  bar  SC — R^  touching  at  R'  the 
postdisco-discal  line,  the  two  bars,  taken  as  a  whole,  at  right  angles  to  costal 
margin  ;  postdiscal  series  of  thin  bars  very  irregular,  the  bars  arrowhead-shaped, 
pointing  distad  upon  internervular  folds,  bar  R^ — M'  generally  less  obvious  than 
the  others,  often  not  visible,  the  cellule  being  scaled  brown  ;  a  snbmarginal  series 
of  rather  obscure,  distally  convex  bars,  bar  at  internal  margin  more  proximal ; 

upper  adpaarginal  interspaces  more  or  less  white. Hindwing:  basal  costal  bar 

curving  di.stad,  often  reaching  end  of  PC ;  no  costal  subbasal  bar,  subbasal  bar 
(! — SC-  also  often  absent ;  submedian  bars  more  or  less  concave  proxiraally,  upper 
ones  straight  in  specimens  with  darker  underside,  the  series  crossing  M  just  at 
point  of  origin  of  R',  bar  M' — (SM')  nearer  base  of  M-,  1  to  2  mm.  distant  from 
cell-bar  4,  submedian  bars  (SM') — SM'  absent,  but  a  bar  behind  SM',  curving 
basad  ;  median  bars  continuous  (or  almost  so)  from  costal  margin  to  R'  or  R-,  the 
line  oblique,  parallel  to  submedian  line  of  bars,  reaching  R-  2  mm.  from  bar  D, 
continuous  with  the  submedian  line  of  the  forewing,  bars  R=— (SM')  concave 
distally,  bars  (SM')— SM'  continuous,  reaching  SM'  3  to  4  mm.  before  its  end  ; 
discal  bars  fused  together  to  a  distally  sharply  defined,  brownish  black,  straight 
line,  which  is  the  continuation  of  the  line  of  forewing,  crossing  C  9  mm.  from  end, 
M  at  point  of  origin  of  M',  and  ending  at  abdominal  margin  near  anal  angle,  discal 
interspace  as  on  forewing  glossy,  median  bar  R'— M'  outside  that  line  (or  is  this 
bar  a  discal  one,  median  bar  R'— M'  being  part  of  the  line  ?)  ;  postdiscal  bars 
augulated  at  internervular  folds,  the  angles  pointing  basad,  bar  R^— R'  more  evenly 
concave,  bars  C — R^  more  proximal  than  the  others,  the  series  nearly  parallel  to 
outer  margin,  anteriorly  and  posteriorly  approaching  the  discal  line  very  closely  ; 
submarginal   bars  transverse,  about  2  mm.  from  edge  of  wing,  not  abbreviated, 

34 


(  506  ) 

npper  three  somewhat  concave  distally,  the  others  straight,  continnons,  the  series 
snddeuly  ^  or  3  mm.  more  distal  behind  R^,  last  one  or  two  partly  bordered  white 
distally ;  admarginal  line  dark  tawny,  bordered  white  at  anal  angle  ;  fringe  with 
some  white  scales  midway  between  veins  ;  onter  edge  of  wing,  taken  as  a  whole, 
triangnlar,  produced  into  a  blnut  triangular  tail  at  R',  and  into  a  blunt  tooth  at  M-, 
aual  angle  rounded,  not  produced. 

?  Win^s  above  yellow  buff,  a  little  more  ochraceons  towards  base. Forewing : 

bar  D^  thin,  brown,  median  bars  more  or  less  vestigial,  sometimes  blackish,  in  the 
same  position  as  below ;  discal  line  either  shining  through  from  below,  or  slightly 
marked  by  brown  scales  ;  postdiscal  bars  M'- — SM^  brown,  biconcave  distally  if 
well  marked  ;  submarginal  bars  concave  proximally,  interspace  between  them  and 
edge  of  wing  dark  brown,  or  tawny,  this  colour  mostly  extending  to  vestiges  of 

discal  bars  SC^ — R'  ;  outer  edge  of  wing  slightly  convex. Hindwing  :  postdiscal 

and  submarginal  bars  wider  apart  than  in  6,  therefore  the  rings  formed  by  them 
larger,  centres  of  wings  assuming  sometimes  a  creamy  tint,  posterior  submarginal 
bars  often  obviously  bordered  white  distally. 

Underside  almost  uniformly  bnff  or  creamy  buff,  very  much  less  particoloured 
than   in  6,   the  creamy  buff  specimens   have  outside  the  discal   line  two  brown 
patches  on  forewing,  one  between  R'  and  M',  the  other  at  internal  margin,  and 
one  patch  in  centre  of  hindwing  ;  tail  broader  than  in  i . 
Length  of  forewing  :    <S ,  29 — 31  mm. 
„  „  ? ,  33—35  mm. 

Clasper  produced  into  a  slender,  long,  gently  curved  apical  hook,  which  is  not 
scaled  and  bears  on  the  outside  a  tooth  which  points  distad  ;  tenth  tergite  rounded, 
slightly  sinuate  mesially  ;  penis  thin,  a  patch  of  teeth  about  1|  mm.  before  end 
dorsal ly  on  the  left  side,  one  dorsal  tooth  just  before  end. 

Xeuration  :  D^  of  hindwing  reaching  M  in  both  sexes  about  midway  between 
M'  and  M-. 

Hah.  West  Africa  from  S.  Leone  to  Angola,  the  Upper  Congo  and  German 
East  Africa. 

a.  Ch.  lichas  lichas. 

Philugnoma  lirluis  Doableday,  in  Donbl.,  Westw.  &  Hew.,  Gen.  Diiirii.  Lfp.  II.  t.  49.  f.  3.  ^  (1850) 

(Jiab.y)  ■  Lucas,  in  Chenu,  Enc.  d'Uisl.  Nat,  Pap.  p.  154.  f.  299  (1852)  (Ashanti). 
Pnlla  lichas,  Mabille,  Bull.  Soc.  Zonl.  Fr.  I.  p.  281  (1876)  (Congo)  ;  Dewitz,  Nw.  Art.  Lmp.  Car. 

Ak:  Nalurf.  L.  4.  p.  372  (1887)   (Mukenge,  I.  II.  IV.)  ;   Weym.,  Stell.  Ent.  Zeit.  LIII.  p.  93. 

n.  10.   ?   (1892)  (Gold  Coast)  ;  Schaus  &  Clements,  Sirrra  Leone  Lepiil.  p.  9  (1893). 
Chamxes  lichas,  Butler,  Joui-n.  Liiai.  Sue.  Land.  XXV.  p.  401.  n.  162  (1896)  (S.    Leone  ;  Ashanti  ; 

Accra;  O.  Calabar;  Cameroons;  Angola) ;  Auriv.,  Kongl.  Sr.  Vet.  AI,\  Handl.  XXXI.  5.  p.  242. 

n.  61  (1899)  (S.  Leone  to  Angola). 

S-  Winff.i  above. Forewing  :   black  area  extended    to  cell,  sometimes  the 

tawny  postdiscal  spots  R' — R' joined  to  the  tawny  basi-discal  area,  but  in  this  case 
the  veins  R' — R'  black,  except  immediately  at  cell  ;  no  tawny  submarginal  spots 
between  R-  and  M'. 

?  .  As  described  above. 

Hab.  Sierra  Leone  to  Angola  and  the  Lower  Congo.  In  the  Tring  Museum 
28  c?c?,  5  ??  from:  Sierra  Leone,  21.  vii.  '88;  Ashanti;  Accra;  R.  Ogow(5  ; 
Lnkolele,  Congo. 

One  of  the  two  Ogowe  examples  in  the  Triug  Museum  leads  over  to  the 
next  form. 


(507  ) 

b.  Ch.  lichas  bebra  Rothsch.,  snbsp.  nov. 

<?.  Wings  above. Forewiug  :   black  colour  reduced;  discal  tawny  patches 

SC' — R^  completely  fused  together  with  the  tawny  area,  the  black  marginal  area 
only  3  to  4  mm.  wide  between  'B}  and  R- ,  tawny  postdiscal  interspaces  R^ — M' 
marked,  or  at  least  interspace  R' — M',  hence  the  black  postdiscal  patch  R^ — M' 
not  completely  merged  together  with  the  black  wing  border. 

?.   Unknown. 

Hab.  Great  Forest  of  the  Upper  Congo :  Diapauda,  six  days'  march  from 
Ft.  Beni  (type),  10.  v.  '99  ;  and  on  the  7th,  10th,  and  llth  day  during  the  march 
from  Ft.  Beni  to  the  Ituri  R.,  the  llth,  14th,  and  15th  of  May  1899  (Dr.  Ansorge)  ; 
5  c^c?.  A  (?  in  Dr.  Staudinger's  collection  from  the  Paugani  steppe,  German  East 
Africa  (R.  v.  Benningsen). 

r'.  Underside  of  wings  without  a  continuous  line  across  discs. 
86.  Charaxes  jahlusa. 

Nymphalis  jahlusa  Trimen,  Rhop.  Afr.  Austr.  p.  177.  n,  102.  and  p.  341.  t.  3.  f.  5  (1862)  (interior 
of  S.  Afr.). 

(?  ? .  Boc/'/  aboce  tawny  ochraceous,  mesonotum  somewhat  olivaceous  ;  head 
with  a  buff  spot  between  the  antennae,  the  usual  four  white  dots,  and  a  smaller 
dot  at  each  side  near  eye  close  to  the  posterior  spots,  palpi  black  above,  antennae 
black,  tip  tawny  ;  nnclerside  white,  creamy  white  or  buff,  anterior  tibia,  stripes  on 
sterna  underneath  legs,  and  part  of  the  hairs  on  metasteruum  blackish  brown  ; 
abdomen  with  two  series  of  brownish  black  patches  which  are  generally  merged 
together  to  a  double  streak  which  is  broadest  in  c?,  the  patches  in  ?  often  small. 

(?.    Wings  above  huffish  orange,  with  black  markings. Forewing  :  cell-bar  3 

represented  by  a  dot,  bar  4  well  marked,  somewhat  S-shaped,  being  concave 
<listally  in  upper  half  and  proximally  in  lower  half,  sometimes  interrupted, 
transverse,  upper  end  not  closer  to  cross-veins  than  lower  end  ;  bar  D  heavy  ; 
«ubmediau  bars  M^ — (SM')  a  little  distal  of  bases  of  veins  M'  and  M^  respectively, 
the  second  rounded,  the  first  mostly  linear  ;  median  bars  SC — R^  rotuudate  or 
•cone-shaped,  preceded  by  a  thin,  longittidinal  bar  SC* — SC,  5  mm.  from  cell,  bar 
R2 — R^  close  to  cell,  often  merged  together  with  bar  D,  bar  R' — M'  4  to  5  mm. 
from  base  of  M',  slightly  inclining  basad,  bar  M' — M-  a  little  more  proximal, 
bar  M'' — (SM')  rounded,  again  a  little  more  proximal,  seldom  followed  by  a  short, 
small,  bar  (SM') — SM-  ;  discal  bars  SC^ — R-  triangular,  patch-like,  concave 
distally,  more  or  less  obviously  joined  along  veins  to  postdiscal  bars,  discal  bars 
R^ — M^  gradually  less  distinct,  bars  R' — M-  often  scarcely  traceable  ;  postdiscal  bars 
halfmoon-shaped,  contiguous,  all  produced  along  veins  to  outer  margin,  separating 
buffish  orange  admarginal  spots  from  the  discal  area,  posterior  admargiiial  spots 
halfmoon-shaped,  upper  ones  elongate  triangular,  spot  SC — SO*  often  wanting; 
a  thin  black  marginal    line  ;   fringe   white  between  veins  ;    outer   margin   deeply 

concave  in  middle. Hindwing  :  a  series  of  short  median  bars,  bars  C — R"  almost 

continuous,  or  bar  SC^ — R'  more  proximal,  bars  R' — R^  close  together,  in  front 
«f  point  of  origin  of  M',  bar  R' — M-  sometimes  vestigial,  never  clearly  marked,  in 
many  specimens  the  median  bars  obsolete  ;  one  discal  bar  C — SC-,  often  merged 
together  with  the  median  bar  C — SC^  a  spot  in  cell  and  larger  spots  at  outer  side 


(  508  ) 

•  if  bars  jialer  orange  ;  postdiscal  bars  heavj-,  halfmoon-sliaped,  continuous,  joined 
alous  %eins  to  the  thin,  transverse,  submarginal  bars,  isolating  transverse,  linear  or 
ovate,  pale  orange  spots,  upper  ones  of  these  spots  often  absent  ;  admarginal  black 
line  continuous  ;  admarginal  pale  orange  interspaces  continuous,  very  seldom 
interrupted  between  M'  and  M-,  shaded  with  olive  buff  at  anal  angle  ;  fringe 
white  between  veins. 

Underside,  discal  interspace  SC— R'  proximally,  i)ostdiscal  interstitial  spots 
SC^ — R'  of  forewing,  snbmedian  interspace  C — St^-',  a  spot  in  cell,  abdominal 
area,  proximal  part  of  discal  interspaces,  and  some  postdiscal  and  submarginal 
spots  of  hiudwing  silvery  white,  apical  half  of  forewing  and  submarginal  area  of 

hindwing  mure  or  less  shaded  over  with  silvery  grey  ;  veins  green. Forewing  : 

pale  rufons,  ape.^c  down  to  R'  olive  or  cinnamon,  bars  short  bnt  heavy  ;  no  basal 
cell-spot,  cell-bar  2  mostly  abbreviated  anteriorly  with  a  black  si)ot  in  front  before 
C,  bar  3  abbreviated  posteriorly,  mostly  reduced  to  a  dot  at  SC  which  is  often 
followed  by  a  smaller  dot,  cell-bar  4  and  bar  D  as  above  ;  snbmedian  bars  heavier 
than  above  ;  median  ones  rather  thinner,  bars  SC — R'  mnch  smaller  than  bars 
R3_]y[2  .  a  discal  series  of  thin  bars  from  SC^— SM-,  posterior  ones  vestigial,  bar 
Ri — R2  more  distal  than  the  others,  generally  with  a  rnfons  spot  at  ontside,  while 
bars  R^ — M'  are  more  or  less  obviously  bordered  white ;  the  series  followed  by 
postdiscal  bars  of  which  bars  M^ — SM-  are  heavy,  transverse,  while  the  others  are 

vestigial  ;  admarginal  mfous  interspaces  isolated,  njiper  ones  minute. -Hindwing: 

olive  to  cinnamon  ;  basal,  snbmedian  and  median  costal  bar  short,  dot-like,  basal 
one  widely  separated  from  PC"  ;  snbbasal  bar  C— SC-  a  dot  ;  cell-bars  2  and  4  joined 
together,  their  hinder  portions  forming  a  ring  which  is  filled  np  with  silvery  white, 
middle  fold  of  cell  black,  this  line  connecting  all  the  bars  ;  snbmedian  bar  C — SC- 
concave  proximally,  about  3  mm.  from  base  of  R',  subbasal  and  snbmedian  bars 
M^— SM^  generally  merged  together  to  two  rings  with  white  centres,  no  subbasal  and 
snbmedian  bars  SM^— SM',  but  two  separate  bars  often  present  behind  SM^ ;  median 
bar  SC- — R'  mnch  more  proximal  than  the  median  bars  before  and  behind  it,  bar 
R'— M'  more  distal  than  bar  R=— R",  bar  M-'— (SM')  2  to  3  mm.  distant  from 
bar  M'— M-,  bars  (SM')— SM'  reaching  SM'  near,  or  at,  its  end  ;  discal,  postdiscal, 
submarginal,  and  admarginal  bars  rather  close  together,  thin,  transverse,  postdiscal 
interspace  SC- — R'  larger  than  the  others,  white,  the  other  postdiscal  interspaces 
rufons  ochraceous,  but  interspace  R'— M'  often  white  ;  submarginal  interspaces 
pinkish  white,  posterior  ones  wider  than  upjier  ones,  submarginal  bars  mostly 
bordered  white  distally,  upon  these  white  borders  follow  the  admarginal  bars,  which, 
however,  are  often  absent  ;  admarginal  interspaces  rufous  ochraceous  ;  marginal 
line  black,  partly  glossy  grey  ;  internervular  folds  in  distal  and  abdominal  areas 
deeper  in  tint  than  ground  of  wing  ;  outer  margin  scalloped,  tails  thin,  triangular, 
acute,  3  to  4  mm. 

?.  Larger  than  S,  hindwing  much  less  triangular,  apex  of  forewing  less 
produced.  Wings  above  paler,  being  ochraceous  with  a  slight  reddish  orange  tone ; 
black  markings  the  same,  but  the  submarginal  and  admarginal  interstitial  spots 
rather  larger.  Underside  as  in  c?,  slightly  paler,  the  silvery  markings  comparatively 
smaller,  the  grey  scaling  reduced  ;  tails  slender,  somewhat  longer  than  in  c^,  upper 
one  less  jwinted. 

Length  of  forewing  :   i,  23 — 27  mm. 
¥,2(5-33  mm. 

Clasiier  rather  broad  at  the  end,  which  is  so  twisted  that  the  inner  surface  is 


(  509  ) 

almost  horizontal,  tip  pointed  bnt  short  ;  tenth  tergite  short,  ronnded,  with  the 
vestige  of  a  mesial  sinus  ;  penis-funnel  long,  slender,  gradually  narrowing  towards 
the  end,  which  is  almost  rod-like  and  forms  a  compressed  hook  the  tip  of  which 
points  somewhat  proximad ;  penis  short,  swollen  about  1  mm.  before  the  end,  with 
a  dorsal  row  of  teeth  which  turns  towards  the  left  side  proximall}'. 
Hab.     East  Africa  from  the  (!ape  Colony  to  Nyassaland. 

a.  Ch.  jahlusa  jahlusa. 

Nijmphalis  jaklusa  Trimen,  Rhoi).  Afr.  Austi:  p.  177.  n.  102.  and  p.  341  (1862)  (interior  of  S.  Afr.  i 
Grahamstown  ;  Bashee  R. ;  non  Zambesi)  ;  Gooch,  Entom.  XIV.  p.  6  (1881)  (Natal)  ;  Kirby, 
Cat.  Diwn.  Lep.  p.  273.  n.  53  (1871)  (Afr.  mer.)  ;  Wallengr.,  Ofv.  Vet.  Al.:  Fork.  XXXII.  1. 
(1875)  (Transvaal). 

Chara.d's  jnhhisa,  Butler,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Lnnd.  p.  637.  n.  59  (1865)  (pt. ;  Cap.  b.  sp.)  ;  Trim.  & 
Bowk.,  8.  Afr.  Bull.  I.  p.  325.  n.  106  (1887)  (Cape  Col. ;  CafEraria  ;  twn  Zambesi);  iid.,  /.'•. 
III.  p.  407.  (1889)  (Barberton,  V.) ;  Butl.,  Jnurn.  Linn.  Soc.  Lond.  XXV.  p.  371.  n.  57  (1896) 
(Cap.  b.  sp.  ;  Xatal) ;  Auriv.,  Kongl.  Sr.  Vet.  Ak.  Handl.  XXXI.  5.  p.  240.  n.  50  (1899)  (Cape 
Col.  ;  CafEraria  ;  Natal ;  Transvaal). 

(J.  Abdomen  below  with  two  black  streaks  from  base  to  end,  mure  or  less 

merged    together   in   basal    half.       Wings    above. Forewing :    cell-bar   4   and 

submedian  bars  well  marked;  discal  and  postdiscal  interspaces  mostly  obviously 

paler  than  disc. Hindwing  :  submedian  and  median  bars  C — SO-  rather  heavy 

and  mostly  merged  together,  seldom  entirely  separate  ;  median  bars  SC" — M'  more 
or  less  marked,  seldom  absent. 

Underside. Forewing:  apical  area  olivaceous,  shaded  with  white;  postdiscal 

white  spots  SC^ — R'  obvious,  the  second   ovate  triangular,  1   to  1|    mm.  long; 

cell-bar  4  and  submedian  bars  nearly  1  mm.  broad. Hindwing :  olive,  abdominal 

area  white  or  grey,  seldom  clayish ;  white  patches  in  discal  interspaces  contiguous, 
patches  M^— SM-'  or  M^— SM'  mostly  well  marked,  the  patches  very  often  much 
larger  than  the  olive  distal  portions  of  the  discal  interspaces  ;  postdiscal,  interstitial, 
white  spot  SC- — R'  ovate,  conspicuous. 

?.  Abdomen  below  with  two  broad  black  lines  which  are  partly  merged 
together  at  base. 

Wings  above. Forewing:  submedian  bars  about  1  to  U  mm.  broad  ;  black 

discal  triangular  patches  SO*— R"  well  marked,  mostly  followed  by  some  more 
patches  ;  discal  and  postdiscal  interspaces  SO^— R^  paler  than  disc. 

Underside  as  in  c?,  but  white  discal  patches  of  hindwing  comparatively  (often 
absolntely)  smaller;  white  postdiscal  spot  SC-— R^  of  hindwing  often  triangular. 

Hab.  Cape  Colony  ;  Natal ;  Transvaal.  In  the  Tring  Museum  19  Jc?,  8  ?  ? 
from :  Grahamstown  ;  Estcourt ;  found  from  middle  of  August  to  end  of  September, 
and  in  February.  In  a  ?  from  Grahamstown  the  submedian  and  median  bars 
Ml— (SM')  of  the  upperside  of  the  forewing  are  merged  together  to  two  broad 
streaks,  median  bar  R'— M'  is  also  enlarged  to  an  elongate  patch,  while  cell-bar  4, 
bar  D  and  median  bar  R^— R',  and  median  bars  SC'-R-  form  three  more  patches. 
In  this  individual,  as  well  as  in  another  from  Natal,  bar  JP— (SM')  of  the  hindwing 
is  present  above. 

b.  Ch.  jahlusa  argynnides. 

Charaxes  m-rmnnides  Westwood,  Prm:.  Enl.  Soc.  Lond.  (2).  III.  p.  10  (1864)  (Zambesi)  ;  Butl., 
Proc.  Zn'nl.  Soc.  Loiul.  p.  457  (1860)  (jahlum  distinct  from  nrgijimidcx  !)  ;  Butl.,  .Touni.  Linn. 
Soc  Loml.  XXV.  p.  371.  n.  58  (1896)  (L.  Nyassa  ;  Shiru  R.  ;  L.  Tanganyika  i  Zambesi). 


(  510  ) 

Charaaet  jahlusa,  Butler,  /..■.  p.  637.  n.  59  (18C5)  (pt. ;  Zambesi)  ;  Trim.  &  Bowk.,  S.  AJr.  Butt. 

I.  p.  325.  n.  lOG  (1887)  (pt.  :  Zambesi)  :  lid.,  I.e.  III.  p.  407  (1S8'J). 
Xi/mj>halis  jah!u.ta  Trimen,  Ehoji.  Afr.  Auslr.  p.  341  (1866)  (pt.  ;  Zambeai). 
Nymphalin  jaMuaa  var.  argtjtmUlea,  Kirby,  Cut.  Diitnt.  Leji.  p.  273.  sub  n.  53  (1871)  (Zambesi). 
Chnraxes  jahluaa  var.  argxjnniihs,  Aurivillius,  Kongl.  Sv.  Vet.  Ah.  Hamll.  XXXI.  5.  p.  240.  sub  n.  50 

(1899)  (Zambesi  ;  Nyassa  ;  Tanganyika). 

S  S.  Black  spots  on  underside  of  abdomen  small,  widely  separated,  not  merged 
together  to  lines. 

c?.    Wings  above. Forewing :    cell-bar   4   thin,  separated   into   dots,   often 

obliterated ;  snbmedian  bars  small,  sometimes  obsolete  ;  median  bars  also  thinner 
than  in  the  southern  form. Hindwing  :  median  bars  SC" — M^  seldom  vestigial. 

Underside  :  apical  area  of  forewing,  and  the  hindwing  dark  tawny  olive,  of  a 
more  tawny  tone  than  in  jaklusa  jaklasa,  both  wings  less  shaded  with  white, 
bars  obviously  thinner,  white  discal  patches  of  hindwing  smaller  than  in  most 
specimens  of  j.  jahlusa  ;  white  postdiscal  dots  SC^ — R'  of  forewing  and  SC- — R' 
of  hindwing  very  small,  mostly  clayish. 

? .  Differs  from  j.  jahlusa  like  c?  ;  moreover,  brown  discal  patches  SC^ — R'  of 
forewing  above  obsolete  ;  underside  of  hindwing  olive  tawny,  apical  area  of  forewing 
tawny  cinnamon. 

Hub.  Zambesi;  Nyassaland ;  Tanganyika.  In  the  Tring  Museum  3  c?(?, 
lu  ?  ?  from  Likoma.,  Nyassa,  caught  in  March,  June,  July,  August,  Sept.,  Oct. 
(Rev.  Button). 

The  basal  costal  spot  of  the  hindwing  below  is  absent  in  some  specimens  of 
both  sexes,  the  bars  behind  SM'  are  also  occasionally  wanting. 

r*  Underside  green,  scaling  obliterated,  except  a  few  spots. 
87.  Charaxes  eupale. 

Papdio  Plebejils  Uriianus  eupale  Drury,  lilustr.  Exot.  Ins.  III.  p.  7.  t.  6.  f.  3.  and  Index  (1782) 

(S.  Leone). 
Papilio  Nymphalia  aiiuisia  Fabricius,  Erit.  Si/st.  III.  1.  p.  136.  n.  419  (1793)  ("  Suriuam  "  loc.  err. !). 

% 

(?  ? .  Palpi  above,  head,  pronotum  and  (generally)  anterior  part  of  mesonotnm 
pale  russet,  antennae  green,  mesonotum  clothed  with  greyish  white  and  oil 
green  hairs,  metanotum  with  long  greenish  grey  ones,  abdomen  greenish  cream 
colour  ;  underside  dirty  white,  rostrum  oil  green,  legs  and  palpi,  if  denuded,  also 
green. 

c? .    Wings,  upperside,  membrane  oil  green,  basal  half  (or  more)  of  forewing,  and 

the  hindwing  scaled  greenish   white. Forewing  :  basal  area  always  extending 

beyond  apex  of  <:ell,  its  outer  edge  at  right  angles  to  costal  margin,  mostly  sinuate 
between  veins  ;  a  short  brown  bar  upon  upjier  cross-veins,  often  a  vestige  of  a  bar 
upon  D' ;  green  outer  area  covered  with  brownish  black  scales,  which  stand 
generally  denser  near  the  outer  margin  of  the  wing  and  at  the  edge  of  the  greenish 

white  area. Hindwing  :    a  series  of  black  snbmarginal  spots,  variable  in  size, 

often  with  white  centres,  spot  C^>SC-  minute  or  absent,  spot  M' — M-  small ;  outer 
margin  brown,  this  scaling  often  so  extended  as  to  include  most  of  the  snbmarginal 
spots,  sometimes  restricted  to  the  very  edge  of  the  wing. 

Underside  green,  with  sparse  white  scaling  which  is  here  and  there  condensed 
to  markings,  especially  to  transverse,  short,  thiu  lines. Forewing :  ceil  generally 


(511  ) 

with  a  white  band,  which  is  outwardly  bordered  by  a  thia  black  line  in  many 
specimens,  which  line  represents  cell-bar  4,  the  band  transverse,  midway  between 
M^  and  M^ ;  a  vestige  of  a  bar  upon  npper  cross-veins  ;  a  median  line  of  bars,  from 
SC — R^,  7  mm.  from  cell,  and  again  from  R^ — M^  or  (SM'),  this  second  portion 
of  the  line  a  little  more  proximal,  the  line  very  often  obliterated,  often  with  a  band 
of  white  scaling  at  ontside  in  which  stands  a  brown  patch  between  M'  and  M^,  a 
smaller  one  before  M',  and  occasionally  a  third,  small,  one  behind  M- ;  at  the 
ontside  of  these  spots  there  are  often  vestiges  of  black  discal  bars  ;  a  black  and 
white  postdiscal  dot  SC= — R'  3  mm.  from  outer  margin,  preceded  in  many  specimens 
by  a  minute  dot  SC* — SC°  somewhat  nearer  the  margin  ;  seldom  there  is  a  third 
dot  before  SC^ ;  in  few  specimens  the  series  is  continued  to  M-,  dot  R' — M'  5  mm. 

from  margin. Hindwing  :  the  white,  linear,  speckles  represent  partly  the  white 

borders  of  the  bars  of  other  Charaxes,  a  more  obvious  line  in  cell  is  doubtless 
homologous  to  the  white  proximal  border  of  cell-bar  4  of  other  species  ;  a  white, 
ill-defined,  sparsely  scaled,  band  from  costal  to  abdominal  margin  which  includes 
more  or  less  conspicuously  marked  brown  spots,  of  which  spot  R- — R'  is  apparently 
always  traceable  ;  the  band  crosses  R^  just  at  the  bent,  it  is  straight,  begins  4  to  5  mm. 
from  end  of  C  and  ends  about  2  mm.  from  end  of  SM-  ;  traces  of  postdiscal,  white, 
interstitial  lunules  nearly  always  marked  ;  a  series  of  minute,  black,  submarginal 
dots  edged  with  white,  dots  M'— M-  and  C— R'  generally  obsolete  ;  tail  R'  repre- 
sented by  a  very  short,  broad  tooth. 

? .  Like  <?,  a  little  larger,  outer  margin  of  forewing  straighter,  outer  edge  of 
basal  area  of  forewing  taken  as  a  whole  less  straight. 

Length  of  forewing  :  <?,  25 — 34  mm. 
„  „  ? ,  34—36  mm. 

C'lasper  produced  apically  into  a  short  hook  beneath  which  there  stands  a 
long,  slender,  curved  tooth  ;  in  a  dorsal  view  the  apex  of  the  clasper  appears 
to  be  bifid  ;  the  clasper  is  in  structure  intermediate  between  that  of  Ck.  etheocles 
and  that  of  Uchas  ;  penis-funnel  short,  compressed,  almost  truncate  in  a  side  view 
forming  a  strong  hook ;  penis  thin,  without  dentition  ;  tenth  tergite  rounded 
triangular,  not  sinuate. 

Hub.  From  Sierra  Leone  to  Angola  and  Unyoro ;  Nyassaland  ;  Brit.  E.  Africa. 


a.  Ch.  eupale  eupale. 

Papilio  Plehejus  Urbanue  eupnU  Drury,  I.e. 

Papilio  Nymphalis  aiiiasia  Fabricius,  I.e. 

Xi/mphalis  amasm,  Godart,  Eiu:  iUth.  IX.  p.  389.  n.  1.37  (1823)  (Afr.  occ.) ;  Lucas,  Lep.  Ex.  p.  129. 
t.  69.  f.  3  (183.5). 

Charuxea  eupale,  Doubleday,  List  Spec.  Lep.  Ins.  Brit.  .Mus.  I.  p.  Ill  (1844)  (Asbanti) ;  Butl.,  Proc. 
Zvol.  Soc.  Lotiil.  p.  638.  n.  64  (1865)  (S.  Leone  ;  Asbauti)  ;  id.,  Git.  Diuni.  Lrp.  desir.  bi/  Fabr. 
p.  50.  n.  1  (1869)  (Asbanti)  ;  Druce,  Pror.  Zool.  Soc.  Lwitl.  p.  413.  n.  10  (1875)  (Angola)  ; 
Staud.,  Exot.  Taaf.  p.  171.  t.  58.  $  (1886)  (Angola  :  Congo)  ;  Dewitz,  Noi:  Act.  Lep.  Car. 
Ak.  Nal.  L.  4.  p.  371  (1887)  (N.  Angola,  XII.  I.)  ;  Capr.,  C.  R.  Soc.  Ei,l.  Behj.  XXXIII.  p.  126. 
n.  72  (1889)  (Kassai)  ;  Godm.  &  Salv.,  in  Jameson,  Story  Rear  Column  p.  440.  n.  88  (1890) 
(Aruwimi)  ;  Rogenb.,  in  Baumann,  Usumbora  p.  327.  n.  87  (1891)  (N.  Usuguru)  ;  Auriv., 
Enl.  Tithl-r.  XV.  p.  312.  n.  204  (1894)  (Cameroons,  V.  VI.)  ;  Reb.  &  Rogenh.,  in  Baumann, 
Massailaiid  p.  332.  n.  101  (1894)  (N.  Urundi)  ;  Karscb,  Berl.  Enl.  Zeitschr.  XXXVUI.  p.  192. 
n.  61  (1894)  (Togo) ;  Holl.,  Proc.  U.  St.  Nat.  JIus.  XVIII.  p.  753  (1895)  (Brit.  E.  Afr.)  ;  But!., 
Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Loud.  XXV.  p.  378.  n.  80  (1896)  (S.  Leone  ;  Asbauti  ;  Accra  ;  Cameroons  ; 
Angola) ;  Auriv.,  Kongl.  Sv.  Vet.  Ak.  Hundl.  XXXI.  5.  p.  245.  n.  75  (1899), 


(  512  ) 

Nymphalii  eupale,  Doubleday,  Westwood  &  Hew.,  Ge7i.  Dlurn.  Lep.  11.  p.  310.  n.  41  (1850) 
(S.  Leone  :  Ashanti)  i  Kirby,  Gil.  Dlurn.  Lep.  p.  27.B.  n.  56  (1871)  ;  Dewitz,  If.  XLI.  2.  2. 
p.  8  (1879)  (Chinchoxo). 

Oiaraxes  eupalis  (!),  Smith,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Lonil.  p.  472.  d.  89  (1890)  (Aruwimi). 

(f .   Wings  above. Forewing  :  greenish  white  area  not  reaching  end  of  SM*, 

mostlv  remaining   well  separated  from  onter  margin. Hindwing  :  snbmarginal 

black  dots  conspicnons,  outer  edge  of  wing  brown. 

Underside  :  ochraceons  and  white  cell-bar  of  forewing  becomes  small  or  dis- 
appears when  the  other  markings  vanish. 

?.  Like  i  in  colour,  onter  edge  of  greenish  white  area  of  forewing  not  more 
than  3  mm.  from  the  end  of  the  cell  anteriorly. 

Hah.  Sierra  Leone  to  Angola,  the  Congo,  as  far  east  as  Un.yoro,  and  (?)  the 
northern  parts  of  British  East  Africa.  In  the  Tring  Museum  M)'iS,'i  ?  2  from: 
Sierra  Leone;  Accra;  Warri,  ii.  '96  (Dr.  Roth);  Cameroons;  Stanley  Pool  to 
Lnkolele  ;  Bopoto  ;  Great  Forest  of  Upper  Congo,  two  and  three  days'  march  from 
Ft.  Beni,  6  and  7  v.  '99  (Dr.  Ansorge)  ;  Naso,  Chagwe,  iii.  '98  (Dr.  Aosorge)  ; 
Kasokwa,  Unyoro, 5.  x.  '97  (Dr.  Ansorge);  Bnaia,  Bnsiro,  24.  iii.  '99  (Dr.  Ansorge); 
Port  Alice,  5.  iii.  '97  (Dr.  Ansorge)  ;  Bullnji,  Unyoro,  7.  vii.  '97  (Dr.  Ansorge). 

b.  Ch.  eupale  dilntus  (Nov.  Zool.  VIL  t.  7.  f.  6.  ?). 

Chamxes  eupale,  Butler,  Pruc.  Zuul.  Sue.  Luml.  p.  720.  n.  16  (1895)  (Zomba). 
Charaxes  eupale  dilulus  Rothschild,  Xm:  Zvol.  V.  p.  97.  n.  3  (1898)  (Zomba). 

Charaxex  eupale  ab.  diluUix,  Aurivillius,  Kongl.  Vet.  Ak.  Hmidl.  XXXI.  5.  p.  245.  sub  n.  75  (1899) 
(Nyassaland). 

c?.  Wings  abore  :  greenish  white  area  of  forewing  extending  to  end  of  SM'^  ; 
black  snbmarginal  dots  of  hindwing  mostly  obliterated,  no  distinct  olive  brown 
border  to  hindwing.  Underside :  white  bar  ot  cell  of  forewing  large,  not  dis- 
appearing even  if  the  other  markings  are  nearly  all  absent. 

?.  Greenish  white  scaling  of  i/yv/;(.v«/r/fc'  of  both  wings  more  extended  than  in 
the  ?  ?  of  C/i.  eup.  eupale,  the  black  snbmarginal  dots  of  the  hindwing  smaller, 
npper  ones  obliterated.  Underside  :  the  ochraceons  and  white  mark  in  the  cell  of 
the  forewing  large. 

Hab.  Xyassaland.  In  the  Tring  Museum  1  (?,  2  ?  from  :  Zomba,  xii.  '95  (Dr. 
Percy  Kendall),  Chipaika  Kstate  near  Bandawa  (\\'atkinson). 

f.  Median  and  submedian  bars  of  both  wings  close  together,  fused  to  a  narrow 
band ;    this   baud   occasionally    indistinct   in    sj)ecies   with    tail    M- 
spatulate. 
f.  Underside  of  forewing  with  two  large,  yellow,  postdiscal  patches. 

88.  Charaxes  nobilis  (Nov.  Zool.  VII.  t.  7.  f  5.  cJ). 

Charaxes  nnhili.i  Druce,  Enl.  .!/.<.  M,:,j.  X.  p.  13  (1873)  (O.  Calabar) ;  Kirby,  Ciil.  Diurn.  Lep.  p.  748. 
n.  75  (1877)  ;  Butl., ,/»«™.  Limi.  Soc.  Lmid.  XXV.  p.  371.  n.  50  (189G)  (O.  Calabar)  ;  Auriv., 
Kongl.  Si:  Ve.l.  Ak.  Uimdl.  XXXI.  5.  p.  240.  n.  49  (1899)  (0.  Calabar  ;  Barombi,  Cameroons). 

?  .  Charaxes  aynl/n  Distant,  Prnr.  Zool.  Soc.  Loud.  p.  708.  t.  54.  f.  4  (1879)  (Calabar). 

j  $.  Charaxes  homenis  Staudinger,  Iris  IV.  p.  132.  t.  2  f.  1.  ^  (1891)  (Barombi). 

cf.  Body  above  olivaceons  black,  abdomen  cream  colour,  except  first  two  tergites; 
fonr  large  and  a  small  dot  on  head,  a  line  behind  eye,  three  dorsal  and  a  lateral  dot 
on  prothorax,  and  two  lateral  dots  on  mesothorax,  white. 


(  513  ) 

Underside,  palpi,  middle  of  sterua,  a  broad  oblique  stripe  on  meso-,  aud  a 
shorter  and  thinner  one  on  metasteruiim,  onterside  of  middle  and  hinder  tibiae, 
distal  edges  of  tarsal  segments,  and  the  abdomen,  white. 

c?.    Wings,  upperside,  black,  olivaceous  at  base. Forewing  :  outer  margin 

deeply  concave  in  middle,  markings  cream  colour  ;  a  broad  discal  band,  from  11''  to 
internal  margin,  14  mm.  wide  behind,  5  to  8  in  front,  partition  R^ — M'  separated, 
the  band  continued  by  two  spots  SC!^— R-,  the  upper  one  very  small,  mostly 
represented  only  by  some  blnisb  white  scales,  the  second  about  8  mm.  from  outer 
margin,  4  to  5  mm.  long  ;  a  postdiscal  spot  SC^— SC'',  occasionally  vestigial,  often 
followed  by  a  second,  smaller,  postdiscal  spot,  a  series  of  small,  white,  marginal 

dots,  white  scales  restricted  to  fringe  between  SC"  and  SC^ Hindwing :  the 

greater  part  of  the  wing  cream  colour,  basal  black  area  only  4  to  5  mm.  wide  ;  black 
disco-marginal  band  with  nearly  straight  proximal  edge,  of  nearly  even  width 
(9  mm.  at  SC-)  from  C  to  (SM'),  inclading  two  series  of  glaucous  blue  spots, 
snbmarginal  spots  more  or  less  rounded,  except  upper  one,  second  spot  the  largest, 
2  by  3  mm.,  the  admarginal  spots  transverse,  divided  or  subdivided  in  sharply 
pointed  triangular  spots,  upper  ones  generally  absent,  anal  spot  yellow  ;  abdominal 
fold  black  beyond  end  of  SM^  the  black  scaling  including  a  white,  triangular, 
subanal  patch. 

Underside :  black  bars  very  heavy,  joined  together,  interspaces  silvery  white, 

some  yellow,  others  pale  blue. Forewing  :  costal  margin  black,  the  bands  joined 

to  it,  a  streak  at  base  white  ;  cell-bars  and  bar  D  merged  together,  leaving  three 
rather  small  interstitial,  white,  spots,  sometimes  there  is  a  fourth,  minute,  spot 
near  base  ;  sulmedian  and  median  liars  M'— (SM')  merged  together  isolating  a 
white  submedian  streak  behind  basal  partition  of  M  and  a  triangular  spot  liefore 
base  of  IVP,  median  bar  R^-^M^  merged  together  with  the  black  cellular  area, 
produced  distad  along  M',  bar  R=— R^  not  separated  from  bar  D,  the  cellule  R-— R^ 
completely  occupied  by  a  black  streak  from  cell  to  discal  bar,  median  bars  SC*' — R- 
10  mm.  from  cell,  forming  a  short,  broad,  band,  which  connects  the  streak  R- — R' 
with  the  costal  border,  median  interspaces  SC^-^— R-  white  ;  discal  bars  all  present, 
forming  a  continuous  band  which  is  nearly  parallel  to  outer  margin,  and  is  joined 
along  the  veins  to  the  black  postdisco-marginal  band  ;  discal  interspaces  SC^ — R^ 
white,  not  separated,  discal  interspace  R^— M'  touching  the  next  with  its  dilated 
distal  portion,  the  following  three  patches  wider  than  above,  cream  colour,  extended 
to  base  at  SM-;  postdiscal  interspaces  8L'^— M^  white,  upper  three  nearly  contiguous, 
the  following  two  widely  isolated,  interspaces  M^— SM^  yellow,  patch  M^— SM^ 
measuring  5  by  7  mm.  ;  snbmarginal  interspaces  represented  by  one  or  two  white 
dots  near  apex  of  wing,  and  three  pairs  of  obliquely  placed,  bluish  white,  linear 
.spots  M'— SM-  which  are  often  joined  to  the  white  marginal  dots,  the  latter  rather 

larger  than  above. Hindwing  :  basal  and  subbasal  bars  merged  together  to  a 

black  band  of  3  mm.  width,  which  is  continuous  with  the  three  black  lines  upon 
veins  (SM')— SM',  and  with  marginal  line ;  snbmedian  and  median  bars  forming 
a  band  of  3  mm.  width,  crossing  C  IS  mm.  from  end  of  this  vein  joining  line  (SM') 
and  being  continuous  with  disco-postdiscal  band,  portion  (SM')— SM'  connecting 
the  black  abdominal  lines  and  isolating  a  white  triangular  patch  near  anal  angle  ; 
there  are  sometimes  traces  of  white  interspaces  in  the  median  band  ;  postdiscal  and 
discal  bars  forming  a  third  band,  which  is  3i  mm.  broad  between  R^  and  R\ 
includes  a  series  of  thin,  sometimes  slightly  curved,  pale  ochraceons,  interstitial 
lines,  the  band  crossing  SC^  5  mm.  from  end,  slightly  angled  upon  R- ;  snbmarginal. 


(  514  ) 

admarginal  and, marginal  bars  forming  a  fourth  band,  which  is  separated  from  the 
disco-postdiscal  one  by  a  series  of  snbmarginal  interstices,  upper  six  large,  white, 
last  two  minute,'bhiish  white,  patch  SC'° — R'  the  largest,  measuring  3  to  4  mm.  in 
width  ;  admarginal  interstitial  dots  triangular,  bluish  white,  occasionally  fused 
together  to  bars,  sjiots  M- — SM-  yellow,  forming  one  bar  which  is  dilated  upon 
(SMI)  .  ygJQ  QJ28  miu.^  (SM')  28  mm.  long,  M'  from  its  base  to  tip  of  tail  23  mm., 
anal  region  less  produced  than  in  most  Charaxes,  the  wing,  therefore,  less  triangular; 
outer  margin  obtusely  dentate,  concave  between  tails,  both  tails  slender,  rather 
pointed,  tail  R^  5  mm.,  tail  M-  4  mm.  long. 

? .  Unknown. 

Length  of  forewing  :  c?,  46 — 49  mm. 

Clasper  long,  apex  forming  a  hook,  basal  half  of  ventral  margin  thickened  as 
in  other  species,  but  the  upper  edge  of  this  part  denticulated  and,  proximally  of 
middle  of  clasper,  produced  into  a  heavier  tooth  which  points  distad,  this  armature 
similar  to  that  of  Ch.  fabitis  ;  penis-funnel  very  broad  and  rounded;  penis  long, 
a  series  of  dorso-lateral  teeth  about  3  mm.  before  end  ;  tenth  tergite  deeply  and 
triangularly  sinuate,  the  two  lobes  into  which  it  is  divided  pointed.  Vein  D'  of 
hindwiug  joining  M  between  M'  and  M.^ 

Ilab.  West  Africa :  Old  Calabar  ;  Cameroons  ;  Congo.  In  the  Tring  Museum 
2  S  S  from  :  N'doro,  Upper  Ogow6  R.,  and  the  Kassai.  One  c?  in  the  Museum  in 
Brnxelles  from  Abou-Mombesi-mongalla,  Congo. 

»'.  Underside  of  forewing  with  large,  yellow,  patches. 

/r.  Postdiscal  intersj)aces  of  forewing  above  (or  the  greater  part  of  the 
wing)  white. 
)f.  Hindwiug  above  with  a  black  postdisco-marginal  band. 

89.  Charaxes  zoolina  (Nov.  Zool.  V.  t.  i».  f.  4—8.  t??). 

Ni/injihali.t  zoolimi  Westwood,  in  Doubleday,  Westw.  &  Hew.,  Gen.  Diurn.  Lep.  t.  50.  f.  1.  ?  (1850) 
(A«i.?)  ;  Trim.,  K!i„j,.  Afr.  Aunti:  p.  178.  n.  1(13.   ?  and  p.  .341.  S  (1862-65)  (Natal). 

c?  ? .  Boi/j/  above  mummy  brown,  sides  of  thorax  cinnamon  in  S,  olive  grey 
or  whitish  in  ?  ;  four  white  dots  on  head,  two  white  dots  behind  eye,  often  joined 
together  to  a  half-ring,  followed  by  a  lateral  dot  on  piothorax  ;  tuiderside  white, 
streaks  on  sterna  underneath  legs,  upperside  of  anterior  tibia  and  four  posterior 
femora  mummy  brown,  abdomen  clay  colour  in  <?,  cinnamon  brown  in  ?,  with 
whitish  scales  in  mesial  line  and  at  edges  of  segments,  sometimes  uuicolorous. 

<J.  Wimis  above  white,  with  a  slight  yellow  greeu  tint,  faintly  opalescent  iu 
side-light  ;  a  broad   disco-marginal  band,  which  on  forewing  extends  to  base  at 

costal  margin,  black. Forewing  :  cell-bar  3  often  present  as  a  patch,  the  whole 

cell  sometimes  shaded  over  with  brownish  black  scales,  but  generally  the  interspace 
between  cell-bars^3  and  4,  seldom  the  whole  cell,  white  ;  cell-bar  4  and  bar  D 
merged  together  to  a  narrow  band  which  is  not  separated  from  the  black  costal 
border,  the  band  continued  in  many  specimens  to  M-,  sometimes  to  (SM')  ;  black 
outer  area  more  or  less  dentate  upon  veins,  4  to  6  mm.  broad  at  SM-,  9  to  11  mm. 
at  R^,  including  two  greenish  white  discal  spots  SC — R-,  which  are  seldom  absent, 
and  a  series  of  postdiscal  spots  which  is  parallel  to  margin,  this  series  sometimes 
reduced  to  one  dot  between  R^  and  M',  dot  R' — R^  very  seldom  present  ;  white 
discal  areamostly  bordered  in  front  by  R-,  here  2A  to  6  mm.  wide,  seldom  with  two 


(  515  ) 

small,  elongate,  spots  in  front  between  SC'^  and  H-  ;  cater  margin  angled  at  SC, 

more  obtusely  so  at  M^. Hindwing  :   black  disco-marginal  border  5  to  7i  mm. 

broad  at  SC^,  4  to  6  mm.  at  M',  its  inner  edge  nearly  straight,  sometimes  slightly 
convex  anteriorly  ;  within  the  band  there  are  two  postdiscal  interstitial  lunules 
M' — SM^,  the  upper  olive  buff,  the  second  tawny  or  also  more  or  less  olive  buff, 
sometimes  produced  at  M^  to  outer  margin,  a  series  of  minute,  white,  submarginal 
dots,  posterior  two  or  three  often  bluish,  upper  ones  occasionally  absent  ;  admarginal 
interspaces  transverse,  thin,  ochraceous  or  tawny,  often  dilated  at  veins,  posterior 
ones  often  olive  buff  at  edge,  upper  ones  seldom  marked,  sometimes  all  absent 
except  interspaces  M^ — SM^,  an  olive  buff  line  in  tail,  often  reduced  ;  end  of 
abdominal  fold  and  (SM')  more  or  less  extended  brown. 

Underside  greenish  white,  the  bars  forming  mummy  brown,  sharply  marked, 

bands. Forewing  :  costal  margin  mummy  brown,  with  a  white  streak  at  base  ; 

base  of  cell  mummy  brown,  cell-bar  3  transverse,  1  to  H  mm.  broad,  a  very  little 
proximal  of  point  of  origin  of  M^,  joined  along  M  to  the  brown  basal  patch, 
cell-bar  4  close  to  cross-veins,  forming  together  with  bar  D,  median  bars  R^ — (SM') 
and  submedian  bars  M' — (SM')  a  band  of  2  to  2i  mm.  width,  which  is  slightly 
angled  at  lower  angle  of  cell  in  many  specimens,  and  shows  generally  more  or  less 
obvious  white  spots  inside,  which  represent  the  median  interspaces,  white  spot  in 
upper  angle  of  cell  very  seldom  absent ;  median  bars  SC — 11-  merged  together 
to  a  short  band  which  is  joined  behind  R^  to  the  rather  broad  discal  band,  the  two 
bands  together  resembling  the  letter  Y  ;  discal  band  concave  distally  in  middle, 
about  3  mm.  broad  at  its  widest  point  between  veins,  distally  concave  between 
veins,  more  or  less  black  distally  between  R^  and  SM-  ;  postdiscal  bars  transverse, 
thin,  but  bars  SC^ — R^  larger,  often  not  separated  from  the  discal  band  ;  marginal 
border  about  If  mm.  broad  ;  vein  R^  generally  brown  between  cell  and  discal  band; 
discal  intersjiaces  SC — R'  also  separated  into  spots  by  the  brown  veins  ;  postdiscal 
interspaces  halfmoon-shaped,  spot  SC — SC*  thin,  often  obsolete,  more  proximal, 
the  second  ovate,  the  third  shorter,  fourth  and  fifth  larger,  often  contiguous,  the 
following  ones  smaller  ;  submarginal  interspaces  transverse,  thin,  often  nearly  all 
obsolete,  spots  SC — SC'  larger,  appearing  as  a  prolongation  of  the  postdiscal  series 

of  interstitial  spots. Hindwing  :  costal  margin  thinly  bordered  brown  at  base, 

vein  PC  bordered  brown  at  both  sides,  this  brown  band  extended  to  costal  margin 
and  posteriorly  prolonged  across  base  of  cell  to  join  a  longitudinal  streak  which 
runs  from  the  base  along  (SM')  to  the  median  band  ;  the  latter  appears  as  a 
prolongation  of  the  median  band  of  forewing,  is  aViout  2  mm.  broad,  slightly 
concave  behind  distally,  it  crosses  M  just  outside  base  of  M-,  there  being  mostly 
a  white  dot  left  in  the  fork  formed  by  M  and  M-,  it  consists  of  the  submedian  and 
median  bars  which  leave  here  and  there  a  white  interspace  between  themselves, 
at  (SM')  the  band  touches  (or  nearly)  the  discal  liar  and  then  turns  at  a  sharp  angle 
to  the  end  of  SM^  portion  (SM')— SM^  formed  by  the  median  bars  only  ;  discal 
bars  thin,  black,  the  series  either  straight,  or  distally  concave  between  C  and  IP,  bars 
C — R3  placed  in  a  brown  band  which  is  often  alone  present,  while  bars  R-'— SM- 
have  brown  scaling  only  between  themselves  at  the  veins,  the  white  distal  borders 
of  the  last  bars  very  thin,  while  the  borders  have  often  developed  to  obvious 
transverse  sjmts  between  SC-  and  11'  ;  postdiscal  interspaces  brown,  posterior  ones 
often  yellowish,  forming  with  the  before-mentioned  brown  discal  band  one  band 
in  which  are  situated  the  discal  and  postdiscal  black  bars  and  the  white  borders 
of  the  discal  bars  ;  postdiscal  black  bars  C— R'  seldom  faintly  vestigial  within  the 


(  516  ) 

brown  baod  ;  submarginal  black  bars  transverse,  thin,  posterior  ones  merged 
together  with  the  jiostdiscal  bars  to  black  spots  with  white,  or  bine  and  white, 
centres,  snbniarginal  bars  .SC- — R'  brown,  submarginal  interspaces  C — R'  white, 
larger  than  the  postdiscal  ones,  spots  SC^ — R^  the  largest,  often  rectangular  and 
contiguous  ;  marginal  line  thin,  brown  in  front,  black  bt'hind  ;  admarginal  trans- 
verse interspaces  elayish  ochraceous,  upper  ones  shaded  with  white  ;  veins  R'  to 
SIP  more  or  less  brown  ;  outer  edge  of  wing  dentate  at  R',  rounded  in  front  but 
slightl}'  sinuate  between  veins,  concave  behind,  anal  portion  produced,  anal  angle 
very  obtuse,  tail  obliquely  spatulate. 

¥.  Larger  than  S,  wings  much  broader;  black  markings  reduced. Fore- 
wing  :  costal  margin  brown,  this  brown  scaling  seldom  penetrating  into  cell,  but 
occasionally  the  basal  half  of  cell  covered  over  with  brown  scales  ;  cell-bar  :{ 
vestigial  as  a  rule  at  SO,  cell-bar  4  mostly  merged  together  with  bar  D  as  in  <?, 
but  sometimes  reduced  to  a  spot  or  absent  ;  median  bars  SC^-^ — R-  mostly  con- 
tiguous with  the  brown  costal  border,  but  otherwise  isolated,  in  some  specimens, 
however,  connected  behind  R-  with  the  discal  series  of  bars  ;  discal  interspaces 
SC — R'  large,  seldom  divided  into  patches  ;  discal  bars  R^ — SM^  arched,  often 
joined  along  veins  to  the  black  postdisco-marginal  band,  sometimes  isolated,  posterior 
ones  not  seldom  obsolete,  liar  R'-  -M'  6  to  '■)  mm.,  bar  M- — SM-  only  5  mm.  from 
margin,  bars  SC^ — R'  comjdetcl)'  merged  together  to  black  onter  area,  but  there 
remain  from  one  to  three  postdiscal  greenish  white  interstitial  spots,  spots  SC— 
SC^  and  R^ — R^  small,  spot  SC — R'  larger  and  never  absent ;  postdisco-marginal 
band  3i  to  4  mm.  broad  between  R-  and  R',  2  mm.  at  (SIP). Hindwing  :  disco- 
marginal  band  concave  in  middle  ;  white  postdiscal  interspaces  R' — SM'  halfmoon- 
shaped,  ujiper  ones  seldom  absent,  discal  arched  bars  R' — SM^  mostly  thin, 
occasionally  obliterated  ;  submarginal  white  interstitial  spots  C — R'  mnch  larger 
than  in  c?,  spots  SO' — R^  often  merged  together,  dots  R^ — SM-  minute,  with  blue 
scales  distally,  the  series  suddenly  broken  at  R^,  sj)ots  R" — R^  being  obviously  more 
distill  than  spots  C — R- ;  admarginal  interspaces  oehreous  or  ochraceous,  often  whitish 
at  veins,  upper  ones  separate,  jiosterior  ones  more  or  less  continuous,  narrower 
between  veins,  the  posterior  submarginal  black  bars  l)eing  distally  more  or  less 
convex. 

L'nik'iside  similar   to    cf,    but    the   brown   bands  thinner,  especially  in  disco- 
marginal  area. Forewing  :  discal  brown  band  7  mm.  distant  from  outer  margin 

between  R'  and  M',  partition  R^ — R^  often  produced  basad  to  join  the  baud  of 
median  liars  SC — R^  ;  white  postdiscal  interspace  W — M'  3f  to  o  mm.  wide,  post- 
discal interspaces  nearly  all  contiguous,  the  veins  between  them  not  Ijeing  brown 

except  upper  ones. Hindwing :    postdiscal  and.  submarginal    white    interstitial 

spots  SC- — R^  larger  than  in  cJ,  the  brown  bands  correspondingly  thinner  ;  two 
spatulate  tails,  upper  one  shorter  than  second. 

Length  of  forewing;  S,  27 — 31  mm. 
„  ?  ,  32—38  mm. 

Sexual  organs  of  <S  similar  to  those  of  Gh.  neanthes. 

IJab.  East  Africa  from  Natal  to  Aliyssinia  ;  Madagascar. 


(  517  ) 
a.  Ch.  zoolina  zoolina  (Nov.  Zool.  V.  t.  9.  f.  4.  5.  <^  6.   ?). 

CharaxcK  «pec.  nov.,  Angas,  Kiifirs  lUudr.  t.  30.  f.  7.  ?  .  and  expl.  (1849)  (Mnlazi  R.). 

Nijinphalis  zoolina  Westwood,  in  Doubl.,  "Westw.  &  Hew.,  Gen.  Diuru.  Lep.  11.  t.  53.  f.  1.  ?  (1850)  ; 

Trim.,  Wiop.  Afi:  Au.'<l,:  p.  178.  n.  103.  ?  .  and  p.  341.  fj  (1862-G5)  (Natal) ;  Kirby,  Cut.  Diurn. 

Lep.  p.  273.  n.  54  (1871)  ;  Gooch,  Etitum.  XIV.  p.  6  (1881)  (Natal)  :  Oberth.,  Ann.  Miih.  Civ. 

Gtnoca  XVIII.  p.  728.  n.  62  (1883)  (Shoa,  June). 
Charaxes  zoolina,  Butler,  Pruc.  Zool.  Soc.  Land.  p.  638.  n.  62  (1865)  (Amazulu  ;  Pt.  Natal)  ;  Stand., 

Erot.  Tagif.  p.  171  (1886)  (Natal  ;  Del.  Bay)  ;  Trim.  &  Bowk.,  .S'.  A/r.  Butt.  I.  p.  318.  n.  103 

(1887)  (Caffraria  ;  Natal)  ;  Trim.,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Lnnd.  p.  38.  n.  58  (1894)  (Manica)  ;  Reb. 

&  Rogenb.,  in  Baumann,  MassiiiUind  p.  322.  n.  100  (1894)  (Kisuani  ;  Umbugwe)  ;  Butl.,  Joum. 

Linn.  Soc.   Loud.  XXV.   p.   370.   n.   53   (1896)    (Mamboia  ;    Nguru  ;    Kilimandjaro ;    Victoria 

Nyanza  ;  Zambesi  :  Del.  Bay  ;  Natal  ;   "  Cameroons  "  loc.  err.  !  !)  ;   Sharpe,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc. 

Loud.  p.  533.  n.  35  (1896)  (Sheik  Husein,  Somaliland,  IX.)  ;  Butl.,  ;6(<;.  p.  823.  n.  15  (1896) 

(Upp.  Shire  E.,  HI.)  ;  Holl.,  Proc.  U.  St.  Nat.  Mas.  XVUI.  p.  262  (1896)  (Brit.  E.  Afr.)  ; 

Butl.,  I.e.  p.  397.  n.  9  0898)  (Brit.  E.  Afr.)  ;  Auriv.,  Kongl.  Sv.  Vet.  Ak.  Handl.  XXXI.  5. 

p.  243.  n.  64  (1899)  (pt. ;  Caffraria ;  Natal ;  Del.  Bay ;  Manica ;  Zambesi ;  Nyassaland  ;  Mamboia ; 

N'Guru  ;   Kisuani  ;   Kilimandjaro  ;   Mkaramo  ;  Vict.  Nyanza  ;  Brit.  E.  Afr. ;  Abyssinia  ;  non 

Madagascar). 

(?.  Hindwing  with  a  very  short  tooth  at  R' ;  on  the  underside,  the  submarginal, 
white,  interstitial  spots  SC° — SM^  of  the  forewing  all  transverse,  spots  SC^ — R' 
thinner  than  the  following  ones,  or  at  least  not  wider,  spot  SC* — R'  not  rarely 
vestigial,  black  median  bars  SC'' — R-  and  discal  bars  SC'' — R'uot  marked  as  obvions 
black  spots  ;  discal  black  bars  SC- — R^  of  hindwing  absent. 

Wings  abore  mostly  a  little  more  yellowish  than  in  the  Madagascar  race. 

Forewing  :  lilack  median  band  always  prolonged  beyond  M',  mostly  extended  to  M^, 
not  rarely  to  (SM') ;  cell  sometimes  all  black,  occasionally  nearly  all  white  ;  black 
disco-marginal  area  8^  to  10  mm.  broad  behind  R^,  .5  to  7  mm.  before  SM-  ;  discal 
interstitial  spots  SC''" — R-  seldom  absent,  the  tirst  the  larger  ;  postdiscal  dots 
variable  in  size  and  number,  dot  SC° — R'  always  present,  while  dot  R^ — M'   is 

often  absent. Hindwing  :  median  band  marked  as  a  rule  by  black  scales  ;  white 

submarginal  dots  very  variable,  often  represented  only  by  a  few  white  scales. 

Underside :  bauds  rather  paler  brown  than  in  C/i.  z.  betsimiseraka. Fore- 
wing :  white  snbapical  interspace  of  cell  as  broad  as,  or  narrower  than  median  baud; 
white  postdiscal  interstitial  spots  R- — M'  obviously  larger  than  the  following  ones, 
spot  M^ — SM-  \  to  1^  mm.  broad,  spot  SC^ — SC*  tnmcate  or  concave  distally, 

smaller  than  postdiscal     spot    SC* — R^ Hindwing  :    submarginal    white   spot 

R^ — M'  much  smaller  than  spot  R- — R',  mostly  reduced  to  a  tiny  bluish  white  dot; 
postdiscal  white  spots  SC^ — R-  larger  than  submarginal  white  spot  R' — M^,  while 
in  betsimiseraka  the  reverse  is  the  case  ;  distance  from  point  of  origin  of  M-  to  end 
of  tail  21  to  23  mm. 

?.  Discal  bars  of  forewing  aboce,  if  not  connected  at  veins  with  black  border, 
thin,  deeply  concave,  bar  R' — M'  8  to  9  mm.,  aud  bar  M- — SM-  5  mm.  from  outer 
margin;  white  postdiscal  interspace  R^ — M'  two  or  three  times  as  wide  as  inters})ace 
M- — SM-.  On  the  underside,  the  npper  discal  bars  of  both  wings  not  marked  as 
black  spots  ;  postdiscal  white  interspaces  of  forewing  decreasing  in  width  from 
li^  to  SM-  as  on  upperside  ;  the  brown  discal  band  much  more  oblique  from  R'  to  SM^ 
than  in  betsimiseraka  ;  submarginal  white  spot  SC* — R'  not  wider  than  spots 
M^ — SM^  ;  submarginal  white  interstices  SC^ — R-  of  hindwing  larger  than 
in  that  race,  the  brown  postdiscal  bars  SC^ — -R^  not  thicker  than  the  respective 
white  postdiscal  spots,  or  thinner  ;  length  of  M-  from  its  base  to  tip  of  tail 
23  to  27  mm. 


(  518  ) 

Length  of  forewing  :   c?,  27 — 3U  mm. 
? ,  32—36  mm. 

Hab.  Natal  to  Abyssinia.  In  the  Tring  Museum  16  tjtj,  12  ?  ?  from  :  Natal, 
Delagoa  Bay,  Pembe  and  Rikatla.  Germ.  E.  Afr. :  Mikindani,  Jan.  to  May.  Brit. 
E.  Afr. :  Taveta,  vi.  ;  Kibwezi,  7.  iv.  '94  ;  Ndange,  1.  iv.  '!).")  ;  Pt.  Alice,  Uganda, 
6.  vii.-  '94  (Dr.  Ansorge).  vSomalilaud  :  Sheik  Hnsein,  5  to  7000  ft.,  20.  ix.  '94, 
wet  country  (Dr.  Donaldson  Smith). 

b.  Ch.  zoolina  betsimiseraka  (Nov.  Zool.  V.  t.  9.  f.  7.  S.  8.   ?). 

Charaxes  bet.timheral-a  Lucas,  Ann.  Sc.  Nat.  (5).  XV.  n.  22.  p.  2  (1872)  (Madag.) ;  Mab,,  in  Grandid., 

Hint.  Madag.  Lep.  I.  p.  195.  n.  9.  t.  21.  f.  2.  2a.  g  (1885-87)  (Mad.  or.)  :  Butl.,  Jouni.  Linn. 

Sor.  Lontl.  XXV.  p.  370.  n.  54  (189G). 
Charaxes  relatus  Butler,  .Inn.   Mag.  N.  H.  (5).  V.  p.   394.  (1880)  (Madag.)  ;   Mab.,  I.e.  p.  196. 

n.  10.  t.  21.  f.  3.  3n.   cj  (1885-87)  ;  But!.,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Land.  XXV.  p.  371.  n.  55  (1896) 

(Ft.  Dauphin). 
Chara.i-es  zoolina.,  Aurivillius,  Kongl.  Sn.  Vet.  Ak:  Handl.  XXXI.  5.  p.  243.  n.  64   (1899)   (pt. ; 

Madag.). 
Charaoces  zoolina  var.  (ab.  ?)  relatus,  Aurivillius,  I.e.  (Madag.). 

tj.  Hindwing  produced  into  a  heavy  tooth  at  R'  ;  the  snbmarginal  interstitial, 
white,  spots  of  the  underside  of  the  forewing  rounded,  at  least  1  mm.  wide  ;  black 

discal  bars  C — R'  of  hindwing  well-marked  within  brown  band. Wings  above  ; 

black  band  at  end  of  cell  not  continued  to  M-,  median  bar  M' — M^  seldom  vestigial ; 
postdiscal  interstitial  spots  variable  in  size  and  number,  dot  R' — M'  is  always  the 
last  to  disappear ;  black  disco-marginal  baud  7  mm.  broad  at  M\  .5  to  6  mm.  at 

SM''. Hindwing  :  median  band  shining  through  from  below,  but  not  marked  by 

brown  scales. 

Underside. Fiirewing  :  black  discal  bars  mostly  all  marked,  median  bars 

SC* — R''  also  vestigial  ;  white  postdiscal  spots  R^— SM"  mostly  about  equal  in 
width,  but  spot  R^ — M'  sometimes  wider,  spot  M^ — SM^  2  mm.  wide  ;  submarginal 
white  spots  all  comparatively  large,  spots  SC^ — R^  larger  than  the  following  ones, 

at  least  1  mm.  broad,  spot  St> — SC°  ovate,  not  concave  distally,  3  mm.  long. 

Hindwing :  series  of  black  discal  bars  and  their  white  outer  borders  straight  or 
nearly  so  ;  submarginal  interstitial  white  spots  variable  in  size,  sjjots  SC" — M'  in 
a  straight  line,  or  spots  R'— M'  a  little  more  distal  than  spots  SC — R'' ;  line  on 
tail  continuous  with  anal  admarginal  spots  ;  distance  from  point  of  origin  of  M- 
to  end  of  tail  24  to  25  mm. 

? .  Wings  above. Forewing  :  cell-bar  4  absent  ;  bar  D  thin  ;  median  bars 

SC*5— R2  isolated  ;  discal  bar  R'— M'  6  mm.  from  outer  margin,  about  I^  mm. 
thick,  continuous  with  the  other  discal  bars,  bar  M^— SM^  vestigial,  nearly  5  mm. 
from  outer  margin  ;  postdiscal  interspaces  R-— SM-  merged  together,  the  veins  not 
being  black  ;  black  i)Ostdisco-marginal  band  3  mm.  broad  before  11',  2  mm.  before 

SMI Hindwing  :    whitish   postdiscal    lunules  SC— M^   vestigial  ;    admarginal 

interstitial,  linear,  spot  SO*— R'  absent,  spot  R'— R^  thin. 

Underside  \  black  discal  bars  present  on  both  wings. Forewing  :  cell  with 

a  tiny  white  dot  near  base  which  almost  separates  cell-bar  2  from  the  brown  basal 
scaling  ;  cell-bar  4  separated  from  bar  D  by  a  white  interspace  which  is  as  broad 
as  the  bars  ;  postdiscal  white  interspaces  R'— SM''  nearly  equal  in  width,  interspace 
R3 — M'  a  little  wider  than  the  others,  measuring  4  mm.  ;  submarginal  interstitial 
spots  R' — SM-  gradually  decreasing   in  size,   spot  R' — R-  ovate. Hindwing  : 


(  519  ) 

Lrown  median  band  with  obvions  white  spots  ;  white  postdiscal  interstitial  spots 
C—W  small,  spot  R^— R'  the  largest ;  white  snbmarginal  interstitial  spots  SC=— R' 
nearly  2  mm.  broad,  the  brown  postdiscal  baud  separating  them  from  the  white 
postdiscal  spots  nearly  of  the  same  width  behind  S(J-  as  those  white  submargiual 
spots  ;  distance  from  point  of  origin  of  M'''  to  tip  of  tail  20  mm. 

Length  of  forewing  :   J,  29 — 31mm. 
„  „  ?,  34— 37  mm. 

Ilab.  Madagascar.  In  the  Tring  Mnsenm  13  <SS,  1  ?,  partly  from 
Morondawa. 

Aurivillius,  I.e.,  remarks  correctly  that  Mabille's  figure  of  "  relatm  Butler " 
is  drawn  from  a  mutilated  specimen.  The  differences  between  relatiis  and  betsimi- 
seraka  are  individual;  there  is  no  absolute  constancy  of  markings  in  any  species. 

r^.  Black  scaling   of  hindwing   above  reduced  to  a  very  thin  marginal  line 
between  C  and  R'. 


9u.  Charaxes  kahldeni. 

Charaxes  kahldeni  Homeyer  &  Dewitz,  Bei-l.  Etit.  Zeitaehr.  XXVI.  p.  381.  t.  7.  f.  1.  cJ.  2.  J  (1882) 
(Angola)  ;  Butl.,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Lnnd.  XXV.  p.  370.  n.  52  (1896) ;  Auriv.,  Kongl.  Sv.  Vel. 
AL:  Handl.  XXXI.  5.  p.  253.  n.  63  (1899)  (Kamerun  ;  Angola). 

(?  ?.  Body  above  olive  grey,  anterior  part  of  thorax,  and  head,  olive  cinnamon, 
four  white  dots  on  head,  white  line  behind  eye  very  thin,  or  divided  into  two  dots. 
Umlerside  white,  streaks  on  breast  underneath  legs  brown,  abdomen  with  clayish 
spots. 

(?.    Winns  upperside,  white  with  a  slight  greenish  tint,  somewhat  opalescent 

in   side-light. Forewing  :    costal    margin    brown    proximally,   brownish   black 

distally  ;  bar  D  marked  in  front  ;  median  bar  SC'— R'  represented  by  a  black  spot, 
varying  in  size,  sometimes  absent,  4  to  5  mm.  from  cell,  occasionally  preceded  by  a 
tiny  dot ;  discal  bars  R-— SM^  continuous,  posterior  ones  seldom  marked,  often 
all  obsolete  ;  bars  SC— R-  completely  merged  together  with  the  black  postdisco- 
marginal  band,  there  being  in  the  black  apical  area  thus  formed  only  one  postdiscal 
white  spot  of  variable  size,  while  white  postdiscal  interspaces  R^— SM^  are  not, 
or  not  obviously,  separated  from  one  another,  there  is  sometimes  a  second  small 
white  spot  at  the  distal  side  of  discal  bar  R'— R-  ;  black  postdisco-marginal  baud 
slightly  concave  between  veins,  U  mm.  broad  at  (SM')  ;  outer  margin  angled  or 

rounded  at  SC\ Hindwing  :  no  median  and  discal  bars,  but  there  is  sometimes 

a  trace  of  one  discal  bar  at  abdominal  margin  close  to  anal  angle  ;  postdiscal  bars 
M-— SM-  joined  to  the  submargiual  one?  to  form  small  rings  close  to  the  margin 
with  pale  bine  centres,  postdiscal  bar  M'— M^  sometimes  vestigial,  while  the 
submargiual  bar  M' — M^  is  marked  as  a  transverse  line,  in  some  specimens  the 
submargiual  bars  SG-— M'  are  also  present ;  a  thin  black  marginal  line  ;  anal 
admarginal  interspace  ochreous,  tail  black  with  a  thin  bluish  white  line. 

Underside   white,   slightly  greenish,   a  little   glossy  in  side-light  ;    markings 

mummy  brown. Forewing  :  costal  margin,  to  which  a  dot  in  middle  of  cell  is 

joined,  a  median  band  situated  as  in  xoolina,  but  rather  thinner  behind,  mostly 
including  white  dot  anteriorly,  a  median  spot  SC'— R'  joined  to  the  costal  streak, 
3  to  4  mm.  from  cell,  a  discal  continuous  band  curved  costad  in  front,  about 
U  mm.  wide  in  middle,  thinner  behind,  5  mm.  from  outer   margin  at   R'  and 


(  520  ) 

•JA  mm.  at  SM'.  a  series  of  ver}-  thin,  often  obsolete,  postdiscal  bars,  close  to 
marginal  band,  mnmmy  brown  ;  postdiscal  interspaces  not  separated,  submarginal 

ones  thin,  upper  two  enlarged,  marginal  band  1  to  lA  mm.  broad. Hindwiag  : 

bands  nearly  as  iu  zoolina,  vein  M'  outside  the  median  band  and  veins  M',  SM', 
SIP  not  streaked  brown,  no  white  spots  in  median  band  ;  discal  band  straight, 
postdiscal  bars  thin,  straight,  joined  to  the  discal  band  at  veins,  thus  isolating  thin 
white  or  buffish  postdiscal  Innules  :  white  admarginal  interspaces  SC- — R'  about 
as  wide  as,  or  wider  than,  disco-postdiscal  band,  spot  R' — M'  smaller,  the  others 
minute  and  pale  blue  or  bluish  white  ;  submarginal  bars  SC^ — R^  very  thin,  often 
obsolete,  bars  W — 8M'-  black,  joined  to  the  black  postdiscal  bars  ;  upper  admarginal 
interspaces  white,  interspaces  R^ — M-  obsolete,  or  ocliraceons,  anal  interspace 
ochraceous  ;  outer  margin  very  slightly  sinuate  between  upper  veins,  concave 
between  R^  and  ]VP,  with  a  short  tooth  at  R^  anal  angle  less  obtuse  than  in  zoolina, 
tail  rather  slenderer. 

.? .  Larger  than  r^,  wings  broader;  white  postdiscal  interspaces  of  forewing 
above  and  below,  and  submarginal  interspaces  of  hindwiug  larger  ;  with  two  tails 
as  in  ?  zoolina. 

Length  of  forewing  :    6,  28 — 32  mm. 
S,34mm. 

Sexual  organs  resembling  those  of  Cli.  zoolina. 

Hah.  Congo  Basin  to  Cameroons.  In  the  Tring  Museum  11  Si  from  the 
Forest  of  the  Upper  Congo,  three  and  four  days'  march  from  Ft.  Beni,  canght  by 
Dr.  Ansorge  on  the  7th  and  8th  of  May,  1890  ;  Leopoldville. 

/-.  Postdiscal  interspaces  (or  the  greater  part)  of  the  forewing  above  ochraceous 
or  ochreous. 

si  Hindwing  below,  along  abdominal  fold,  with  a  brown  streak  which 
joins  distally  the  median  l)and. 

91.  Charaxes  homeyeri. 

Charaxes  homeyeri  Dewitz,  Berl.  Ent.  Zeihchr.  XXVI.  p.  382.  t.  7.  f.  3.  S  (1882)  (Angola)  ;  Butl., 
Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Lond.  XXV.  p.  370.  n.  51  (1896)  ;  Auriv.,  Kongl.  Sv.  Vet.  .H:  Uandl.  XXXI. 
6.  p.  243.  n.  65  (1899)  (Kamerun  ;  Angola). 

S  ? .  Allied  to  Ch.  tieanthes  and  zoolina.     Body  abore  more  or  less  white. - 


Wings  aboce,  basal  half  of  forewing  and  three-fourths  of  hindwiug  white  with  a 
greenish  yellow  tint,  nearly  as  in  ?   Ch.  neanthes  betanimena,  then  ochraceous  to 

tawny. Forewing  :  outer  margin  angled  at  S(l* ;  disco-marginal  area  tawny  ; 

medio-discal  area  and  costal  margin  ochraceous  ;  median  bars  SC^ — R^  and  bar  D 

absent ;  postdiscal  interstitial  spots  SC=— SM-  marked. Hindwing  :  discal  series 

of  bars  closer  to  margin  than  in  neanthes,  more  regular,  much  less  concave  between 
SC-  and  R^  bar  C— S(.;-  absent. 

Underside  as  in  neanthes,  paler  in  ?  than  in  (?,but  median  band  forming  a 
very  obtuse  angle  at  base  of  M-,  the  angle  pointing  basad,  and  fused  posteriorly 
with  a  brown  streak  of  the  width  of  the  band  situated  upon  (SM')  and  extending 
down  to  base  ;  outer  margin  evenly  rounded,  no  distinct  tooth  at  R^  tail  as  in 
neanthes. 

Length  of  forewing  :   cj,  ?  ,  30  mm. 

Uab.  Northern  Angola. 


(  521  ) 

fi.  No  brown  streak  along  (SM')  of  hindwing  below. 

s*.   <S,  basal  area  of  both  wings  white  (?  nnknown). 

92.  Charaxes  ehmckei. 

Charaxes  ehmckei  Dewitz,  Berl.  Ent.  Zeitsrhr.  XXVI.  p.  382.  t.  7.  f .  4.  ^  (1882)  ;  Butl.,  Jouni.  Linn. 
Soc.  Land.  XXV.  p.  369.  n.  50  (1896)  (Angola)  ;  Auriv.,  Kongl.  Sv.  Vet  A  I.:  Handl.  XXXI.  6. 
p.  243.  n.  66  (1899)  (Angola). 

S.  Allied  to  Ch.  neanthes.     Body  above  more  or  less  white. Wings  above 

as  in  ?  Ch.  neanthes  betanimena,  the  basal  area  being  white,  with  a  greenish 
yellow  tint ;  costal  margin  and  disc  of  forewing,  and  a  broad  discal  border  of  white 

area  of  hindwing  ocbreous  ;  disco-marginal  area  tawny. Forewing  :  median  bars 

SC^ — R-  merged  together  with  the  disco-marginal  band  as  in  betanimena  ;  bar  D 
and  median  bar  R' — M'  present,  bnt  not  cell-bar  4  ;  postdiscal  ochraceous  interstitial 

spots  SC^ — SM-  all  marked. Hindwing  :  discal  bars  black,  the  same  in  position 

as  in  Ch.  neanthes  neanthes,  but  posterior  bar  a  little  more  proximal  (according  to 
figure)  ;  snbmarginal  spots  C — R-  obsolete. 

Underside  as  in  neanthes  neanthes,  median  band  vestigial  on  forewing,  scarcely 
traceable  on  hindwing  (individnal  character  only  ?)  ;  hindwing  more  strongly  angled 
at  R' ;  tooth  broad  and  truncate  ;  tail  M^  as  in  neanthes. 

? .  Unknown.  \ 

Length  of  forewing  :   (?,  30  mm. 

Ilab.  Pungo  Andongo,  Angola,  May  2.5  (Berlin  Musenm). 

i^.  Basal  area  of  both  wings  ochraceous  or  ocbreous  above  in  S  and  ? ,  or 
white  in  ? . 

93.  Charaxes  neanthes. 

Nymphalis  neanthes  Hewitson,  Exot.  Butt.  I.  NymphaUs  t.  1.  f.  2.  3.  ?  (1854)  (Natal). 

(J  5 .  Bodj/  above  tawny  olive,  thorax  with  a  greyish  tint,  abdomen  more  tawny 
ochraceous,  in  ?  sometimes  whitish,  palpi  brown  ;  four  dots  on  head  and  a  thin 
line  behind  eye  cream  colour.  Underside  tawny  or  tawny  ochraceous,  middle  of 
sterna,  legs,  and  in  ¥  also  abdomen  more  or  less  white. 

S .   Wings  above  ochraceous,  sometimes  almost  ocbreous. Forewing  :  outer 

margin  deeply  excavated  between  SC^  and  M-,  angled  at  SC" ;  a  postdisco-marginal 
band  of  about  even  width,  varying  in  tint  from  seal  brown  to  tawny  ochraceous  ; 
preceded  by  a  series  of  discal  patches  of  the  same  colour,  the  series  about  0  mm. 
from  margin  behind  R',  almost  parallel  to  it,  the  spots  seldom  reduced  to  blackish 
dots  situated  in  pale  tawny  clouds,  generally  merged  together  to  a  band  which  is, 
moreover,  joined  along  the  veins  to  the  postdisco-marginal  band,  thus  isolating  a 
series  of  rather  small  postdiscal  interstitial  spots  of  the  ground-colour  ;  median 
bars  SC^  = — R^  triangular,  their  outer  edge  about  5  mm.  from  cell,  often  merged 
together  to  one  patch  which  is  joined  to  the  disco-marginal  area  at  costal  margin 
and  at  R-,  sometimes  also  at  R' ;  in  the  latter  case,  the  postdiscal  interstitial 
ochraceous  spots  are  reduced  in  size  and  number,  spots  R' — R-  and  M' — SM"  being 
absent  or  only  vestigial  ;  no  median  bar  R- — R^,  but  bars  R^ — M-  sometimes 
vestigial ;  bar  D  present ;  cell-bar  4  often  marked,  parallel  to  bar  D,  about 
H  or  2  mm.  distant  from  it,  with  the  interspace  more  or  less  scaled  tawny  or 

brown  ;   cell-bar   3   seldom   marked  as   a   dot. Hindwing  :   a  discal   series  of 

35 


(  522  ) 

blackish  brown,  halfmoon-shaped,  bars,  the  series  somewhat  biconcave,  bar  SC — R* 
6  to  7  mm.  from  enter  margin,  being  the  most  proximal  ;  j)ostdiscal  bars  broader, 
but  less  well-defined,  tawny,  liar  C — SC-  absent  or  merged  together  with  the  discul 
one,  the  next  two  transverse,  the  following  ones  more  halfmoon-shaped,  often 
very  faint,  joined  at  the  veins  to  the  snbmarginal  bars  ;  the  latter  deeper  in  tint, 
often  lilackish  npon  the  internervnlar  folds,  especially  last  tliree  or  fonr,  posterior 
ones  mostly  with  minnte,  bnt  obvious,  white  dots  at  proximal  side  ;  npper  post- 
discal,  snbmarginal,  and  admarginal  interspaces  sometimes  obsolete,  the  brown 
scaling  then  forming  a  disco-marginal  band  ;  anal  admarginal  interspace  greyish 
olive  buff;  basal  half  or  two-thirds  of  abdominal  fold  creamy  bnif,  cellule  C — SC^ 
often  the  same  colour  from  base  to  discal  bar  ;  median  bars  sometimes  faintly 
vestigial. 

Underside  varying  from  ochreons  to  chestnut  tawny,  sparsely  or  more  densely 

shaded  with  black  speckles  ;  veins  greenish. -Forewing  :  costal  margin  generally 

white  at  or  near  base,  this  character  individually  variable  ;  cell-bar  3  indicated  by 
two  dots  in  many  specimens,  cell-bar  4  often  vestigial,  not  rarely  with  white 
proximal  border,  forming  together  with  bar  D  and  the  snbmedian  and  median  bars 
M' — (SJP)  a  band  of  2  mm.  width  filled  up  with  blackish  scales,  this  band  often 
scarcely  traceable  ;  median  bar  SC^ — R'  about  4  mm.  from  cell,  mostly  absent, 
with  a  space  at  ontside  which  bears  fewer  black  speckles  ;  discal  bars  represented 
by  tiny  black  dots,  the  middle  ones  of  which  are  often  absent,  the  dots  sometimes 
with  white  outer  borders  ;  some  glossy  grey  scaling  in  marginal  area,  especially  at 

apex. Hindwing  :  a  white  dot  before  base  of  C,  another  at  base  of  abdominal 

margin ;  no  basal  and  snbbasal  bars ;  snbmedian  and  median  bars  forming  a  band 
as  on  forewing,  the  band  bordered  white  proximally,  slightly  concave  distally, 
crossing  M-  2  mm.  from  its  base,  then  turning  distad,  sharply  hooked  at  (SM'), 
portion  (SM') — SM'  standing  at  an  acute  angle  to  the  main  part  of  the  band, 
the  band  often  more  or  less  obsolete,  especially  the  proximal  (submediau)  part, 
sometimes  reduced  to  some  vestigials  in  the  middle  of  wing  ;  bar  D  in  the  band  ; 
discal  bars  represented  by  tiny  spots,  posterior  ones  arched,  with  thin  white  distal 
V)orders  ;  postdiscal  bars  seldom  vestigial  ;  snbmarginal  bars  small,  upper  ones 
often  obsolete,  or  mere  dots,  posterior  ones  transverse,  with  white  dots  at  proximal 
side,  sometimes  obsolete  ;  wing  rather  glossy,  a  large  discal  patch  between  R-  and 
M^  without  gloss  ;  outer  margin  ronnded  in  front,  concave  between  R'  and  M-, 
angled  or  toothed  at  R',  produced  into  a  spathulate  tail  at  M^  ;  anal  angle  very 
obtuse. 

?.  Wings  above  paler  than  in  most  6i,  basal  area  whitish  in  Madagascar 
race,  discal  bars  resp.  patches  of  both  wings  more  proximal  than  in  S,  more  deeply 

concave. Forewing:  outer  margin  sharply  angled  at  8C* ;  median  bars  SC^'^ — R- 

smaller  than  in  (J,  occasionally  absent;  discal  bars  often  all  isolated,  sometimes 
reduced  to  dots,  posterior  ones  not  always  marked,  upper  three  often  joined  at 
veins  to  the  postdisco-marginal  band,  which  is  anteriorly  obviously  broader  than 

posteriorly. Hindwing :  discal  bar  SC- — R'  7  to  9  mm.  from  outer  margin,  the 

discal  bars  brownish  black,  often  thin  and  separated. 

Underside  as  in  6 ,  but  paler  ;  two  spatulate  tails,  the  first  somewhat  curved 
costad,  the  second  rather  longer,  curved  abdominad ;  postdiscal  bars  of  forewing 
mostly  vestigial. 

Length  of  wing  :   cJ,  25 — 30  mm. 
„  „        ? ,  30-    34  mm. 


(  523  ) 

Tenth  tergite  (<?)  rounded,  often  sinuate  ;  penis-funnel  triangular,  dorsal  cavity 
not  quite  extended  to  the  end,  which  is  hooked  ;  penis  thin,  with  a  mionte  tooth 
before  the  end  ;  clasper  narrowed  at  apex  into  a  slender  tooth  which  is  gently 
curved  mesiad. 

Ilab.  East  Africa  from  Natal  to  Abyssinia  ;  Madagascar. 

Individually  very  variable  on  upper-  and  underside ;  angle  of  forewing  often 
rounded,  sometimes  very  prominent  and  acute. 

a.  Ch.  neanthes  neanthes. 

Nymjyhalis  iieanthex  Hewitson,  Exot.  Butt.  I.  A'ympludis  t.  1.  f.  2.  3.  ?  (1854)  (Natal)  ;  Trim., 
Rhop.  Afr.  AtiKtr.  p.  179.  n.  104  (1862)  (Natal) ;  Kirby,  Cat.  Diurn.  Lep.  p.  273.  n.  55  (1871)  ; 
Gooch,  Entom.  XIV.  p.  6  (1881)  (Natal)  ;  Oberth.,  Aim.  ilus.  Ch:  Geneva  XVIII.  p.  728.  n.  61 
(1883)  (Shoa  ;  Jan.,  June,  July,  Nov.). 

Charasei  manlhes,  Butler,  Proc.  Zool.  Sue.  Load.  p.  638.  n.  63  (1865)  (Natal)  ;  Stand.,  Exnt.  Tagf. 
p.  171.  t.  68  (1886)  (Natal ;  Del.  Bay)  ;  Trim.  &  Bowk.,  S.  Afr.  Butt.  I.  p.  320.  n.  104  (1887) 
(Caffraria  ;  Natal;  DelagoaB.)  ;  Rogenh.,  in  Baumann,  U.-<amhara  p.  327.  n.  86  (1891) 
(Usagara)  ;  Butl.,  Proc.  Zool.  See.  Land.  p.  650.  n.  26  (1893)  (L.  Merc) ;  Reb.  &  Rogenh.,  in 
Baumann,  Ma.-^mdand  p.  332.  n.  98  (1894)  (Serengeti)  ;  Holl.,  Proc.  U.  St.  Nat.  Mus.  XVIIT 
p.  262  (1895)  (Brit.  E.  A.) ;  Butl.,  Journ.  Linn.  Sac.  Land.  XXV.  p.  309.  n.  49  (1896)  (Caffraria  ■ 
Natal ;  Del.  Bay  ;  L.  Mwero  ;  "  Cameroons  "  loc.  err. ! !)  ;  Sharpe,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Land.  p.  633. 
n.  36  (1896)  (Somaliland  ;  Sheik  Husein,  IX)  ;  Butl.,  ibid.  p.  397.  n.  8  (1898)  (Brit.  E.  Afr., 
March)  ;  Auriv.,  Kongl.  Sv.  Vet.  Ak:  Handl  XXXI.  5.  p.  244.  n.  68  (1899). 

^.    Wings  above  ochT2Jito\\9. Forewing  :  bars  and  postdisco-marginal  band 

varying  individually  from  seal  brown  to  tawny  ;  in  the  darkest  specimens  median 
bars  SC*'* — R^  joined  together  and  to  disco-marginal  area,  the  discal  bars  larger, 
fused  to  a  band  which  is  partly  separated  from  the  postdisco-marginal  band  by 
rather  small  ochraceous  interstitial  spots,  of  which  spot  R' — R-  and  M' — SM-  are 
sometimes  absent,  Itrown  median  band  at  end  of  cell  prolonged  to  M'  ;  in  the 
palest  specimens  the  median  patches  SC^'^ — R^  are  isolated  and  the  discal  bars 

are   also   partly,   the    posterior   ones    totally,  isolated. Hindwing :    postdiscal 

ochraceous  interstitial  spots  SC^ — M^  well  marked,  upper  snbmarginal  interstitial 
dots  also  obvious,  though  small. 

Underside  ochraceous  or  tawny  ochraceous,  the  black  speckles  rather  prominent 
on  the  pale  ground  ;  the  median  baud  well  marked,  or  vestigial,  with  all  inter- 
gradations,  the  presence  of  the  band  apparently  independent  of  the  depth  of  the 

tone  of  the  postdisco-marginal  band  of  the  upperside. Hindwing  :  tooth  at  R' 

very  short. 

?.  Wings  above  ochraceous;  discal  bars  luniform,  thin,  posterior  ones  of 
forewing   separated,  postdiscal  ochraceous  interspaces   R' — JP  of  forewing  wider 

than  the  postdisco-marginal  band. Hindwing:  discal  series  considerably  varying 

in  size,  sometimes  very  slightly  concave  in  front,  bar  SC^ — R'  very  little  more 
proximal  than  bar  C — SC-  in  some  specimens. 

Underside  pale  ochraceous,  the  median  band  mostly  well  marked,  sometimes 
vestigial. 

Hab.  East  Africa,  from  Natal  to  Abyssinia. 

In  the  Tring  Museum  28  <S  i ,  21  ?  ?  from  :  Natal :  Estcourt,  v.  vi.  Delagoa 
Bay  ;  Zomba,  xii.  '95  (Dr.  P.  Rendall)  ;  Rikatla.  German  E.  Afr.  :  Mikiudani,  i. 
to  v.  British  E.  Afr. :  Mombasa ;  Taveta,  vi.  vit. ;  Kibwezi,  o.  ii.  '95  (Dr.  Ansorge)  ; 
Ndange,  1.  iv.  '95  (Ansorge) ;  Mbinzan,  8.  iv.  '94  (Ansorge)  ;  Melindi.  Somali- 
land  :  Sheik  Husein,  30.  ix.  '94,  wet  country,  5  to  7000  ft.  (Dr.  Donaldson  Smith). 
Abyssinia  :  Shoa,  Shoatalit,  9.  i.  '80  (Antiuori). 


(  524  ) 
b.  Ch.  neanthes  betanimena. 

Charnxes  helanimena  Lncas,  Ann.  Sc.  Xat.  (5).  XV.  n.  22.  p.  3  (1872)  (Madag.)  ;  Mab.,  in  Grandid., 
Hist.  Mudng.,  Lep.  I.  p.  198.  n.  11.  t.  23.  f.  5.  6.  $  (1885-87)  (Madag.  or.)  ;  Butl.,  Juurn.  Lhui. 
Soe.  Loud.  XXV.  p.  369.  n.  48  (1896)  (Ft.  Dauphin)  ;  Auriv.,  Kongl.  Si:  Vet.  Al:  Ihuult. 
XXXI.  6.  p.  242.  n.  67  (1899)  (Madag.). 

Charaxes  aiidrila  Ward,  Ent.  Mo.  Mag.  IX.  p.  216  (1873)  (Madag.). 

Charaxesfreyi  Branczik,  Jahre.ih.  Ver.  Treiica:.  Cnmil.  p.  161.  t.  7.  f.  8.   ?   (1891)  (Nossib(!). 

Charaxes  betanimena  ab.  aiidriba,  Aarivillins,  l.r. 

c?.  Thorax  above  more  olive  thau  in  the  contiuental  form. Winffs  above 

ochraceons  ochreous  with  a  gallstone  yellow  tint,  veins  pale  green  (if  denuded). 

Forcwing  :  median  bars  SC^ — R-  and  discal  bars  completely  merged  together  with 
the  postdisco-marginal  band  as  in  the  darkest  specimens  of  w.  ?ie((«^/«'«  ;  colour  of 
this  outer  area  varying  from  seal  brown  to  tawny  chestnut ;  bar  D  present,  but 
cell-bar  4  often  absent  in  dark  as  well  as  in  pale  specimens,  bars  R' — M-  seldom 
vestigial  ;  number  of  postdiscal  interstitial  spots  variable  ;  angle  at  SC^  acute  or 

obtuse,  sometimes  rounded. Hindwing  :  postdiscal  and  submarginal  interspaces 

C — R'  more  or  less  shaded  over  with  seal  brown  or  tawny,  hence  the  spots  less 
distinct,  obliterated  in  the  dark  specimen. 

Underside  chestnut  tawny,  band  very  conspicuous  or  vestigial,  with  intergrada- 
tions  ;  median  bars  8C° — R-  often  vestigial,  with  white  pro.ximal  border  ;  tooth  R' 
of  hindwing  mostly  longer  than  in  n.  neanthes,  anal  area  more  produced  between 
M-  and  SJP,  hence  wing  more  triangular  ;  tail  longer. 

? .  Bo'ly  above  paler  than  in  S,  posterior  part  of  mesonotum,  the  metanotnm 
and  abdomen  white.  Wings  above,  basal  area  white ;  discal  bars  of  both  wings 
heavy,  continuous  ;  submarginal  interstitial  spots  of  hindwing  obsolete. 

Underside  nearly  as  in  «.  neanthes,  discal  dots  of  forewing  and  jiostdiscal 
vestigial  bars  more  obvious. 

Hub.  Madagascar.     In  the  Tring  Museum  166,1   ?. 


(  525  ) 


SOME   MISCELLANEOUS   NOTES  ON   PALAEARCTIC 

BIRDS. 

By   ERNST   HAETERT. 

WHEN,  in  1897,  I  wrote  for  this  journal  some  "  Notes  ou  Palaearctic  Birds 
and  Allied  Forms"  (of.  Nov.  Zool.  IV.  pp.  131  —  147),  I  hoped  soon  to 
be  able  to  coutinne  my  investigations  on  palaearctic  birds.  More  urgent  work, 
however,  has  prevented  me  to  work  as  much  in  that  line  as  I  should  have  liked; 
but,  ueverthe'sss,  I  have  had  some  opportunities  to  collect  and  to  stud)'  European 
birds,  and  I  will  here  give  a  few  short  notes  with  a  view  to  future  more  lengthy 
articles,  either  by  myself  alone  or  together  with  a  brother  ornithologist 

I.  Certhia. 

I  see  no  reason  to  deviate  from  my  conclusions  about  the  Tree  Creepers,  except 
in  a  few  points.  When  writing  in  1897  I  treated  C.  hrackydarAyla  as  a  sub- 
species of  C.  familiai-is.  I  have  now  had  opportunities  to  observe  both  these 
forms  frequently  in  Germany,  especially  near  Marburg  and  Berlepsch  Castle,  in 
Hesse,  and  I  have  studied  a  large  material.  I  lind  that  both  forms  live  close 
together  and  yet  keep  separate,  although  it  is  quite  possible  that  they  mix 
occasionally  and  produce  hybrids  (Deichler,  Journ.f.  Orn.  1896,  p.  450).  They 
have  also  diiferent  notes,  that  of  C.  familiaris  being  longer  and  not  so  loud,  that 
of  C.  brachydactyla,  shorter  and  louder.  Also  the  eggs  of  C.  familiaris  have  in 
Germany,  as  a  rule,  much  smaller  spots  than  those  of  C.  brachydactyla,  which 
have  larger  and  often  confluent  patches,  though  exceptions  may  not  be  rare 
(Deichler,  I.e.). 

Under  these  circumstances^the  differences  in  colour,  size  of  bill  and  hind- 
claw  being  constant  enough— I  think  it  is  necessary  to  treat  C.  familiaris  and 
C.  brachydactyla  as  two  distinct  species.  With  regard  to  the  British  Tree  Creeper, 
I  find  that  it  is  not  nearest  allied  to  C.  brachydactyla,  but  clearly  a  subspecies 
of  C.  familiaris.  The  length  of  the  bill  and  hind-claw  and  the  note  are  those 
of  C.  familiaris  and  not  those  of  ('.  brachydactyla.  In  fact,  it  differs  from 
C.  familiaris  familiaris  merely  in  colour,  being  altogether  much  more  rufous  above, 
the  pale  marks  being  narrower  and  rufous-buft'  instead  of  buffy  white,  the  rump 
darker  and  brighter  rufous.  It  must,  however,  be  said  that  eastern  and  northern 
continental  examples  are  much  more  whitish  than  western  and  southern  ones  which 
are  browner  and  darker.  Some  French  examples  cannot  easily  be  distinguished 
from  British  ones,  while  those  from  Scandinavia  and  Eastern  Prussia,  for  example, 
differ  tremendonsly.  The  exact  distribution  of  C.  brachydactyla  is  not  yet  under- 
stood. It  is  principally  a  western  bird,  and  yet,  as  far  as  1  know,  quite  absent 
from  the  British  Islands.  It  will  probably  not  be  difficult  to  distinguish  several 
more  subspecies  of  C.  familiaris  and  perhaps  also  of  C.  brachydactyla  in  Europe, 
but  we  require  more  material  to  do  so  with  some  satisfaction.  Specimens  from 
Spain  and  Asia  Minor  are  very  remarkable,  but  our  material  is  too  scanty.  (Cf. 
Kleinschm.  Orn.  Monber.  19U0,  p.  169,  which  appeared  while  this  article  was  in 
press). 


(  526  ) 

II.  Sitta  euTopaea  britannica  snbsp.  nov. 

When  Mr.  Kleiuschmidt  was  in  England  three  years  ago  we  shot  a  few 
Nntbatches,  and  it  struck  ns  at  once  that  they  were  paler  below  than  German 
examples.  Since  then,  I  have  collected  Nntliatches  for  Mr.  Rothschild's  Museum, 
and  I  have  now  before  me  a  very  fine  series  from  various  countries,  besides  those 
in  the  Brehm  collection.  Glancing  over  them  as  they  lie  in  the  trays,  it  is  quite 
obvious  that  the  British  examples  are  very  much  paler  on  the  nndersnrface.  This 
is  most  obvious  in  freshly  moulted  autumn  specimens.  When  studying  these  birds, 
individuals  of  the  same  seasons  and  sexes  must  of  course  be  compared,  dirty  spring 
birds  being  of  course  not  so  distinct,  and  the  males  being  larger  and  of  a  brighter 
colour  below  than  the  females.  In  British  individuals  the  beak  is  generally,  though 
not  always,  slightly  slenderer  and  more  pointed. 

The  paler  undersnrface  of  the  British  form  is  the  more  remarkable  as  German 
Nuthatches  are  darkest  in  the  west,  and  as  other  British  birds,  if  different  from 
the  continental  forms,  are  generally  darker  than  their  allies. 

The  type  of  Sitta  europaea  britannica  is  a  bird  shot  in  Tring  Park  on 
October  13th,  1898. 

Prof.  Reichenow  {Orn.  Monatsber.  1895,  p.  141)  has  expressed  his  opinion  that 
the  name  of  Sitta  advena  Brehm  is  to  be  adopted  for  the  East  Prussian  form  of 
the  Nuthatch,  which  has  been  called  Sitta  caesia  homeyeri  (cf.  Ibis,  1892,  p.  364). 
This  is  an  error.  Brehm  {Handh.  Naturg.  Vog.  Deittsckl.  p.  207,  1831),  says  that 
udcena  appears  sometimes  in  the  forests  of  Central  Germany.  The  types  of  his 
S.  advena  are  pale,  worn  and  young  individuals  in  moult  from  Thnriugia.  Sitta  caesia 
homeyeri,  however,  does  not  appear  in  Central  Germany,  and  looks  different.  The 
majority  of  the  East  Prussian  Nuthatches  are  very  closely  allied  to  Sitta  europaea 
from  Scandinavia,  but  most  individuals  are  less  white,  and  more  buff  below,  though 
some  are  not  distinguishable  from  the  latter,  while  also  true  S.  caesia,  or  at  least 
individuals  which  I  cannot  separate  from  the  latter,  are  occasionally  found  in  East 
Prussia.  The  birds  in  the  plumage  of  the  so-called  S.  c.  homeyeri  are  too  frequent 
to  be  regarded  as  hybrids.  It  is,  however,  evident  that  europaea,  homeyeri  and 
caesia  are  merely  geographical  representatives  of  one  group,  and  therefore  the 
nomenclature  must  be  as  follows  : — 

Sitta  europaea  europaea:  Scandinavia,  Northern  Russia.  (Exact  geographical 
limits  not  yet  quite  clear  to  me.) 

Sitta  europaea  homeyeri:  East  Prussia,  Poland,  etc.  (In  Denmark  similar 
forms  are  said  to  occur  !  ?) 

Sitta  europaea  caesia :  Western,  Central  and  Southern  Europe  generally. 
(Southern  examples  require  attention,  as  do  those  from  Asia  Minor.) 

Sitta  europaea  britannica :  Common  in  England,  rarer  in  Scotland,  unknown 
in  Ireland. 

III.  Nucifraga  (cf  Nov.  Zool.  1897). 

I  find  that  I  cannot  separate  any  longer  Professor  Reichenow's  N.  relicta. 
Individuals  in  freshly  moulted  plumage  of  N.  car.  caryocatactes  and  N.  car.  relicta 
are  not  separable.  I  have  written  at  length  about  these  forms  in  the  "  new  edition" 
of  Naumann's  "Viigel  Deutschlauds,"  where  those  who  are  interested  in  the  various 
forms  of  this  group  can  read  my  most  recent  views  about  it. 


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IV.  Dendrocopus  major  and  its  forms. 

A  study  of  the  Great  Spotted  Woodpecker  with  regard  to  its  distribution  and 
local  forms  is  perhaps  still  more  interesting  than  that  of  the  Creepers  and  Titmice, 
which  have  received  so  mnch  attention  lately.  When  attempting  to  become 
acquainted  with  the  variation  of  Dendrocopus  major,  I  find  this  task  by  no  means 
easy.  While  this  woodpecker  seemed  to  be  rather  constant  in  less  extended, 
especially  in  insnlar  localities,  it  seemed  to  vary  very  mnch  in  other  countries,  for 
example  in  Germany.  The  over-zealons  C.  L.  Brehm  separated,  as  long  ago  as 
1831,  four  forms  inhabiting  Germany  : — 

1.  Picus  pinetorum,  with  a  strong  and  mediocral  bill,  inhabiting  pine-forests  ; 

2.  Picus  pityopicus,  with  a  short,  strong  and  stumpy  beak,  inhal)iting  fir- 
woods  ; 

3.  Picus  frondium,  with  a  larger  skull  and  brighter  and  lighter  colours, 
inhabiting  the  woods  of  leaved  trees  ; 

4.  Picus  montanus,  of  larger  size,  with  slenderer,  more  elongated  bill,  in- 
habiting the  "  foot  of  the  South  German  mountains,"  being  found  near  Gastein,  in 
Salzburg,  and  Tirol. 


In  18.5.5,  in  the  "  Vogelfang,"  Brehm  separated  two  species  :— 

1.  Picus  major,  with  three  subspecies  : 

a.  P.  m.  montanus,  larger  with  longer  bill  ; 
h.  P.  m.  pinetorum,  smaller  with  shorter  bill  ; 
c.  P.  m.  pityopicus,  with  short  bOl. 

2.  Picus  frondium,  with  two  subspecies  : 

a.  P.  f.  lucorum,  with  longer  bill  and  whitish  grey  underside  ; 

h.  P.f.  sordidus,  with  brownish  grey  underside. 
The  former  (the  3   subspecies  of  P.  major)   are    said  to  inhabit   pine-    and    fir- 
woods,  the  latter  (the  two  subspecies  of  P.  frondium)  the  forests  of  leaved  trees. 
Tangible   differences   between   P.   major   and  frondium    are    not    given    in    the 
"  Vogelfang." 

I  have  now  compared  the  large  series  from  Germany  in  the  Brehm  collection 
with  typical  Scandinavian  Dendrocopus  major,  and  the  various  forms  of  Brehm 
with  each  other.  I  found  that  his  ''pityopicus"  really  had  a  shorter,  stronger  and 
more  stumpy  beak,  and  could  hardly  be  sejjarated  from  the  northern  bird,  while 
the  majority  of  the  others,  especially  the  "pinetorum;"  were  smaller  and  had  less 
powerful,  though  longer  and  more  pointed  bills.  The  questions  now  arise  whether 
there  are  within  Central  Europe  several  geographically  limited  subspecies  in  a 
modern  sense,  or  whether  the  natnre  of  the  trees  in  which  the  woodpeckers  work 
has  anything  to  do  with  the  form  and  size  of  their  bills,  as  has  been  suggested. 


(  528  ) 

The  material  at  my  disposal  is  not  sufficient  to  answer  these  qnestions  satisfactorilj- ; 
but  it  is  evident  that  examples  from  the  western  parts  of  the  continent  are  smaller 
and  have  slenderer  bills  than  those  from  the  northern  and  eastern  parts.  This 
might  be  either  a  geographicall)'  limited  character,  or  due  to  the  greater  prevalence 
of  leaved  trees  in  the  western  countries.  But,  though  I  cannot  at  present  separate 
any  subspecies  on  the  European  continent,  1  believe  that  the  following  review  of 
the  subspecies  of  Dendrocopm  major  is  correct  : — 

1.  Dendrocopus  major  major  (L.). 

Typical  locality  Scandinavia,  extending  to  Russia  and  Prussia.  Large  form, 
wings  in  Sweden  143 — 145  mm.,  in  East  Prussia  138 — 142  mm.  Bill  very  thick, 
blunt  and  comparatively  short,  forehead  buif,  underside  white,  slightly  tinged 
with  buff  in  freshly  moulted  plumage,  and  frequently  stained. 

There  are  in  Western  and  Southern  Europe  smaller  forms  with  slenderer  and 
longer  bills.  Males  from  Ingelheim,  on  the  Rhine,  have  the  wings  136 — 141  mm., 
males  from  Rentheudorf  about  137 — 143  mm.,  two  males  from  Bosnia  138  and 
139  mm.,  ?  Hesse  136  mm.,  ?  Herzegovina  136  mm.,  ?  France  136  mm.,  females 
Ingelheim  133,  139,  140  mm.,  ?  Belgium  142  mm.  A  Macedonian  male  has  the 
underside  beautifully  white  and  a  very  short  bill.  In  parts  of  Asia  Blinor  examples 
occur  which  seem  to  be  similar  to  the  one  from  Macedonia,  and  which  do  certainly 
not  belong  to  D.  syriacus.  None  of  these  forms  can  at  present  be  separated  by 
me,  the  material  at  my  disposal  being  too  scanty. 

2.  Dendrocopas  major  anglicua  subsp.  nov. 

The  British  Woodpecker  differs  very  strikingly  when  compared  with 
Scandinavian  and  East  German  examples.  Its  wing  is  considerably  shorter, 
the  whole  bird  smaller,  the  bill  much  slenderer,  and  the  underside,  as  a  rule,  much 
more  brownish  buff.  The  wings  of  English  males  before  me  measure  128, 129,  131, 
132  mm.,  those  of  females  128,  130,  131  mm. 

The  type  is  an  adult  male  shot  near  Horsham,  in  Susses,  on  January  2nd,  1895. 

England,  but  not  known  to  l)reed  in  Scotland  or  Ireland. 

3.  Dendrocopus  major  subsp.  ? 

Corscia  and  Italy  is  inhabited  by  a  Great  Spotted  Woodpecker  which  seems  to 
me  separable  as  a  good  subspecies.  The  wing  is  comparatively  short,  the  bill  very 
long  and  slender,  the  underside  brownish,  c?  wing  140,  142  mm.,  $  wing  138  mm. 
This  latter  female,  shot,  skinned  and  sexed  by  the  late  John  Whitehead,  has  some 
narrow  red  lines  on  the  sides  of  the  nape.  It  is  to  be  seen  if  all  Corsican  females 
have  this  peculiarity.  I  Ijelieve  that  the  Italian  examples  (from  the  Apennines)  are 
like  those  from  Corsica.  I  refrain  from  naming  this  form  liefore  I  have  studied  a 
larger  material  from  Corsica  and  Italy.  A  specimen  from  Sardinia  in  the  British 
Museum  is  small  and  very  dark  below,  approaching  closely  the  Canariaa  form. 

4.  Dendrocopus  major  canariensis  (Koenig). 

This  insular  subspecies  differs  from  D.  major  major  in  its  very  long  and  pointed 
bill  and  the  narrower  white  bars  to  the  outer  rectrices,  which  appear  thus  much 
more  black.     The  forehead  is  buff,  the  underside  brownish,  sometimes  not  darker 


(  529  ) 

than  in  British  examples,  sometimes  as  brown  as  in  D.  m.  poelzami.  Some 
individuals  from  Southern  Spain  come  very  close  to  canariensis.  I  have  also  seen 
one  from  Southern  Spain  in  the  British  Museum  which  has  a  red  pectoral  crescent, 
and  is  not  easily  distinguishable  from  D.  m.  mauritanus. 

5.  Dendrocopus  major  mauritanus  (C.  L.  Brehm). 

The  Moroccan  Spotted  Woodpecker  belongs  doubtless  to  the  majo)'  group.  It  is 
distinguished  by  its  small  size,  a  red  band  connecting  the  black  stripes  on  the  sides, 
across  the  crop  region  and  the  somewhat  more  extended  red  on  the  abdomen. 
This  woodpecker  is  only  known  from  Northern  Morocco  (Tangiers). 

The  red  crescentic  chest-band  is  sometimes  obsolete. 

6.  Dendrocopus  major  numidus  (Malh.). 

Differs  from  D.  m.  mauritanus  in  having  always  a  band  of  black  patches  across 
the  chest,  and  a  more  developed  red  crescent,  formed  by  the  red  tips  of  the  black 
feathers  ;  feet  and  bill  slightly  stronger. 

Inhabitant  of  the  oak-forests  of  Algiers  and  North  Tunis. 

Altnm  {Journ.  f.  Orn.  1862,  p.  382)  recorded  this  form  from  Milnsterland, 
Germany.  Needless  to  say,  this  is  an  absurdity,  caused  by  the  old  and  often 
inevitable  evils  of  naming  a  bird  from  a  diagnosis,  instead  of  after  a  careful  com- 
parison, and  of  neglecting  the  geographical  distribution !  Specimens  of  the 
common  German  Great  Sjjotted  Woodpecker,  with  a  more  or  less  developed  red  chest- 
crescent,  are  by  no  means  rare,  and  there  are  several  in  the  Brehm  collection  ;  but 
such  birds  cannot  be  called  "  numidus." 

7.  Dendrocopus  major  poelzami  (Bogd.). 

Differs  from  D.  major  major  in  its  smaller  size,  lesser  white  patch  on  the 
upper  wiug-coverts,  and  the  colour  of  the  underside,  which  is  even  darker  than  in 
D.  m.  canariensis,  and  of  a  chocolate  brown.  The  forehead  is  light  buff,  the  bill 
long,  wing  of  females  120 — 122  mm. 

This  form  is  an  inhabitant  of  the  southern  slopes  of  the  Caucasus  and  of  the 
district  immediately  south  of  the  Caspian  Sea. 

8.  Dendrocopus  major  leucopterus  (Salvad.). 

Forehead  white,  underside  nearly  pure  white.  The  white  wing-patch  is  much 
extended,  the  white  bars  on  the  wings  are  wider  and  often  confluent  along  the  inner 
webs.  The  bill  is  very  fine.  This  form  seems  to  be  variable  to  a  certain  extent, 
unless  it  can  be  split  up  again  into  several  subspecies.  The  females  do  certainly  not 
show  the  characteristic  peculiarities  so  well  as  the  males,  and  are  very  similar  to 
D.  major. 

This  form  is  an  inhabitant  of  Turkestan  and  Western  Mongolia. 

9   Dendrocopus  major  cissa  (Pall.). 

A  fine  large  form,  with  white  forehead  and  quite  white  underaurface.  It  is 
generally  said  that  the  outer  rectrices  of  this  form  have  a  greater  amount  of  white, 
but  this  is  not  generally  the  case.     This  form  is  hardly  distinguishable  &om  true 


(  530  ) 

miuor,  and  reaches  from  Siberia  eastwards  to  Rnssia.  It  seems  as  if  it  gets  smaller 
again  in  Eastern  Siberia,  on  the  Amur,  and  there  makes  a  slight  effort  to  approach 
1).  m.  japonicus. 

10.  Dendrocopns  major  kamtschaticus  (Dyb.). 

Forehead  pale  buff,  underside  of  the  purest  white,  lateral  rectrices  pure  white  or 
with  a  few  tiny  black  spots  towards  the  tip.     Bill  rather  elongated. 

Kamtschatka. 

This  bird  has  first  been  named  Pictis  m'ljor  kamtsckaticus  by  Dybowski  in 
Bull.  Soc.  Zool.  France,  1883,  p.  368.  The  tiuotation  in  the  Gat.  B.  Brit.  Mas. 
XVIII.  p.  214  is  wrong,  and  Taczanowski  {Faune  Orn.  Sib.  Orient.  II.  p.  717) 
quotes  "  kamtschatkensis  "  instead  of  kamtschalicus.  Stejneger  afterwards  named 
the  bird  Dendrocopiis  purus.  D.  m.  cissa  and  kamtschaticus  are  erroneously 
lumped  in  the  C'atalogne  of  Birds. 

11.  Dendrocopus  major  japonicus  (Seebohm). 

Differs  from  D.  major  major  in  having  the  frontal  band  and  undersurface  more 
brownish  buff,  and  in  having  the  white  bars  on  the  wings  regularly  continued  across 
the  innermost  secondaries.  The  dimensions  are  less.  The  young  are  striped  on  the 
sides  of  the  chest,  and  cross-barred  on  the  lower  abdomen,  but  this  peculiarity  is 
also  sometimes  observed,  though  in  a  lesser  degree,  in  European  examples  of  major. 

Japan  and  Kurile  Islands. 

12.  Dendrocopus  major  syriacus  (Hempr.  &  Ehrb.). 

In  this  form  the  black  line  behind  the  ear-coverts  is  absent.  It  is  a  small  form, 
and  the  lateral  rectrices  are  black  with  only  a  white  tip  and  one  additional  white 
bar.  The  immature  bird  has  blackish  striatious  to  the  flanks  and  sides  of  the  chest 
and  a  red  crescent  across  the  chest  I 

Although  separated  in  tlie  Cat.  B.  Brit.  Mm.  from  D.  major  and  its  allies  by 
such  widely  different  species  as  />.  cathpharius,  pi/rrhothorax  and  pernyi,  I  believe 
that  syriactis  also  belongs  to  the  major  group,  representing  it  in  parts  of  Asia  Minor, 
Palestine  and  Western  Persia,  although  another  form  of  D.  major,  perhaps 
separable,  perhaps  not  from  D.  major  major  or  its  Central  and  South-eastern 
European  forms,  occurs  also  in  parts  of  Asia  Minor.  Anyhow,  these  forms  require 
more  attention  and  study. 

13.  Dendrocopus  major  scindeanus  (Horsf.  &  Moore). 

If  syriacus  is  admitted,  1  think  the  small  scindeanus  must  also  be  put  in  the 
same  group. 

I  believe  that  further  also 

Dendrocopus  cabanisi  (Malh.) 
from  China,  and 

Dendrocopus  himalayensis  (Jard.) 

from  Cashmere,  etc.,  can  be  regarded  as  forms  of  7>.  major,  and  that  with  these 
the  subspecies  of  this  widely  spread  old-world  group  are  finished,  as  far  as  they 
are  at  present  known. 


(  531   ) 

To  recapitulate,  we  can,  I  think,  recognise  : — 

a.  Dendrocopus  major  major  :  Nortliern  Enrope. 

b.  An  ill  defined  and  not  well  geographically  limited  form,  or  perhaps  several 
forms  in  Central  and  Western  Enrope. 

c.  Dendrocopus  major  anglicus :  Great  Britain.  Not  known  to  breed  itt 
Ireland. 

d.  Small  forms  in  Italy,  Corsica  and  (?  the  same)  Sardinia,  which  reij^uire 
attention.     They  might  or  might  not  be  separable. 

e.  D.  m.  canariensis  :  Canary  Islands. 
y.  D.  m.  mauritanus :  Morocco. 

g.  D.  m.  numidus  :  Algiers  and  Tnnis. 

h.  D.  m.  poelzami :  Southern  slopes  of  Caucasus  and  country  immediately  south 
of  the  Caspian  Sea. 

k.  D.  m.  leucopterus :  Turkestan  and  Western  Mongolia. 

i.  D.  m.  cissa :   Siberia  to  Russia. 

k.  D.  m.  kamtschaticus :  Kamtschatka. 

/.  D.  m.  japonicui :  Japan  and  (?)  Kurile  Islands. 

m.  D.  m.  syriacus :  Asia  Minor,  Palestine,  Western  Persia. 

n.  D.  m.  scindeanm  :  Sindh  to  the  Punjab  and  Afghanistan  ;  and  perhaps  also- 
D.  cabanisi  and  D.  himalayeiisis  might  be  placed  in  this  group. 


V.  Strix  flammea. 

It  is  surprising  to  find  that  since  Dr.  Sharpe's  work  on  the  Barn  Owls  {Cat.  B. 
Brit.  Mus.  vol.  II.  pp.  291—303)  so  little  attention  has  been  paid  to  this  most 
fascinating  group.  Probably  from  being  attracted  both  by  the  great  beauty  of  these 
magnificently  coloured  birds  and  by  their  striking  geographical  variation  I  have 
always  been  specially  interested  in  the  Barn  Owls.  The  fine  series  already  in  the 
Tring  Museum,  including  those  of  the  Brehm  collection,  gave  me  some  opportunity 
to  study  them,  and  I  have  already  described  new  subspecies  from  Curasao,  Ecuador 
and  Snmba.  One  fact  has  always  struck  me,  that  is  the  constant  difference  of  the 
English  form  from  that  of  Germany.  Every  German  ornithologist  wonders  why 
Dresser  figures  (in  his  "  Birds  of  Enrope,"  vol.  V.)  such  an  "  abnormally  coloured  " 
bird  with  white  underside  ;  and  recently  my  friends  in  the  Fatherland  were  indignant 
that  I  gave  Mr.  Keulemans  a  similar  bird  with  light  underside  to  be  figured  in  the 
new  edition  of  Nanmann's  "  Vcigel  Deutschlands."  This  alone  is  a  clear  proof  that  the 
English  bird  difi'ers  from  the  German  form— for  the  birds  figured  in  Dresser's  work 
and  in  the  new  edition  of  Naumann  are  not  at  all  abnormal,  but  the  typical  English 
ones.  Such  birds  do  not  occur  in  Germany,  and  even  the  lightest  rather  rar& 
varieties  from  Germany  do  not  equal  the  commonest  British  form,  which  is  white 
without  or  with  few  spots  below.  Under  these  circumstances  it  becomes  a  necessity 
to  give  different  sabspecific  names  to  the  British  and  Central  European  forms. 

However,  to  apply  the  proper  names  is  not  easy.  There  are  some  excellent 
works  on  Strix,  one  by  C.  L.  Brehm  in  Naumannia  (1858),  one  by  Ridgway  in  the 
"  Nortli  American  Birds,"  and  above  all  those  by  Sharpe  in  Gat.  B.  Brit.  Mus.  II.  and 
in  the  Orn.  Misc.  vol.  I.  Brehm's  article  is  one  of  the  best  he  ever  wrote,  though 
he  shot  far  over  the  mark,  as  usual,  considering  individual  variations  as  of  specific 
or  subspecific  value,  and  not  giving  enough  consideration  and  importance  to  the- 


(  532  ) 

geographical  distribution.  Sharpe  was  quite  correct  in  considering  that  the  various 
forms  of  Barn  Owls  had  not  full  specific  valne  in  the  old  sense,  but  he  was 
inconsistent  in  not  allowing  them  snbspecific  rank,  while  recognising  the  various 
forms  of  Bubo  bubo.  Scops  magicus,  and  giu,  of  Surnia,  Ninox,  Syrnium  and  others. 
Nevertheless,  his  work  is  the  most  valuable  of  all  and  teaches  very  much,  though 
one  thing  was,  in  my  opinion,  a  mistake  :  i.e.  that  Strix  rosenbei-gi  was  placed  among 
the  synonyms  of  Strix  Jiammea.  I  am  sure  that  S.  rosenbergi  differs  much  and 
belongs  to  another  group  of  forms. 

In  the  new  "  Hand-List "  (1899)  Dr.  Sharpe  elevated  to  specific  rank  all  the 
forms  of  Strix  he  seemed  to  know,  though  not  separating  any  of  the  European 
ones,  wliich  he  united  with  those  of  the  whole  of  Africa.  Dr.  Sharpe's  material,  of 
which  he  was  justly  proud  in  1875,  saying  that  it  would  be  difficnit  to  find  a  more 
comprehensive  collection,  was  evidently  inadequate,  or  the  celebrated  author  could 
not  have  said  that  the  "  dark  phase,"  as  he  terms  it,  is  rarer  in  old-world  birds, 
and  that  Indian  individuals  are  darker  than  European  ones,  while  in  fact  all  Central 
Europe  is  inhabited  by  a  dark  form.  At  present  even  the  rich  material  now  in  the 
Tring  Museum  is  not  sufficient,  and  my  time  too  much  occupied  to  discuss  already 
the  Barn  Owls  of  the  world.  I  will  therefore  only  speak  of  those  of  parts  of 
Europe  and  Northern  Africa. 

Linnaens,  in  his  tenth  edition,  did  not  know  the  Barn  Owl.  In  the  twelfth 
edition  he  created  the  name  Strix  Jfammea.  This  name,  however,  is  not  quite  as 
clear  as  we  might  wish.  The  diagnosis  is  :  "  Strix  capite  laevi,*  corpore  luteo 
punctis  albis,  subtus  albido  punctis  nigricantibus."  In  the  "  Fauna  Suecica  "  he  said  : 
■"  Strix  capite  laevi,  corpore  luteo."  He  evidently  did  not  know  the  bird  at  all,  but 
went  merely  liy  books.  In  the  "  Fauna  Suecica "  he  merely  quotes  Rudbeck, 
who  had  said  that  the  bird  was  rare  near  Upsala  and  "  Tota  flammea."  He  then 
proceeds  (in  Ed.  XII.  Syst.  Nat.)  to  quote  first  Frisch,  who  figured  the  German 
form  with  brown  underside.  Then  AJdrovandus  (pp.  536,  538).  Of  these  two  places 
p.  536  is  to  me  doubtful.  The  description  given  there  may  mean  almost  any  owl  of 
a  size  similar  to  that  of  a  pigeon,  while  on  p.  538  our  Barn  Owl  is  doubtlessly 
represented.  Then  follow  Willughby  and  Ray,  who  described  the  British  "  White 
or  Barn  Owl."     Linnaeus  says  :  "  Habitat  in  Europa." 

Thus  Linnaeus'  Strix  Jiammea  must  be  referred  to  the  species  which  we  call 
now  Jiammea,  but  it  cannot  easily  be  restricted  to  a  certain  subspecies,  comprising 
as  it  does  the  continental  Central  European  as  well  as  the  white-bellied  British  form. 
There  remain,  therefore,  two  courses  :  either  to  restrict  the  na.mej/ammea  arbitrarily 
to  the  North  and  Central  European  form,  or  to  adopt  for  it  as  the  third  name  the 
next  available  one.  Of  these  the  first  in  print  is  Strix  guttata  C.  L.  Brehm,  1831. 
This  name  refers  to  a  light  variety  of  the  dark  form  with  the  underside  white,  or 
merging  from  pale  rusty  yellow  into  whitish,  in  contradiction  to  the  usual  form 
with  dark  rust-coloured  underside,  which  the  author  calls  Jiammea,  and  I  think  we  had 
better  stick  to  this  latter  name  for  the  dark  Central  European  form.  Scandinavian 
and  Danish  birds  are,  as  a  rule,  very  dark  below.  In  any  case,  Brehm's  Strix 
Jiammea  obscura,  vulga?-is,  adsjjersa  and  guttata  refer  doubtless  all  to  the  same 
form  in  various  aberrations.  The  typical  examples  of  his  collection  are 
before  me. 

To  my  surprise  I  find  that  the  birds  from  Southern  Spain,  Tangiers,  Southern 
and  Western  France,  the  Channel  Islands  and  Great  Britain  are  all  the  same  and 

•  Meauiug  that  it  bad  no  ears. 


C  533  ) 

not  in  the  least  separable.      As  Brehm  has  named  and  described  the  form  from 
Southern  Spain  as 

Strix  flammea  kirchhofii, 

this  name  mnst  doubtless  be  nsed  for  the  British  Barn  Owl.* 

The  distribution  of  this  form  is  not  yet  certain.  I  am  inclined  to  think  that  it 
extends  along  the  Mediterranean  to  Egypt.  I  have  an  individual  from  Sardinia 
before  me  in  the  Tring  Museum  which  is  extremely  light  above,  but  one  from 
England  can  hardly  be  distinguished  from  it.  Therefore  more  material  must  be 
compared  to  say  whether  the  Sardinian,  Corsican,  etc.,  birds  are  separate  from 
kirchhoffi  or  not.  In  Italy  the  usual  form  of  the  Barn  Owl  is  white  below  with  a 
pale  rusty  shade  across  the  chest  which  is  seldom  absent,  with  few  small  spots 
on  the  sides  of  the  body,  which  are  often  absent,  but  mostl}'  present.  Sometimes 
individuals  occur  with  many  spots  below,  like  Egyptian  individuals.  In  the  Turati 
collection  in  Milan  such  examples  are  represented  from  Lombardy.  Dark 
examples,  like  those  from  Germany,  are  extremely  rare  in  Italy.  They  are 
probably  foreign  to  Italy  and  do  not  breed  there.  I  have  seen  one  from  Lombardy 
and  one  from  Genoa.  This  latter  individual  has  the  face  quite  dark,  and  can  hardly 
be  distinguished  from  the  very  constant  and  well-marked  insularis  from  the  Cape 
Verd  Islands  I  The  spots  in  the  centres  of  the  feathers  are  black  with  white  tips. 
The  wing  measures  275  mm. 

Algerian  and  Tunisian  Barn  Owls  are  like  our  lurchhqfp,  and  perhaps  not 
separable  from  it.  A  series  from  Algeria  (Loche  coll.),  in  Milan  (coll.  Turati), 
varies  very  much.  Some  are  darker,  some  lighter  above,  but  all  are  white  below, 
though  spotted  and  punctulated  in  a  very  different  degree.  It  would  be  worth 
while  to  find  out  whether  the  coast-region,  the  mountains  and  towns  on  the  borders 
of  the  Sahara  all  have  the  same  form  or  not !  The  Algerian  form  has  been  well 
described  and  named  paradoxa  by  C.  L.  Brehm,  and  it  is  by  no  means  necessary 
to  refer  to  his  collection  to  recognise  this  name.  Strixjlammea  var.  meridionalis 
Koenig  is  clearly  a  synonym  of  paradoxa.  Egyptian  examples  must— if  separable 
— bear  the  name  splendens  of  Brehm,  but  from  the  material  seen  I  do  not  see  how 
they  can  be  separated  from  kirchhoffi  ;  I  have,  however,  not  seen  many.  Probably 
they  are  more  spotted  with  tiny  black  spots  below,  and  the  metatarsus  is  more  bare. 
I  believe,  however,  that  this  latter  character  is  not  true,  as  it  might  be  due  to  the 
feathers  of  their  legs  being  more  worn.  The  same  peculiarity  is  more  or  less  seen 
in  those  from  Tunis  and  Morocco. 

South  of  Egypt  proper,  near  Khartum,  a  very  peculiar  form  occurs,  a  large  long- 
legged  one  with  pale  but  not  pure  white  undersurface,  with  arrow-shaped  spots, 
and  with  a  strongly  spotted  beautiful  uppersnrface.     This  is  maculata  of  Brehm. 

Brehm's  maryaritata  (ex  Paul  of  Wiirttemberg's  MS.)  is  hardly  clear.  The 
type  is  a  bird  labelled  "  Egypt,"  exactly  like  maculata,  but  smaller.  With  this 
Brehm  unites  a  bird  from  Saxony  and  one  from  Gera,  in  Reuss,  of  which  he  says 
that  it  is  the  one  formerly  described  by  him  as  Strix  guttata  ! 

A  very  interesting  form  inhabits  Madeira  and  probably  also  the  Canary 
Islands.  It  has  the  dark  colouratit)n  above  of  Strix  j/ammea  from  Central  Europe, 
but  the  face  is  whitish  with  very  dark  spots  round  the  eyes,  combined  with  a  very 

*  This  is  not  the  only  instance  of  Mediterranean  forms  reaching  England  via  France.     A  similar 
ase  is  that  of  the  Dartford  Warbler  (Melizophihis  viulalus). 


(  534  ) 

pale  but  not  pure  wbite  and  heavily  spotted  undersurface.  It  is  appropriately 
earned 

Strix  flammea  schmitzi  subsp.  nov. 

Type  in  the  Tring  Museum  from  Fnnchal,  collected  by  Padre  Schmitz,  who  has  done 
much  to  increase  oar  knowledge  of  Madeiran  ornithology,  and  to  supply  specimens 
to  various  European  museums. 

We  are  thus  at  present,  in  Europe  and  Northern  Africa,  ac(iuainted  with  : 
a.  Strix  fammea  flamvua  :  Southern  Scandinavia,  Central  Europe  to  Frauce 
and  Switzerland,  Austria,  Hungarj-.     (We  have  uo  Russian  material.) 

h.  Strix  flammea  kirchlwffi.  :  Tangiers  to  Great  Britain  and  Ireland.  Perhaps 
along  the  Mediterranean,  through  Italy  to  Egypt,  but  possibly  the  Italian  and 
North  African  birds  are  again  separable !  A  few  times  very  dark  birds  have 
■occurred  in  England,  but  they  are  clearly  visitors  from  the  continent.  The  dis- 
tribution in  France  of  this  form  is  not  clear  !  It  seems  that  near  Lyons  and  also 
near  Paris  the  dark  and  the  light  forms  are  found.  Intermediate  forms  might  occur 
towards  the  west.     I  have  not  examined  Irish  individuals. 

c.  Strix  flammea  maculata  :  Khartum,  Bine  and  White  Nile.  (Brehm  col- 
lection ;  Witherby  collection.; 

d.  Strix  flammea  schmitzi  :  Madeira  (and  ?  Canaries). 
■e.  Strix  flammea  imularis  :  Cape  Verd  Islands. 

VI.  Gamilus  glandarius. 

Mr.  Rothschild  has  brought  together  a  very  large  material  of  the  Jay.  This 
shows  clearly  that  there  is  a  tendency  in  Western  Europe,  and  especially  in  the 
British  Islands,  to  be  darker  above,  while  in  the  East  there  is  generally  a  lighter 
colouration  prevalent.  These  differences,  however,  are  so  slight  and  variable, 
and  the  gradation  is  so  gradual,  that  it  is  not  wise  to  apply  a  snbspecific  name  to 
the  darker  form. 

VII.  Ceryle  lugubris  continentalis  subsp.  nov. 

Hitherto  the  large  black  and  white  Kingfishers  from  the  Himalayas  and  Assam 
and  from  Japan  have  been  united  under  the  name  of  C.  lugubris  or  C.  guttata. 
They  are,  however,  distinguishable,  the  bird  from  India  being  generally  darker 
than  the  one  from  Japan.  The  former  has  narrower,  the  latter  wider  white  bars  to 
the  feathers  of  the  upper  surface.  This  is  esjjecially  apparent  on  the  wing-coverts. 
The  wing  of  Japanese  individuals  is  also  generally  about  1  cm.  longer. 

The  name  Alcedo  lugubris  has  been  given  by  Temminck  to  the  Japanese  bird. 
The  Indian  form  requires  therefore  a  new  name,  and  I  name  it  Ceryle  lugubris 
continentalis.  (Type  in  the  Tring  Museum  from  Sikkim,  shot  by  Mr.  H.  J.  Elwes  on 
March  30th,  187G.)  Gray  called  the  Indian  form  Alci/on  guttata,  but  this  name  is 
not  more  available,  since  Boddaert  has  already  named  the  African  Great  Kingfisher 
(our  present  Ceryle  maxima')  Alcedo  guttata. 


(  535  ) 


:bemeekungen  uber  die  neuweltliche  gattung 
polioptila  nebst  beschreibung  einer  neuen 
subspecies  aus  peru. 

Von  C.  E.  HELLMAYR. 

EINE  schone  Serie  von  fast  70  Polioptilen,  die  zu  nntersncben  mir  dnrch 
die  Liebenswiirdigkeit  der  Herren  vou  Rothschild,  Hartert  und  Prof. 
Reichenow  Gelegenheit  geboten  war,  veranlasst  mich  zn  einigen  Bemerknngen,  die 
loffentlich  nicht  alien  Interesses  entbehreu.  Die  Vertreter  dieser  anf  das  warmere 
Amerika  beschriinkten  Gattnng  kann  man  in  zwei  scharf  gesonderte  Gruppen 
zerlegen,  deren  eine  sich  durch  schwarzen  Oberkopf  charakterisiert,  wahrend 
■er  bei  der  anderen  kleineren  Abteilung  gran  oder  blaugran  wie  der  Riicken 
gefiirbt  ist.* 

Zur  letztgenannten  gehoren  ausser  der  cubauischen  P.  lembeyei  Gundl.  noch 
■die  nordamerikauische  P.  caerulea,  P.  dumicola  aus  SUdamerika  und  P.  boliviana 
aus  Bolivia.  P.  sclnstaceigula  Hart,  repriiseutiert  den  T3'pus  einer  dritten,  aber- 
ranten  Gruppe  mit  eiufarbig  dunkler,  fast  schwiirzlicher  Oberseite.  tjber  die 
graukopfigen  Arten  nur  wenige  Worte. 

Bonaparte  beschrieb  (Consp.  v.  1.  p.  315)  eine  Art  aus  Mexico  nnter  dem 
Namen  Calich-ora  mexicana,  die  aber  von  den  spateren  Autoren  entweder  einfach 
als  Synonym  zn  P.  caerulea  gezogen,  von  anderen  als  das  Winterkleid  dieser  Art 
angeseheu  wurde.  Nelson  wies  nun  vor  Kurzem  (Auk  1898,  p.  16U)  nach,  dass 
die  Bonaparte'sche  Art  eine  gut  unterscheidbare  Subspecies  von  P.  caerulea 
•darstelle  und  gibt  als  Heimat  den  Kiistenstrich  von  Vera  Cruz  (nnd  Yucatan  ?) 
an  ;  unter  den  Berliner  Vogeln  finde  ich  zwei  Exemplare,  eius  vou  Oa.xaca,  das 
andere  von  Cocoyac,  welcbe  mit  der  Diagnose  von  Bonaparte  vollig  iibereinstimmen, 
so  dass  ich  die  Ausicht  Nelsons  fur  ganz  correct  anseheu  muss.  Diese  restitnierte 
form  kenuzeichnet  sich  sofort  durch  geringere  Grosse  und  mehr  graue  Oberseite, 
ferner  durch  die  Undentlichkeit  der  schwarzen  Partie  auf  der  Stirn.  Eines  der 
untersuchten  E.xemplare  tragt  das  Winterkleid  und  zeigt  sehr  wenig  von  der 
schwarzen  Farbung  auf  der  Stirn,  wie  es  auch  Nelson  gefunden  hat  (mein  Vogel 
ist  allerdings  ein  ? ,  doch  zeigen  die  fiinf  mir  vorliegenden  ?  ?  der  P.  caerulea 
■caerulea  und  P.  caer.  obscura  stets  eine  weit  deutlichere  Ausbilduug  dieses 
Merkmals).  Unsere  Form  scheiut  demnach  liber  das  siidliche  Me.xico  verbreitet  zu 
sein,  und  stellt  sich  die  Verbreitung  der  vier  bekannten  Unterarten  von  P.  caerulea 
folgendermassen  : 

P.    caerulea   caerulea   (L.)  :    mittlere   nnd   siidl.    Provinzen   der   vereinigten 
'Staaten. 

P.    caerulea    obscura    Ridgvv.  :    Arizona,    Californien,    Untercalifornien    und 
Westmexico. 

P.  caerulea  mexicana  (Bp.)  :  Siidmexico  und  (?)  Yucatan. 

P.  caerulea  caesiogaster  Ridgw.  :  Bahamas-Inseln. 

*  Bei  meinen  Dntersuchungen  wurdea  grosstenteils  nur  die  ,-J  ^  in  Betraclit  gezogen,  weil  die  J  $ 
■eiiiiger  Arten  scliwer  oder  gar  nicht  zu  unterscheiden  sind. 


(  536  ) 

Mir  lag  ansser  mehreren  typischen  P.  clumicola  noch  ein  Paar  ans  Cuyaba 
vor  nnd  mocbte  ich  bloss  bemerken,  class  die  letzteren  sehr  gnt  zn  nnterscheiden 
sind.  Beziiglich  geiiauerer  Angaben  der  Unterschiede  zwischen  P.  dumicola 
(Vieill.)  und  P.  boliviana  Scl.  verweise  ich  anf  die  Ausfiibmngen  P.  Leverkuhns 
im  J.  f.  Orn.  1889,  p.  109.  Wenn  anch  Zwischeuformen  vorkommeu,  die  Extreme 
sind  jedenfalls  anseiuanderzubalten  und  daher  wohl  besser  als  Subspecies  einer 
Art  anfznfassen. 

Tiber  die  schwarzkopfigen  Arten  erlaube  ich  mir,  einige  ansfiihrlichere 
Notizen  zu  machen.  Sharj)e  hat  im  Cat.  B.  Brit.  Mus.  v.  10  P.  albiloris  Scl. 
nnd  P.  bilineata  (Bp.)  als  zwei  gesonderte  Arten  Ijehandidt,  aber  in  einer  spiiteren 
Arbeit  im  Ibis  anf  die  Uubestiindigkeit  ihrer  specifischcn  Charaktere  hingewiesen. 
Ich  habe  eine  Reihe  von  15  Stiick  aus  verschiedenen  Gegenden  nnter  den  Handen 
gehabt,  und  mich  iiberzeugt,  dass  man  von  einer  Sonderang  der  beiden  Formen 
absehen  muss  ;  das  augegebene  Unterscheiduugsmerkmal,  die  Ausdehnung  des 
Weiss  auf  den  Kopfseiten,  ist  ausserordentlich  variabel  und  auch  die  ilbrigen 
Kennzeichen  sind  nichts  weniger  als  constant.  Deshalb  mochte  ich  die  beiden 
Formen  als  eine  einzige  Art,  P.  bilineata  (Bp.),  zusammenfassen. 

Abgesehen  von  P.  bilineata  nnd  lactea  Sharpe  mochte  ich  drei  siidamerikanische 
Arten  nnterscheiden  :  P.  bujfoni  Scl.,  P.  nigriceps  Baird  und  P.  leucogastra  Wied. 
Zwar  sind  auch  sie  von  eiuander  weuig  verschieden,  aber  ihre  Charaktere  sind  sehr 
constant,  so  dass  man  sie  bei  einiger  Ubuug  mit  Sicherheit  auseinanderzuhalten 
vermag.  Die  erstgenannte,  auf  Guyana  beschriinkte  Art  kennzeichnet  sich  durch 
die  ausserordentlich  breiten  Siiume  auf  den  Armschwingen  und  die  breiten,  hellen, 
oft  fast  wcissen  Bander  an  den  grosseu  Fliigeldecken,  auch  ist  die  Fiirbung  der 
Oberseite  heller  bliinhchgrau  als  bei  den  verwandten  Arten.  Mit  diesen  dttrfte  sie 
also  schwerlich  verwechselt  warden  konnen,  schwieriger  sind  aber  die  Differenzen 
zwischen  P.  leucogastra  und  P.  nigriceps  anzngeben,  zumal  die  letztere  sehr 
variabel  zn  sein  scheint,  wie  die  folgeuden  Zeilen  darthun  sollen.  Das  von  Sharpe 
angeftihrte  Diagnosticon,  dass  bei  der  einen  Art  die  schwarzen  Partien  der  iinssersten 
Schwanzfedern  auf  der  Innenfahne  eine  "  directly  transverse  line,"  bei  der  anderen 
aber  eine  "  oblique  "  oder  "  crescent  line  "  bilden,  kann  ich  nicht  als  durchwegs 
zntreffend  bezeichnen,  eher  mochte  ich  noch  die  weitere  Ausdehnung  der  schwarzen 
Fiirbung  der  letzten  Schwanzfeder,  die  bei  P.  leucogastra  stets  die  Hiilfte  der  Lange 
des  Schwanzes  erreicht,  wiihrend  sie  bei  P.  nigriceps  anf  einen  kleinen  Fleck  an 
der  Basis  beschriinkt  ist,  und  den  Farbungston  der  Oberseite,  der  bei  dieser 
(mit  Ausnahme  der  columbianischen  und  peruauischen  Form)  mehr  ins  Blaulicbe, 
bei  jener  mehr  ins  Graue  spielt,  zur  Unterscheidnng  heranziehen.  Die  Vogel 
aus  Bogotil  und  Peru  kiinnen  aber  schon  wegen  ihres  dunklen  Riickens  mit 
P.  leucogastra  nicht  verwechselt  werden,  doch  davon  spitter.  Ferner  ist  bei  dem 
brasilianischen  Vertreter  die  Brnst  stets  reinweiss,  bei  alien  nigriceps-Vormeu 
dagegen,  wenn  anch  bisweilen  bloss  schwach,  doch  immer  erkennbar  bliiulichgrau 
getriibt. 

Die  grosste  Aufraerksamkeit  verweudete  ich  auf  P.  nigriceps,  vou  welcher  mir 
ein  ziemlich  voUstiiudiges  Material  aus  dem  Berliner  und  Tring  Museum  zu  Gebote 
stand.  1885  uoterschied  Sharpe  drei  Formen,  die  er  allerdings  specifisch  trennt, 
niimlich :  P.  nigriceps,  P.  partirostris  und  P.  sclateri,  vereinigte  aber  die  um 
Bogota  vorkommenden,  von  Taczanowski  P.  buffoni  genannton  Vogel  mit  erstge- 
nannter  Art.  1889  sonderte  W.  Brewster  die  Vogel  aus  Siid-Me.xico  als  P.  nigriceps 
restricta  von  der  Hauptform.     Ein  c?  des  Tring  Museums  aus  Costa  Rica  stimmt 


(537  ) 

in  den  meisten  Pnnkten  mit  Brewsters  Diagnose  iiberein,  insbesondere  dnrch  die 
geringe  Ansdehnnng  der  schwarzeu  Kopfplatte,  welche  sicb  nicbt  iiber  den  Nacken 
erstreckt,  wie  es  bei  den  iibrigen  nntersnchten  Exemplaren  der  Fall  ist.     Ancb  ist 
der  Anflug  der  Brustseiten   dunkler,  desbalb  mochte  ich  den   Vogel  zu  restricta 
Ziehen,   iind   hiebei  die    Bemerkuug  macben,   dass   mir  diese  Unterscbiede   mehr 
durch  sein  geringes  Alter  bedingt  scbeinen  ;   nnsere   Form   bedarf  also  noch  der 
Nachnntersucbung ;   denn    merkwUrdigerweise  zeigen   die  Stiicke   aus   Venezuela 
wieder  alle  Cbaraktere  der  typiscben  Form,  und  die  Verbreitung  wiire  auifallend  ; 
allerdings  lagen  mir  mexikaniscbe  iiigriceps  nicbt  vor  nnd  balte  icb  es  dnrcbans  nicbt 
fur  nnwabrscbeinlicb,  dass  sicb  dieselben  als  von  den  Veuezuela-VOgeln  verschieden 
erweisen  sollten.     Wabrend  sich  all  die  genannten  Exemplare,  sowobl  das  S  ans 
Costa  Rica  als  die  Belegstucke  aus  Venezuela,  dnrcb  bellblanlicbgraue  Riicken- 
farbung  auszeicbnen,  wird  dieselbe  bei  den  Bewobnern  der  Umgebung  von  Bogotd 
und  den   Peruanern  zusebends  dnnkler  nnd  ziebt  mebr  ins    Scbiefergraue.     Die 
erstgenannten  Vogel  zeigen,  wie  scbon  Taczanowski  hervorbebt,  das  Scbwarz  auf 
den  beiden  ansseren  Scbwanzfedern  mebr  entwickelt ;  dasselbe  reicht  namlicb  auf 
denselben  fast  bis  zur  Halfte  der  Feder,  wabrend  das  dritte  Faar  nnr  mebr  einen 
grossen,  weissen  Spitzenfleck  besitzt.     Ausserdem  ist  ancb  ibr  Scbnabel  linger  nnd 
die  Sanme  der  Armscbwingen  sind  am  besten  bei  dieser  Form  entwickelt,  sie  setzeu 
sicb  namlicb  in  fast  unverminderter  Breite  iiber  die  Spitze  binweg  nocb  auf  der 
Endbalfte  der  Innenfahne  fort.     Das  Exemplar  des  Tring  Musenms    ist  in    sehr 
abgetragenem  Kleide  und  lasst  diese  Verbiiltnisse  nicbt  sebr  dentlicb  erkennen, 
welcbe  bingegeu  bei  den  Berliner  Vogeln  anffallend  zntage  treten.     Scbliesslich 
baben  alle  drei  Stiicke  in  dem  schwarzen  Ziigel  knapp  vor  dem  Auge  einen  weissen 
Fleck  iibnlicb  wie  P.  holiviana  ;  die  Andeutnng  eines  solcben  findet  sicb  ja  allerdings 
ancb  bei  t3'piscben  nigriceps,  von  welcben  nnsere  Form  aber  dnrcb  die  angefiihrten 
Unterscbiede   immer   zu  trennen    ist.      Mit  P.  parvirostris    Sb.   kann   sie   nicbt 
identiscb  sein,  weil  diese  sicb  durch  knrzen  Schnabel  (11 — 12  mm.)  auszeicbnen 
soil  (unsere  drei  Exemplare  messen  aber  13 — 14  mm.,  also  am  langsten  von  alien 
untersucbten),  ancb  wird  bier  fiir  die  Riickenfiirbung  Hellblanlicbgrau  angegeben. 
Anders  ist  es  aber  mit  P.  sclateri,  unter  welcbem  Namen  Sharpe  die  Bewobner 
von  West(?)- Venezuela  und  der  Sierra  Nevada  de  Sta.  Marta  in  N.-O.  Columbien 
zusammengefasst  bat,  deren  Cbarakteristikon  in  den  grauen  nnd  oft  so  scbmalen 
Siiumen  der  Armscbwingen  besteben  soil,  dass  dieselben  ganz  einfarbig  erscbeinen. 
Alle  Venezuela- Vogel,  die  ich  untersucbte,  weisen  breite,  weisse  Saunie  anf,  sind 
also  von  sclateri  absolnt  verschieden  ;   allerdings  batte  icb  ans  der  Gegend,  wo 
P.  sclateri  vorkommt,  kein  Exemplar  vor  mir,  aber  eines  in  abgeriebenem  Kleide 
aus  Cumana  zeigt  die  fiir  letztere  Art  in  Anspmch  genommenen  Cbaraktere.     Icb 
mijchte  desbalb,  freilicb  unter  Vorbebalt,  die  Vermutuug  aussprechen,  ob  nicbt 
Sharpe  bei  der  Creiernng  seiner  "  Species  "  bloss  Vcigel  in  abgeriebenem  Kleide  vor- 
gelegen  baben;  dann  kiinnte  sicb  allerdings  die  Bogota-Form  mit  der  von  Venezuela 
als  identiscb  erweisen.  Da  ich  es  mir  zum  Princip  gemacht   babe,  alle  Angaben, 
die  icb  nicbt  selbst  priifen  kann,  im  Sinne  der  betr.     Autoren  zu  erledigen,  halte 
icb  P.  sclateri  Sb.,  freilich  nnr  als  locale   Unterart  (mebr  Berecbtiguug  bat  sie 
wobl  keiuesfalls)  aufrecbt  und  nenne,  da  P.  hujf'om  von  Sclater  fiir  die  Guyana- 
Art  verwendet  wurde,  die  Bogota- Viigel  vorlanfig  anteocularis. 

War  scbon  die  Riickenfarbung  dieser  Form  etwas  dnnkler  als  bei  den  nord- 
licheren  Exemplaren,  so  ist  dies  in  nocb  hiiherem  Grade  bei  den  Pernauern  der 
Fall,  wek'be  sich  nocb  in  mehreren  anderen  Puukten   von  den  iibrigen    Vogelu 

36 


(  538  ) 

entfernen.  Wahrend  bei  all  den  biaher  genannten  Arten  iind  Unterarten  die  an 
die  schwarze  Kopfplatte  grenzenden  Nackenfedern  in  weisslicbe  Spitzen  enden, 
wndnrch  eine  Art  Qnerband  angedeutet  wird,  ist  hiervon  bei  den  Rtiicken  ans  Pom 
nicbts  zn  bemerken,  sondern  der  Riicken  erscbeit  vom  Hinterkdpfo  an  eiufarbig 
scbiefergraublau.  Ansserdem  sind  sie,  weun  ancb  uicbt  bedentend,  8<>  diich 
konstant  grosser,  wie  die  nacbfolgende  Masstabelle  zeigen  moge,  nnd  macbe  ich 
den  Vorscblag,  sie  subspecifisch  von  der  Hauptform  zn  sonderu. 

P.  nigriceps  maior  snbsp.  n. 

Ahulicb  /'.  n.  antcocularis,  aber  grosser  nnd  dnnkler.  Oberkopf  nnd  Vorder- 
nackeu  scbwarz,  ilbrige  Oberseite  scliieferblaugran,  anf  den  Scbnlterfedern  mebr 
blanlich,  die  Federn  an  der  Grenze  der  Kopfplatte  niemals  mit  bellen  Spitzen,  also 
keine  Spnr  von  einem  lichten  Querbande.  Kinn,  Keble  nnd  Unterkorper  weiss, 
nur  die  Brustseiten  blangrau  verwascben. 

L.  t.  ca.  120,  a.  53,  c.  65,  t.  ly,  r.  12,  8  mm. 

Typus:  19  Febr.  1896  Sneccha,  3000  m.,  Pern,  coll.  O.  T.  Baron  (Rotbscbild 
Mnsenm). 

Masstabelle : 

Bogota,  i.  (Mns.  Berol.)cf:  49,50,17,14;  ii.  (Mns.  Berol.)  ?  :  48,48,17,13,5; 
iii.  (Tring.  Mns.)  i:  49,  50,  18,  14  mm. — P.  n.  anteocularis  mibi. 

Pern.  IVp.  i.  i:  53,  55,  18,  12,  8;  ii.  i:  52,  54,  19,  13,  5  ;  iii.  c?:  53,  54,  18, 
13  mm.  (Tring  Mns.). — P.  n.  maior  mibi. 

Veneznela.  i.  S,  Cnmana  :  50,  52,  Ifi,  12  ;  ii.  S,  Cnmana :  50,  50,  16  ;  iii.  ?, 
Cnmana  :  49,  49,  17, 11  mm.  ;  iv.  Maipnres,  S  :  51,  51,  16,  8,  12  ;  v.  (?,  Altagracia 
(Orinoco);  50,  49,  +  x.  (abgerieben),  17,  12,  5;  vi.  ?,  Altagracia  :  50,  50,  10,7,  12, 
7  mm.;  vii.  (?,  Cindad  Bolivar:  50,  50,  16,  13  mm.;  viii.  ?,  Cindad  Bolivar: 
50,  50,  16,  8,  12  mm. ;  ix.  S,  Snapnre  :  50,  48,  16,  5,  12  mm.— P.  n.  nigriceps  Bd. 

Costa  Rica,  S:  49,  49,  16,  13  mm. — P.  n.  restricta  Brcwst. 

Wir  kiinnen  demnacb  folgende  Formen  nnterscbeiden  : 

P.  nigriceps  nigriceps  Baird  :  Nordmexico,  Venezuela. 

P.  nigriceps  restricta  Brewst.  :  Siidmexico  bis  (?)  Costa  Rica. 

P.  nigriceps  sclateri  Sbarpe  :  Sta.  Marta  (Colombia)  nnd  N.-W.  Veneznela. 

P.  nigriceps  anteocularis  Hellm. :  Colnmbien  (Bogot:!). 

P.  nigriceps  maior  Hellm. :  Pern. 

P.  nigriceps  parvirostris  Sbarpe  :  Oberer  Amazonenstrom. 

Ob  P.  sclateri  eine  besondere  Form  darstellt  oder  nicbt,  werden  genaue 
Vergleicbe  derselbeu  mit  einer  grOsseren  Rcibe  von  Veneznela-Vogeln  lebren ;  sebr 
erwtinscbt  ware  ancb  eine  genane  Untersncbnng  der  Beziebnngen  zwiscben  den 
nordmexikanischen  nnd  den  letztgenannten  Exemplaren. 

Berlin,  20  September,  1900 


(  539  ) 


NOTES    ON   PULEX  AVIUM  Taschb. 

By    the    HON.    N.    C.    ROTHSCHILD,    B.A.,    F.LiS. 

(Plate  IX.) 

~I  '\E.  TASCHENBERG  in  Die  Flohe*  p.  71,  describes  a  flea  under  the  name  of 
-*  -^  Pulex  avium,  from  various  .species  of  birds.  As  synonjms  of  his  species  are 
given  no  less  than  seven  names  of  other  authors  for  fleas  found  on  birds.  These  are 
Pulex  gaUinae,  P.  columbae,  P.  rufics,  P.  hincndinis,  P.  fringillae,  C.  bifasciatus, 
C.  sturni  and  P.  auritus.  Dr.  Taschenberg  states  at  the  end  of  his  article  on  Pulex 
avium  that  the  examination  of  a  large  series  of  bird  fleas  has  convinced  him  that  all 
the  fleas  found  on  birds  are  identical  and  belong  to  the  same  species.  On  the  ground, 
moreover,  that  the  first  name  given  to  the  species,  that  of  gallinae,  was  unsuitable, 
it  was  rejected  and  an  entirely  new  one,  avium,  was  employed  to  designate  the 
species. 

The  view  that  only  one  species  of  flea  infests  birds  is  still  generally  maintained. 
Mr.  F.  V.  Theobald  t  however,  in  his  work  on  British  Flies,  pp.  31  and  32, 
differentiates  two  species,  P.  gallinae  and  P.  hirundinls,  though  the  alleged  specific 
diiferences  between  them  are  unsatisfactory.  Mr.  Theobald  also  mentions  Pulex 
fringillae,  and  P.  columhae,  as  being  possibly  distinct.  No  other  attempt  to 
differentiate  fleas  found  on  birds  has,  as  far  as  we  know,  hitherto  been  published. 

The  older  authors  appear  to  have  named  and  described  each  flea  they  got  from 
a  new  host.  The  old  descriptions  are  entirely  insufficient,  in  fact  they  apply  to  almost 
every  flea  known.  An  attempt  to  unravel  the  synonymy  of  these  insects,  or  to  reconcile 
the  older  names  with  &ny  particular  species,  is  an  impossibility.  Few  we  think 
would  doubt  that  Schrank's  Pulex  gallinae  was  the  insect  commonly  found  on  the 
domestic  fowl,  but  of  absolute  evidence  to  support  this  view  there  is  none. 

The  bird  fleas  I  have  in  my  collection  differ  so  much  in  size  and  colour  that  I 
felt  sure  they  belonged  to  different  species,  and  a  careful  examination  convinces  me 
that  Pulex  avium  is  a  composite  species.  In  the  hope  of  inducing  collectors  to  give 
some  attention  to  bird  fleas  I  have  written  down  the  following  notes,  basing  my 
remarks  on  four  common  and  easily  distinguished  British  species.  The  principal 
distinctive  characters  are  found  in  the  last  abdominal  segments  of  both  sexes.  We 
believe  that  hitherto  no  attempt  has  been  made  to  distinguish  i'he  females  of  closely 
allied  species  of  fleas  by  this  infallible  test,  which  renders  the  identification  oi  females 
of  even  two  such  closely  allied  insects  as  Typhlopsylla  agyrtes  and  T.  orientilis  a 
matter  of  ease. 

Bird  fleas  breed  in  the  nests  of  their  hosts,  and  are  easily  procured  by  putting 
a  nest  into  a  bag  shortly  after  the  young  are  fledged. 

»  Die  Fliihe.    Von  Dr.  Otto  Taschenberg.    Halle.  Ma.x  Niemejer,  1880. 

t  An  Account  of  British  Flies.     By  Fred.  V.  Theobald      Vol.  I.     London  :  Elliot  Stock,  1892. 


(  540  ) 

1.  Ceratophyllus  gallinae*  (Schrank),  figs.  l.  2.  6.  d  10.  13.  17.  19.  ?. 

PvZex  gcdlinae  Schrank,  Fauna  Boica  III.  p.  195  (1804). 

Both  sexes  are  very  dark  in  colour.  The  head  bears  numerous  hairs  irregularly 
scattered  over  its  surface.  Those,  i.e.,  some  half  dozen,  just  anterior  to  the  eye,  are 
somewhat  longer  and  stouter  than  the  others.  On  the  posterior  edge  of  the  head 
tliere  are  a  few  long  thin  hairs.  The  pal[ii  in  ihe  female  are  as  long  as  the  rostrum. 
The  number  of  teeth  in  the  pronotal  comb  appears  to  vary;  some  specimens  of  both 
sexes  having  as  many  as  thirty,  while  in  others  the  number  is  reduced  to  twenty-six. 
The  epimeron  of  the  mesothorax  is  well  developed,  and,  as  in  the  genus  Ceratopsylla, 
the  suture  between  the  fused  epimeron  and  episternum  is  plainly  visible. 

The  first  five  abdominal  tergites  in  the  male  and  the  first  four  in  the/e«ia/e  bear 
at  their  posterior  edges  on  each  side  short  strongly  chitinised  spines.  These  spines 
vary  in  number,  though  there  are  apparently  never  more  than  four  on  each  side. 
The  fifth  tergite  in  the  female  bears  one  or  two  spines.  The  first  tergite  in  both 
sexes  bears  three  rows  of  hairs,  the  anterior  row  consisting  of  short  and  the  posterior 
of  long  hairs.  In  addition  to  these  the  tergite  bears  a  few  long  hairs  scattered 
irregularly  over  its  dorsal  surface.  The  next  five  tergites  in  both  sexes  bear  two 
rows  of  hairs,  the  anterior  row  consisting  of  short  bristles  and  the  posterior  row  of 
long  ones.  There  are  also  a  few  single  hairs  placed  dorsally  before  the  middle. 
The  posterior  edge  of  the  seventh  tergite  in  the  male  bears  on  each  side  one  long 
and  two  very  short  bristles,  the  ratio  between  the  lengths  of  these  bristles  being 
100  :  12.  In  the  female  these  hairs  are  also  present,  their  relative  lengths,  however, 
are  in  the  ratio  of  100  :  45. 

The  sternite  of  the  second  segment  is  identical  in  both  sexes,  it  bears  some 
minute  hairs  laterally  near  its  anterior  edge,  and  two  single  thin  hairs  close  to  the 
middle  line,  one  on  each  side.  The  third  sternite  has  three  hairs  on  each  side.  The 
fourth  has  three  long,  and  one  or  two  short  hairs  before  them  on  each  side  in  both 
sexes.  The  fifth  is  similar  in  both  sexes,  having  three  large  and  two  or  three  small 
hairs  on  each  side,  the  sixth  in  both  sexes  bears  three  long  and  three  short 
bristles.  The  seventh  sternite  in  the  male  bears  two  long  and  one  shorter 
bristle,  and  also  a  few  smaller  hairs.  The  seventh  sternite  in  the  female  is,  as  usual, 
enlarged.  The  mesial  sinus  is  triangular  in  shape,  the  lobes  being  regularly  rounded 
as  shown  in  fig.  13.  The  number  of  hairs  and  their  position  on  the  segment  varies  a 
little.  A  comparison,  however,  of  figs.  13  to  16  will  show  that  the  seventh  sternites 
of  all  the  four  species  herein  treated  of  are  abundantly  distinct  from  each  other.  In 
figs.  17  and  18  the  segment  is  represented  in  situ  in  side  view. 

The  coxae  and  femora  of  the  forelegs  are  sparsely  covered  with  small  hairs.  The 
posterior  edges  of  the  coxae  bear  a  single  long  hair.  The  ends  of  the  femora  bear 
a  strongly  chitinised  bristle  curving  downwards.  At  the  ends  of  the  tibiae  on  the 
anterior  edge  are  one  long  and  one  short  strongly  chitinised  spines,  and  on  the 
posterior  edge  there  are  ten  similar  spines.  The  femora  of  the  middle  legs  have  one 
long  and  one  short  chitinous  spine  curving  downwards  at  their  ends.  The  anterior 
edges  of  the  tibiae  bear  one  long,  one  shorter,  and  four  short  strongly  chitinised 
spines  at  their  ends.  On  the  posterior  edges  there  are  twelve  strongly 
chitinised  spines. 

•   Ceratophyllus   rf    Wagner.     Aphanipterdogiiche  Studien  III.   Hot.   Soc.   Btit.  Jtot».  t.   XXXI. 
p.  567  (1898). 


(  541   ) 

On  each  side  of  the  first  four  tarsi  of  the  hindlegs  in  the  male  there  are 
respectively  five,  five,  three,  and  one  strongly  chitinised  hairs,  in  the  female  there 
are  six,  four,  three,  and  one. 

Length  :  306  to  340  mm. 

As  we  have  already  pointed  out,  the  chief  distinctive  specific  characters 
of  the  bird  fleas  are  to  be  found  in  the  posterior  abdominal  segments  of  both 
sexes. 

In  the  male  the  eighth  abdominal  tergite  (fig.  6)  bears  on  its  outer  surface  a  few 
long  hairs,  the  position  of  which  is  shown  in  the  figure.  On  the  inner  surface  the 
apical  area  (between  the  stigma  [si  in  figure]  and  the  apical  margin)  is  covered  with 
numerous  very  short  stiff  hairs.  That  portion  of  the  figure  between  the  punctured 
line  and  the  apical  margin  represents  this  area.  The  Tnale  copulatory  organs  are 
shown  in  fig.  1  (the  penis  being  omitted).  The  eighth  ventral  segment  is  much 
modified,  it  consists  of  one  rod-like  piece  dilated  at  the  base  and  bearing  here  on  each 
side  a  membrane  covered  with  minute  hairs,  the  outline  of  which  I  have  not  yet 
succeeded  in  determining.  This  membrane  attaches  the  eighth  stemite  to  the  eighth 
targite.  The  eighth  sternite  is  produced  at  its  apical  end  on  each  side  into  a  thin, 
almost  membraneous,  process  pointing  dorsad.  The  extremity  of  the  segment  bears 
some  long  hairs,  generally  six  in  number,  seldom  five. 

The  ninth  tergite  has  the  process  (p  in  the  figure)  short,  bearing  two  short 
hairs.  The  two  long  hairs  placed  ventrally  to  this  process  are  also  present  in  other 
bird  fleas. 

The  "  movable  finger  "  (f.  in  figure)  is  widest  at  the  end  which  is  rounded,  the 
arrangement  of  the  few  hairs  it  bears  can  be  best  seen  in  the  figure.  The  ninth  sternite 
is  modified  in  the  bird  fleas  in  a  peculiar  manner.  The  two  halves  of  the  segment  are 
fused  ventrally  and  proximally,  the  distal  free  portions  being  apparently  movable,  and 
it  is  further  covered  with  fine  hairs.  The  ninth  sternite  is  shown  in  fig.  2  as  it 
appears  when  flattened  out,  the  proximal  end  as  here  drawn  is  produced  like  a  long 
wire-like  spiral.  The  tenth  segment  consists  of  a  mesially  divided  tergite  and 
sternite,  between  which  the  rectum  is  generally  visible.  In  a  previous  article  of  mine, 
Nov.  ZooL.  vol.  v.,  p.  538  (1898),  I  suggested  that  the  movable  finger,  fig.  1  f. 
might  be  the  tenth  sternite  ;  this  is  an  error,  the  movable  finger  being  a  part  of 
the  ninth  tergite. 

In  the  female  the  eighth  tergite  (fig.  10)  bears  several  irregular  rows  of  short 
hairs  dorsally  above  and  near  the  stigma.  The  dilated  portion  of  the  tergite  is 
sinuate  distally ;  it  bears  two  rows  of  three  hairs,  both  of  which  are  below  the  stigma, 
and  a  few  hairs  near  the  lower  distal  angle  ;  of  these  latter  hairs  two  or  three  are  short 
and  stout,  having  the  appearance  of  spines. 

The  larger  proximal  portion  of  the  brown  abdominal  gland,  so  conspicuous  in  the 
female  of  most  fleas,  is  in  the  present  species  about  twice  as  long  as  it  is  wide 
■(fig.  19). 

The  present  species  is  abundant  on  the  Common  Domestic  Fowl  all  over  Europe, 
but  I  do  not  know  if  it  is  found  on  the  wild  bird  in  India  {Gallus  galliLs).  I  have 
also  found  it  abundant  in  the  nests  of  starlings  (Stiirmis  vulgaris)  and  blackbirds 
(Turdios  merula).  In  addition  to  these  examples  I  have  odd  specimens  undoubtedly 
belonging  to  this  species  from  the  Kobin  (Erithacus  rubecida),  the  Long-tailed  Tit 
(Acredula  rosea),'the  Stock-dove  (Columha  oeneas),  the  Long-tailed  Field-mouse 
{Mu8  silvaticus),  and  the  Noctule  Bat  (Scotophilus  noctida),  these  last  taken  near 
Brighton. 


(542) 

2.  Ceratophyllus  columbae  (Walcken.  &  Gerv.),*  figs.  3.  9.  S  11.  14.  18.  ?. 
Pulex   culwmbae   (Walckeu.  &  Gerv.),  Hist.  Nat.  Ins.,  AptLves  III.  p.  375  (1844). 

Slightly  smaller  than  C.  gallinae,  measuring  3  mm.  in  length.  The  palpi  in  the 
female  are  shorter  than  the  rostrum.  The  prothoracic  comb  consists  of  twenty-eight 
teeth. 

In  the  Tnale  the  area  of  the  eighth  tergite  bearing  the  short  hairs  is  reduced  to  a 
narrow  submarginal  strip.  The  tergite  externally  (fig.  9)  is  similar  to  that  of  (jaUinae, 
but  has  fewer  hairs  on  the  margin.  The  eighth  stemite  bears  at  the  end  on  each  side 
three  short  stout  bristles,  but  there  is  no  distal  membraneous  process.  The  process 
p  of  the  ninth  tergite  is  club-shaped,  and  bears  two  very  short  and  one  long  hair. 
The  "  movable  finger  "  (fig.  3.  f.)  is  slenderer  than  in  gallinae,  its  ventral  edge  bearing 
five  hairs,  of  which  the  first  and  fourth  are  the  shortest.  The  distal  portion  of  the 
ninth  sternite  is  likewise  slenderer  than  in  gallinae  and  bears  a  fringe  of  hairs 
proximally. 

In  the/e?)i,o/e  the  sinus  of  the  seventh  sternite  (fig.  14)  is  much  deeper  than  in 
gallinae.  The  difference  between  the  outlines  of  this  stemite  in  gallinae  and 
columbae  is  plainly  visible,  even  when  the  segments  are  in  situ,  as  in  figs.  17  and  18. 
The  hairs  on  the  seventh  stemite  are  similarly  distributed  to  those  in  gallinae,  but 
are  fewer  in  number. 

The  eighth  tergite  (fig.  11)  is  more  angulated  below  the  stigma  than  in  gallinae. 
The  distal  margin  is  not  emarginate.  There  is  a  row  of  short  hairs  above  the  stigma 
with  a  few  hairs  a  httle  further  back.  There  are  three  hairs  below  the  stigma  and 
a  few  more,  chiefly  marginal  or  submarginal,  placed  ventro-apically,  of  these  latter 
hairs  five  are  short  and  very  .stout.     The  abdominal  gland  resembles  that  of  gallinae. 

This  species  is  parasitic  on  Cohimba  livia.  I  have  specimens  from  the  domestic 
variety,  and  am  indebted  to  Mr.  W.  R.  Ogilvie  Grant  for  a  nice  set  from  the  wild 
bird  from  the  Stacks  of  Cromarty,  in  Scotland. 

3.  Ceratophyllus  hirundinis  Curtis  f  figs.  4.  S  12.  15.  20.  ?. 
Ceratophyllus  hirundinis  Curtis,  Brit.  Ent.  IX.  1832.  No.  417. 

A  very  pale  species,  measuring  2  3  mm.  in  length.  The  palpi  in  the  female  are 
shorter  than  the  rostrum. 

The  eighth  tergite  in  the  male  resembles  that  o{  gallinae  especially  with  regard 
to  the  internal  area  covered  with  short  bristles.  There  are  more  long  hairs  on  the 
apical  margin  in  the  present  species  than  in  gallinae.  The  eight  sternite  is  wider 
apically  in  G.  hirundinis  than  in  the  other  three  species,  sub-truncate,  and  produced 
obliquely  dorsad.  It  further  bears  a  membraneous  flap  on  each  side,  the  flaps  being 
fused  together  and  surrounded  by  a  large  number  of  apical  hairs. 

The  process  p  of  the  ninth  tergite  is  shaped  as  in  columbae,  but  is  thinner. 
The  "  movable  finger  "  (fig.  4.  f.)  is  boot-shaped,  the  sole  directed  distad  ;  it  bears 
one  stout  and  rather  long  hair  at  the  toe  and  two  similar  hairs  at  the  heel. 

The  ninth  sternite  (fig.  4.  IX.  v.)  is  similar  to  that  of  gallinae,  but  the  ajiical 
portion  is  slenderer. 

•  Stephen's  name  of  columhof,  Britith  Entomnl.  IX.  (1832)  No.  417,  must  be  rejected  as  a  "nomen 
nudum." 

t  Possibly  Pulrx  hirundinit,  Kiihler,  Uehenicht  d.  Arh.  u.  Veriind.  d.  ScliU-t.  Geselltch.  f.  vaterl. 
JiuUvr.  p.  75,  1831,  may  refer  to  this  species. 


(  543  ) 

In  the  female  the  seventh  steruite,  fig.  15,  has  a  different  outline  from  that  of 
the  other  three  species,  and  bears  more  hairs  arranged  in  different  positionB.  The 
eighth  tergite,  fig.  12,  is  more  densely  covered  with  hairs  than  in  the  other  three 
species.  The  hairs  are  arranged  in  two  areas,  the  portion  of  the  tergite  between  them 
being  hairless.  On  the  ventral  area  of  the  tergite  some  of  the  hairs  are  thicker,  but 
they  are  not  so  spine-like  as  in  the  other  species. 

The  abdominal  gland  (fig.  20),  is  slender,  the  proximal  portion  being  three  times 
as  long  as  it  is  wide. 

I  have  found  this  species  parasitic  only  on  the  House  Martin,  Ghelidon  urbica. 

4.  Ceratophyllus  styx*  sp.  nov.  figs.  5.  7.  8.  (?  16.  ?. 

A  much  more  hairy  species  than  the  others,  and  generally  about  the  same  size 
as  C.  hirundinis.  Both  sexes  have  the  middle  hair  of  the  three  dorsal  apical  hairs 
of  the  seventh  tergite  not  twice  the  length  of  the  other,  as  is  the  case  in  the  three 
other  species.     (Cf.  ante,  p.  540). 

In  the  male  the  eighth  tergite,  fig.  7,  bears  many  hairs  externally,  these  being 
especially  dense  on  the  apical  margin.  The  area  covered  with  bristles  on  the  internal 
side  is  rather  more  extended  than  in  gaUinae,  and  is  further  bordered  by  a  double 
series  of  spines  (fig.  8). 

The  eighth  sternite  (fig.  5.  VIII.  v.)  curves  gradually  ventrally  towards  the  end, 
bearing  numerous  hairs.  It  terminates  proximally  in  a  double  membraneous  lobe 
similar  to  that  in  hii'undinis. 

Process  p  of  the  ninth  tergite  is  not  club-shaped,  it  is  shorter  than  this  part  in 
columbae  and  hirundinis,  but  is  longer  than  in  gallinae,  and  is  oblique  at  the  end. 

The  movable  finger  (fig.  5.  f.)  is  somewhat  similar  in  outline  to  that  of  columbae, 
but  the  hairs  are  arranged  differently.  There  are  four  hairs  in  the  centre  of  the 
anterior  margin  of  about  equal  length,  and  three  at  the  tip,  of  which  the  middle  one 
is  the  longest. 

The  ninth  sternite  (fig.  5.  IX.  v.)  has  the  distal  portion  longer  and  more  slender 
than  in  the  other  species. 

In  ihe  female  the  distal  segments  of  the  abdomen  are  much  more  hairy  than  in 
the  other  species,  as  are  also  the  sternites  of  the  other  abdominal  segment. 

The  seventh  sternite  (fig.  16)  bears  numerous  hairs.  The  mesial  sinus  is 
triangular  in  shape,  the  lobes  being  sharply  angulated. 

The  present  species  is  parasitic  on  the  Sand  Martin  (Cotile  riparia). 

•   Ceratnphyllvs  bifasciatrts  Curtis,  Brit.  EnUmol.  IX.  (1832)   No.  417,  from  the  S.and    Martin,  is 
a  "  nomen  nudum,"  and  must  consequently  be  rejected. 


(  544  ) 


DESCRIPTIONS  OF  NEW  AFRICAN  SPECIES  OF  ACBAEINAE 

Bt  H.  GROSE-SMITH,  B.A.,  F.E.S.,  F.Z.S.,  Etc. 

1.  Acraea  quirinalis  sp.  uov. 

<?.  Vpperside :  anterior  wings  differ  from  A.  iturina  Gr.-Sm.  in  the  absence 
of  the  cluster  of  dark  scales  in  the  cell,  and  the  more  extended  rufous  colouring 
of  the  basal  half  of  the  wings,  which  is  paler  than  in  A.  iturina  ;  on  the  posterior 
wings  it  differs  from  A.  iturina  in  the  basal  rufous  colouring  being  less  extended, 
the  discal  row  of  spots  is  further  from  the  cell  and  the  spots  are  smaller,  the 
large  spot  at  the  end  of  the  cell  between  the  two  upper  median  nervules  of 
A.  iturina  is  absent,  and  there  is  an  additional  obscure  spot  in  the  cell. 

Underside :  does  not  differ  from  the  upperside. 

Expanse  :  44  mm. 

Hab.  Usukama,  south  of  Lake  Victoria  Nyanza. 

In  the  collection  of  Mr.  Grose-Smith. 

It  is  smaller  than  A.  iturina,  and  intermediate  between  that  species  and 
A.   quirina  Fabr. 

2.  Acraea  snbserena  sp.  nov. 

$.  Upperside :  both  wings  bright  fnlvons  with  black  margins  as  in  A.  terpsichore 
Linn.  :  anterior  wings  with  a  rather  large  spot  in  the  middle  of  the  upperside  of 
the  cell,  and  another  much  larger  (juadrate  spot  at  the  end  of  the  cell,  partially 
elongated  outwardly  along  the  upper  median  nervnle  ;  the  black  outer  marginal 
band  is  deeply  indented  on  its  inner  side  between  the /iiscoidal  nervules  :  posterior 
wings  with  minute  fulvous  dots  near  the  outer  margin  in  the  black  area,  and  a 
narrow  bar  on  the  upper  disco-cellular  nervnle,  the  five  large  spots  on  the  underside 
showing  through  the  wings  as  dark  tawny. 

Underside  :  anterior  wings  with  the  black  outer  marginal  border  strongly  marked 
with  light  fnlvons  rays  between  the  veins  :  posterior  wings  paler  light  fulvous,  the 
outer  marginal  black  border  very  bright  and  well  defined,  with  small  fulvous 
markings  on  the  margin,  inside  which,  between  the  median  nervules,  are  four  minute 
fnlvons  lines  arranged  in  pairs,  one  spot  towards  the  base  of  the  cell,  one  on  the 
discocellular  nervnle,  one  above  the  subcostal  nervure,  three  below  the  cell  near 
the  abdominal  margin  and  one  above,  several  minute  spots  at  the  base. 
Expanse  :  48  mm. 
Hab.  Sierra  Leone. 

In  the  collection  of  the  Hon.  Walter  Rothschild. 

Allied  to^l.  terpsichore,  but  differs  principally  in  the  absence  of  the  discal  row 
of  small  spots  and  of  the  lunules  in  the  outer  marginal  black  band  on  the  underside 
of  the  jMJSterior  wings  of  those  species. 

3.  Acraea  althoffi  Dewitz. 

? .  Upperside  :  anterior  wings  dusky  brownish  grey  with  an  obscure  greyish  white 
diffused  band  towards  the  end  of  the  cell  edged  externally  by  an  irregular  dnsky 


(  545  ) 

black  bar  and  an  obscnre  dark  grej'  spot  on  its  inner  side,  the  transverse  and  oblique- 
rnfons  bands  of  the  male  are  represented  by  similar  greyish  white  bands  edged 
internally  by  gre3'ish  black,  one  black  spot  below  the  cell :  posterior  wings  dnsky 
brownish  grey  at  the  base,  beyond  which  is  a  broad  irregular  sordid  white  band, 
thence  to  the  outer  margin  dusky  brownish  grey,  with  submarginal  whitish  streaks- 
in  the  interspaces  crowned  by  dusky  dark  grey  rays  which  extend  partially  into  the 
central  sordid  white  area. 

Underside :  paler,  with  conspicuous  greyish  black  spots  in  the  middle  and 
towards  the  end  of  the  cell  and  below  it,  a  narrow  marginal  white  streak  in  each, 
interspace,  which  is  duplicated  below  the  lowest  median  nervule. 

On  the  posterior  wings  the  central  white  band  becomes  indistinct,  the  basal 
spots  are  smaller  and  less  numerous  than  in  the  male,  the  subconical  white  streaks 
in  the  interspaces  on  the  outer  margin  as  on  the  upperside,  but  the  dark  rays- 
crowning  them  extend  across  the  disc  nearly  to  the  cell. 

Expanse  :  70  mm. 

JIab.  Port  Alice,  Uganda  (Ansorge). 

In  the  collection  of  the  Hon.  Walter  Rothschild. 


4.  Acraea  pomponia  sp.  uov. 

(?.  Upperside :  both  wings  dark  brown  nearly  black,  anterior  wings  with  aa 
oblique  hyaline  band  of  three  spots  before  the  apex,  and  three  oval  rufous  brown 
spots  on  the  disc  between  the  median  uervules,  the  upper  spot  minute,  the  lowest 
the  largest :  posterior  wings  crossed  about  the  middle  by  an  irregular  rnfons 
brown  band. 

Underside :  anterior  wings  with  the  rufous  brown  spots  much  less  conspicuous, 
the  apex  and  outer  margin  fulvous  crossed  by  dark  rays  between  the  veins  :  jiosterior 
wings  with  the  basal  two-thirds  rather  bright  pale  fulvous,  the  outer  third  crowned 
by  an  irregular  black  band  with  a  series  of  black  rays  between  the  veins  to  the- 
outer  margin,  bordered  on  either  side  by  pale  fulvous  markings,  one  black  spot  in 
the  cell  towards  its  base,  and  a  series  of  other  spots  of  irregular  size  in  the  basal 
half  of  the  wings. 

Expanse  :  41  mm. 

Hab.  Usukama. 

In  the  collection  of  Mr.  Grose-Smith. 

Nearest  to  H.  peneleos  Ward,  but  a  smaller  insect ;  the  rufous  brown  band 
crossing  the  posterior  wings  is  narrower,  and  the  anterior  wings  are  more  opaque. 

5.  Acraea  pelasgius  sp.  nov. 

cJ.  Upperside :  anterior  wings  greyish  brown  semi-vitreous,  three  vitreous- 
spots  placed  obliquely  before  the  apex,  outside  which  and  following  the  contour 
of  the  outer  margin  to  the  outer  angle  is  a  series  of  brown  rays  or  markings  between 
the  veins,  the  uppermost  the  shortest,  the  marking  between  the  two  lowest  median 
nervules  the  most  elongate  ;  those  on  either  side  of  the  submedian  nervnre  confluent : 
posterior  wings  bright  brown,  with  marginal  dark  rays  along  the  veins  and  in  the 
intersi)aces,  four  black  spots  in  the  cell  ;  numerous  others  clustered  round  the  cell 
and  towards  the  base. 


(546) 

Underside:  anterior  wings  bordered  outwardly  all  round  by  a  dusky  brown  band 
very  broad  at  the  ajiex,  crossed  by  the  dark  veins  and  rays  in  the  interspaces,  the 
snba]>ical  obliqne  vitreous  band  as  on  the  upperside,  the  brown  rays  or  markings  of 
the  uiijierside  scarcely  visible  :  posterior  wings  pinkish  brown,  jialer  towards  tlic 
margin,  the  veins  and  rays  crossing  the  disc  darker  brown,  a  conspicuous  pale 
biscuit-coloured  band  crosses  the  disc  just  beyond  the  cell  which  it  partially  invades ; 
on  the  inner  edge  of  the  band  is  a  row  of  round  black  spots  of  unequal  size,  two 
spots  in  the  cell  and  several  others  clustered  around. 

Expanse  :  53  mm. 

Hab.  Port  Alice,  Uganda  (Ansorge). 

In  the  collection  of  the  Hon.  Walter  Rothschild  ;  nearest  to  A.parrhasiua  Fabr. 

6.  Acraea  toruna  sp.  nov. 

(?.  Upperside  :  anterior  wings  ditier  from  those  of  A.  johnstoni  Godm.  in  the 
ground  colour  of  the  basal  three-fourths  of  the  wings  being  uniformly  bright 
rufous  brown  ;  in  place  of  the  two  pale  tawny  sjwts  towards  the  apex  o{  A.  johnstoni 
is  a  broad  pale  tawny  band,  divided  into  four  by  the  veins,  which  crosses  the  wings 
obliquely;  the  lowest  of  the  four  divisions  is  elongated  outwardly  and  also  inwardly 
by  a  narrow  line  along  the  upper  median  nervnle  to  the  end  of  the  cell,  inside  which 
is  a  small  triangidar  tawny  sjiot,  the  two  pale  tawuy  sjiots  on  the  disc  on  either 
side  of  the  lowest  median  nervnle  are  closer  together  than  in  .1.  johnstoni  ;  the 
pale  band  on  the  posterior  wings  is  brighter  and  better  detined  on  its  inner  edge  by 
the  dark  rufous  brown  basal  area. 

Underside  :  anterior  wings  paler  than  above.  Posterior  wings  with  the  base 
bright  chocolate  brown,  edged  externally  by  an  irregular  row  of  confluent  black 
spots,  a  small  spot  before  the  precostal  nervure  and  two  others  at  the  base,  other- 
wise as  on  the  upperside. 

?  .  Upperside  :  basal  half  bright  rufous  brown  followed  by  a  transverse  bright 
tawny  band  which  crosses  the  wings  from  the  costa  to  the  inner  margin,  elongated 
on  each  side  in  the  region  of  the  upper  median  nervnle,  with  a  minute  spot  at  the 
end  of  the  cell  as  in  the  male,  the  area  beyond  the  band  dark  brown  :  posterior 
wings  as  in  the  male. 

Underside  :  anterior  wings  with  the  basal  three-fourths  paler  than  on  the 
upperside,  the  transverse  median  pale  band  being  scarcely  distinguishable. 

Expanse  :   cj,  51  mm.  ;   ? ,  6<J  mm. 

Hab.  Kimbugu,  Toru  (Ansorge). 

In  the  collection  of  the  Hon.  Walter  Rothschild. 

T.  Planema  alicia  >>p.  nov. 

c?.  Upperside :  anterior  wings  crossed  by  a  bright  fulvous  band  resembling 
the  band  in  P.  excisa  Butl.,  the  rest  of  the  wings  darker  than  in  that  species. 
Posterior  wings  bright  fnlvons  on  the  disc,  becoming  more  rufous  towards  the 
base  and  darker  at  the  apex,  the  dark  area  narrowing  towards  the  anal  angle, 
dark  rays  between  the  veins  from  the  outer  margin  to  near  the  cell. 

Underside :  anterior  wings  with  the  inner  edge  of  the  fulvous  band  defined 
by  a  very  zigzag  band,  more  irregular  than  in  F.  ewcisa  :  posterior  wings  dark 
chocolate  brown,  becoming  rufous  at  the   base,  with  a  badly  detined   pale   band 


(547  ) 

crossing  the  middle  of  the  wings  beyond  the  cell,  two  spots  in  the  cell  and  a 
cluster  of  spots  round  it,  but  all  much  smaller  and  less  regularly  jjlaced  than  in 
P.  excisa,  in  which  a  regular  band  of  spots  crosses  the  wings  a  little  before  the 
middle. 

? .  Upperside :  anterior  wings  do  not  differ  from  the  male  :  posterior  wings 
wilh  the  ground  colour  the  same  as  the  anterior  wings,  but  rather  paler,  the  wings 
crossed  about  the  middle  by  a  broad  irregularly  defined  white  band,  which  is 
narrowest  on  the  costal  margin. 

Underside  :  as  in  the  male,  but  on  the  posterior  wings  the  indistinct  pale  band 
is  broader  and  whiter. 

Expanse  :  67  mm. 

Hab.  Port  Alice,  Uganda  (Ansorge). 

In  the  collection  of  the  Hon.  Walter  Rothschild. 


8.  Planema  paragea  sp.  nov. 

c?.  Upperside :  both  wings  cinereous  grey,  the  anterior  rather  darker  than  the 
posterior  wings.  Anterior  wings  with  a  narrow  irregular  obscure  greyish  white 
band  crossing  the  discoidal  nervnles  obliquely,  thence  turning  at  right  angles 
between  the  two  ujiper  median  nervnles,  another  narrow  band  of  the  same 
colour  crosses  the  disc  below  the  cell  from  the  middle  median  nervnle  to  near 
the  inner  margin,  where  it  becomes  obsolete.  Posterior  wings  with  an  obscure 
dusky  white  band  crossing  the  wings  before  the  middle,  the  basal  spots  on  the 
underside  faintly  visible. 

Underside  :  resembles  the  upperside,  but  on  the  anterior  wings  the  greyish 
white  bands  are  broader,  and  the  space  between  them  and  the  base  is  darker  grey  ; 
on  the  posterior  wings  the  basal  area  is  brown,  with  a  cluster  of  black  spots  arranged 
irregularly  within  it. 

The  female  resembles  the  male,  but  is  larger,  and  the  greyish  white  bands  on 
the  anterior  wings  are  broad  and  more  distinct. 

E.xpanse  :   c?,  51  mm.  ;    ?  ,  70  mm. 

Hab.  Port  Alice,  Uganda  (A.nsorge). 

In  the  collection  of  the  Hon.  Walter  Rothschild. 

Belongs  to  the  group  of  A.  gea  Fabr. 


(548) 


ON   THE   GENUS   SCAEORHYNCSUS  Gates. 

By  ERNST  HARTERT. 

MR.  EUGENE  W.  GATES  has  in  Vol.  I.  of  the  "  Birds  of  India "  most 
rightly  separated  this  genns  from  Paradoxornis  and  Suthora,  into  which  two 
genera  the  members  of  the  new  genns  were  formerly  placed  by  the  different  authors, 
while  he  most  correctly  united  the  so-called  "  Chleuasicus "  with  Suthora.  Mr. 
Gates'  genus  contained  two  species  :  S.  ruficeps  (Blyth)  and  S.  gularis  (Gray). 
Both  these  species  can  be  divided  into  several  subspecies,  so  that  the  genns  will 
have  to  stand  as  follows  : — 

la.  Scaeorhynchus  ruficeps  ruficeps  (Blyth). 

Bill  smaller,  wing  a  little  shorter,  nnder-surface  white,  tinged  with  brownish 
bnff  along  the  sides  of  the  body.  Bill  whitish  horny  (Elwes).  Bill  from  forehead 
to  tip  in  a  straight  line  14  mm.,  wing  84 — 86  mm. 

Sikkim  and  Buthan. 

1^.  Scaeorhynchus  ruficeps  bakeri  subsp.  nov. 

Bill  larger,  wing  a  little  longer,  nnder-surface  tinged  with  brownish  bnff  all 
over.  Maxilla  of  bill  dark  horn-brown  (Baker).  Bill  from  forehead  to  tip  in  a 
straight  line  16  mm.,  wing  90 — 9.5  mm.  The  bill  is  not  only  longer,  bnt  also 
higher  and  much  thicker.  Its  colour  is  darker  in  the  skins,  and  the  notes  of  the 
collectors  on  our  label  agree  with  this.  This  new  subspecies  is  named  in  honour  of 
my  friend  E.  C.  Stuart  Baker,  whom  I  met  in  Calcutta  in  1888,  and  who  has 
since  become  an  authority  on  Indian  oology. 

Type  of  subspecies  :  c?  Hnngrnm,  North  Clachar,  3.  .5.  1895,  E.  C.  S.  Baker 
coll. 

t'achar,  Assam,  to  Karennee  and  Tenasserim. 

2a.  Scaeorhynchus  gularis  gularis  (Gray). 

Gf  medium  size,  underside  white,  bill  about  12 — 13  mm.  (measured  as  before), 
wing  91 — 93  mm. 

Sikkim  and  Buthan. 

2b,  Scaeorhynchus  gularis  transfluvialis  subsp.  nov. 

Smaller,  bill  less  powerful,  underside  mostly  more  suffused  with  fulvoQS  buflF. 
Bill  of  the  same  length  as  that  of  S.  gularis  gularis,  but  not  so  thick.  Wing 
86—89-5  mm. 

Cachar,  Khasia  Hills,  and  probably  Karennee. 

Type  :  S  Guilang,  North  Cachar,  21.  4.  1895,  collected  by  E.  C.  Stuart  Baker. 
The  name  is  chosen  with  regard  to  the  home  of  this  form  south  of  the  Brahmaputra 
valley,  which  evidently  separates  many  forms  of  the  Assamese  mountain-ranges  from 
those  of  the  Himalayas. 


(  549  ) 

2c,  Scaeorhynchus  gularis  fokiensis  (David). 

The  largest  of  the  three  forms  of  S.  gularis  which  seem  to  be  recognisable. 
Ou  the  whole  very  mnch  like  S.  gularis  gularis,  bnt  larger,  the  black  throat-patch 
lower  down  than  in  .S'.  gularis  gularis  and  transfluvialis,  and  leaving  a  distinct  space 
white  on  the  chin,  instead  of  reaching  nearlj'  or  entirely  the  base  of  the  bill.  The 
•ear-coverts  seem  to  be  darker.  Underside  white.  Wing  98 — 99  ;  bill  (measured  as 
before)  15  —  15-5  mm.  ;  tail  nearly  90  mm.  instead  of  about  85  in  S.  gularis  gularis 
and  in  .S'.  gularis  transfluvialis. 

Fokien,  China. 

I  have  examined  examples  from  the  collection  of  Mr.  De  La  Touche. 


lilST   OF   A   COLLECTION   OF   BIRDS   FROM   THE    LINGGA 

ISLANDS. 

By  ERNST  HAKTERT. 

FOR  a  number  of  years  it  was  the  late  Mr.  Alfred  Everett's  wish  and  intention 
to  explore  the  little  group  of  the  Liugga  Islands,  south  of  Singapore,  in  order 
to  ascertain  whether  their  fauna  was  entirely  that  of  the  Malay  Peninsula,  a 
•continuation  of  which  this  gronp  seems  to  be,  or  whether  it  had  any  admixture 
•of  the  fauna  of  Sumatra,  or  any  peculiar  forms.  Unfortunately  onr  friend  never 
reached  the  Lingga  Islands  himself,  bnt  during  his  last  illness  in  Singapore  he  sent 
•some  of  his  trained  Bornean  bird-skinners  there,  who  made  a  small  collection  of 
bird-skins,  a  list  of  which  follows  hereafter. 

This  collection  contains  only  purely  Malaccan  forms,  and  would  thus  show  that 
the  Lingga  fauna  was  entirely  that  of  the  Malay  Peninsula,  bnt  it  is  too  incomplete 
for  any  final  statement,  though  it  is  of  interest  that  such  forms,  which  one  expects 
to  show  local  variation,  do  not  differ.  It  is  the  first  bird-collection  ever  made  on 
these  islands,  as  far  as  I  am  aware. 

In  a  collection  of  mammals  made  on  the  Lingga  Islands  by  Mr.  Abbott  only 
one  new  form  (^Mus  lingensis)  has  been  separated  by  Mr.  Miller  (ef.  P.  Wash.  Acad. 
Sci.  ii.  pp.  206,  242  ;  1900). 

1.  Cittocincla  tricolor  (Vieill.)  Two  jun. 

2.  Orthotomus  nificeps  (Less.).  S  ? .  These  two  specimens  seem  to  be  rather 
small,  but  the  male  has  the  wing  worn  and  is  moulting,  and  one  from  Palawan  as 
well  as  two  from  Borneo  are  about  equally  small. 

3.  Anuropsis  malaccensis  (Hartl.).    Two. 

4.  Stachyris  davisoni  Sbarpe  (waiw/zews/s  Hartert).     Two  c?i:J,one  ?. 

5.  Malacopterum  cinereum  Eyton.  S  ? . 

6.  Malacopterum  magnirostre  (Moore).  Three  specimens.  Messrs.  Gates  and 
Biittikofer  are  doubtless  correct  in  placing  this  species  in  the  genus  Malacopterum 
instead  of  Turdinus. 

7.  Trichastoma  rostratum  Blyth.  One  ? .  I  may  call  attention  to  the  fact, 
that  many  Malaccan  examples  are  more  rufous  than  Bornean  ones,  while  others  do 
not  show  this  difference  at  all. 


(  550  ) 

8.  Mixomis  gularis  (KafS.).     J?. 

9.  Alophoixus  phaeocephalus  (Hartl.).     Two  specimens. 

10.  Hemixus  malaccensis  (Blyth).     Common. 

11.  Aegrithina  viridissima  (Bp.).     <J  ad.,  cJ  jnv. 

12.  Chloropsis  icterocephala  (Less.).     Two  examples. 

13.  Hemipus  obscunis  (Horsf.).     cJ  ad. 

14.  Rhinomyias  pectoralis  (Salvad.).     tJ?. 

15.  Culicicapa  ceylonensis  (tSwains.).     Common. 

16.  Hypothymis  azurea  (Bodd.).    Two  skins. 

17.  Terpsiphone  aflBnis  (Hay).  One  female  and  one  adult  7nale  with  a  very 
long  tail  in  iicrfectly  red  iilnmage. 

18.  Dissemurus  platurus  (Vieill.).     Several  adult  specimens. 

19.  Anthreptes  malaccensis  (Scop.).     Common. 

20.  Cinnyris  hasselti  (Temm.).     One  S  ad. 

21.  Cinnyris  pectoralis  (Horsf.).     One  i  ad. 

22.  Chalcostetha  insignis  (Temm.).     c??. 

23.  Arachnothera  longirostris  (Latb.).     Twojhnales. 

24.  Dicaeum  trigonostigma  (Scopoli).     One  <?,  one  ?. 

25.  Dendrophila  frontalis  (Swains.).     <??. 

26.  Eurylaemus  ochromelas  Baffles.     S  ? . 

27.  Calyptomena  viridis  Raffles.     One  ? ,  with  a  very  short  wing. 

28.  Collocalia  linchi  Horsf.  &  Moore.    Two/emales. 

29.  Macropteryx  comata  (Temm.).     c?  ? . 

30.  Batrachostomus  stellatus  (Uonld).     One  male. 

31.  Thriponax  javensis  (Horsf).  T\fo/e?nales,vnth  their  wings  only  218  and 
226  mm.  in  length.  The  size  of  this  woodpecker  seems  to  be  rather  variable. 
Large  series  from  the  various  localities  whence  it  is  recognised  might  possibly 
enable  us  to  make  some  subdivisions. 

32.  Ceyx  innominata  Salvad.    Three  specimens. 

33.  Rhopodytes  sumatranus  (Raffl.).     One  example. 

34.  Coccystes  coromandus  (L.).    One  ? . 

35.  Cuculus  canorus  canoroides  (S.  Miill).     One  specimen. 

36.  Surniculus  lugubris  (Horsf.).    One  S  ad. 

37.  Chalcococcyx  xanthorhynchus  (Horsf).     One  <S  ad. 

38.  Ninox  scutulata  Raffl.     One  specimen. 

39.  Siphia  banyumas  (Horsf).     cJ  ad. 


(  551 


THE   BIRDS   OF   THE   BANDA   ISLANDS. 
BY  ERNST  HARTERT. 

THE  Banda  Islands,  south  of  Ceram,  consist  of  one  large  island,  Great  Banda  or 
Lonthoir,  and  nine  small  islands.  They  are  close  together,  and  the  fauna  on 
all  of  them  mnst  evidently  be  the  same.  They  are  all  elevated,  and  have  a  number 
of  recent  volcanoes,  the  outbreaks  of  which  have  frequently  devastated  vast  parts 
of  these  islands.  Each  island  is  fringed  with  a  coral  reef.  These  islands  have 
been  cultivated  from  very  early  times,  and  the  population  has  long  been  very  dense. 
The  Bauda  Islands  are  supposed  to  be  the  home  of  the  nutmeg  tree,  and  they  are 
very  fertile.  Owing  to  the  present  scarcity  of  old  primeval  forest  and  the  density 
of  tlie  population,  they  are  not  particularly  rich  in  species  of  birds,  nor  are  they 
a  specially  good  collecting  ground.  However,  as  birds  from  these  islands  are 
scarce  in  museums,  and  as  some  of  the  species  are  not  known  to  occur  anywhere 
else,  we  asked  onr  able  correspondent  Mr.  Heinrich  Kiihn  to  collect  bird-skins  on 
the  Banda  Islands.  He  sent  us  a  fine  collection  from  Great  Banda,  containing  all 
the  species  known  to  be  peculiar  to  the  group.  We  also  received  a  few  skins 
collected  by  our  friend  Mr.  William  Doherty  from  Banda  Neira. 

1  am  herewith  offering  a  complete  list  of  these  collections,  which  may  serve 
fairly  well  as  a  list  of  the  birds  occurring  on  the  Banda  Islands. 

We  became  first  acquainted  to  a  large  degree  with  Banda  birds  through  the 
extensive  collections  made  on  Banda  by  one  of  the  best  collectors  who  ever  traversed 
the  Eastern  Archipelago— the  excellent  Salomon  Miiller,  who  described  nearly  all  the 
peculiar  species  in  his  great  work  "  Verhandlingen  over  de  natuurlijke  Geschiedeni.s 
der  Nederlandsche  overzeesche  Bezittingen,"  in  footnotes  in  the  volume  entitled 
"Land  en  Volkenkunde"  (Leiden,  1839 — 1844),  namely,  Rhipidura  gqi/amata, 
Mi/zomela,  boiei,  Zoster  ops  Moris. 

Herr  von  Rosenberg  collectedjalso  birds  on  Banda,  and  so  did  Wallace,  Hoedt, 
and  the  naturalists  of  the  Challenger  (Salvador!,  Free.  Zool.  Soc.  1878,  pp.  83—85, 
seven  species  enumerated)  ;  but  complete  lists  of  the  best  of  these  collections  are 
not  published. 

Our  collectionjcontains  the  following  29  species  : 


1.  Astur  polionotus  Salvad.  {anted,  p.  20.) 

I  cannot  separate  the  Banda  specimens  from  those  collected  on  Dammer  Island. 
The/emale,  with  a  reddish  tinge  and  faint  indication  of  cross-bars  on  the  thighs  (see 
p.  20),  is  not  lighter  than  the  lightest  examples  from  Dammer.  We  have  no  7nale 
from  Dammer.  The  male  from  Banda  has  a  broad  and  distinct  rafons  collar  on  the 
upperside  ;  the  underside  is  uniform,  only  the  abdomen  having  some  indications  of 
bars.  A  young  male  (apjiarently  in  first  plumage)  is  on  the  upperside  deep  brown, 
■with  rufous  edges  and  concealed  wide  rufous  cross-bars  to  the  feathers:  the  under- 
snrface  is  rusty  buff  with  wide  cross-markings  ;  the  chest  has  longitudinal  markings. 


(  552  ) 

2.  Myzomela  boiei.  (S.  Miill.) 

We  have  received  a  beautiful  series  from  Great  Banda,  and  a  male  from  Banda 
Neira.  "The  iris  is  dark  brown,  feet  i)lnmbeons,  bill  black."  In  the /emales  the 
feet  seem  to  be  less  bright,  more  brownish.  This  species  is  evidently  restricted  to 
the  Banda  gronp. 

3.  Zosterops  chloris  S.  Mull. 

Common  on  Great  Banda.  We  have  also  two  specimens  from  Banda  Neira, 
one  of  which  has  an  abnormally  large  bill,  while  the  other  agrees  with  the  series 
from  Great  Banda.  The  iris  of  those  from  Great  Banda,  which  were  shot  in 
September  and  October,  is  marked  by  Kilhn  as  "  bright  brown,"  while  Doherty 
■described  that  of  the  two  examples  from  Banda  Neira  as  "  pale  brown."  The  feet 
■are  "  dark  grey,  bill  blackish."  This  species  is  also,  as  far  as  known,  restricted 
■to  the  Banda  Islands. 

4.  Motacilla  boarula  melanope  (Pall.). 
Several  were  shot  in  October  1898  on  Great  Banda. 


5.  Edoliosoma  dispar  Salvad.  {anteh,  p.  15). 
Great  Banda,  September  and  October. 

6.  Pachycephala  phaeonota  (Bp.). 

Great  Banda,  common,  and  Banda  Neira.  "  Iris  bright  brownish  grey,  feet 
pale  flesh-colour,  bill  black."  Originally  described  by  Bonaparte  (ex  Miiller,  MS.  in 
Mus.  Lugd.)  from  Banda. 

7.  Monarcha  inornatus  snbsp.  (?) 

A  series  from  Banda  all  have  very  deep  rufous  abdomina,  while  the  grey  of  the 
opper  surface  is  in  some  as  light  as  in  examples  from  Dammer,  which  I  take  to 
agree  with  M.  i.  Icissereiisis,  and  others  are  distinctly  darker.  I  am  not  yet  ready 
to  discuss  the  forms  of  this  Flycatcher. 

8.  Rhipidura  squamata  S.  Mlill. 

Described  by  Miiller  from  Banda,  where  it  is  still  common.  "  Iris  brown,  feet 
■dark  plumbeous,  bill  brownish  black."  The  female  has  a  shorter  wing  than 
the  tnale. 

It  seems  very  strange  that  this  bird  should  also  be  found  in  Waigin,  and  I 
should  not  be  surprised  if  a  good  series  proved  that  Count  Salvadori's  original  opinion 
that  it  differed  from  the  Banda  form  was  after  all  correct.  (Cf.  Ann.  Mus.  Civ. 
Genova  VII.  p.  924,  Froc.  Zool.  Soc.  London  1878  p.  84.) 


(  553  ) 

9.  Pitta  vigorsi  Gould. 

We  have  received  a  beantifnl  series  from  Banda.  The /eT/iale  does  not  seem  to 
diflFer  from  the  male.  There  is  a  difference  in  size — the  length  of  the  wing  differing 
from  5  to  8  mm. — bnt  this  is  not  sexnal,  unless  some  of  our  specimens  are 
erroneously  sexed.    "  The  iris  brown,  legs  and  feet  brownish  flesh-colour,  bill  black." 

We  have  this  species  now  from  Great  Banda  (Kuhn),  Banda  Neira  (Dohert}'), 
Dammer  (Kiihn,  anted,  p.  18),  Kilsoein  in  the  Koer  group  (Kiihn),  Taam  (Kiihn), 
and  Kisoei  (Kiihn)  ;  and  it  is  also  on  record  from  Timorlaut,  bnt  we  have  no 
specimens  from  that  locality. 

10.  Halcyon  cMoris  (Bodd.). 

Great  Banda  and  Banda  Neira,  common.  Large  birds,  back  greenish  blue, 
wings  rather  bright  blue  ;  wings  111  to  116  mm. 

11.  Eurystomus  orientalis  australis  Swains. 
One  from  Great  Banda,  September. 

12.  Cuculus  canorus  intermedius  Vahl. 
Great  Banda,  October. 

13.  Eudynamis  cyanocephalus  everetti  Eartert.j 

(See  anted,  pp.  231  and  232).  The/emale  from  Great  Banda  agrees  with  those 
from  the  Lesser  Sunda  Islands  and  the  Key  Islands.  The  iris  is  "  vermilion,"  feet 
and  bill  "plumbeous."     Wing  19.5  mm. 

14.  Chalcophaps  chrysochlora  (Wagl.). 
Common  on  the  Banda  Islands. 

15.  Carpophaga  concinna  Wall. 

Two  males  from  Great  Banda.  They  are  what  I  consider  typical  C.  concinna, 
and  not  C.  concinna  separata  from  the  Key  Islands,  which  is  much  more  whitish 
on  the  under- surface,  especially  on  the  foreneck,  chest,  belly,  and  thighs.  (Cf  Nov. 
ZooL.  III.  p.  180,  1896.) 

16.  Ptilinopus  wallacei  Gray. 

A  fine  series  from  Great  Banda.  I  am  not  aware  that  this  species  is  previously 
recorded  from  Banda,  but  our  specimens  from  that  locality  agree  perfectly  with  our 
series  from  the  Key  Islands  and  from  Timorlaut.  "  Iris  reddish  orange,  feet  crimson 
lake,  bill  sulphur  yellow." 

17.  Ptilinopus  xanthogaster  (Wagl.). 

Great  Banda  and  Banda  Neira.  "  Iris  yellow,  feet  dirty  olive  green,  bill  dirty 
greenish  yellow." 

Some  specimens  from  the  Key  Islands  are  larger  than  any  others  before  me, 
otherwise  there  is  no  difference  between  those  from  various  localities. 

37 


(  554  ) 
18.  Nnmenius  phaeopus  variegatus  (Scop.). 

Great  Banda. 

19.  Glottis  nebularius  (Gunner). 

?.  Great  Banda,  Angnst  1898. 

Ornithologists  who  do  not  recognise  the  tenth  edition  of  Linnaeus'  "  Systema 
Naturae  "  should  call  this  bird  Glottis  totanus  !  (Cf.  Cat.  B.  Brit.  Mus.  XXIV. 
p.  481.) 

20.  Tringoides  hjrpoleucus  (L.). 
Great  Banda. 

21.  Terekia  cinerea  (Guldeust). 
Great  Banda. 

22.  Totanus  stagnatilis  Bechst. 
A  fine  male  was  shot  on  Great  Banda  in  October. 

23.  Tringa  subarquata  (Guldenst.). 
Great  Banda,  October. 

24.  Limonites  ruficollis  (Pall.). 

Great  Banda. 

25.  Heteractitis  brevipes  (Vieill.). 
Common  on  Banda. 

26.  Ochthodromus  geofirojri  (Wagl.). 
Common. 

27.  Ochthodromus  mongolus  (Pali.). 
Two  specimens. 

28.  Megapodius  duperreyi  Less  &  Gam. 
Two  examples  from  Great  Banda. 

29.  Gelochelidon  anglica  (Mont.). 
? .  Adult,  October  1898. 


(  555  ) 


THE   LEFIDOFTEBA   OF   BURU. 

By  W.  J.  HOLLAND,  Ph.D.,  LL.D.,  F.Z.S.,  F.E.S.,  Etc. 

Chancellor  of  the  Western  University  of  Pennsylvania ^  and  Director  of  the  Carnegie 

Museum,  Pittsburgh. 

PART  11.— HETEROCERA. 

Family  EUPTEROTID^. 

Genus  CALAPTEROTE  gen.  nov. 

S .  Palpi  minute,  erect,  appressed  to  front ;  antennae  short,  rather  hea\'ily 
bipectinate,  the  setae  depressed ;  legs  short  and  moderately  hairy.  Forewing  broad, 
the  outer  margin  evenly  rounded,  the  inner  margin  straight ;  the  discocellulars 
evenly  curved;  vein  6  irom  near  the  upper  angle  of  the  cell;  veins  7,  8,  and  9 
issuing  from  the  extremity  of  a  long  stalk,  rising  from  the  upper  angle  of  the  cell, 
which  also  carries  veins  10  and   11   at  its  anterior  extremity  just  beyond  the  cell; 


Nbtiration  op  Calapterote  butleri  ^, 

veins  10  and  11  are  parallel  to  each  other  and  to  the  extremity  of  vein  12.  Hind- 
wing  subtriangular,  with  its  outer  margin  rounding  into  the  anterior  margin,  the 
inner  margin  straight,  with  the  edge  folded  over  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  wing ; 
discocellulars  angled  at  the  origin  of  vein  5  ;  vein  4  from  lower  angle  of  cell  and  vein  6 
from  uj,per  angle ;  veins  3  and  7  from  before  angle  of  cell ;  in  the  cell  near  the  base 
is  a  small  oval  depression,  or  pit,  with  incrassated  edges. 

150.  C.  butleri  sp.  nov. 

<S.  Uniformly  pale  ochreous,  shading   on    the  upperside  of  the  primaries  into 
very  pale  brown. 

Expanse  :  42  mm. 

Family  SPHINGIDAE. 

Genus  CHAEROCAMPA  Duponchel. 

151.  Ch.  lucasi  Walker,  Gat.  Lep.  Het.  B.  if.: VIII.  p.  151. 

152.  Ch.  punctivenata  Butler,  P.Z.S.  Loiidon,  1875,  p.  248. 

This  I  consider  a  variety  of  butus  (Cramer). 


(  556  ) 

Genus  ANGONYX  Boisduval. 
153.  A.  testacea  (Walker),  Cat.  Lep.  Het.  B.  M.  VIII.  p.  102. 

GE.Nrs  PROTOPARCE  Burmeister. 

154.  P.  convolvuli  (Linnaeus),  Syst.  Nat.  I.  p.  490. 

155.  P.  triangulifera,  sp.  nov. 

(?.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  on  the  upperside  grey,  the  abdomen  black  on 
the  sides  with  white  segmental  streaks.  There  are  a  few  rufous  hairs  on  the  first 
segment  near  the  insertion  of  the  hindwing.  The  underside  of  the  abdomen  is 
white  with  a  series  of  triangular  black  spots  marking  the  anterior  segments.  The 
forewings  are  dark  grey,  banded  by  basal,  subbasal,  and  median  curved  blackish  lines, 
and  marked  with  a  similarly  coloured  spot  on  the  outer  margin  and  at  the  apex, 
There  is  a  distinct  circular  white  spot  at  the  end  of  the  cell.  The  hindwing  is  pale 
grey,  somewhat  clouded  on  the  inner  margin  by  obscure  black  lines.  There  is  a 
whitish  grey  triangular  mark  at  the  anal  angle.  The  fringes  of  both  wings  are 
black,  checkered  with  white.  On  the  underside  the  wings  are  grey,  slightly  paler 
toward  the  base.  The  hindwing  is  crossed  by  an  obscure  dark  median  line  parallel 
to  the  outer  border.     The  antennae  are  white,  with  the  setae  dark  brown. 

Expanse  :  98  mm. 

Gencs  PSEUDOSPHINX  Burmeister. 
156.  P.  discistriga  (Walker),  Cat.  Lep.  Het.  B.  M.  VIII.  p.  209. 

Genus  MACKOGLOSSUM  Scopoli. 

157.  M.  alcedo  Boisduval,  Voyage  Astrolabe,  Lip.  ^.  188. 

158.  (V)M.  sitiene  (Walker),  Cat.  Lep.  Het.  B.  M.  VIII.  p.  92. 

159.  M.  buruensis  sp.  nov. 

(J.  The  palpi  on  the  upperside,  the  collar,  and  the  anterior  portion  of  the  thorax 
are  dull  olive  green,  shading  on  the  posterior  portion  of  the  thorax  into  deep  black. 
The  upperside  of  the  abdomen  is  deep  black,  the  segments  being  lightly  marked  on 
the  anterior  edge  with  white.  The  palpi  on  the  underside  and  the  pectus  as  well  as 
the  anterior  pair  of  legs  are  pure  white.  The  abdomen  on  the  underside  is  black 
with  lateral  tufts  of  black  hair  tipped  with  snow  white.  There  are  a  few  minute 
white  spots  on  the  median  line  of  the  abdomen  on  the  underside.  There  are  two 
tufts  of  coal  black  hairs  at  the  end  of  the  abdomen.  The  anterior  wings  on  the  upper- 
side  are  violet  brown  crossed  by  a  basal,  median,  and  postmedian  band  of  dark  brown, 
the  latter  band  invaded  and  interrupted  in  the  region  of  the  median  nervules  and  at 
the  apex  by  patches  of  the  prevalent  ground  colour.  The  hindwing  is  jet  black,  on 
the  anterior  margin  pale  purplish  brown.  On  the  underside  both  wings  are  smoky 
except  at  the  base,  where  they  are  pure  white. 

Expanse  :  53  mm. 

This  distinctly  marked  species  is  represented  by  a  single  .specimen  which  does 
not  agree  with  the  description  of  any  species  known  to  me,  and  is  not  represented, 
so  far  as  I  am  aware,  in  any  other  collection.  Sir  George  Hamjison  informs  me  that 
it  is  not  contained  in  the  British  Museum,  and  is  entirely  unknown  to  him. 


I 


(  557  ) 

P^AMiLY  SYNTOMIDAE. 
Genus  ERESSA  Walker. 
160.  E.  furva  Hampson,  Gat.  Lep.  Phal.  I.  p.  115. 
The  collection  contains  twenty  or  more  specimens  of  this  species. 

Genus  EUCHROMIA  Hiibner. 
1(J1.  E.  bourica  (Boisduval),  Voyage  Astrolabe,  Lip.  p.  194. 
Apparently  very  common. 

162.  E.  creusa  (Linnaeus),  Syst.  Nat.  I.  p.  494. 
Not  nearly  so  common  as  the  preceding  species. 

Family  ZYQAENIDAE. 
Genus  HETEROPAN  Walker. 
163.  H.  scintillans  Walker,  Gat.  Lep.  Het.  B.  M.  11.  p.  441. 
Three  specimens. 

Genus  HETERUSIA  Hope. 
164.  H.  hampsoui  sp.  nov. 

cJ.  Head  black,  upperside  of  thora.x  and  abdomen  black,  shot  with  deep  violet 
blue,  the  collar  and  patagia  being  deep  iridescent  blue.  Legs  black,  margined  with 
iridescent  green.  Forewing  elongated  and  narrow,  black,  shot  at  the  base  with 
iridescent  purplish  blue,  crossed  at  the  middle  by  a  band  of  vermilion  extending  from 
the  costa  across  the  cell  to  the  inner  angle,  diminishing  in  width  from  the  cell  to  the 
inner  angle.  There  is  a  subapical  band  of  deep  violet  blue,  divided  into  six  linear 
spots  by  the  nervules.  The  hindwing  on  the  upperside  is  velvety  black,  marked 
lightly  with  blue  on  the  costal  margin  and  broadly  marked  with  lustrous  blue  on  the 
inner  margin.  On  the  underside  the  wings  are  marked  as  on  the  upperside,  but 
the  bands  of  vermilion  and  blue  on  the  primaries  are  more  diffuse  and  the  violet 
blue  of  the  secondaries  is  more  extended,  covering  almost  the  entire  under  surface  of 
the  wing. 

Expanse  :  50  mm. 

Family   GOSSIDAE. 
Genus  DUOMITUS  Butler. 
165.  D.  hyphinoe  (Cramer),  Pap.  Exot.  II.  t.  154. 
A  single  pair. 

Family   GALLIDULIDAE. 
Genus  CLEOSIRIS  Boisduval. 
166.  C.  catamita  (Geyer),  Zutr.  Exot.  Schinetl.  IV.  f.  653.  654. 
Apparently  not  common  iu  Buru. 


(  558  ) 

Genus  CLEIS  Gu^rin. 

167.  C.  dichroa  (Boisduval),  Voyage  Astrolabe,  L4p.  p.  260. 

168.  C.  propinqua  Butler,  Ann.  Kat.  Hist.  (4),  XIX.  p.  394. 

There  are  two  species  of  Cleis  in  the  collection,  each  represented  by  both  sexes 
The  determination  of  these  is  a  matter  of  some  difficulty.  Boisduval,  I.e.,  describes 
a  species  of  this  genus  from  Buru  under  the  name  dichroa.  His  description  is  as 
follows :  "  Ailes  d'un  noir  brun  ;  les  superieures  avec  une  bande  transverse  orang^e, 
commenfant  a  la  cote ;  les  infdrieures  sa/iia  taches  *  ;  (femelle)  ayant  les  inf(5rieures 
avec  une  bande  terminale  orang^e  ;  dessous  semblable  ;  celui  des  superieures  avec 
quelques  petits  traits  violets." 

Now  this  description  of  the  male  given  by  Boisdu\'al  exactly  applies  to  the 
male  of  one  species,  and  of  the /«ma^e  to  the  female  of  the  other  species. 

I  solve  the  problem  by  taking  the  name  dichroa  Boisduval  for  the  male,  the 
fe/male  of  which  is  exactly  like  the  m.ale  in  the  colouration  and  markings  of  the 
wings,  except  that  the  orange  band  of  the  primaries  is  reduced  in  width  and  not  so 
conspicuous. 

The  other  species,  of  which  I  have  five  raales  and  six  females,  has  an  orange 
band  on  the  secondaries,  obsolescent  on  the  upperside  in  most  examples,  though 
always  indicated,  but  very  conspicuous  on  the  lowerside.  The  female  has  this 
band  enlarged  and  conspicuous  on  both  the  upper-  and  lowersides  of  the  secondaries, 
while  there  is  a  strong  tendency  in  the  transverse  band  of  the  primaries  to  become 
obsolete  in  this  sex.  In  one  example  it  is  broad  and  conspicuous,  and  in  another 
it  is  reduced  to  a  small  orange  spot  near  the  outer  angle,  and  the  two  are  connected 
by  intermediate  forms.     Both  males  and  females  are  exactly  alike  on  the  underside. 

This  species  is,  I  think,  without  doubt  Gleia  propinqua  Butler,  see  Pagenstecher, 
Jahrb.  Nass.  Ver.  Nat.  XL.  p.  222. 
The  synonymy  works  out  thus  : — 
a.  Cleis  dichroa  Boisduval ;  male. 
h.  Cleis  jyi'ojpinqiia  Butler ;  male. 

„     dichroa  Boisduval ;  female. 
The  species  figured  as  dichroa  by  Pagenstecher,  Jahr.   Na^s.    Ver.  Nat.   XL. 
t.  1.  f.  7.  8,  is  not  the  insect  found  in  Buru,  whence  Boisduval  obtained  his  types. 
Unfortunately,  Dr.  Pagenstecher  does  not  indicate  the  sex  of  the  specimens  figured. 


Family    THYRIDIDAE. 
Genus  ADDAEA    Walker. 
169.  A.  polygraphalis  (Walker),  Cat.  Lep.  Het.  B.  M.  XXXIV.  p.  1245. 
A  single  specimen. 

Genus  STRIGLINA   Guencie. 
170.  S.  scitaria  (Walker),  Cat.  Lep.  Het.  B.  M.  XXVI.  p.  1488. 
Five  examples. 

*  Italics  mine. 


(  559   } 

Genus  RHODONEURA   Guenee. 
171.  R.  intimalis  (Moore),  Le'p.  Atk.  p.  213. 
One  poor  specimen,  so  determined  by  Sir  George  Hampson. 

172.  R.  atriclathrata  (Warren),  Nov.  Zool.  III.  p.  340. 
A  single  example. 

173.  R.  polygraphalis  (Walker),  Gat.  Lep.  Het.  B.  M.  XXXIV.  p.  1240. 
A  solitary  male. 

Family  L7MANTRIIDAE. 
Genus  EUPROCTIS  Hubner. 
174.  E.  varians  (Walker),  Cat.  Lep.  Het.  B.  M.  IV.  p.  796. 
Apparently  not  scarce. 

Genus  CAVIRIA   Walker. 

175.  C.  buruana  sp.  nov. 

<?.  Pure  silvery  white ;  palpi  creamy  yellow  ;  legs  white ;  antennae  pale  grey. 
Expanse  :  30  mm. 

Family  AG  AN  AID  AE. 

Genus  NEOCHERA   Hubner. 

176.  N.  stibostethia  (Butler),  Trans.  Ent.  Soc.  Lond.  1875  p.  329. 

Seven  specimens.  (Ine  female  has  the  hindwings  almost  entirely  black, 
showing  a  tendency  to  melanism  in  the  species. 

Genus  ASOTA   Hubner. 

177.  Asota  alciphron  (Cramer),  Pap.  Exot.  II.  t.  133.  f.  E. 

178.  Asota  australis  (Boisduval),  Voy.  Astrolabe,  L6p.  p.  252.  t.  5.  f.  3. 

179.  Asota  heliconia  (Linnaeus),  Syst.  Nat.  p.  511. 

180.  Asota  sp.  (?). 

A  single  specimen,  resembhng  a  dwarfed  specimen  of  heliconia,  but  wholly 
without  the  orange  markings  at  the  base  of  the  primaries.  The  abdomen  is  black 
with  the  outer  edges  of  the  segments  very  narrowly  edged  with  yellow.* 

Family    ARGTIIDAE. 
Genus   RHODAREAS  Butler. 
181.  R.  niceta  (Stoll),  Pap.  Exot.  IV.  t.  368.  f.  C. 
A  single  female. 

Genus  PANGORA  Moore. 
182.  P.  pasimmtia  (Stoll),  Pap.  Exot.  IV.  t.  367.  f  H. 
One  fem,ale. 

•  See  Nov.  Zool.  IV.  p.  352.  333.— Editoks. 


(  560  ) 

183.  P.  bnrica  sp.  nov. 

<S.  Palpi  and  front  dark  brown  ;  antennae  black ;  collar  white,  bordered  broadly 
behind  with  dark  brown  ;  patagia  creamy  white,  with  a  black  spot  in  their  centres. 
Thorax  on  the  upperside  white,  marked  with  four  black  spots ;  abdomen  crimson, 
with  a  broad  black  dorsal  stripe.  The  pectus,  thorax,  and  abdomen  on  the  under- 
side are  vermilion,  the  latter  with  some  small  black  spots  on  the  sides  of  the 
segments.  The  legs  are  brown,  tinged  with  light  red.  On  the  upperside  the  wings 
are  dark  brown ;  the  primaries  have  two  small  white  spots  at  the  base  ;  there  is  a 
larger  white  spot  towards  the  end  of  the  cell,  and  two  small  subapical  white  spots. 
The  secondaries  have  a  patch  of  red  at  the  base ;  which  is  confluent  with  the  some- 
what broad  red  band  of  colour  which  extends  two-thirds  of  its  length  along  the 
upper  border  of  the  costa,  sharply  defined  at  its  extremity  and  on  its  inner  margin 
by  the  dark  brown  ground  colour  of  the  wing.  Tlie  wings  on  the  underside  are 
somewhat  paler  than  on  the  upperside,  and  all  the  lighter  spots  of  the  upperside 
are  reproduced,  but  are  throughout  pale  vermilion  in  colour. 

Expanse  :  40  mm. 

Sir  George  Hampson  writes  me  that  this  species  is  not  in  the  British  Museum, 
but  may  be  allied  to  Meringocera  phUonica  Felder.  The  latter  species  is  repre- 
sented in  my  collection  by  specimens  from  Macassar,  and  is  evidently  distinct  from 
the  species  we  are  considering.  It  also  does  not  agree  with  the  description  of 
Meringocera  tncolor  Pagenstecher. 

Genus   NYCTEMERA  Hubner. 

184.  N.  aeres  (Boisduval),   Voyage  Astrolabe,  Lep.  p.  198. 
Four  specimens. 

185.  N.  baulus  (Boisduval),   Voyage  Astrolabe,  L4p.  p.  200. 
Only  one  specimen. 

186.  N.  mundipicta  Walker,  Joum.  Linn.  Sac.  III.  p.  184;  Swinhoe,  Gat.   Lep. 
Het.  Mus.  Oxf.  I.  p.  141.  t.  5.  f.   14. 

187.  N.  burica  sp.  nov. 

c?.  Palpi  black,  front  white,  antennae  blackish;  vertex  white;  patagia  white, 
with  a  black  spot  on  the  centre;  upperside  of  thorax  white,  with  a  large  lilack  spot ; 
upperside  of  abdomen  white,  with  a  row  of  small  black  spots  forming  a  dorsal  line  ; 
the  pectus  and  underside  of  the  abdomen  white,  the  latter  with  a  row  of  small  black 
lateral  brown  spots ;  legs  white,  margined  with  blackish.  The  primaries  on  the 
upperside  are  black,  with  a  large  oblong  white  six)t  near  the  base,  contiguous  to  the 
inner  margin,  and  two  small  lenticular  white  spots  near  the  base  along  the  costa  ; 
beyond  the  oblong  white  spot  at  the  origin  of  vein  2  is  a  small  white  spot ;  across 
the  middle  of  the  wing  is  a  broad  and  very  irregular  white  band,  extending  from  the 
costa  towards  the  inner  margin,  near  the  outer  angle,  which  it  does  not  reach  ;  the 
lower  part  of  this  band  is  divided,  the  outer  portion  being  rounded  at  its  extremity, 
and  the  inner  portion  extending  as  a  sharp  tooth-like  projection  toward  the  middle 
of  the  inner  margin,  from  which  there  arises  a  small  triangular  white  spot,  in  some 
specimens  coalescing  with    the  tooth-like  projection  ;    beyond   this  band,   near  the 


(  561  ) 

•costa,  are  two  subapical  white  spots  and  a  large  suboval  apical  spot ;  on  the  middle 
of  the  outer  margin  is  a  large  subtriangular  white  spot.  The  secondaries  on  the 
upperside  are  white,  margined  broadly  with  black,  marked  at  the  outer  angle  by 
two  small  white  spots,  and  on  the  middle  of  the  margin  by  a  subtriangular  white 
spot  which  runs"  through  the  black  margin  and  coalesces  with  the  white  surface  of 
the  wing.  On  the  lowerside  the  spots  and  markings  are  reproduced  as  on  the 
upperside.  The  fffnude  like  the  inale.  Expanse  :  $  38  mm.,  ?  42  mm. 
Described  from  thirty-four  examples,  which  show  some  variation  in  the  size  of 
the  white   spots  and   markings. 

The  species  is  evidently   common,  but  quite  different   from  any   other  species 
known  to  me,  either  by  figures  or  descriptions  of  authors. 

Genus  ARGINA  Hubner. 
188.  A.  cribraria  (Clerck),  Iccm,.  Ins.  II.  t.  54.  f.  4. 
Two  examples. 

Genus  DEIOPEIA  Stephens. 
189.  D.  pulchella  (Linnaeus),  Syst.  Nat.  p.  534. 
Quite  common. 

Genus  EILEMA  Hubner. 
190.  E.  apicalis  (Walker),  Journ.  Linn.  Soc,  Zool.  \l.  p.  104. 
A  single  specimen. 

Genus  NISHADA  Moore. 
191.  N.  flabrifera  Moore,  P.Z.S.  Lond.  p.  23  (1878). 
Two  specimens. 

Genus  SICCIA  Walker. 
192.  S.  niasica  (Pagenstecher),  Jahrh.  Nass.   Ver.  Nat.  XXXVIII.  p.  25. 

Genus  ASURA  Walker. 
193.  A.  quadrilineata  (Pagenstecher),  I.e.  XXXIX.  p.  126. 
Two  specimens. 

Genus  MILTOCHRISTA  Hubner. 

194.  M.  multidentata  Hampson,  Cat.  Lep-  Ph.aL  II.  p.  493.  t.  32.  f.  24. 

The  type,  which  was  submitted  to  Sir  George  Hampson,  has  been  already 
described  and  figured  by  him,  and  there  is  therefore  no  need  of  characterising  the 
species  except  to  say  that  the  figure  given  in  Plate  32  of  Hampson's  Catalogue  would 
never  be  recognised  as  a  representation  of  the  type  without  positive  information 
to  that  effect,  the  dark  lines  being  altogether  too  dark,  and  their  outline  being  only 
a  very  rough  approximation  to  nature.  In  most  specimens  the  lines  are  very  fine 
and  quite  faintly  indicated. 


(  662  ) 

195.  M.  vepallida  sp.  nov. 

(?.  Resembling  the  preceding  species  in  size  and  outline.  The  anterior  wings 
are  pale  stramineous,  with  only  the  faintest  indication  of  transverse  lines  on  the 
limbal  area.  The  posterior  wings  are  pure  white.  The  body  and  legs  are  pale 
ochreous. 

Expanse :  23  mm. 

Gends  OCROSIA  Hampson. 
196.  0.  reversa  (Walker),  Journ.  Linn.  Soc,  Zool.  VI.  p.  105. 

Genus  DARANTASIA  Walker. 
197.  D.  triplagiata  Hampson,  Cat.  Lep.  Pkcd.  II.  p.  274.  t.  25.  f.  21. 
The  type,  which  is  unique,  has  been  already  described  and  well  figured  by 
Sir  George  Hampson. 

Genus  CACYPARIS  Walker. 
198.  C.  elegans  (Butler),  Ann.  Nat.  Hist.  5.  XIX.  p.  439. 

Family  AGARISTIDAE. 
Genus  IJLMETALIA  Jordan. 

199.  Immetalia  saturata  (Walker),  Lep.  Het.  B.  M.  XXXI.  p.  54. 

(1864)  (Buru). 

Twelve  specimens,  nine  rnxdea  and  three  females. 

Swinhoe's  figure  of  satrwata  in  Cat.  Lep.  Het.  Oxf.  I.  t.  5.  f  1.  is  apparently 
incorrect,  the  abdomen  in  my  specimens  not  being  ringed  with  blue  as  in  the  figure  ; 
the  hindwing  also  is  too  blue  in  the  figure. 

Genus  PHALAENOIDES  Lewin. 
200.  P,  micaceus  (^Valker),  Gat.  Lep.  Het.  B.  M.  XXXI.  p.  48. 
One  specimen. 

Genus  OPHTHALlNllS  Hubner. 
201.  0.  lincea  (Cramer),  Pap.  Exot.  III.  t.  228.  f.  B. 
Two  examples. 

Genus  DAHLIA  Pagenstecher. 

202.  D.  hesperioides  (Pagenstecher),  Lep.  Fauna,  BismarcknArchipel,  in 
Zoologica  II.  p.  120.  t.  1.  f.  13. 

Family  NOCTUIDAE. 

Genus  PRODENIA  Guenee. 

203.  P.  littoralis  (Boisduval),  Faun.  Ent.  Madag.,  Lip.  p.  91.  t.  13.  f.  8. 

204.  P,  synstictis  Hampson,  Fauna  Brit.  Ind.,  Moths  IV.  p.  511. 


(  563  ) 

Genus  AMYNA  Guenee. 

205.  A.  selenampha  Guenee,  Nod.  I.  p.  406. 

206.  A.  octo  id.,  I.e.  p.  233. 

Genus  CALLOPISTRIA  Hiibner. 

207.  C.  pulchrilinea  (Walker),  Joum.  Linn.  Soc,  Zool.  VI.  p.  190. 

208.  C.  recurvata  (Moore),  Lep.  Atk.  p.  144. 

Genus  ELUSA  Walker. 

209.  E.  ceneusalis  (Walker),  Cat.  Lep.  Het.  B.  M.  XVI.  p.  202. 

210.  E.  cyathicornis  Walker,  Joum.  Linn.  Soc,  Zool.  VI.  p.  194. 

Genus  CAEADRINA  Ochsenheimer. 
211.  C.  exigua  (Hiibner),  Samml.  Eur.  Schmett.,  Noct.  f.  362. 

Genus  LEOCYMA  Guenee. 
212.  L.  tibialis  (Fabricius),  Ent.  Syat.  III.  1.  p.  661. 

Genus  RIVULA  Guenee. 
213.  R.  proleuca  sp.  no  v. 

S.  Thorax  and  abdomen  pale  brown  ;  palpi  pale  brown  ;  underside  of  body  and 
legs  whitish.  Primaries  rich  brown  ;  a  silvery  white  line  runs  from  the  base  to  the 
apex,  parallel  to  the  costal  margin,  and  an  inner  line  of  the  same  colour  runs  along 
the  outer  margin,  defined  outwardly  by  the  dark  plumbeous  fringes.  The  hindwing 
on  the  upperside  is  uniformly  fuscous ;  both  wings  on  the  underside  are  pale  testace- 
ous, without  lines  or  marking.?. 

Expanse :  17  mm. 

Genus  EUBLEMMA  Hiibner. 
214.  E.  virginea  (Guende),  Noct.  II.  p.  248. 

Genus  ZAGIRA  Walker. 
215.  Z.  divisa  (Walker),  Trans.  Ent.  Soc.  Lond.  (3)  I.  p.  107. 

Genus  DINUMMA  Walker. 
216.  D.  placens  Walker,  Cat.  Lep.  Het.  B.  M.  XV.  p.  1806. 

Genus  DORANAGA  Moore. 
217.  D.  leucospila  (Walker),  I.e.  XXXIII.  p.  788. 

Genus  HYBLAEA  Fabricius. 

218.  H.  aterrima  sp.  nov. 

c?.  Palpi  black,  margined  below  with  white  ;  front  and  collar  black  ;  patagia 
black,  margined  with  deep  chestnut  brown  ;  ujjperside  of  thorax  black,  with  a  tuft 


(564) 

of  chestnut  brown  hairs  rising  from  either  side  of  the  metathoracic  segment ;  abdomen 
black  on  the  upperside,  on  the  underside  the  segments  are  naiTowly  margined  with 
white;  the  legs  are  black,  margined  inwardly  with  white;  the  tarsi  ringed  with 
white.  The  forewings  on  the  upperside  are  black,  with  the  region  of  the  outer 
angle  broadly  marked  with  chestnut  brown  ;  there  is  also  a  broad  and  indistinct 
median  and  subapical  oblique  transverse  shade  of  dark  purplish  grey  visible  on  the 
wings ;  the  fringe,  just  at  the  apex  of  the  primaries  is  white.  The  hindwings  on  the 
upperside  are  jet  black,  the  fringe  at  the  outer  angle  being  for  a  short  distance  pure 
white.  On  the  underside  the  primaries  are  a  dark  purplish  brown,  with  three 
equidistant  patches  of  white  raised  scales  along  the  costa.  The  secondaries  are  black, 
with  the  inner  margin  as  far  as  the  cell  bluish  green;  a  small  spot  of  the  same 
colour  is  situated  near  the  base  on  the  costa,  and  an  irregular  figure  resembling  the 
figure  6  placed  on  its  side  («o)  is  located  on  the  upper  middle  of  the  wing,  extending 
from  the  costa  to  the  cell.  The  female  is  like  the  male. 
Expanse  :  38—42  mm. 

Genus  BLENINA  Walker. 
219.  B.  chrysochlora  (Walker),  I.e.  XXXIII.  p.  935. 

Genus  EUTELIA  Hiibner. 
220.  E.  scelerata  sp.  nov. 

cj.  Antennae  almost  simple.  Forewing  with  the  outer  margin  slightly  angled  ; 
cilia  crenulate.  Tibiae  almost  naked  ;  palpi  whitish  ;  head,  collar,  and  upperside  of 
thorax  and  abdomen  purplish  brown.  Lower  side  of  abdomen  grey.  Legs  grey.  On 
the  upperside  the  forewing  is  purplish  brown,  with  a  small  oval  spot  at  the  end  of  the 
cell,  narrowly  margined  with  pale  grey.  A  number  of  indistinct  transverse  bands 
of  dark  brown  traverse  the  wing,  those  on  the  limbal  and  apical  areas  being  most 
conspicuous  and  being  composed  in  part  of  raised  scales.  The  hindwings  are  uniformly 
fuscous,  slightly  paler  at  the  base.  On  the  underside  both  wings  are  pale  fuscous; 
both  are  crossed  by  curved  geminated  limbal  lines  ;  the  secondaries  have  in  addition 
an  angulated  median  dark  transverse  line  beyond  the  end  of  the  cell,  and  a  black  spot 
in  the  cell  at  its  extremity. 

Expanse :   22  mm. 

Genus  STICTOPTERA  Guenee. 

221.  S.  costata  (.Moore),  Lep.  Geyl.  III.  p.  123.  t.  159.  f.  8. 

222.  S.  cucullioides  Guenee,  Noct.  III.  p.  52. 

22;!.  S.  brunneipennis  sp.  nov. 

?.  Eront,  collar,  patagia,  and  the  ui)perside  of  the  thorax  pale  chestnut;  upper- 
side  of  the  abdomen  fuscous;  lowerside  of  the  abdomen  pale  yellowish  grey. 
Primaries  on  the  upperside  are  pale  chestnut  brown,  crossed  from  the  middle  of  the 
costa  toward  the  inner  angle  with  a  darker  brown  shade,  becoming  deep  black 
between  veins  1  and  2.  There  is  a  subniarginal  band  of  small  black  spots  extending 
parallel  to  the  outer  margin  from  the  costa  to  the  inner  angle.  Of  these  spots  the 
one  situated  between  veins  4  and  5  is  quite  large,  and  extends  inwardly  toward 
the  base.  Fringes  concolorous.  The  secondaries  on  the  upperside  are  fuliginous,  the 
fringes   pale   grey.       On    the    underside    lioth    wings    are    uniformly    pale     lirown 


(  565  ) 

the  primaries  being  marked  by  a  few  pale  spots  on  the  outer  edge  of  the  costa, 
and  having  a  narrow  and  very  distinct  subapical  brown  transverse  line  near  the 
extremity,  defined  inwardly   by  pale  ochraceous. 

Expanse  :   35   mm. 

This  species  seems  to  be  near  Stictoptera  anthycdos  Swinhoe,  but  does  not  agree 
with  his  description. 

224.  S.  buruana  sp.  nov. 

cJ  Palpi,  front,  head,  and  upperside  of  thorax  and  abdomen  black  ;  lower  side  of 
abdomen  slightly  paler.  The  primaries  on  the  upperside  are  dark  purplish  grey, 
clouded  over  the  basal  half  and  on  the  limbal  area  by  black.  The  fringes  are  fuscous, 
checkered  with  white.  The  hindwings  are  uniformly  blackish,  the  fringes  the  same 
colour,  checkered  uniformly  with  white.  On  the  underside  both  wings  are  fuscous, 
shading  into  blackish  on  the  outer  margins  ;  a  few  indistinct  lines,  corresponding  in 
location  to  those  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  primaries  appear  on  this  side  of  the 
wings.      Female  like  the  nude. 

Expanse  :  30  mm. 

This  appears  to  be  a  common  species.  The  collection  contains  over  twenty 
specimens  which  do  not   vary  in   the  least. 

225.  S.  paranthyala  sp.  nov. 

c?.  Palpi  brown;  front,  collar,  and  thorax  dark  brown  ;  upperside  of  the  abdomen 
fuscous ;  lowerside  of  the  thorax  and  abdomen  ochraceous  ;  legs  ochraceous.  The 
primaries  are  dark  brown,  crossed  beyond  the  base  by  a  pale  brown  band,  somewhat 
irregular  on  its  outer  margin,  and  diminishing  in  width  from  the  costa  to  the  inner 
margin.  This  pale  band  is  succeeded  by  a  still  broader  band,  which  is  parallel  to  it  and 
to  the  inner  margin,  and  extends  from  the  costa  two-thitds  of  its  length  from  the  base, 
gi'adually  diminishing  in  width  to  the  inner  margin.  Beyond  this  pale  band  is  a  dark, 
blackish  brown  shade,  followed  by  lighter  lines  and  waving  dark  lines.  The  fringes  are 
uniformly  dark  fuscous,  and  crenulate.  The  hindwings  on  the  ujiperside  are 
dark  fuscous,  the  fringes  pale  fuscous.  On  the  underside  the  wings  are  uniformly 
pale  fuscous,  with  a  few  paler  marks  on  the  costa  and  a  quite  distinct  subapical 
transverse  whitish  line,  which  runs  from  the  costa  as  far  as  vein  6.  The  female 
does  not  differ  from  the  male. 

Expanse  :  28 — 30  mm. 

This  species  appears  to  be  common,  the  collection  containing  fourteen  or  fifteen 
specimens  which  do  not  vary  at  all  and  are  quite  uniform  in  their  markings. 

Gekus  GYETONA  Walker. 
226.  G.  hylusalis  Walker,  Gat.  Lep.  Het.  B.  M.  XXVII.  p.  93. 

Genl'.s  CAREA  Walker. 
227.  C.  costiplaga  Swinhoe,  Ann.  Nat.  Hist.  (6)  XII.  p.  262. 

Genus  ERCHEIA  Walker. 

228.  E.  cyllaria  (Cramer),  Pap.  Exot.  lU.  t.  251.  f.  C.  D. 

229.  E.  fusifera  (Walker),  Cat.  Lep.  Het.  B.  M.  XIV.  p.  1398. 


(  566  ) 

Genus  ANISONEURA  Guenee. 

230.  A.  hypocyanea  Guenee,  Noct.  III.  p.  162. 

231.  A.  salebrosa  Guenee,  Noct.  IIL  p.  161. 

Genus  SPIREDONIA  HUbner. 
232.  S.  diops  (Walker),  I.e.  XH'.  p.   1297. 

Genus  NYCTIPAO  Hubner. 

233.  N.  crepuscularis  (Linnaeus),  Syst.  Nat.  ed.  XII.  p.  811. 

234.  N.  ephesperis  Hubner,   Verz.  p.  272. 

This  species  or  form   has  a   broad  white   median  band  running   from   before 

the  middle  of  the  costa  of  the  forewing  to  near  the  middle  of  the  inner  margin  of  the 

hindwing.     It  is  otherwise  ver}'  near  crepuscularis,  with  which  Sir  George  Hampson 

makes  it  synonymous. 

Genus  HYLODES  Guenee. 
235.   H.  caranea  (Cramer),  Pap.   Exot.  III.   t.   269.  f.   E.   V. 

Genus  POLYDESMA  Boisduval. 

236.  P.  metaspila  (Walker),  I.e.  XIII.  p.  1032. 

237.  P.  inangulata  (Guenee),  Noct.  III.  p.  210. 

238.  P.  graphica  sp.  nov. 

S.  Palpi  erect,  divergent  ;  antennae  simple;  the  forelegs  with  the  femur  very 
hairy  ;  tibiae  provided  with  a  very  long,  dense,  wide-spreading  fascicle  of  hair  almost 
reaching  to  the  extremity  of  the  tarsi  and  concealing  tbem ;  front  and  head  pale 
brown  ;  eyes  black ;  patagia  and  upperside  of  thorax  pale  wood  brown  ;  upperside  of 
abdomen  pale  brown,  underside  lighter  in  colour;  the  legs  wood  brown.  The 
primaries  on  the  upperside  are  wood  brown,  traversed  by  a  dark  median  band,  with  a 
dark  brown  shade  on  the  limbal  area  ;  a  dark  brown  spot  is  found  on  the  costa  a  little 
before  the  base;  a  dark  brown  spot,  made  up  of  zigzag  lines  blending  with  each 
other,  is  found  near  the  base,  just  below  the  cell,  between  the  median  and  submediau 
nervules ;  beyond  the  brown  shade  which  crosses  the  middle  of  the  wing,  and  located 
on  the  submedian  vein,  is  a  dark  brown  or  black  spot,  irregular  in  shape ;  a  multitude 
of  minute  waved  lines  and  dots  appear  upon  the  lighter  surface  of  the  wing  ;  a 
crenulated  dark  brown  line  define*  the  outer  margin  ;  the  cilia  are  wood  brown.  The 
secondaries  on  the  upperside  have  the  anterior  margin  immaculate  and  pale  fuscous  ; 
the  inner  half  of  the  wing  is  marked  with  spots  and  strigae,  a  prominent  dark  brown 
spot  being  located  between  the  second  and  third  median  nervules  ;  the  outer  margin 
of  this  wing  is,  like  the  primaries,  defined  by  a  crenulated  dark  brown  Hue;  the 
fringes  are  as  on  the  primaries.  On  the  underside  both  wings  are  uniformly  pale 
fuscous,  with  only  a  slight  trace  of  a  median  transverse  band. 

Expanse  :  42  mm. 

Sir  George  Hampson  informs  me  that  this  interesting  insect  should  constitute 
the  type  of  a  new  subgenus  under  Folydesma,  but  I  leave  the  honour  of  erecting  the 
subgenus  to  others,  as  the  weather  is  too  hot  to  bother  with  it  just  now. 


(  567  ) 

Genus  CYCLODES  Guenee. 
239.  C.  omma  (Hoeven),  Tijd.  Nat.  Oesch.  VII.  p.  281.  t.  7.  f.  a.  h. 

Genus  OPHIUSA  Ochsenheimer. 

240.  0.  melicerte  (Drury),  Rl.  Exot.  Ins.  I.  p.  46.  t.  33.  f.  1. 

241.  0.  joviana  (Cramer),  Pap.  Exot.  IV.  t.  399.  f.  B. 

Genus  HYPAETRA  Guenee. 
242.  H.  includens  (Walker),  Gat.  Lep.  Het.  B.  M.  XIII.  p.  1107. 

Genus  PLECOPTERA  Guenee. 
243.  P.  antigona  sp.  nov. 

(?.  Front,  collar,  patagia,  and  upperside  of  thorax  ochraceous;  upperside  of 
abdomen  rufous  grey  ;  the  underside  of  the  abdomen  whitish  ;  legs  whitish,  with 
the  hairs  on  the  tibiae  dark  grey.  The  primaries  on  the  upperside  are  pale  grey, 
tinged  near  the  eosta  with  yellowish  ;  at  the  end  of  the  cell  there  is  a  small  annular 
spot ;  a  broad  submarginal  brown  line  runs  from  the  costa  before  the  apex  to  the 
inner  margin  before  the  inner  angle,  followed  outwardly  by  a  brown  shade,  irregularly 
defined  on  its  outer  margin  ;  a  series  of  small  dark  brown  points  accentuates  the 
extremity  of  the  nervules  ;  the  fringes  are  concolorous  ;  two  minute  brown  spots 
are  located  on  the  interspace  between  the  median  and  submedian  veins,  one  below 
the  cell  near  the  origin  of  the  first  median  nervule,  the  other  about  the  middle  of  the 
interspace  behind  the  brown  submarginal  line.  The  secondaries  on  the  upperside 
are  pale  ashen  grey,  with  the  outer  third  covered  by  a  blackish  band ;  the  inner 
margin  is  shaded  with  darker  grey  ;  there  is  a  minute  discocellular  spot  on  the  under- 
side. Both  wings  are  pale  grey,  laved  with  ochraceous  at  the  base  and  on  the  costa. 
The  outer  thirds  of  both  primaries  and  secondaries  are  blackish.  There  is  a  lunate 
black  spot  at  the  end  of  the  cell  of  the  primaries,  and  a  round  discocellular  spot  at 
the  end  of  the  cell  of  the  secondaries  ;  between  this  spot  on  the  secondaries  and  the 
outer  margin  there  is  an  irregular,  fine,  zigzag,  black  line. 

? .  The  female  is  marked  exactly  like  the  male.  The  specimen  before  me  is, 
however,  a  trifle  smaller  than  the  viale. 

Expanse ;  male,  35  mm. ;  female,  30  mm. 

Described  from  a  single  male  and  a  single /emaie. 

Genus  ACANTHOLIPES  Lederer. 
244.  A  similis  (Moore),  Lep.  Atk.  p.  174.  t.  6.  f.  5. 

Genus  REMIGIA  Guenee. 
245.  R.  archesia  (Cramer),  Pap.  Exot.  III.  t.  273.  f.  F.  G. 

Genus  TRIGONODES  Guenee.i 
246.  T.  cepMse  (Cramer),  I.e.  III.  t.  227.  f.  C. 

Genus  GRAMMODES  Guenee. 
247.  G.  occulata  Snellen,  Tijd.  v.  Ent.  XXIII.  p.  103.  t.  8.  f.  6. 


(  568  ) 

Genus  PTEROCHAETA  gen.  nov. 

<?.  Antennae  simple,  filiform,  two-thirds  the  length  of  the  costa;  palpi  ascending, 
the  third  joint  produced  forward,  aciculate ;  legs  with  the  tibiae  more  or  less  hairj. 


Neueation  of  Pterochacta  doliertyi  g,  IJ. 

the  hind  pair  quite  densely  covered  with  hair  and  provided  with  double  spurs  at  the 
extremity  of  the  tibiae ;  the  first  and  second  pairs  of  legs  are  likewise  armed  at  the  end 
of  the  tibiae  with  short  spurs.  In  the  primaries  vein  4  is  emitted  a  little  above  the 
lower  outer  angle  of  the  cell  ;  vein  5  is  nearer  vein  4  than  vein  6  ;  the  costal  vein  is 
greatly  bent  downward  toward  the  inner  margin,  crowding  the  cell  into  a  narrow  space 
alx)ut  the  middle  of  the  wing ;  the  precostal  follows  the  normal  line  of  the  costal,  and 
between  the  costal  and  precostal  is  included  a  superior  areole  considerably  larger  than 
the  cell,  heavily  clothed  on  the  underside  with  erect  hair-like  scales  ;  the  precostal 
is  incrassated  about  the  middle  of  the  costal  margin,  forming  a  projection  which  is 
bent  backwards;  veins  11  and  12  are  emitted  from  a  common  stalk  which  springs 
from  the  costal  not  far  beyond  the  base  and  forms  the  lower  margin  of  the  superior 
areole ;  veins  6,  7,  8,  and  10  spring  from  a  common  stalk  which  arises  at  the  same 
point  as  the  stalk  which  supports  veins  11  and  12,  and  follows  the  course  of  the  latter 
until  it  reaches  the  point  where  vein  10  is  emitted;  vein  9  is  emitted  from  vein  8 
halfway  between  the  outer  margin  and  the  origin  of  vein  10.  Hindwing :  veins  1 
and  la  bifurcate  a  little  beyond  the  base  ;  vein  5  springs  from  the  lower  angle  of  the 
cell,  which  is  acutely  produced  a  little  above  the  common  origin  of  veins  3  and  4 ; 
the  origin  of  vein  6  is  widely  distant  from  the  origin  of  vein  5  ;  vein  6  at  its  outer 
extremity  is  marked  by  an  oblong  oval  patch  of  heavy  raised  scales. 
Type:  Pterochaeta' dohertyi  Holland. 

248.  P.  dohertyi  sp.  nov. 

cJ.  Palpi  black  on  the  upperside,  white  on  the  lowerside;  head,  patagia,  and 
upperside  of  body  pale  purplish  brown  ;  the  underside  of  the  body  whitish ;  legs 
grey,  margined  externally  with  black  ;  tarsi  black,  ringed  with  white.  The  primaries 
on  the  upperside  are  purplish  brown,  crossed  about  the  middle  b}'  a  broad  pale  band, 
running  obliquely  from  the  costa,  one-third  of  its  length  from  the  base,  to  about  the 
middle  of  the  inner  margin  ;  beyond  this  band  are  a  number  of  brown  spots  and 
markings,  forming  an  irregular  submarginal  series  ;  of  these  spots  those  which  are 
just  beyond  the  end  of  the  cell  are  the  largest  and  most  distinct,  two  of  them  being 
pupiled  by  paler  oval  centres ;  at  the  tip  of  each  nervule  on  the  outer  margin  is 
a  small  pale  spot ;  there  are  some  subapical  dark  brown  spots.     The  secondaries  are 


I 


(  569  ) 

fuscous,  marked  near  the  anal  angle  by  transverse  spots  and  strigae.  The  primaries 
and  secondaries  on  the  underside  are  pale  fuscous.  Along  the  lower  edge  of  the  cell 
of  the  primaries  there  are  ranged  three  fascicles  of  raised  hairs,  and  the  cell  is  pro- 
fusely clothed  with  raised  scales  ;  beyond  the  end  of  the  cell  are  two  pale  oval  marks. 
The  secondaries  at  the  end  of  the  cell  have  a  pale  lunate  mark  margined  with  dark 
grey,  and  there  are  traces  of  an  interrupted  median  band  of  dark  brown  spots. 

Expanse  :  35 — 40  mm. 

Described  from  five  males. 

This  insect  has  been  assigned  (in  litt.)  to  the  genus  Therrtieaia  by  Sir  George 
Hampson,  who  in  writing  to  me  adds  in  his  notes  the  words  "  subgenus  novum." 
The  insect  differs  structurally  from  any  species  of  Thermesm  known  to  me,  and  at 
a  glance  separates  itself  from  all  others  by  the  very  peculiar  squamulation  of  the 
lowerside  of  the  primaries  and  secondaries  and  the  large  tufts  of  hair  projecting  from 
the  lower  margin  of  the  upper  areole.  The  neuration  is  also  widely  different.  The 
facies  of  the  insect  is  wholly  unthermesiid. 


Genus  THERMESIA  Hiibner. 
249.  T.  lichenea  sp.  nov. 

(?.  Body  brown  on  the  upperside,  pale  chestnut  brown  on  the  lowerside;  legs 
reddish  ;  tarsi  ringed  with  white.  The  primaries  on  the  upperside  are  rich  reddish 
brown,  crossed  by  indistinct  median,  submedian,  and  submarginal  dark  brown  bands, 
accentuated  on  the  interspaces  by  minute  grey  dots  ;  at  the  end  of  the  cell,  covering 
its  extremity  and  extending  over  the  region  of  the  median  and  radial  nervules,  is  a 
large,  oval,  sharply  defined,  glaucous  spot,  marked  at  the  origin  of  vein  5  by  a  small 
black  dot ;  above  this  oval  spot  are  two  small  triangular  spots  of  the  same  colour ; 
the  apex  of  the  wing  and  the  base  are  a  trifle  paler  than  the  rest  of  the  wing,  being 
tinged  with  ochraceous.  The  secondaries  on  the  upperside  have  the  anterior  half 
fuscous ;  the  inner  half,  especially  in  the  region  of  the  anal  angle  is  tinged  with  rich 
brown,  of  the  same  tint  as  that  of  the  primaries  ;  a  number  of  minute  spots  and  strigae 
adorn  this  portion  of  the  wing.  On  the  underside  the  wings  are  fuscous,  tinged  with 
reddish  ochraceous  at  the  base  and  on  the  costae.  The  primaries  are  traversed  by  an 
indistinct  median  band,  followed  by  an  even  less  distinct  submarginal  transverse  band. 
The  secondaries  have  a  distinct  circular  black  spot  at  the  end  of  the  cell,  the  median 
and  submarginal  transverse  bands  being  more  distinct  on  this  wing  than  on  the 
primaries. 

Expanse  :  40  mm. 

The  type  is  unique. 


250.  T.  bolinoides  Guenee,  Nod.  III.  p.  358. 
251.  T.  creberrima  Walker,  Cat.  Lep.  Het.  B.  M.  XV.  p.  1574. 

Genus  ISCHYA  Hiibner. 

252.  I.  manlia  (Cramer),  Pap.  Exof.  I.  t.  92.  f.  A. 

One  specimen. 

38 


(  570  ) 

Genus  EPISPARIS  Walker. 

253.  B.  varialis  (Walker),  Cat.  Lep.  Het.  B.  M.  XVI.  p.  7. 

Two  examples. 

Genus  OXYODES   Guenee. 

254.  0  scrobiculata  (Fabricius),  Spec.  Ins.  II.  p.  212. 

Four  specimens. 

Genus  OMMATOPHORA  Guenee. 

255.   0.  luminosa  (Cramer),  I.e.  III.  t.  274.  f.  D. 

Four  specimens. 

Genus  OPHIDERES   Boisduval. 

256.   0.  Mlonica  (Linnaeus),   Syst.  Nat.  ed.  XII.  p.    812. 

Apparently  common. 

257.  0.  jordani  sp.  nov. 

(J.  Head,  collar,  and  thorax  dark  brown  ;  abdomen  orange,  shaded  with  brown  on 
the  upperside  just  behind  the  thorax.  There  are  a  few  brown  hairs  at  the  tip  of  the 
abdomen  ;  legs  brown,  shading  at  the  extremities  of  the  tibiae  into  orange  ;  tarsi  dark 
brown,  ringed  with  white.  The  primaries  on  the  upperside  are  dark  purplish  brown, 
profusely  marked  with  minute  dark  brown  or  blackish  points  and  strigae,  uniformly 
distributed  over  the  entire  surface ;  there  are  a  few  greenish  scales  below  the  apex  ; 
margins  crenulate.  The  posterior  wings  on  the  ujjperside  are  orange,  covered  with 
browu  hairs  at  the  base  ;  the  outer  third  as  far  as  vein  2  is  marked  by  a  black 
marginal  border  ;  behind  this,  above  the  anal  angle,  is  a  large  sublunate  black  spot. 
On  the  underside  the  species  closely  resembles  0.  fullonica. 

Expanse  :  80 — 85  mm. 

Described  fiom  two  males. 

This  species  is  very  easily  distinguished  from  all  other  species  of  the  genus 
known  to  me  by  the  almost  absolutely  uniform  colour  of  the  primaries,  which  appear, 
unless  closely  inspected,  to  be  of  uniform  dark  brown,  almost  black,  the  minute  points 
and  dots  being  so  closely  crowded  together  as  to  present  the  appearance  of  an  almost 
unbroken  surface  of  dark  brown. 

Genus  ARSACIA  M'alker. 

258.  A.  saturatalis  Walker,  Cat.  Lep.  Het.  B.  M.  XXXIV.  p.  1260. 
One  specimen. 

Genus  PLUSIA  Ochsenheimer. 

259.  P.  eriosoma  Doubleday,  Dieffenbach's  New  Zealand,  II.  p.  285. 
One  example. 

Genus  CALESIA  Guenee. 
260.  C.  dasyptera  (KoUar),  Hiigel's  Kaachmir.  IV.  p.  476 
Three  males  and  tvio  females. 


(  571  ) 

Genus  MECODINA  Guenee. 
261.  M.  praecipua  (Walker),  Oat.  Lep.  Het.  B.  M.  XXXIII.  p.  1056. 
Three  examples. 

Genus  ZETHES  Rambur. 
262.  Z.  grisea  sp.  nov. 

d.  Palpi  pale  yellowish  brown;  front  whitish;  thorax  and  upperside  of  abdomen 
Xiale  wood  brown  ;  the  underside  of  the  thorax  and  abdomen  white  ;  legs  whitish, 
marked  externally  by  brown  dots  ;  tarsi  pale  brown  ringed  with  white.  The  primaries 
and  secondaries  on  the  upperside  are  pale  wood  brown  with  an  indistinct  reniform 
spot  in  the  cell  of  the  primaries  ;  a  pale  ochreous  line,  defined  externally  and 
internally  by  darker  brown,  runs  from  the  costa  of  the  primaries,  near  the  middle, 
obliquely  outwardly  to  beyond  the  end  of  the  cell,  and  then  returns  at  a  sharp  angle 
to  the  inner  margin  of  the  primaries,  and  is  continued  as  a  straight  line  across  the 
secondaries  to  the  inner  angle.  Beyond  this  sharply  defined  line,  near  the  apex  of 
the  primaries  and  near  the  outer  angle  of  the  secondaries,  are  some  clouded  brown 
markings.  Both  wings  on  the  underside  are  pale  grey,  tinted  with  ochreous  near  the 
base  and  laved  with  purplish  grey  externally.  Upon  the  primaries  there  are  some 
faint  traces  of  a  transverse  median  and  transverse  submarginal  dark  line,  and  in  one 
specimen  a  black  point  at  the  end  of  the  cell  of  the  primaries. 

Expanse  :  30 — 38  mm. 

Genus  MASCA  Walker. 
263.  M.  leucogastralis  (Walker),  I.e.  XXXIV.  p.  1508. 

Genus  HYPEKLOPHA  Hampson. 
264.  H.  cristifera  (Walker),  I.e.  XXXIII.  p.  1071. 

Genus  CAPNODES  Guenee. 
265.  C.  umbrifera  sp.  nov. 

(J.  Palpi  brown,  marked  outwardly  with  white  spots  ;  front,  collar,  thorax,  and 
tipperside  of  abdomen  brown,  lowerside  of  thorax  and  abdomen  whitish  ;  legs  pale 
brown;  tarsi  dark  brown,  ringed  with  white.  The  primaries  on  the  upperside  are  dark 
purplish  brown,  crossed  from  the  apex  to  the  middle  of  the  inner  margin  by  a  dark 
brown  line  darker  than  the  ground  colour.  This  dark  brown  line  is  continued  across 
the  secondaries  to  the  middle  of  the  inner  margin,  being  interrupted  only  on  the 
<;osta.  The  apex  of  the  primaries  below  this  dark  brown  line  and  as  far  as  vein  4  is 
ochreous.  The  secondaries  beyond  the  dark  brown  transverse  line  are  pale  ochreous, 
marked  near  the  inner  angle  by  some  dark  brown  shades ;  there  are  also  a  few  obscure 
submarginal  spots  and  lines ;  the  fringes  are  brown  checkered  with  paler  brown.  Both 
primaries  and  secondaries  on  the  underside  are  pale  yellowish  fuscous,  traversed  by 
«n  obscure  median  and  linibal  transverse  line  and  marked  at  the  end  of  the  cell 
hy  an  obscure  brown  oval  spot. 

Expanse  :  32  mm. 

Type  unique. 


(  572  ) 

Genus  RAPARNA  Moore. 

266.  R.  palpalis  (Walker).  I.e.  XXXIV.  p.   1180. 

267.  R.  costiplaga  sp.  nov. 

S.  Palpi,  head,  and  collar  dark  brown,  the  upperside  of  the  thorax  and  the 
abdomen  of  the  same  colour  as  the  wings  ;  the  abdomen  at  the  extremity  has  some 
whitish  hairs ;  on  the  underside  the  thorax  and  abdomen  are  a  little  paler ;  legs 
concolorous.  The  primaries  and  the  secondaries  on  the  upperside  are  dark  puqjlish 
grey,  with  a  few  minute  pale  dots  and  lines,  suggesting  a  transverse  median  and  sub- 
marginal  series.  On  the  costa  of  the  primaries,  beyond  the  end  of  the  cell  and  also  at 
the  apex,  are  black  subtriangular  spots.  On  the  underside  both  wings  are  fuscous, 
and  both  are  marked  in  the  cell  by  two  minute  white  spots  defined  on  both  sides  by 
blackish  lines. 

Expanse  :  25  mm. 

This  species  appears  to  be  quite  common. 

Genus  ADRAPSA  Walker. 

268.  A.  ereboides  Walker,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Zool.  'V'll.  p.  196. 

269.  A.  scopigera' (Moore),  Lep.  Ceyl.  III.  p.  195.  t.  172.  f.  9. 
270.  A.  manifestalis  (W^alker),  Cat.  Lep.  Het.  B.  M.  XVI.  p.  171. 

271.  A.  albapicata  sp.  nov. 

cJ.  Palpi,  head,  and  collar  blackish;  upperside  of  thorax  brown  sprinkled  with 
grey ;  upperside  of  abdomen  blackish,  abdomen  on  the  lowerside  pale  brown  ;  there 
are  some  whitish  hairs  at  the  tip  of  the  abdomen  ;  legs  brown,  marked  with  white 
lines  at  the  joints.  The  jjrimaries  and  secondaries  on  the  upperside  are  dark  brown  \ 
there  is  a  fine  whitish  curved  basal  line  and  a  small  white  spot  beyond  it  in  the  cell 
and  a  large  oval  white  sjwt  at  the  end  of  the  cell  ;  beyond  the  cell  is  a  curved  and 
zigzag  fine  whitish  line,  followed  by  a  similar  submarginal  line,  most  distinct  at  the 
apex ;  between  this  submarginal  line  and  the  margin  below  the  apex  is  a  large 
irregular  white  spot,  succeeded  by  four  small  marginal  points;  the  fringes  are  brown, 
of  the  same  colour  as  the  body  of  the  wing,  checkered  with  white,  the  spots  of  the 
fringe  being  most  conspicuous  in  immediate  proximity  to  the  large  white  subapical 
spot.  The  secondaries  are  crossed  by  zigzag  median  and  submarginal  lines  ;  there 
are  traces  of  a  zigzag  marginal  line  between  veins  4  and  5  ;  the  fringes  of  the 
secondaries  are  checkered  like  the  fringes  of  the  primaries,  but  less  conspicuously. 
On  the  underside  both  wings  are  greyish,  the  light  spots  and  markings  of  the  upper- 
side  reappear  on  this  side  with  the  exception  of  the  large  white  spot  at  the  end  of  the 
cell  of  the  primaries,  which  is  not  indicated.  All  these  light  transverse  lines  on  the 
underside  are  defined  internally  by  dark  brown  shades.  The  female  is  like  the  nude, 
but  somewhat  paler. 

Exjjanse  :  40  mm. 

272.  A.  albibasalis  sp.  nov. 

?.  The  body  of  this  species  is  like  that  of  the  preceding  sjiecies.  The  primaries 
on  the  upperside  are  dark  brown,  with  some  obscure  lighter  transverse  lines  ;  the- 
base  is  broadly  chalky  white,  and  there  is  a  small  subtriangular  chalky  white  spot  at 
the  apex.     The  secondaries  on  the  upperside  are   uniformly   jiale  fuscous.     On'  the 


(  573  ) 

underside  both  wings  are  dark  fuscous  without  any  lines  or  markings  whatever.     The 
fringes  of  lioth  primaries  and  secondaries  are  uniformly  dark  brown. 

Expanse :  34  mm. 

Unfortunately,  there  are  only  two  female  specimens  of  this  species. 

273.  A.  scotosa  sp.  nov. 

cJ.  Antennae,  palpi,  legs  and  body  and  all  its  appendages  wood  brown,  with  a 
few  whitish  hairs  at  the  tip  of  the  abdomen.  The  primaries  on  the  upperside  are 
wood  brown,  marked  with  curved  basal  and  median  dark  brown  lines  between  which, 
in  the  middle  of  the  cell,  is  a  minute  white  point  margined  by  dark  brown  ;  there 
is  a  very  irregular  submarginal  pale  transverse  line,  shaded  internally  by  dark  brown. 
This  dark  submarginal  shading  on  the  primaries  is  continued  across  the  secondaries 
as  a  straight  transverse  median  band,  gradually  widening  to  the  middle  of  the  inner 
margin  of  the  hindwing.  The  irregular  submarginal  light  line  of  the  primaries  is 
repeated  on  the  secondaries,  diverging  from  the  brown  shade  which  follows  it  on  the 
primaries,  and  running  nearly  parallel  to  the  outer  margin  of  the  secondaries  to  the 
inner  angle.  The  fringes  of  both  primaries  and  secondaries  are  dark  brown.  On 
the  underside  both  wings  are  fuscous.  Both  primaries  and  secondaries  on  this  side 
are  crossed  by  a  moderately  broad  median  brown  band,  and  both  have  the  pale  zigzag 
submarginal  line  of  the  upperside  faintly  repeated  upon  the  lowerside.  ITaere  is 
a  black  discocellular  point  at  the  end  of  the  cell  of  the  secondaries.  The  female 
is  like  the  mule. 

Expanse  :  30  mm. 

Described  from  two  specimens. 

274.  A.  speculifera  sp.  nov. 

(?.  Palpi  with  the  first  joint  black,  the  second  and  third  white;  front  white  ; 
eyes  black  ;  collar,  patagia,  and  upperside  of  thorax  and  abdomen  dark  brown  ;  the 
underside  of  the  thorax  and  abdomen,  together  with  the  legs  on  the  lowerside, 
brilliantly  white  ;  tarsi  pale  brown.  The  primaries  on  the  upperside  are  wood  brown, 
with  a  lunate  white  spot  at  the  end  of  the  cell  and  two  minute  white  spots  on  the 
costa,  one  a  little  beyond  its  middle  and  the  other  near  the  apex ;  there  are  faint 
traces  of  darker  transverse  median  and  submarginal  lines.  The  secondaries  have 
the  costal  margin  whitish,  the  remainder  of  the  wing  of  the  same  colour  as  the 
primaries,  traversed  by  distinct  transverse  median  and  submarginal  dark  lines.  On 
the  underside  both  wings  are  white  at  the  base,  shading  outwardly  into  fuscous. 
Both  the  primaries  and  the  secondaries  have  distinct  black  spots  on  the  cell, 
and  both  are  traversed  by  faint  median  and  very  distinct  submedian  dark  brown 
transverse  lines. 

Expanse  :  27  mm. 

Genus  PSEUDAGLOSSA  Grote. 

275.  P.  fiilvipicta  Butler,  III.  Het.  B.  M.  VII.  p.  87.  t.  134.  f.  .5. 

276.  P.    antipodalis  sp.  nov. 

<?.  The  entire  body,  the  legs,  and  the  antennae  fuscous.     The  primaries  on  the 

upperside  are  dark   fuscous,  with  distinct   subbasal  and  median  transverse  lines  of 

dark  brown,  the  median  line  thrice  curved,  and  defined  outwardly  by  a  pale  whitish 


(  574  ) 

line ;  the  marginal  area  is  traversed  by  an  irregular  submarginal  band  sharply 
defined  externally  but  melting  into  the  ground  colour  internally;  the  fringes  are 
dark  fuscous  checkered  with  white.  The  secondaries  on  the  upperside  are  uniformly 
jiale  fuscous.  On  the  underside  the  primaries  and  secondaries  are  pale  fuscous ; 
there  is  an  indistinct  subapical  whitish  line  on  the  eosta  of  the  primaries,  a  linear 
transverse  whitish  line  at  the  end  of  the  cell  in  the  secondaries,  and  following  this 
a  well-defined  curved  transverse  median  dark  line,  defined  externally  by  a  paler  line. 
Expanse  :  26  mm. 

277.  P.  (?)  buruensis  ^\i.  nov. 

<?.  The  body,  the  legs,  and  the  antennae  are  jiale  wood  brown  ;  the  eyes  darker 
brown.  The  primaries  on  the  upperside  are  wood  brown,  with  an  obscure  darker 
brown  circular  dot  in  the  cell  and  a  somewhat  larger  oval  spot  at  the  end  of  the 
cell  ringed  by  pale  brown  lighter  than  the  ground  colour  of  the  wing.  There  is  a 
fine,  irregular,  submarginal  light  line,  clouded  inwardly  with  darker  brown  ;  beyond 
this  light  submarginal  line  the  wing  is  very  pale  wood  brown,  several  shades  lighter 
than  the  ground  colour  of  the  remainder  of  the  wing.  The  secondaries  on  the 
upperside  are  pale  wood  brown,  lighter  than  the  primaries,  with  a  small  dark  spot 
at  the  end  of  the  cell,  and  traces  of  obscure  curved  transverse  median  and  transverse 
submarginal  lines,  (^n  the  underside  the  wings  are  pale  grey,  the  primaries  without 
markings;  the  secondaries  at  the  base  on  the  cell  and  near  the  inner  margin  have 
two  tufts  of  coal  black  hairs  extending  a  short  distance  in  the  direction  of  the  outer 
margin  ;  beyond  the  black  tuft  on  the  cell  is  a  minute  black  spot  at  its  end,  beyond 
this  a  well-defined  curved  median  and  curved  submarginal  band. 

Expanse  :  25 — 27  mm. 

Described  from  two  male  specimens. 

This  species  is  readily  distinguished  from  all  others  by  the  little  fascicles  of  jet 
black  hair  near  the  base  of  the  underside  of  the  secondaries. 

Genus  BLEPTINA  Guent^e. 
278.  B.  nigella  (Swinhoe),  Trans.  Ent.  Soc.  Lond.  p.  265  (1890). 

Genus  HYDEILLODES  Guen<?e. 
279.  H.  abavalis  (Walker),  Cat.  Lep.  Het.  B.  M.  XVI.  p.  196. 

Genus  NODARIA  Guende. 

280.  N.  tacta  sp.  nov. 

(?.  Front  white  ;  head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  wood  brown,  both  on  the  upper 
side  and  underside ;  legs  concolorous.  Primaries  on  the  upperside  reddish  fuscous, 
traversed  by  two  very  irregular  fine  dark  brown  lines  running  obliquely  from  the 
costa  outwardly  to  the  median  vein  about  the  middle  of  the  wing,  and  then  returning 
obliquely  towards  the  middle  of  the  inner  margin,  being  sharply  crenulated  ;  between 
these  two  lines  on  the  costa  is  a  dark  brown  shade,  limited  before  and  behind  by  these 
lines,  and  accentuated  on  either  side  by  a  pale  light  yellowish  line  ;  beyond  these 
lines  near  the  margin  it  is  a  very  fine  waved  light  submarginal  line,  clouded  on  the 
inner  side  by  dark  brown.  The  secondaries  on  the  upperside  are  pale  fulvous,  marked 
by  a  straight  transverse  dark  line  running  from  the  inner  margin  just  above  the  anal 


(  575  ) 

angle  toward  the  middle  of  the  wing,  where  it  disappears ;  succeeding  this  outwardly 
along  the  outer  margin  is  a  pale  submarginal  light  line  similar  to  that  upon  the 
primaries.  On  the  underside  both  wings  are  fuscous,  the  primaries  lighter  on  the 
inner  margin  ;  both  are  crossed  by  narrow  and  somewhat  indistinct  curved  median 
and  curved  submarginal  transverse  lines.  On  the  primaries  the  median  transverse 
line  is  accentuated  near  the  costa  by  a  white  line  defining  it  outwardly  for  a  short 
distance.  The  curved  transverse  submarginal  lines  of  both  wings  are  defined  out- 
wardly by  a  very  fine  white  line.     The  female  is  like  the  male. 

Expanse:  18 — 20  mm. 

Described  from  twenty-five  specimens,  none  of  them  in  absolutely  perfect 
condition. 

The  species  appears  to  be  common. 

281.  N.  clathrata  sp.  nov. 

c?.  The  entire  body,  the  antennae,  and  legs  are  grey.  The  primaries  on  the 
upperside  are  pale  greyish  brown,  marked  by  a  straight  transverse  subbasal.  somewhat 
narrow,  dark  line  ;  there  is  a  small  dark  brown  spot  at  the  end  of  the  cell  ;  following 
this  is  a  transverse  median  brown  line,  produced  in  a  sharp  angle  beyond  the  end  of 
the  cell,  otherwise  straight,  and  jiarallel  for  the  latter  half  of  its  length  to  the  sub- 
basal  line  ;  from  the  apex  to  near  the  inner  angle  is  a  fi.ne  dark  brown  line,  slightly 
curved  inwardly  toward  the  base.  The  secondaries  on  the  upperside  have  a  faint  trace 
of  a  prolongation  of  the  transverse  median  line  of  the  primaries,  and  the  transverse 
submarginal  line  of  the  primaries  is  projected  across  the  secondaries,  making  a  sharp 
angle  on  the  outer  margin  after  its  middle,  and  returning  toward  the  anal  angle, 
vanishing  before  it  reaches  it.  On  the  underside  both  wings  are  much  paler,  with 
the  spots  and  transverse  lines  of  the  upperside  very  faintly  indicated.  The  female 
is  very  much  like  the  male,  but  darker  in  the  specimen  before  me,  and  with  all  the 
spots  and  lines  somewhat  more  clearly  defined,  both  on  the  upperside  and  underside. 
Expanse  :   d,  23  mm.  ;    ? ,  26  mm. 

282.  N.  rugosa  sp.  nov. 

(?.  Palpi,  head,  upperside  of  thorax  dark  brown  ;  abdomen  and  legs  pale  fuscous. 
The  primaries  on  the  upperside  are  dark  brown,  with  a  small  white  point  at  the  end 
of  the  cell,  beyond  which  is  a  mass  of  raised  dark  brown  scales ;  there  is  a  faint,  pale 
submarginal  transverse  line  formed  by  the  coalescence  of  semilunate  pale  lines,  of 
which  the  two  uppermost,  nearest  the  costa,  are  white  and  conspicuous;  the  fringes 
are  dark  brown  lightly  checkered  with  pale  fuscous.  On  the  upperside  the  hind 
wings  are  uniformly  greyish  fuscous,  the  fringes  uniformly  dark  brown.  Both  wings 
on  the  underside  are  uniformly  fuscous  without  any  markings. 

Expanse  :  33  mm. 

Type  :  unique. 

Genus  CATADA  Walker. 
283.  C.  vagalis  (Walker),   Cat.  Lep.  Het.  B.  M.  XVI.  p.  172. 

Genus  MARAPANA  Moore. 
284.  M.  plagifera  (Walker),  Joi^rn.  Linn.  Soc,  Zool.  VII.  p.  187. 


(576  ) 
285.  M.  ilatana  sp.  nov. 

Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  luteous  ;  legs  concolorous.  The  primaries  on  the 
upperside  are  pale  reddish  fuscous,  slightly  clouded  with  brown  at  the  base,  marked 
with  two  spots  comjwsed  of  raised  dark  brown  scales  at  the  end  of  the  cell ;  there  is  a 
transverse  subbasal  straight  brown  line  running  from  the  costa  to  the  inner  margin  ; 
beyond  the  cell,  running  obliquely  from  the  costa  just  before  the  apex  to  the  inner 
margin  about  the  middle  is  a  dark  brown  shade,  gradually  broadening  from  the 
costa  to  vein  1,  where  it  terminates  in  a  fine  line  which  runs  outwardly  to  the  inner 
margin  ;  externally  this  shade  is  defined  by  a  pale  yellowish  line.  A  fine  yellowish 
line  runs  from  the  apex  to  the  inner  angle,  being  defined  outwardly  by  a  dark  brown 
line.  The  fringes  are  brown,  checkered  between  the  nervules  by  pale  fuscous.  The 
secondaries  on  the  upperside  are  pale  reddish  fuscous,  slightly  darker  on  the  outer 
third.  On  the  underside  the  primaries  are  pale  reddish  fuscous,  slightly  laved  with 
yellow  about  the  apex.  The  secondaries  on  the  underside  are  pale  grey  laved  with 
pale  reddish  brown  on  the  costa,  with  a  small  black  dot  at  the  end  of  the  cell  and 
traces  of  an  incomplete  curved  transverse  median  band  of  brown. 

Expanse  :  20  mm. 

Described  from  two  specimens,  in  one  of  which  the  markings  on  the  upperside 
of  the  primaries  are  less  clearly  defined  than  in  the  other. 

Genus  HYPENA  Schrank. 

286.  H.  gonospilalis  (Walker),  I.e.  XXXIV.  p.  1516. 

287.  H.  obstupidalis  (Swinhoe),  Proc.Zool.  Soc.  Lond.  p.  471.  t.  28.  f  7  (1885). 

288.  H.  indicatalis  (Walker),  I.e.  XVI.  p.  61. 

289.  H.  albifascialis  (Pagenstecher),  Jahrb.  Nass.   Vei:  Nat.  XXXVII.  p.  97. 

290.  H.  sp.  (?). 

Several  specimens  of  a  species  which  I  think  is  new  to  science,  but  which, 
without  more  and  better  material,  I  hesitate  to  describe. 

BRONTYPENA  gen.  nov. 

First  joint  of  palpi  short;  second  joint  elongated,  subtriangular ;  third  joint 
greatly  produced,  elongated,  subtriangular ;  palpi  compressed,  i)rojectiug  beyond 
the  head,  longer  than  the  abdomen  ;  antennae  simple  ;  the  hind  legs  armed  with 
double  spurs  on  the  middle  and  at  the  end  of.  the  tibiae  ;  second  pair  of  legs 
armed  with  a  long  spur  at  the  end  of  the  tibiae.  The  primaries  with  the 
termen  and  inner  margin  evenly  rounded  ;  vein  5  nearer  vein  4  than  vein  6  ;  a  small 
areole  above  the  end  of  the  cell ;  veins  8,  9,  and  10  arising  from  a  common  stalk, 
which,  together  with  vein  7,  springs  from  the  outer  extremity  of  the  areole ; 
vein  11  arising  from  the  upper  outer  margin  of  the  areole  between  vein  12  and  the 
origin  of  vein  7.  Hindwing  with  the  cell  open,  or  closed  with  defective  discocellular 
veinlets  running  from  a  little  beyond  the  origin  of  vein  8  obliquely  outwardly  to 
the  origin  of  vein  3  and  4. 

Type  :  Brontypena  exiviia  Pagenstecher. 

291.  B.  eximia  (Pagenstecher),  iris,  p.  44.  t.  .3.  f.  8.  (1886). 


(  577  ) 

Family   URANIIDAE. 

Genus  NYCTALEMON  Dalman. 

292.  N.  patroclus  (Linnaeus),  Syst.  Nat.  p.  462  (1758). 

Genus  ALCIDIS  Hubner. 

293.  A.  orontes  (Clerck),  Icon.  Ins.  t.  26.  f.  1. 

Genus  URAPTEROIDES  Moore. 

294.  U.  astheniata  (Guenee),  Phal.  II.  p.  24. 

Genus  ACROPTERIS  Hubner. 

295.  A.  striataria  (Clerck),  Icon.  Ins.  i.  55.  f.  4. 

296.  A.  obliquaria  (Moore),  Proc.  Zool.  Sac.  Land.  p.  622.  t.  60.  f.  17.  (1877). 

Genus  PSEUDOMICRONIA  Moore. 
297.  p.  advocataria  (Walker),  Cat.  Lep.  Het.  B.  M.  XXIII.  p.  822. 

Genus  MICRONIA  Guenee. 
298.  M.  aculeata  (Guenfe),  Phal.  II.  p.  26.  t.  13.  f.  8. 

Family  EPIPLEMIDAE. 

Genus  EPIPLEMA  Herrich-Schaffer. 

299.  E.  quadricaudata  (Walker),  I.e.  XXIII.  p.  847. 

300.  E.  rhagavata  (id.).  I.e.  p.  848. 

301.  E.  conflictaria  (id.),  I.e.  p.  851. 

302.  E.  instabilata  (id.).  I.e.  XXXV.  p.  1646. 

303.  E.  nivosaria  fid.).  I.e.  p.  1644. 

304.  E.  lacteata  sp.  nov. 

S.  Eyes    black,   antennae    fuscous,    thorax    light    brown,    abdomen   grey,   legs 

creamy.      Primaries  snow  white,  with   a   small  black  dot  at  the  end  of  the  cell,  a 

larger  black  spot  between  veins  4  and  5  beyond  the  cell  on  the  limbal  space,  and  a 

similar  spot  just  above  vein  1,  a  little  beyond  the  middle  of  the  inner  margin ;  there 

are  a  few  faint  geminate  marginal  lines  on  the  interspaces,  most  conspicuous  near  the 

inner  angle,  and  three  minute  black  dots  on  the  outer  margin  just   below  the  ape.x. 

The   secondaries  on   the  upperside  have  a  moderately  large  and  conspicuous  black 

spot  at  the  end  of  the  cell ;  a  narrow  curved  brownish  line  runs  from  the  middle  of 

the   costa  toward  the   outer  margin,   terminating    between   veins  2  and    3 ;  a    jKile 

"curved  line  runs  from  beyond  the  middle  of  the  inner   margin,  joining  the  other 

line  at  the  point  where  it  terminates  ;  a  similar  faint  brown  line  runs  from  the  costa 

near  the  outer  angle  to  the  same  point,  and  is  joined  by  a  geminate  pale  brown  line 

running  from  the  inner  angle  to  the  same  point ;  at  this  point  there  is  a  conspicuous 


(  578  ) 

black  spot ;  the  fringes  are  whitish,  defined  inwardly,  above  the  point  where  the 
various  lines  coalesce,  by  pale,  dark  brown  lunulate  marginal  markings.  On  the 
underside  both  wings  are  pure  white  without  markings. 

Expanse  :  25  mm. 

Type :  unique. 

305.  E.  buruana  sp.  nov. 

c?.  The  eyes  are  black;  body,  abdomen,  and  legs  pale  grey.  The  primaries  are 
grey,  with  a  minute  black  dot  about  the  middle  of  the  cell,  and  a  larger,  somewhat 
diffused  brownish  dot  at  the  end  of  the  cell ;  above  the  latter  spot,  toward  the  costa, 
are  three  minute  black  points  ;  the  costa  near  the  apex  is  touched  with  three  black 
dots,  and  the  outer  margin,  below  the  subfalcate  apex,  is  ornamented  with  four  black 
dots  ;  the  fringes  are  dark  brown  on  the  outer  margin.  The  secondaries  are  darker 
grey,  with  small  points  of  dark  brown  in  the  cell  and  a  larger  dark  brown  spot  at  the 
end  of  the  cell  ;  a  dark  brown  band  runs  from  the  inner  margin  near  the  anal  angle 
to  the  middle  of  the  wing,  where  it  bends  outwardly  to  the  outer  margin,  and  then 
ascending  as  a  double  brown  line,  extends  to  the  upper  angle  of  the  wing;  this  band 
is  defined  outwardly  by  a  narrow  white  line  ;  the  fringes  on  the  inner  half  of  the 
outer  margin  are  white,  defined  inwardly  by  a  fine  black  line,  and  on  the  upper  half 
of  the  outer  margin  the  fringes  are  dark  brown.  On  the  underside  the  primaries  are 
dark  grey  with  the  costa  and  the  outer  margin  pale  luteous.  The  secondaries  are 
whitish,  with  a  small  black  dot  at  the  end  of  the  cell  and  a  moderately  broad  transverse 
submarginal  grey  shade  extending  from  the  costa  as  far  as  the  middle  of  the  wing, 
and  then  terminating. 

Expanse :  17  mm. 

Type  :  unique. 

Family  GEOMETRIDAE. 

Genus    UKAPTEKYX. 

306.  U.  geminia  (Cramer),  Pap.  Exot.  t.  133.  f.  C. 

Genus  NADAGARA  Walker. 
307.  N.  obrussata  sp.  nov. 

P'yes  black  ;  thorax  pale  ochreous  ;  abdomen  greyish  fu.scous  on  the  upperside ; 
the  thorax  and  abdomen  paler  on  the  underside  ;  legs  stramineous.  The  primaries 
on  the  upperside  are  pale  ochraceous,  with  three  equidistant  pale  brown  markings  on 
the  costa;  parallel  to  the  outer  margin,  extending  from  the  inner  margin  beyond  its 
middle  to  the  middle  of  the  wing,  is  a  dark  brown  clouded  spot,  somewhat  constricted 
about  its  middle;  above  it  two  smaller  brown  spots.  The  secondaries  on  the  upper- 
side  are  coloured  like  the  primaries,  and  from  the  inner  margin  above  the  anal  angle, 
toward  the  middle  of  the  wing,  extends  a  clouded  brown  spot,  repeating  on  this  wing 
the  pattern  of  the  primaries.  l?oth  wings  on  the  underside  are  very  pale  luteous, 
with  the  dark  brown  spots  of  the  upperside  faintly  reappearing. 

Expanse  ;  34  mm. 

Type  :  unique. 

Genus  LUXIARIA  Walker. 
308.  L.  exclusa  (Walker),  Cat.  Lep.  Het.  B.  M.  XXI.  p.  320. 


(  579  ) 

309.  L.  euchlorata  sp.  nov. 

c?.  Eyes  black,  vertex  white,  upperside  of  thorax  and  abdomen  greyish  brown; 
underside  of  thorax  and  abdomen  paler;  legs  grey.  The  basal  third  of  both  wings 
on  the  upperside  is  greyish  brown,  traversed  by  some  waved  lines ;  following  this  is  a 
broad  white  band,  entirely  crossing  the  secondaries,  bnt  lost  on  the  primaries,  near 
the  costa,  in  grey  cloudings,  which  completely  cover  the  costa  of  this  wing.  Following 
this  white  band  outwardly  is  a  crenulate  dark  brown  line,  followed  immediately  by  a 
parallel  crenulate  white  line  ;  this  white  line  is  followed  outwardly  by  a  greyish  brown 
shade  which  covers  the  entire  outer  margin  of  both  wings,  being  interrupted  on  the 
margin  by  a  series  of  pale  whitish  lunules  defined  outwardly  by  darker  brown  lunulas. 
On  the  underside  the  primaries  have  the  costal  area  and  the  outer  third  greyish 
brown,  irrorated  with  minute  brownish  transverse  striae  ;  the  white  band  of  the  upper- 
side  reapjjears  below,  defined  outwardly  and  inwardly  by  heavy  dark  lines ;  the  apex 
of  the  wing  is  white.  The  secondaries  are  white  from  the  base  as  far  as  the  outer 
third,  which  is  dark  brown  ;  a  narrow  subbasal  brown  line  extends  from  the  costa  to  the 
inner  margin,  and  the  outer  margin  and  the  ana!  angle  are  somewhat  broadly  whitish. 

Expanse  :  27  mm. 

Type  :  unique. 

Genus  MACARIA  Curtis. 

310.  M.  perfusaria  Walker.  Gat.  Lep.  Het.  B.M.  XXXV.  p.  1659. 

311.  M.  albapicaria  sp.  nov. 

S.  Front  brown;  vertex  whitish;  eyes  black;  upperside  of  thorax  and 
abdomen  iron  grey ;  underside  of  thorax  and  abdomen  whitish  ;  legs  grey. 
Both  wings  on  the  upperside  have  the  inner  half  reddish  grey,  profusely  marked 
with  minute  spots  of  darker  brown  and  crossed  by  subbasal  and  submedian  narrow 
brown  lines  ;  beyond  the  outer  half  is  a  very  sharply  defined  and  quite  regular 
dark  brown  line,  running  from  the  costa  of  the  primaries  to  about  the  middle  of  the- 
inner  margin  of  the  secondaries  ;  beyond  this  the  wings  are  solidly  and  uniformly 
dark  purpUsh  grey,  except  as  the}'  are  marked  near  the  outer  margin  by  a  few  pale, 
indistinct  light  grey  submarginal  spots,  and  at  the  apex  of  the  primaries  have  two 
chalky  white  confluent  spots.  On  the  underside  the  wings  have  the  inner  half 
profusely  mottled  with  dark  brown  and  white  spots,  the  costa  of  the  primaries  being 
almost  clear  white  ;  the  outer  half  of  both  wings  is  dark  reddish  grey,  with  the 
margins  and  the  apex  reproducing  more  distinctly  than  on  the  upper  surface 
the  whitish  marginal  spots. 

Expanse  :  23  mm. 

Type  :  unique. 

Genus  HYPOSIDRA  Guenee. 
312.  H.  talaca  (Walker),  Cat.  Lep.  Het.  B.  M.  XX.  p.  59. 

Genus  HYPEPHYRA  Butler. 
313.  H.  subfasciata  (Warren),  i\w.  Zool.  III.  p.   143  (1896). 

Genus  PSAMATODES  (Juenee. 
314.  P.  nunctata  Felder  &  Rogenhofer,  Novara  Reise,  Lep.  t.  129.  f.  20. 


(  580  ) 

Genus  AMBLYCHIA  Guenee. 

315.  A.  angeronaria  Guenee,  Phal.  I.  p.  215.  t.  4.  f.  9. 

316.  A.  tetragonata  (Walker),  Gat.  Lep.  Het.  B.  M.  XXVI.  p.  1651. 

Genus  BOARjMIA  Treitschke. 

317.  B.  acaciaria  Boisduval,  Faun.  Ent.  Madcy.  Lep.  116.  t.  16.  f.  4. 

318.  B.  detractaria  Walker,  I.e.  XXI.  p.  385. 

319.  B.  sublavaria  Guenee,  Phal.  I.  p.  256. 

320.  B.  concentraria  Snellen,  Tijd.  v.  Ent.  XX.  p.  40.  t.  3.  f.  20. 

321.  B.  bhurmitra  Walker,  I.e.  p.  381. 

Genus  ABRAXAS  Leach. 
322.  A.  hypsata  Felder  &  Rogenhofer,  Novara  Reise,  Lep.  t.  130.  f.  16. 

Genus  MILIONIA  Walker. 
323.  M.  glauca  (StoU),  in  Cram.  Pap.  E.rot.  IV.  p.  152.  t.  368.  f.  D. 

Genus  CRASPEDOSIS  Butler. 
324.  C.  sobria  Walker,  I.e.  XXXI.  p.   164. 

Genus  BRACCA  Hiibner. 
325.  B.  bajularia  (Clerck),  leon.  Ins.  t.  54.  f.  6  7. 

Genus  EUMELEA  Duncan. 

326.  E.  rosalia  (Stoll),  in  Cram.  Pap.  Exot.  IV.  t.  368.  f.  F. 

327.  E.  eugeniata  Guenee,  Phal.  II.  p.  394. 

Genus  NOREIA  M'alker. 
328.  N.  perdensata  Walker,  Gat.  Lep.  Het.  B.  M.  XXIV.  p.  1092. 

Genus  RAJNIBARA  Moore. 
329.  R.  luminaria  (Hiibner),  Zutr.  Exot.  Schnett.  IV.  p.  35.  fif.  757.  758, 

Genus  OZOLA  Walker. 

330,  0.  productata  Zeller. 

331.  0.  macariata  (Walker),  Gat.  Lep.  Het.  B.  M.  XXVI.  p.  1637. 

Genus  PHIBALAPTERYX  Stephens. 
332.  P.  ghosha  (Walker),  I.e.  XXIV.  p.  1249. 

Genus  SAURIS  Guenee. 
333.  S.  eupitheciata  Snellen,  Tijd.  v.  Ent.  XXIV.  p.  94.  t.  10.  f.  7.  8. 


(  581   ) 

Genus  CRA8PEDIA  Hiibner. 

334.  C.  perlineata  (Walker),  I.e.  XXIII.  p.  775. 

335.  C.  remotata  (Guenee),  Phal.  I.  p.  458. 

336.  C.  actuaria  (Walker),  I.e.  XXII.  p.  752. 

337.  C.  crossoplirag:ma  Meyrick,  Tram.  Ent.  Soc.  Lond.  p.  206  (1886). 

Genus  ANISODES  Guenee. 
338.  A.  argentispila  Warren,  P.  Z.  S.  Lond.  p.  361  (1893). 

Genus  TIMANDRA  Duponchel. 
339.  T.  aventiaria  Guenee,  Phal.  II.  p.  3. 

Genus  PSEUDOTERPNA  Hiibner. 

340.  P.  ruginaria  (Guenee),  I.e.  p.  278. 

341.  P.  chlora  (St oil),  in  Cram.  Pap.  Exot.  IV.  t.  398.  f.  C. 

Genus  HEMITHEA  Duponchel. 
342.  H.  tritonaria  (Walker),  Gat.  Lep.  Het.  B.  M.  XXVI.  p.  1560. 

Genus  THALASSODES  Guenee. 
343.  Thalassodes  avicularia  (Guenee),  Phnl.  I.  p.  342. 

Genus  THALERA  Hiibner. 
344.  Thalera  sp.  ? 
A  single  damaged  specimen,  too  poor  to  determine. 

Family  PYRALIDAE. 

Genus  HARPAGONEURA  Butler. 

345.  H.  complana  (Felder  &  Rogenhofer),  Novara  Reise,  Lep.  t.  137.  f.  6. 

Genus  MELISSOBLAPTES  Zeller. 
346.  M.  burellus  sp.  nov. 

c?.  Body  throughout  grey,  legs  whitish,  eyes  black.  The  primaries  on  the  upper 
side  are  grey,  marked  with  two  small  black  points,  succeeding  each  other  toward  the 
end  of  the  cell,  and  one  small  black  point  near  vein  3  at  its  origin;  on  the  costa  just 
before  the  apex  is  a  brown  mark  shaped  like  the  figure  2.  The  fringes  are  pale  grey, 
checkered  with  darker  grey.  The  secondaries  on  the  upper  side  are  pale  ashen  grey, 
slightly  darker  at  the  outer  angle  ;  fringes  concolorous.  On  the  under  side  both 
wings  are  lustrous  grey,  shaded  by  a  darker  tint  about  the  middle. 

Expanse  :  27  mm. 

Genus  CRAMBUS  Fabricius. 
347.  C.  malacellus  Duponchel,  L&p.  France  X.  p.  61.  t.  270.  f.  5. 


(  582  ) 

Genus  ESCHATA  Walker. 

348.  E.  chrysargyria  (Walker),  Cat.  Lep.  Het.  B.  M.  XXXII.  p.  634. 

Genus  CIRRH0CHRI8TA  Lederer. 

349.  C.  mnesidora  (Meyrick),  Trans.  Ent.  Soc.  Lond.  p.  475  (1894). 

350.  C.  punctulata  Hampson,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Lond.  p.  919  (1895). 

351.  C.  pulchellalis  Lederer,  Wien.  Ent.  Monats.  VII.  p.  441.  t.  17. 

f.  10  (1863). 

352.  C.  aetherialis  id..  I.e.  f.  9. 

Genus  EM:\IAL0CERA  Ragonot. 
353.  E.  leucocincta  (Walker),  I.e.  p.  169. 

Genus  HOMOEOSOMA  Curtis. 
354.  H.  cataphaea  (Meyrick),  Trans.  Eat.  Soc.  Lond.  p.  88  (1897). 

Genus  HYPHANTIDIUM  Scott. 
355.  H.  albicostale  (Walker),  I.e.  XXVII.  p.  80. 

Genus  ETIELLA  Zeller. 
356.  E.  zinckenella  (Treitschke),  Schmett.  Eur.  IX.  1.  p.  201. 

Genus  CURICTA  Walker. 
357.  C.  lutealis  (Snellen),  Tijd.  v.  Ent.  XXXVII.  p.  75.  t.  3.  f.  7.  8. 

Genus  ENDOTRICHA  Zeller. 
358.  E.  buralis  sp.  nov. 

c?.  Palpi  yellowish,  eyes  brown,  collar  and  upperside  of  thorax  brown  ;  upper- 
side  of  abdomen  pale  rufous  ;  pectus  and  anterior  legs  brown  ;  lowerside  of  abdomen 
pale  yellowish.  The  primaries  and  secondaries  are  plumbeous  at  the  base,  each 
crossed  by  a  waxy  yellow  transverse  band  from  the  costa  to  the  inner  margin  ;  this 
band  is  constricted  about  its  middle  on  the  primaries,  and  broadens  on  the  .secondaries 
as  it  approaches  the  inner  margin.  The  outer  third  of  the  primaries  and  the  upper 
portion  of  the  outer  third  of  the  secondaries  are  rosy.  On  the  costa  of  the  primaries 
just  before  the  apex  is  a  small  subtriangular  yellowish  spot.  The  markings  on  the 
upperside  of  the  wings  are  repeated  upon  the  lowerside,  but  more  diffused  and  paler. 

Expanse  :  17  mm. 

Genus  COTACHENA  Moore. 
359.  C.  histricalis  (Walker),  Cat.  Lep.  Het.  B.  M.  XVIII.  p.  655. 

Genus  VITESSA  Moore. 
360.  V.  sarumensis  sp.  nov. 
(J.  Palpi  black,  marked  with  yellowish  on  the  sides  ;  front  bright  orange  ;  vertex 
orange  ;  collar  black ;  patagia  black,  striped  on  both  sides  with  orange  yellow  ;  there 


(  583  ) 

is  a  small  triangular  white  spot  on  the  thorax  just  before  the  abdomen  ;  the  abdomen 
black,  each  segment  lightly  margined  with  pale  grey  ;  a  bunch  of  orange  yellow  hairs 
at  the  anal  extremity  ;  legs  grey,  the  last  pair  having  the  femur  margined  with  white 
and  the  ends  of  the  tibiae  whitish.  The  primaries  on  the  upperside  are  black, 
showing  a  bluish  green  iridescence  in  certain  lights ;  at  the  base  are  three  orange 
yellow  spots  succeeded  between  veins  1  and  2  by  two  equidistant  subtriangular  white 
spots  with  their  apices  pointing  toward  each  other;  above  the  outermost  of  these 
spots  is  a  large  round  white  spot,  and  beyond  these  two  spots  the  outer  margin  has 
the  course  of  the  nervules  defined  by  fine  white  lines,  which  show  conspicuously  upon 
the  darker  ground.  The  secondaries  on  the  upperside  are  black,  with  a  large 
irregular  oval  white  spot  filling  the  middle  of  the  wing.  On  the  lowerside  the 
primaries  are  blackish,  the  large  round  spot  at  the  end  of  the  cell  and  the  sub- 
triangular  spot  below  it,  between  veins  1  and  2,  being  reproduced,  but  less  sharply 
defined.  There  are  some  white  rays  near  the  apex.  The  secondaries  on  the  under- 
side are  as  on  the  upperside,  but  in  addition  the  nervules  near  the  outer  angle  are 
margined  with  white.  The  fringes  on  the  secondaries  are  whitish  near  the  outer 
angle.     The  fringes  of  the  primaries  are  black.     The  female  quite  like  the  male. 

Expanse  :  37 — 43  mm. 

Described  from  five  specimens. 

This  species  somewhat  resembles  Viteasa  toniatica  Lederer,  but  is  manifestly 
distinct. 

Genus  HERCULIA  Walker. 
361.  H.  nigrivitta  (Walker),  I.e.  p.  125. 

Genus  SACADA  Walker. 
362.  S.  rubralis  sp.  nov. 

?.  This  insect  is  uniformly  rosy  red,  paler  on  the  hindwings  than  on  the  fore- 
wings.  The  primaries  have  a  fine  white  line  closing  the  end  of  the  cell,  followed  by 
a,  transverse  discal  fine  white  line  running  at  right  angles  from  the  costa  as  far  as 
vein  5,  and  then  making  an  obtuse  angle,  running  parallel  to  the  outer  margin  to 
the  inner  margin,  which  it  reaches  a  little  beyond  its  middle.  On  the  underside 
both  wings  are  a  trifle  paler  than  in  the  upperside,  and  only  the  white  mark  at 
the  end  of  the  cell  of  the  primaries  and  the  costal  portion  of  the  transverse  limbal 
line  are  faintly  indicated. 

Expanse  :  38  mm. 

Genus  NYMPHULA  Schrank. 
363.  N.  seriopunctalis  Hampson,  Trans.  Ent.  Soc.  Lond.  p.  144  (1897). 


Genus  AMBIA  Walker. 
364.  A.  interstrigalis  Hampson,  I.e.  XVIII.  p.  162. 

Genus  AULACODES  Guenee. 
365.  A.  basilissa  Meyrick,  Trans.  Ent.  Soc.  Lond.  p.  474  (1894). 


(  584  ) 

Genus  ORPHNOPHANES  Lederer. 
366.  0.  thoasalis  (Walker),  I.e.  p.  692. 

Genus  PERISYNTROCHA  Meyrick. 
367.  P.  anialis  (Walker),  I.e.  p.  710 

Genus  DRACAENURA  Meyrick. 
368.  D.  horochroa  Meyrick,  Trans.  Eat.  Soe.  Lond.  p.  229  (1886). 

Genus  HYMENOPTYCHIS  Zeller. 
369.  H.  sordida  Zeller,  Lep.  Caffr.  p.  65. 

Genus  TATOBOTYS  Butler. 

370.  (?)  T.  albovenalis  Hampson. 

"  Like  tv:o  females  from  Ceylon.      I  am  not  sure  that  they  are  this  species,  or  a 
dark  form  of  picrogramma  Meyrick."     Hampson  in  litt. 

371.  T.  aurantialis  Hampson,  Trans.  Ent.  Soe.  Lmicl.  p.  197  (1897). 

Genus  BRADINA  Lederer. 

372.  B.  impressalis  Lederer,  Wien.  Ent.  Monata.  VII.  p.  425.  t.  15.  f.  16.  (1863). 

373.  B.  selectalis  id.,  I.e.  t.  16.  f.  1. 

374.  B.  modestalis  id.,  I.e.  p.  426.  t.  16.  f.  S.j 

Genus  DIATHRAUSTA  Lederer. 

375.  D.  profundalis  id..  I.e.  p.  438.  t.  17.  f.  7. 

Genus  STENIA  Guenee. 
376.  S.  spodinopha  (Meyrick),  Trans.  Ent:  Soe.  Land.  p.  469.  (1895). 

Genus  PILETOCERA  Lederer. 

377.  P.  nigrescens  (Butler),  Trans.  Ent.  Soe.  Lmid.  p.  424  (1886). 

378.  P.  reducta  (Walker),  Cat.  Lep.  Het.  B.  M.  XXXIV.  p.  1296. 

379.  P.  aegimiusalis  (Walker),  I.e.  XIX.  p.  929, 

Genus  SCOPARIA  Haworth. 
380.  S.  sp.  (?). 


(  585  ) 

Genus  ENTEPHRIA  Lederer. 

381.  E.  jaguaralis  (Guenee),  Ddt.  &  Pyral.  \>.  283. 

382.  E.  meritalis  (Walker),  I.e.  XVII.  p.  479. 

383.  E.  sarumalis  sp.  nov. 

S ■  Palpi  whitish,  tipped  with  black,  front  and  vertex  grey  ;  upperside  of  abdomen 
whitish,  with  the  anal  extremity  narrowly  marked  with  black  at  the  base  of  the  anal 
tuft  of  white  hairs  ;  the  underside  of  the  thorax,  abdomen,  and  legs  is  white.  The 
wings  on  the  upperside  are  shining  white,  crossed  by  a  subbasal  transverse  brown 
line ;  at  the  end  of  the  cell  is  a  pale  linear  brown  line,  below  it  a  similar  brown  line, 
and  just  beyond  the  latter,  on  the  inner  margin  about  its  outer  third,  a  well-defined 
black  point ;  a  narrow  brown  line  runs  from  the  costa  before  the  apex  toward  the 
inner  angle,  which  it  does  not  quite  reach.  The  secondaries  on  the  upperside  are 
traversed  by  an  irregularly  curved  narrow  pale  brown  median  transverse  line.  The 
fringes  of  both  wings  are  white.  On  the  underside  the  wings  are  whitish,  tinged 
outwardly  with  pale  ochraceous,  the  markings  of  the  underside  being  very  faintly 
repeated. 

Expanse  :  21  mm. 

Genus  RAVANOA  Moore. 
384.  R.  xiphialis  (Walker),  Gat.  Lep.  Het.  B.  M.  XVII.  p.  483. 

Genus  ZINCKENIA  Zeller. 

385.  Z.  perspectalis  (Hlibner),  Eurojj.  Schinett.  Fyr.  i.   101. 

386.  Z.  fascialis  (Stoll),  in  Cram.  Pap.  Exot.  IV.  t.  398.  f.  O. 

Genus  TABIDIA  Snellen. 
387.  T.  insanalis  Snellen,  Tijd.  v.  Ent.  p.  220  (1880);  id..  I.e.  t.  8.  f.  6  (1883). 

Genus  EURRHYPARODES  Snellen. 
388.  E.  bracteolalis  Zeller,  Lep.  Caffr.  p.  30. 

Genus  RHIMPHALEA  I^ederer. 
389.  R.  scelatalis  Lederer,   Wiener  Ent.  Monats.  Vll.  p.  411.  I.  15,  f  3  (1863). 

Genus  SYNGAMIA  Guenee. 
390.   S.  ampliatalis  Lederer,  I.e.  p.  428.  t.   16.  f.  6. 

Genus  BOCCHORIS  Moore. 

391.  B.  adipalis  Lederer,  I.e.  p.  475.  t.   11.   f.   1(3. 

392.  (?)  B.  aptalis  (Walker),  Cat.  Lep.  Het.  Jl.  M.  XXXIV.  ),.  1425. 

I  am  not  quite  sure  of  my  identification. 

39 


(  586   ) 

393.  B.  lumaralis  sp.  nov. 

S.  Palpi  in  front  white,  eyes  black,  vertex  white  ;  upijerside  of  thorax  fuscous; 
two  anterior  segments  of  abdomen  white  ;  remaining  segments  pale  grey  ;  underside 
of  thorax,  abdomen,  and  legs  white.  Both  wings  on  the  upperside  are  white,  with  a 
lustrous  violet  reflection.  On  the  primaries  there  are  two  small  brown  spots  on  the 
costa  near  the  base  ;  there  is  a  small  brown  spot  in  the  middle  of  the  cell,  and  a 
larger  brown  spot  at  the  end  of  the  cell  ;  below  the  first,  at  the  origin  of  vein  'J, 
between  vein  2  and  vein  1,  is  a  large  subquadrate  brown  sjiot,  and  beyond  this, 
not  far  from  the  middle  of  the  inner  margin  and  situated  thereon,  is  another  large 
subquadrate  brown  spot ;  there  is  a  narrow  submarginal  transverse  browii  band  running 
from  the  costa  as  far  as  vein  2,  succeeded  by  a  very  narrow  whitish  series  of  lunulas  ; 
this  series  of  hmulate  spots  is  succeeded  by  a  broad  dark  brown  marginal  band 
of  uniform  width  ;  the  fringes  are  white,  checkered  at  the  ends  of  the  nervules  with 
dark  brown.  The  secondaries  have  two  dark  brown  spots  at  the  base  and  a  large  dark 
brown  spot  at  the  end  of  the  cell ;  there  is  a  ciu'ved  submarginal  dark  brown  bandi 
broadening  on  the  costa  and  on  the  inner  margin,  succeeded  by  a  naiTow  light  line  of 
lunulate  markings  on  the  primaries,  and  this  again  succeeded,  as  on  the  primaries,  by 
a  broad  dark  brown  marginal  band  ;  the  fringes  are  white,  checkered  with  dark  brown 
less  conspicuously  than  on  the  primaries.  On  the  underside  both  wings  are  pale 
grey,  with  the  costae  broadly  pale  ochraceous  ;  the  outer  margin  and  apex  of  the 
primaries  are  also  lightly  laved  with  pale  ochraceous ;  the  spots  and  markings  of  the 
upperside  reappear  on  the  lowerside,  but  much  less  distinct,  and  quite  diffuse, 
the  spots  on  the  cell  of  the  primaries  and  the  submarginal  band  being  most 
con.spicuous,  and  even  heavier  than  on  the  upperside. 

Expanse  :   24  mm. 

G-ENHS  NOSOPHORA  Lederer. 

394.  N.  althealis  (Walker),  Cat.  Lep.  Het.  B.  M.  XVni.  p.  697. 

395.  N.  flavibasalis  Humpson,  P.  Zool.  Soc.  Lond.  p.  663.  t.  50.  f.  3  (1898). 

Genus  CHALCIDOPTERA  Butler. 
396.  C.  emissalis  (Walker),  I.e.,  XXXIV.  p.  1421. 

Genus  PHRYGANODES  Guenee. 

397.  P.  basalticalis  Lederer,  Wien.  Ent.  Monats.  Vll.  p.  407.  t.  14.  f.  11   (1863). 

398.  P.  albipedalis  Hamp.son,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Lond.  p.  686  (1898). 

oOy.  P.  attenuata  id.,  I.e.  p.  680. 

400.  Phryganodes  baratalis  sp.  nov. 

c? .  Palpi  and  head  dark  brown  ;  the  eyes  dark  brown ;  the  remainder  of  the  body, 
the  antennae,  and  the  legs  are  ochraceous.  The  wings,  both  on  the  upperside  and 
underside  are  uniformly  ochraceous,  the  costa  of  the  primaries  being  margined 
with  plumbeous  from  the  base  almost  to  the  apex.  The  female  is  in  its  markings 
not  different  from  the  male. 

Expan.se  ;  'male,  35  mm. ;  female,  42  mm. 

Described  from  nine  specimens. 


(  587  ) 

Genus  DICHOCROCIS  Lederer. 

401.  D.  tripunctapex  Hampson,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Lond.  p.  691.  t.  50.  f.  5  (1898). 

402.  D.  pandamalis  (Walker),  Gat.  Lep.  Het.  B.  M.  XIX.  p.  999. 

403.  D.  snrusalis  (Walker),  I.e.  XVIII.  p.  695. 

404.  D.  evaxalis  (Walker),  I.e.  XIX.  p.  995, 

Genus  NAnOL?:iA  ^^'illker. 

405.  N.  marioualis  (Walker),  I.e.  XIX.  p.  930. 

40G.  N.  perdentalis  Hampson,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc,  Lond.  p.  697  (1898). 

407.  N.  cuprealis  (Moore),  ibid.  p.  (il6.  t.  60.  f.   13  (1877). 

Genus  GONIORHYNCHUS  Hampson. 

408.  G.  obscurus  Hampson,  I.e.  p.  704. 

409.  Goniorhynchus  gulielmalis  sp.  nov. 

iS.  Palpi,  front,  and  antennae  whitish,  eyes  black,  upperside  of  thora.x  and 
abdomen  pale  grey  ;  lowerside  of  thorax  and  abdomen,  together  with  the  legs,  white. 
Both  wings  on  the  upperside  are  white,  broadly  margined  externally  with  plumbeous. 
The  primaries  have  a  dark  brown  spot  at  the  base  near  the  costa,  succeeded  by  a 
round  brown  dot  near  the  base  on  the  inner  margin  ;  there  is  a  transverse  linear 
streak  and  a  round  dot  about  the  middle  of  the  cell,  followed  at  the  end  of  the  cell  by 
a  large  subquadrate  brown  spot  ;  below  the  spots  which  mark  the  middle  of  the  cell, 
between  veins  1  and  2,  is  a  subtriangular  brown  spot,  coalescing  with  a  short  trans- 
verse line  running  downwardly  to  the  inner  margin  ;  there  is  a  transverse  limbal  line 
running  fi-oin  the  costa  to  the  inner  margin,  interrupted  just  below  the  costa  and 
bowed  outwardly  like  the  capital  letter  "  U,"  beyond  the  lower  outer  angle  of  the 
cell ;  the  dark  brown  outer  margin  of  the  primaries  is  relieved  by  two  small  white 
spots  at  the  apex,  and  by  a  whitening  of  the  fringes  of  the  outer  margin  just  below 
the  apex.  The  secondaries  on  the  upperside  have  a  subtriangular  dark  brown  spot 
at  the  end  of  the  cell,  followed  by  a  transverse  median  brown  band,  running  from  the 
costa  and  bending  outwardly  after  vein  2  to  the  anal  angle ;  this  band  is  succeeded 
by  a  somewhat  obscure  and  broken  trans\'erse  limbal  band,  coalescing  at  either 
extremity  with  the  dark  brown  marginal  shade;  the  fringes  are  brown,  accentuated 
with  a  point  of  white  just  at  the  outer  angle  and  at  a  point  a  little  below  this  angle  ; 
^he  fringes  become  whitish  also  toward  the  anal  angle.  The  underside  of  the  wings 
is  much  {laler  and  all  the  markings  of  the  upperside  are  reproduced,  but  very  faintly 
and  with  poor  definition. 

Expanse  :   17  mm. 

Type  :  unique. 

Genus  SYLEPTA  Hiibner. 

410.  S.  fabiusalis  (Walker),  Cat.  Lep.  Het.  B.  M.  XVIII.  p.  715. 

411.  S.  abyssalis  (Snellen),  Tijd.  V.  Ent.  XXXV.  p.  172.  t.  10.  f.  11.  12. 

412.  S.  balteata  (Fabricius),  Ent.  Syst.  Suppl.  p.  457. 


(  588  ) 

413.  S.  sellalis  (Guenee),  Delt.  &  Pyr.  p.  330. 

4U.  S.  sabinusalis  (Walker),  Cat.  Lep.  Het.  B.  M.  XVIII.  p.  708. 

415.  S.  derogata  (Fabricius),  Syat.  Ent.  p.  641. 

416.  S.  iopasalis  (Walker),  I.e.  p.  652. 

417.  S.  dissipitalis  Lederer,  Wiert.  Ent.  Mmiats.  VII.  p.  474.  t.  11.  f.  13  (1863). 

418.  S.  benedictalis  sp.  nov. 

? .  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  on  the  upperside  dark  brown,  antennae  brown  ; 

lower  side  of  thorax  and  abdomen  pale  brown  ;  legs  pale  brown,  the  anterior  pair 

marked  with  white  dots  on  the  tibiae.      The  primaries  on  the  upperside  are  dark 

brown,  with  a  purplish  lustre  ;  at  the  end  of  the  cell  is  a  minute  oval  pearly  white 

spot;  beyond  the  cell,  running  from  the  apex  to  the  middle  of  the  inner  margin,  is 

a  very  obscure  curved  transverse  brown  line,  which  is  connected  with  the  costa  by 

a  short  brown  line  running  diagonally  outward  from  the  costa  two-thirds  of  its  distance 

from   the  base   until   it   meets   the  first  line.      The   secondaries  are  pale  yellowish 

fuscous,  with  the  outer  margin  shading  into  brown.     On  the  underside  both  wings 

are  uniformly  pale  yellowish  fuscous,  .slightly  clouded  with  brownish  beyond  the  ends 

of  the  cells. 

Expanse  :  31  mm. 

Genus  LYGROPIA  Lederer. 
419.  L.  obrinusalis  (Walkerj,  Cat.  Lep.  Het.  B.  M.  XVIII.  p.  549. 
420.  L.  poltisalis  (Walker),  I.e.  p.  714. 
421.  L.  holoxanthalis  sp.  nov. 

i.  Palpi  yellowish,  vertex  white,  antennae  pale  testaceous  ;  upperside  of  thorax 
and  abdomen  \ery  pale  ochraceous ;  underside  of  thorax,  abdomen,  and  legs  whitish. 
Both  wings  on  the  upperside  are  uniformly  pale  ochraceous  with  a  silk}'  lustre  ;  on 
the  underside  they  are  uniformly  ochraceous,  but  without  the  silky  lustre  of  the 
upper  surface. 

Expanse  :  25  mm. 

Genus  GLYPHODES  Guenee. 

422.  G.  vertumnalis  (Guenee),  Delt.  <0  Pyr.  p.  309. 

423.  G.  indica  (Saunders),  Trans.  Ent.  Soc.  London  p.  163.  t.  12.  f.  5.  6.  7.  (1851). 

424.  G.  suralis  Lederer,  Wien.  Ent.  Monats.  VII.  p.  405.  t.  14.  f.  7  (1863). 

425.  G.  cupripennalis  Hampson,  Moths  of  India  l\.  p.  351. 

426.  G.  glauculalis  (Guenee),  Delt.  t(-  Pyr.  p.  30(i. 

427.  G.  itysalis  Walker,  Cat.  Lep.  Het.  B.  M.  X\l\.  p.  501. 

428.  G.  jovialis  P'elder  i<:  Kogenhofer,  Novara  Reise,  f.ep.  H.  2.  t.  136.  f.  25. 

Genus  PYGOSPILA  Guenee. 

12.1.  P.  bivittalis  Walker,  I.e.  XXXH'.  p.  1365. 

430.  P  tyres  (Cramer),  Pup.  E.Tut.  III.  t.  263.  f.  C. 


(  589  ) 

Genus  LEPYRODES  Guenee. 
431,  L.  geometralis  Guenee,  Delt.  &  Pyr.  p.  278.  t.  8.  f.  6. 

Genus  ANALYTA  Lederer. 
432.  A.  sigulatis  (Guenee),  Belt.  &  Pyr.  p.  223. 

Geni's  SAMEODES  Snellen. 

433.  S.  cancellalis  Zeller,  Lep.  Caffr.  p.  34. 

Genus  IMEROCTENA  Lederer. 

434.  M.  tuUalis  (Walker),  I.e.  XVIII.  p.  G49. 

Genus  ARCHERNIS  Meyrick. 
435.  A.  dolopsalis  (Walker),  I.e.  XVIII.  p.  692. 

Genus  OMPHISA  Moore. 
436.  0.  anastomalis  (Guenee),  Dell.  &  Pyr.  p.  373. 

Genus  HYALOBATHRA  Meyrick. 
437.  H.  illectalis  (Walker),  I.e.  p.  658. 

Genus  MARUCA  Geyer. 

438.  M.  testulalis  (Geyer),  in  Hiibner,  Samml.  Exot.  Schmett.  IV.  4.  p.  12. 

f.  629.  630. 

Genus  TETRIDIA  Warren. 

439.  T.  caletoralis  (Walker),  I.e.  p.  651. 

Genus  POLYGRAMMODES  Guenee. 
440.  P.  purpuralis  (Walker),  I.e.  XXXIV.  p.  1482. 

Genus  PACHYZANCLA  Meyrick. 
441.  P.  hipponalis  (Walker),  I.e.  XXll.  p.  724. 

442.  P.  dilatipes  (Walker),  I.e.  XXXIV.  p.  1419. 

Genus  PROOEDEMA  Hampson. 

443.  P.  inscisale  (Walker),  I.e.  XXXIV.  p.  1410. 

Genu.s  CALAMOCHROUS  Lederer. 
444.  C.  tranquillalis  Lederer,    Wieii.  Ent.  Mcmats.  VII.   p.  371.  t.   9,  f.   16  (1803). 

Genus  PIONEA  Guenee. 
445.  P.  clavifera  Hampson,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Load.  p.  241   (1899). 

440.  P.   aui'eolalis    Lederer.  I.e.   p.   375. 


(  590  ) 

Genus  PYRAUSTA  Schrank. 

447.  P.  ceadesalis  (Walker),  I.e.  XVIII.  p.  639. 

448.  P.  incoloralis  (Guenee),  Delt.  &  Pyr.  p.  332. 

449.  P.  salentialis  (Snellen),  Tijd.  v.  Ent.  p.  207  (1880);  id.,  I.e.  t.  7.  f.  1  (1883). 

450.  P.  cajelalis  sp.  nov. 

?.  Palpi  wbitisli,  margined  e.xtenially  with  brown;  eyes  dark  brown;  vertex, 
collar,  ujiperside  of  thorax  and  abdomen  pale  wood  brown;  })ectus  white;  underside 
of  thorax  and  abdomen  greyish  white  ;  legs  concolorous.  The  primaries  on  the 
upperside  are  wood  brown,  darker  towards  the  base  ;  there  are  two  small  equidistant 
dots  on  the  cell,  and  a  larger  ocelliform  brown  spot  at  the  end  of  the  cell ;  there  is  a 
submarginal  series  of  dark  brown  sagittate  points  extending  from  the  costa  before  the 
apex  in  a  .straight  line  parallel  to  the  outer  margin  as  far  as  the  space  between  veins 
2  and  3 ;  between  veins  1  and  2,  nearer  the  base,  and  a  little  beyond  the  middle  of 
the  inner  margin,  is  a  similar  spot.  The  secondaries  on  the  upperside  are  pale 
testaceous,  shaded  into  wood  brown  on  the  outer  margin  ;  a  submarginal  series  of 
points  similar  to  those  upon  the  primaries  extends  across  the  limbal  area  of  this 
wing,  and  a  small  black  point  occurs  nearer  the  base,  above  the  anal  angle.  On  the 
underside  both  wings  are  whitish,  tinged  with  greyish  toward  the  outer  margin  ;  the 
dark  spots  on  the  underside  are  repeated  upon  the  lowerside  with  greater  distinctness. 

Expanse  :  40  mm. 

Type :  unique. 

P^MiLY  TORTRICIDAE. 

Genus  SIMAETHIS  Zeller. 

451.  S.  sp.  (?). 

Very  near  Simaethis  taprobanes  Zeller,  Hor.  Soc.  Ent.  Ross.  XIII.  p.  178.  t.  2. 
f.  65,  but  the  lines  on  the  primaries  are  slightly  different  in  their  arrangement. 


Family  TINEIDAE. 

Genus  TORTRICOMOEPHA  Felder. 

452.  T.  bilineella  Snellen,  Tijd.  v.  Ent.  p.  27.  t.  2.  f.  16.  17  (1885). 

453.  T.  hemixanthella  sp.  nov. 

S  Palpi  orange  yellow,  vertex  whitish  ;  upperside  of  thorax  very  pale  yellow; 
upperside  of  abdomen  pale  gre}',  the  upper  tufts  of  the  anal  hairs  brown,  and  the 
lower  tufts  white ;  the  underside  of  thorax,  abdomen,  and  legs  whitish.  The  fore- 
wings  are  broadly  pale  yellow  from  the  base  to  beyond  the  middle,  they  are  then 
broadly  purplish  brown  ;  the  line  of  demarcation  between  the  yellow  and  the  brown  is 
sharply  defined  by  a  straight  line  running  from  the  costa  to  the  inner  margin  a  little 
before  the  inner  angle  ;  the  costa  near  the  apex  is  marked  by  yellow  of  the  same 
shade  as  the  basal  half  of  the  wing,  the  yellow  widening  toward  the  outer  margin 
and  covering  the  entire  apex;  the  fringes  are  dark  brown,  their  origin  being 
accentuated  by  a  series  of  minute  yellow  dots.  The  secondaries  on  the  upperside  are 
uniformly  dark  brown.     On  the  underside  both  wings  are  pale  brown,  slightly  lighter 


(  591  ) 

on  the  inner  margin,  with  traces  of  an  obscure  whitish  median  transverse  band  on 
the  primaries. 

Expanse  :  20  mm. 

Genus  ADELA  Latreille. 

454.  A.  sp.  (?). 

Probably  undescribed.     Several  specimens. 

Genus  ATTEVA  Walker. 
455.  A.  basalis  Vollenhoven,  Tijd.  v.  Ent.  VI.  p.  140.  t.  9.  f.  6. 

In  addition  to  the  foregoing  there  are  six  other  small  and  obscure  species  which 
are  represented  by  solitary  specimens,  and  which  neither  Sir  George  Hampson  nor 
I  have  as  yet  determined.  The  collection  numbers  four  hundred  and  sixty-one 
species,  by  far  the  largest  number  ever  received  from  Buru  at  one  time. 


ADDITIONS  TO  THE  LIST  OF  BIRDS  OF  SOUTHERN  ARABIA. 

By  W.  p..  OGILVIE-GRANT. 

THE  followiug  species  recorded  from  Aden  were  accidentally  omitted  from  the 
list  of  birds  of  South  Arabia  published  in  the  Novitates  Zoologicae  VII. 
pp.  243—273. 

189.  Buteo  vulgaris. 

Buteo  vulgaris  Leach,  Yerbary,  J.  Bomba)j  JS^at.  Hist.  Soc.  XI.  p.  75  (1897). 

190.  Casarca  rutila. 
Casarca  rutila  (Linn.),  Yerbury,  I.e.,  p.  76  (1897). 

191.  Mai'eca  penelope. 
Mareca  pemlope  (Linn.),  Yerbury,  I.e.,  p.  76  (1899). 

192.  Fuligula  faligula. 
Fuligidafuligida  (Liuu.),  Yerbury,  I.e.,  p.  76  (1897). 

193.  Phalaropus  hyperboreus. 
Phalaropus  hyperboreus  (Linn.),  Blanf.  Faun.  Brit.  hid.  IV.  p.  282  (1898). 

On  p.  264,  102.  Pelecanus  onocrotalus  should  be  102.  Pelecanus  rufescens 
[see  Grant,  Gat.  B.  Brit.  Mi/s.  XXVI.  p.  475.     Specimen  i.  (1S98)]. 


(  592  ) 


THE  RED  FLYING  SQUIRREL  OF  THE   NATUNA  ISLANDS. 

By   OLDFIELD   THOMAS. 

The  animal  referred  In-  Mr.  Hartert  and  myself  iu  1895  to  "  Pteromys  7utidus, 
Desm."*  proves  on  a  second  examination,  and  comparison  with  more  material  than 
was  formerly  available,  to  be  so  very  mnch  smaller  than,  and  to  have  so  many 
other  diiFerences  from  the  trne  Petaurista  nitida,  and  its  ally  P.  melariotis,  as  to 
necessitate  its  having  a  special  name. 

Petaurista  nitidula  sj).  n. 

Similar  in  general  appearance  to  P.  nitida,  bnt  considerably  smaller.  General 
body  colour  as  in  P.  nitida.  Sides  of  face  and  tips  of  ears  whitish,  contrasting  with 
the  rufous  crown,  and  blackish  whisker  spots,  eye-rings  and  postauricular  patches. 
Woolly  fur  of  edges  of  parachute,  and  of  scrotum,  grey,  strikingly  different  to  the 
rufous  fur  around.  Upper  surface  of  bauds  and  feet  brown  instead  of  black.  Black 
of  underside  of  wrists  and  ankles  extending  nearly  half  way  towards  the  elbows  and 
knees.  Tail  of  a  paler,  duller,  rnfous  than  in  P.  nitida,  and  its  basal  half,  especially 
below,  more  heavily  washed  with  black. 

Skull  markedly  smaller  than  in  P.  nitida.  Nasals  short,  very  widely  expanded 
anteriorly,  and  abruptly  narrowed  behind.  Zygomata  more  widely  and  evenly 
expanded  than  iu  the  allied  species. 

Dimensions  of  the  type,  measured  on  the  dry  skin,  and  therefore  only 
approximate :  — 

Head  and  body  380  mm.,  tail  480,  hind  foot  s.u.  66,  c.n.  74,  ear  27. 

Skull,  basilar  length  52;  greatest  breadth  43;  nasals,  length  19;  greatest 
breadth  13  ;  least  breadth  6-4  ;  interorbital  breadth  15-2;  tij)  to  tip  of  postorbital 
processes  362  ;  postorbital  constriction  17  ;  palatal  length  29-5  ;  diastema  (to  front 
of  p^)  15  ;  tooth  row  (from  front  of  p')  14-7. 

Hab.  Bnnguran  Island,  Natuna  Group. 

Ty2)e.     Male.     B.M.  No.  94.  9.  28.  10.     Collected  6  Oct.  1893,  by  A.  Everett. 

•  Nov.  ZooL.  II.  p.  -190. 


NOVITATES     ZOOLOGICAE. 

Vol.  Vn.  DECEMBER,     1900.  No.  4. 


NOTE  ON  TWO  MANGABEY-LIKE  MONKEYS  {CEBCOCE- 
BUS  HAGENBECKI  AND  SE3IN0CEBUS  ALB  I  GEN  A 
BOTRSCHILDI),  NOW  LIVING  IN  THE  MENAGERIE 
OE   THE   ZOOLOGICAL   SOCIETY. 

By   R.    LYDEKKER. 

IN  the  description  of  Cet-cocehus  chri/sogaster,  pnlilislied  in  this  Jonrnal  for 
August  last,*  mention  was  made  of  a  jowag  female  mangabey  in  the  menagerie 
of  the  Zoological  Society  of  London,  which  was  then  lal)elled  C.  fidiginosus, 
although  it  is  clearly  distinct  from  that  species,  and  is  ])rovisionally  assigned  by 
Mr.  Rothschild  f  to  the  one  first  named.  This  little  monkey,  which  now  shares 
the  cage  of  the  type  male  of  C.  ckrysogaster,  possesses  the  flesh-coloured  eyelids 
characteristic  of  the  more  typical  representatives  of  Cercocebus,  but  is  distingnished 
by  the  hairs  on  the  crown  of  the  head,  as  well  as  some  of  those  on  the  back,  the 
outer  surface  of  the  limbs,  and  the  upperside  of  the  tail  being  annulated  with  black 
and  yellow  after  the  fashion  so  prevalent  in  Cercopitlieciis.  The  majority  of  the 
hairs  on  the  upper-parts  (exclusive  of  the  head)  and  limbs  are,  however,  of  a 
uniform  pale  slaty  grey  colour  ;  while  on  the  under-parts  the  hue  of  the  fur  is  very 
pale  greyish  white.  The  face  is  black  and  the  callosities  are  reddish.  In  its  habit 
of  carrying  its  tail  cnrled  over  its  back,  in  its  scream-like  cry,  as  well  as  in  the 
relative  shortness  of  its  thumb,  this  animal  agrees  with  other  Cercocebi,  which  it 
also  resembles,  as  already  mentioned,  in  its  flesh-coloured  upper  eyelids. 

Recently  Mr.  Rothschild  has  deposited  in  the  Society's  menagerie  a  small  and 
young  male  monkey  (see  vol.  viii.  PI.  I.  fig.  1),  which  agrees  very  closely  in  the 
colour  of  the  pelage  with  the  above-mentioned  female,  but  differs  in  possessing 
dark  upper  eyelids.  Apart  from  this  feature,  it  has  all  the  Cercoeehus  characteristics 
enumerated  in  the  preceding  paragraph.  The  fur  on  the  upper-parts  is  generally 
very  light  slaty  grey  ;  but  on  the  head,  back,  outer  sides  of  limbs,  and  the  upper 
surface  of  the  tail  some  of  the  hairs  are  ringed  with  black  and  yellow,  like  those 
of  so  many  of  the  guenons  ;  this  speckled  character  of  the  pelage  attaining  its 
maximum  development  on  the  head,  where  it  is  practically  universal.  The  face  is 
black.    The  under-parts  and  the  inner-sides  of  the  limbs  are  very  pale  greyish  white. 

It  will  thus  be  seen  that  the  coloration  of  the  fur  of  this  animal  is  practically 
identical  with  that  of  the  above-mentioned  female.  And  it  accordingly  becomes  a 
question  whether  the  colour  of  the  upper  eyelid  may  difter  in  the  two  sexes,  being 
black  in  the  male  and  white  in  the  female.    At  present  we  have  no  decisive  evidence 

•  Vol.  vii.  p.  279  (1900).  t  Loc.  cit. 

40 


(  594  ) 

of  sexual  eolonr  variations  in  this  grou])  of  monkeys  (which  might  also  bo  taken  as 
an  argument  against  {\xe  female  belonging  to  C.  chri/sogiiitter),  lint  the  case  of  the 
proboscis  monkey  shows  that  very  marked  sexual  Jiftereuces  may  occur  iu  the  form 
of  some  monkeys.  It  might  also  be  urgeil  that  both  the  male  and  female  under 
consideration  are  hybrids  between  Cereocebus  and  Cercopithectts  ;  but  in  the  absence 
of  any  direct  evidence  that  such  is  the  case,  it  seems  inadvisable  to  entertain  this 
hypothesis. 

Putting,  then,  on  one  side  both  the  supposition  of  hybridism  and  the  female 
specimen,  it  seems,  so  far  as  we  may  judge  from  au  immature  animal,  that  the  male 
specimen  cannot  be  assigned  to  any  named  species  of  Cereocebus.  And  since  it 
appears  to  be  intimately  connected  with  the  more  typical  members  of  that  genus  by 
the  above-mentioned  female,  it  may  be  provisionally  regarded  as  the  representative 
of  a  new  species,  which  maybe  appropriately  named  C.  hagenbecki,  after  Mr.  C. 
Hagenbeck,  of  Hamburg. 

It  must  remain  for  post-mortem  examination  to  determine  whether  this  racte 
differs  from  typical  species  of  Cereocebus  in  the  form  of  the  last  lower  molar  ;  and 
if  so,  whether  it  should  be  regarded  as  representing  a  genus,  or  subgenus,  connecting 
the  latter  with  Cercopithecus.  In  the  character  of  its  fur  it  is  certainly  intermediate 
between  the  two  ;  and  by  the  black  upper  eyelid  it  is  differentiated  from  typical 
Cercocebi.  But,  on  the  other  hand,  it  should  be  remembered  that  in  the 
undetermined  female  we  have  the  same  mingling  of  mangabey  and  guennn  hair 
associated  with  a  mangabey  eyelid,  while  in  C'.  clirygogaster  we  find  a  completely 
gueuon  pelage  correlated  with  the  mangabey  e3-elid. 

The  female,  I  am  informed  by  Mr.  Sclater,  was  presented  to  the  Society  by  the 
Rev.  A.  Christopher,  and  came  from  the  Mobangi  River,  about  three  hundred  miles 
above  its  junction  with  the  Congo.     The  7nale  was  brought  down  the  latter  river. 

Turning  to  the  second  specimen  (see  vol.  viii.  PI.  I.  fig.  2),  we  find  that  this 
is  likewise  an  immature  male,  which  is  specially  characterised  by  its  almost  wholly 
black  colour,  and  the  presence  of  a  backwardly-directed  crest  of  long  hair  rnnning 
from  the  centre  of  the  forehead  to  the  occiput  and  terminating  iu  a  point  about  tlie 
vertex  of  the  head.  This  crest  gives  to  the  animal  an  appearance  which  cannot 
be  mistaken  when  once  seen.  In  colour  the  animal  is  almost  completely  black  : 
but  the  whiskers,  which  are  large  and  spreading,  show  a  slaty  tinge,  and  there  is 
pnibably  some  tendency  to  slaty  on  the  shoulders  and  najie,  although  this  is  diliicnlt 
to  determine  in  the  living  animal.  The  upjier  eyelids  are  as  dark-coloured  as  the 
rest  of  the  face  ;  but  the  callosities  are  of  a  bright  orange-red.  The  tail,  which  is 
nearly  bare  below,  is  slightly  tufted  at  the  end,  and  the  hair  generally  is  somewhat 
long  and  coarse,  being  more  elongjited  on  the  nape  and  shoulders  than  elsewhere. 

With  the  exception  of  the  crest  on  the  head  and  the  black  upper  eyelids,  the 
animal  presents  all  the  features  mentioned  under  the  heading  of  the  preceding  form 
as  distinctive  of  Cereocebus  from  CercopitAecus. 

In  its  general  characteristic  this  monkey  accords  with  Cereocebus  albigena 
(Gray  *),  from  West  Africa,  of  which  the  type  skin  is  in  the  British  Museum 
(No.  51.  1.  19.  30)  ;  both  specimens  showing  the  general  black  colour,  the  cranial 
crest  of  hair,  and  the  black  upjjer  eyelid.  In  regard  to  the  last-mentioned  feature, 
it  may  be  observed  that  Gray,  in  his  British  Museum  Catalogue  of  Monlte>/s, 
Lemurs,  and  Fruit-eating  Jiuts,]  gave  white  eyelids  as  characteristic  of  all  species 

•  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Loiul.  185U.  \i.  77.  pi  xvi.  I^Prrsbytcs).  f  1S70.  p.  26. 


(  595  ) 

of  Cercocehtis,  inclusive  of  albigena  ;  and  this  erroneous  statement  has  been  copied 
by  all  subsequent  compilers.  C.  albigena  differs,  therefore,  from  the  more  typical 
Cercocebi,  not  only  by  its  crest  of  long  hair,  but  likewise  by  its  black  upper  eyelid  ; 
and  there  is  accordingly  much  to  justify  its  separation  as  a  subgenus  or  genus  ajiart, 
for  which  Gray's  name  of  Samnocehus  *  is  available. 

As  regards  minor  characters  of  the  typical  C.  albigena,  it  may  be  mentioned 
that  it  has  a  long  superciliary  fringe,  but  the  cranial  crest  is  comparatively  short  and 
confined  to  the  occipital  region  of  the  head.  The  whiskers  are  moderately  developed, 
and  of  a  pale  grey  colour  ;  and  this  greyness  spreads  to  some  extent  over  the 
shoulders,  nape,  and  chest.  In  Gray's  Catalogue  it  is  stated  that  the  callosities 
are  black  ;  but,  from  an  examination  of  the  specimen,  there  is  little  doubt  that 
in  life  they  were  bright-coloured. 

A  young  skin  in  the  Museum  (No.  fjO.  12.  83),  taken  from  a  specimen  formerly 
in  the  Zoological  Gardens,  agrees  in  many  features  with  the  type,  but  in  other 
respects  comes  nearer  to  the  next  example. 

This  is  a  mounted  male  skin  (also  from  the  Zoological  Gardens)  in  the  same 
collection  (No.  57.  8.  3.  3),  in  which  the  crest  extends  along  the  whole  length  of 
the  middle  line  of  the  head  to  join  a  sujierciliary  fringe,  which  is  long.  The 
cheeks  are  thicker  than  in  the  typical  albigena,  and  the  whiskers  are  larger.  On 
the  nape,  chest,  and  upper  part  of  the  arms,  the  hair  is  blackish  brown,  and  the 
whiskers  have  a  slaty  tinge. 

So  far  as  I  can  gather,  this  specimen  accords  very  closely  with  the  description 
of  Cercopithrots  aterrimtts  Oudemans,t  which  was  founded  on  a  young  siieciraen 
from  the  Congo,  subsequently  referred  by  Mr.  P.  L.  SclaterJ  to  Ce/rocebiis,  anil 
still  later  identified  by  Mr.  Jentinck  §  with  C.  albigena.  It  is  true  that  the 
form  of  the  crest  is  not  specially  referred  to  in  the  descrijition,  but  even  if  this 
differ  from  the  foregoing  sj)ecimen,  such  difference  may  be  due  to  immaturity 

Regarding,  then,  the  two  foregoing  specimens  as  probably  referable  to  alerrimtis, 
the  living  monkey  under  consideration  (vol.  viii.  PI.  I.  fig.  2)  differs  by  the  total  absence 
of  the  forwardly  projecting  superciliary  fringe  of  long  hairs,  as  well  as  by  the  still 
more  peaked  form  of  the  head-crest,  and  the  presence  of  large  whiskers  in  front  of 
and  jiartly  concealing  the  ears.  Its  general  colour  is  uniformly  black,  and  the  face 
is  more  hairy  than  in  the  large  undetermined  male  mentioned  below  now  living  in 
the  Gardens.  If  No.  57.  8.  3.  3  be  rightly  identified  with  atcrrimus,  the  present 
animal  apparently  indicates  another  race  of  the  sj)ecies,  which  may  l)e  provisionally 
called  Sentnocebus  albiqena  rotlitichihii. 

I  now  come  to  a  monkey  of  the  same  general  type  presented  by  Sir  11.  H. 
Johnston  to  the  Zoological  Gardens.  It  is  a  male,  and  was  obtained  near  Lake 
Tanganyika  ;  its  skin  i.s  now  in  the  British  Museum  (No.  96.  4.  28.  1).  This 
animal  was  at  first  identified  by  ]\Ir.  JSclater  ||  with  ('.  albigena,  but  subsequently 
provisionally  assigned  by  him  to   C.  aterrimus. 

It  has  the  head-crest  small  and  occipital  in  position,  as  in  the  typical 
albigena  ;  but  the  superciliary  fringe  is  mnch  shorter,  and  the  whole  face  and 
fore-quarters  are  entirely  black.  It  accordingly  appears  to  indicate  a  fourth  race  of 
the  species,  for  which  the  name  albiqena  johnaloni  may  be  suggested. 

Mr.  0.  Neumann  (Zool.  .Tahrlnich.  vol.  xiii.  p.  533.  lOUU),  states  that  tliese 

*  Gray,  oj;.  r,7.,p.  27.  §  Ihid.  ISft.i.  pp.  ;)S8  and  33'.i. 

t  Zool.   (iarlen,  vol.  xxxi.  p.  207  (IS'JD).  ||   Op.  fit.  189-1.  p.  Mi. 

J  Piw.  Zoid.  Soc.  Loud..   IStiX  p.  2SG. 


(  596  ) 

monkeys,  which  he  identifies  witli  aterrimus  of  Oiiilemans,  are  almndant  in  Uganda. 
The  fully  adnlt  individuals  are  distinguished  from  the  typical  alhigcna  by  the  very 
dark  brown  (instead  of  light  grey)  shoulders  ;  but  the  young  are  uniformly  black. 

If,  then,  it  be  thought  advisable  to  separate,  either  subgenerically  or  generically, 
these  black  and  crested  mangabeys  with  dark  eyelids  from  the  smooth-headed 
Cercocebi  with  white  upper  eyelids,  we  shall  have  the  following  forms :  viz., — 

1.  Semnoccbiis  albigeiia  alhiyena.  Head-crest  short  and  occipital  in  position  ; 
a  superciliary  fringe  ;  whiskers  greyish.     West  Africa. 

2.  Semnocebus  albigena  aterrimus.  Head-crest  long,  and  occupying  whole 
middle  portion  of  head  ;  a  long  superciliary  fringe  ;  whiskers  small,  greyish,  and 
not  concealing  ears,  and  the  hair  on  nape  and  shoulders  blackish-brown.  Typically 
from  the  Congo  district. 

3.  Semnocebus  albigena  rothschildi.  Head-crest  j)eaked  and  occupying  middle 
of  head  ;  no  superciliary  fringe  ;  large  whiskers  in  front  of  and  partly  concealing 
ears  ;  colour  wholly  black,  or  nearly  so.     Probably  from  the  Congo. 

4.  Semnocebus  alhiqena  johnstoni.  Head-crest  as  in  alb.  albigena,  but  super- 
ciliary fringe  shorter,  and  whole  of  npper-jjarts  uniformly  black.  Lake  Tanganyika 
district. 

It  may  be  added  that  if  C.  claysogaster  and  C.  hagenbecki  are  retained  in 
Cercocebus,  the  ordinary  definition  of  that  genus  must  be  modified  iu  regard  to 
the  statement  that  the  hairs  are  never  annulated  ;  and  in  the  case  of  the  male, 
at  least  of  the  latter,  in  respect  to  the  universal  presence  of  flesh-coloured  upper 
eyelids. 

In  conclusion,  1  may  mention  that  a  large  adult  male  of  this  species  (locality 
unknown),  recently  presented  to  the  Zoological  Society,  agrees  with  the  typical 
albigena  in  the  length  of  the  hair  and  its  grey  colour  on  the  sides  of  the  head,  chest, 
and  shoulders,  as  well  as  in  the  almost  completely  bare  face,  and  the  absence  of 
whiskers  iu  front  of  the  ears.  There  is,  however,  no  forwardly  projecting  fringe  of 
long  hairs  above  the  eyes,  which  is  so  conspicuous  in  the  type  skin  of  albigena, 
as  well  as  in  Dr.  Gray's  figure  of  the  same  :  and  the  crest  of  hair  extends  all 
over  the  head,  and  is  considerably  more  voluminous  than  in  the  latter,  although 
entirely  lacking  the  peaked  form  which  is  disjilayed  iu  the  s])ecimen  here  figured. 
It  is  difiicult  to  believe  that  these  ditt'erences  are  individual  or  due  to  age  ;  and  if 
they  are  not,  this  monkey  indicates  a  distinct  race. 


(  597  ) 


INDEX 


abavalis  (Hydrillodes),  574. 

Abdimia,  265. 

abdimii  (Abdimia),  265. 

abdimii  (Ciconia),  265. 

Ablepharus,  12. 

Abraxas,  580. 

abruptus  (Charaxes),  3.5.?. 

absentimacula  (Nephelolenca),  221. 

abyssalis  (Sylepta),  587. 

abyssinicus  (Charaxes),  457,  458. 

—  (Coracias),  260. 

—  (Hyphantornis),  40. 
Acacia,  3.38,  382. 
acaciaria  (Boarmia),  580. 
Acantholipes,  567. 
Acanthopneuste,  226,  239. 
Accipiter,  226,  263. 
accipitriuus  (Asio),  261. 
acesta  (Papilio),  281. 

achaemenes  (Charaxes),  460,  461,  463,  475. 

—  (Nymphalis),  461. 
Acidalia,  106,  148,  152,  164. 
acik  (Cinnyris),  60,  51. 
acis  (Tanysiptera),  233. 
Acraea,  544-6,  547. 
Aeredula,  541. 
Acrocephalus,  1,  3,  154. 
actiosaria  (Ptychopoda),  107-9. 
actuaria  (Craspedia),  .581. 
aculeata  (Micronia),  577. 
acuminata  (Heteropygia),  8. 
acuta  (Dafila),  264, 

—  (Fidonia),  96. 
ada  (Appias),  80. 
adamsoni  (Charaxes),  316. 

—  (Haridra),  313. 
Addaea,  1 19,  .558. 
addictaria  (Craspedia),  91. 
addita  (Microeca),  226,  234. 
Adela,  .591. 

adelberti  (Cinnyris),  50. 

—  (Nectarinia).  50. 
Adelotypa,  225. 
adipalis  (Bocchoris),  585. 
Adrapsa,  572,  573. 
adspersa  (Strix),  532. 
adusta  (Charaxes),  494. 
advena  (Sitta)  .526, 
advocataria  (Pseudomicronia),  577. 
Aedon,  253. 

Aegialitie,  9,  268. 


aegimiusalis  (Piletocera),  584. 
aegistus  (Papilio),  83. 
Aegithina,  550. 
aegyptius  (Milvus),  31,  262. 
aequatorialis  (Cinnyris),  .50,  51. 

—  (Melanobucco),  32. 
aequicincta  (Hamadryas),  60. 
aeres  (Nyctemera),  560. 
aeropus  (Symphaedra),  66. 
aeruginosus  (Cacomantis),  233. 

—  (Circus),  263. ■ 
aeson  (Charaxes),  404. 
aetherialis  (Cirrhochrista).  582. 
aethiopicus  (Laniarius),  .37. 
afer  (Coccystes),  31. 

—  (Dicrurus),  38. 

—  (Eurystomus),  33. 

affinis  (Charaxes),  298,  301,  305,  306,  308. 

—  (Colius),  31. 

—  (Corvus),  245. 

—  (Cypselus),  258. 

—  (Larus),  270. 

—  (Nymphalis),  300,  306. 

—  (Oedicnemus),  266. 

—  (Rhinocorax),  245. 

—  (Tanygnathus),  230, 

—  (Terpsiphone;,  550. 
afra  (Chalcopelia),  30. 
africana  (Mirafra),  26,  45,  46. 
africanus  (Phalacrocorax),  26. 
agabo  (Charaxes),  512. 
agamemnon  (Papilio),  83. 
aggravaria  (Racheolopha),  137. 

—  (Racheospila),  137. 
agitata  (Duliophyle),  113. 
Aglaia,  339. 

agna  (Charaxes),  .331,  332,  333. 

—  (Haridra),  331,  332. 
agyrtes  (Typhlopsylla),  539. 
Aidemosyne,  246. 

ajax  (Charaxes),  329. 
Ala:mon,  247. 

alaudariuB  (Tinnunculus),  262. 
alba  (Ardea),  265. 

—  (Cxygis),  10. 

—  (Herodias),  265. 

—  (Motacilla),  2.50 
albapicaria  (Macaria),  .579. 
albapicata  (Adrapsa),  572. 
albertisi  (Gymnophaps),  241. 
albiapicata  (Stenocopsis),  120, 


(  o98  ) 


albibasalis  (Adrapsa),  572. 
albicollis  (Corvultur),  38. 

—  (Merops),  250. 
albicoma  (Oospiln),  136. 
albicostale  (Hyphantidium),  682. 
albida  (Induna),  02. 

—  (Reinwardtoena),  240,  241. 
albidivisa  (Rhopalista),  168. 
albifascialis  (Hypena),  576. 
albifrons  (Serines),  43. 
albigena  (Semnocebus),  593-6. 

—  (Sterna),  270. 
albiloris  (Polioptilen),  536. 
albimacula  (Hyphedyle),  124. 

—  (Macroneurodes),  127. 
albina  (Appias),  80. 
albipectus  (Turdiuus),  48. 
albipedalis  (Phryganodes),  586. 
albipupilluta  (Anisodes),  141. 
albitumida  (Asestra),  208. 
albiventris  (Astur),  20. 

—  (Scops),  228. 

—  (Zosterops),  16. 
albivertex  (Isoplenia),  03. 
albivitta  (Canerkes),  276. 
albociliaria  (Racheospila),  138,  139. 
albofasciata  (Certhilauda),  45. 
albofasciatus  (Nacaduba),  73. 
alboseriata  (Racheospila),  138,  139. 
albovenalis  (Tatobotys),  584. 
Alcedo,  34,  234,  534. 

alcedo  (Macroglossum),  556. 
Alcidis,  577. 
alciphron  (Asota),  559. 
Alois,  9.^,  111. 

alexandrina  (Aegialitis),  268. 
alicia  (Planema),  546. 
alimena  (Hypolimnas),  65. 

—  (Hypochrysops),  88. 

alladinis  (Charaxes),476, 482,  483,485, 487, 488. 

—  (Nymphalis),  482. 
allineata  (Dechorda),  132. 
Alophoixus,  550. 
alorensis  (Trichnglos.sus),  19. 
alpina  (Tringa),  2i'i9. 
Alseonax,  37. 

alternata  (Cyolomia),  213. 
althoBi  (Acraea)  544. 
aluta  (Nacaduba),  73. 
amabilis  (Melanitis),  61 . 
amasia  (Nymphalis),  510,  511 

—  (Papilio),  510,  511. 
Amaurornis,  22. 
ambagifera  (Craspedia),  150. 
Ambia,  583. 
Amblurodes,  200,  201. 
Amblychia,  580. 
Amblypodia,  77. 
amboinensia  (Aprosmictus),  230. 

—  (Dicrurus),  236. 


amboinensis  (Macropygia),  240. 

ambusta  (Auophylla),  131. 

ameliae  (Charaxes),  283,  28G,  391,  392,  394, 400, 

477,  486. 
—  (Nymphalis),  392. 
amissa  (Stegothcca),  205. 
Ammomanes,  244,  240. 
Ammoperdix.  273. 
ampelinus  (Hypocoliiis),  252. 
ampliatalis  (Syngamia),  585. 
amyous  (Charaxes),  312,  320-23,  328,  329,  343. 
Amygdalopteryx,  176. 

Amyna,  563. 

anacletus  (Hypochrysops),  68. 

anaestheta  (Sterna).  10,  270. 

analava  (Charaxes),  362. 

Analyta,  580. 

Anas,  264. 

anastomalis  (Omphisa),  589. 

ancyra  (Nacaduba),  73. 

andara  (Charaxes),  434,  435. 

auderssoni  (Tephrocorys),  47. 

andranodorus  (Charaxes),  420,  422. 

andriba  (Charaxes),  524. 

Andropadus,  47,  48. 

Androphilus,  226,  238. 

angelus  (Presos),  276. 

angeronaria  (Amblychia),  580. 

anglica  (Gelochelidou),  270,  5.54. 

—  (Sterna),  270. 

anglicus  (Dendrocopus),  528,  531. 
angolensis  (Dryoscopus),  38. 

—  (Jlerops),  35. 
Angonyx,  .556. 

angustus  (Charaxes),  432,  433. 

anialis  (Perisyntrocha),  584. 

Anisodes,  141-C,  165,  581. 

Anisoneura,  566. 

Anisoperas,  207. 

anna  (Amblypodia),  77. 

annularia  (Craspedia),  103. 

anomalus  (Ploceus),  40. 

Anosia,  56. 

Anous,  0,  10. 

ansorgei  (Charaxes),  428. 

—  (Pytelia),  42. 

antamboulon  (Charaxes),  368-70. 

antanala  (Charaxes),  457. 

anteocularis  (Polioptilen),  537,  538. 

Anteuis.  146,  147. 

anthedon  (Papilio),  83. 

anthore  (Arhopala),  78. 

Anthreptes,  550. 

An  thus,  16,  45,  250. 

anthyalos  (Stictoptera),  565. 

antiolea  (Charaxes),  286,  492,  404. 

—  (NymphaUs),  102,  404. 

—  (Papilio),  402,  404. 
antigona  (Plecoptera),  567. 
antilope  (Hypolimnas),  65. 


(  599  ) 


antipha  (Hypochlorosis),?!). 
Antiplecta,  121. 
antipoclalis  (Pseudaglossa),  573. 
antonius  (Charaxes),  3>3,  34-J,  343. 

—  (Haridra),  343. 
Apatura,  281,447. 
apiaster  (Merops),  34. 
apicalis  (Bradyterus),  48. 

—  (Cymatophora),  195. 

—  (Eilema),  661. 

apicata  (Microloxia),  13.'),  136. 

Apicia,  208. 

apidania  (Microgonia),  218. 

Aplodes,  131,  134,  1.3.5. 

Aplochlora,  111. 

Aplogompha,  186. 

Aplonis,  6. 

Appias,  80. 

approbata  (Craspedia),  149. 

—  (Spargania),  182. 
Aprosmictus,  230. 
aptalis  (Boochoris),  585. 
aquaticus  (Rallus),  270. 
Aquila,  203. 

aquila  (Fregata),  11. 

—  (Tachypetes),  11. 
arabs  (Eupodotis),  267. 
Arachnothera,  550. 
aratus  (Lampides),  76. 
Arbutus,  448. 
Archemis,  580. 
archesia  (Remigia),  567. 
arotitorquis  (Pachycephala,  17,  23. 
ardates  (Nacaduba),  73. 

Ardea,  265,  266. 

Ardeola,  266. 

ardeola  (Dromas),  269. 

Ardetta,  11,  2G0. 

Arenaria,  267. 

arenaria  (Calidris),  269. 

arete  (Lethe),  60. 

argentea  (Problepsis),  107. 

argentispila  (Anisodes),  581. 

argentistriata  (Zeuzerodes),  121. 

argiades  (Everes),  72. 

argillacea  (Alcis),  95. 

Argina,  561. 

Argya,  256. 

argynnides  (Chara.\es),  509,  510. 

—  (Nymphalis),  610. 
Argynnis,  65. 
Arhopala,  78,  79. 
Arhostia,  103. 
aridata  (Arhostia),  103. 
aristogeton  (Charaxes),  313. 

aristogiton  (Charaxes), 308,313, 314-18, 320,321. 

—  (Haridra),  313,  316,  318. 
aristogon  (Haridra),  313. 
arnaudi  (Philetaerus),  41. 
arnotti  (Myrmecocichla),  52. 


arquala  (Numenius),  268. 

arruana  (Talicada),  72. 

Arsacia,  570. 

arsinoe  (Pycnonotus),  257. 

artemis  (Charaxes),  297. 

Artomyias,  37. 

aruanus  (Charaxes),  30."). 

AscotiDae,  95,  111,  194. 

Asellodes,  148. 

Asestra,  208. 

asha  (Ardea),  266. 

—  (Lepterodias),  266. 
asiaticus  (Oohthodromus),  27. 
Asio,  261. 

asmura  (Drucia),  13.3. 

—  (Racheospila),  133. 
Asota,  559. 

aspasia  (Cinnyris),  237. 
assarica  (Hamadryas),  60. 
assimilis  (Rhipidura),  13. 
Astheninae,  94. 
astraptes  (Jamides),  75,  76. 
Astur,  12,  20,24,  226,  ,551. 
Astyochia,  187. 
Asura,  561. 
Atella,  63. 
Ateloptila,  112. 
Aterpnodes,  208,  209. 
aterrima  (Hyblaea),  563. 
aterrimus  (Cercopithecus),  .695. 

—  (Semnocebus),  596. 
athamas  (Charaxes),  338,  339. 
athealis  (Xosophora),  586. 
athi  (Mirafra),  26,  46. 
Athyma,  GG. 

atlites  (.Junonia),  64. 
atoraaria  (Craspedia),  149. 
atra  (Buchanga),  339. 
atricapilla  (Sylvia),  252. 
atriclathrata  (Rhodoneura),  559. 
atriseriata  (Ptychopoda),  161. 
atrocaeruleus  (Dicrurus),  236. 
atropunctaria  (Anisoperas),  207. 
attenuata  (Cyllopoda),  125. 

—  (  Phryganodes),  586. 
Atteva,  591. 

Atyria,  125. 

aubryanus  (Poeocephalus),  31. 
audacis  (Geocichia),  13. 
augias  (Telicota),  84. 
augur  (Buteo),  31. 
augustaria  (Eriopygidia),  176. 
Aulacodes,  583. 
Auophylla,  131,  132. 
aurantialis  (Tatobotys),  584. 
aurantiaria  (Melanchroia),  192. 
aureolalis  (I'ionea),  589. 
auricruda  (Eois),  107. 
auritus  (Nettapus),  26, 

—  (Pnlex),  539. 


(  600  ) 


auroraria  ( Anteois),  146. 

—  (Eois),  146. 
australasiae  (Halcyon),  19. 
australis  (Asota),  559. 

—  (Eurystomus),  18,  553. 

—  (Melittophagus),  34. 
austrinus  (Charaxes),  357,  359. 
aventiaria  (Timandra),  581. 
avicularia  (Thalassodes),  581. 
avium  (Pulex),  .'i39. 
avocetta  (Recurvirostra),  268. 
axillaris  (Pratincola),  52. 

aza  (Hestia),  56. 

Azata,  115. 

azedarach  (Melia),  434. 

Azelina,  209-11,  212. 

Aziba,  117,  118. 

azota  (Charaxes),  401,  403,  404,  405. 

—  (Philognoma),  401. 
azurea  (Hypothymis),  550. 


baja  (Charaxes),  328. 

bajula  (Charaxes),  326. 

—  (Haridra),  326. 

bajularia  (Bracca),  580. 

bakeri  (Scaeorhynchus),  548. 

balfouri  (Charaxes),  361. 

balteata  (Sylepta),  587. 

bambusae  (Telicota),  84. 

banyumas  (Siphia),  551. 

baratalis  (Phryganodes),  586. 

barbara  (Mycalesis),  88. 

barbarus  (Falco),  261. 

Barbatula,  32. 

basalis  (Atteva).  .591. 

—  (Phaeochlaena),  128. 

basalticalis  (Phryganodes),  586. 

basilissa  (Aulacodes),  583. 

basiplaga  (Phalaenoides),  275. 

basipuncta  (Epiplema),  101. 

bassetti  (Zosterops),  12,  16. 

Batis,  36. 

Batrachostomus,  550. 

baulus  (Xyctemera),  560. 

baumanni  (Charaxes),  491. 

baya  (Charaxes),  323,  .326,  328,  329-31. 

—  (Haridra),  328. 

—  (Nymphalis),  328,  331. 
Baza,  20,  227. 

bebra  (Charaxes),  507. 
bellissima  (Epiplema),  101. 
bellula  (Cyclomia),  213. 
benedictalis  (Sylepta),  588. 
bengalensis  (Centropiis),  232,  233. 

—  (Lyacaenesthes),  70. 
berenice  (Charaxes),  452, 

—  (Nymphalis),  452. 

—  (Papilio),  452. 
bergii  (Sterna),  10,  270, 


berlepschi  (Colius),  31. 

bermeja  (Sabulodes),  217. 

bernardus  (Charaxes),  326,  331,  334,  335. 

—  (Haridra),  335. 

—  (Nymphalis),  331,  335. 

—  (Papilio),  325,  335. 

—  (Satyrus),  335. 
beroe  (Nacaduba),  73. 
bertae  (Pitta),  18. 
Betanga,  58,  59. 

betanimena  (Charaxes),  520,  .521,  524. 
betsimiseraka  (Charaxes),  517,  518,  519. 
bhurmitra  (Boarmia),  580. 
Bias,  36. 

biblis  (Cethosia),  63. 
bideutatus  (Melanobucco),  32. 
bifasciata  (Dolichopyge),  173. 
bifasciatus  (Ceratophyllus),  543. 

—  (Pulex),  539. 
bilineata  (Polioptilen),  536. 
biHnella  (Tortricomorpha),  590. 
Bindahara,  79. 

bipartita  (Anisodes),  141. 

bipuncta  (Dysodia),  100. 

bipunctatus  (Charaxes),  376,  381,  390,  396. 

bisaltide  (Doleschallia),  64. 

bismarcki  (Baza),  20. 

bistriata  (Microloxia),  1.35,  136. 

bivittalis  (Pygospila),  588. 

blanda  (Charaxes),  471,  472. 

blanfordi  (Parisoma),  253. 

—  (Sylvia),  253. 

—  (Telephonus),  251. 
Blenina,  564. 
Bleptina,  574. 
Boarmia,  204,  580. 
boarula  (Motacilhi),  16,  552. 
bocagei  (Turdus),  53. 
Bocchoris,  585.  586. 
bochus  (Jamides),  76. 
bogotata  (Melinodes),  218. 

bohemani  (Charaxes),  286,  374,  377,  378,  477, 
487,  488. 

—  (Nymphalis),  374. 
bohndorffi  (Hyphantoriiis),  40. 
boiei  (Myzomela),  551,  5.52. 
bolena  (Limonias),  225. 
bolina  (Hypolimnas),  64,  65. 
bolinoides  (Thermesia),  .569. 
boliviana  (Polioptilen),  535,  536,  537. 
bonhami  (Ammoperdix),  273. 
borealis  (Acanthopneuste),  239. 
bomea  (Eos),  228,  229. 

borneensis  (Charaxes),  329,  339-41,  .342,  344. 

—  (Haridra),  332,  340. 
boscas  (Anas),  264. 

boueti  (Charaxes),  405-408-410. 
bourica  (Euchromia),  557. 
bouruana  (Melanitis),  61. 

—  (Salpinx),  60. 


(  601   ) 


bouruensis  (Appias),  80. 

—  (Elodina),  7ri. 

—  (Oriolus),  23(5,  237. 

—  (Scops),  227. 

—  (Terias),  80. 

—  (Troides),  82. 
boutonii  (Ablepharus),  12. 
Bracca,  580. 
Braccinae,  102. 
brachydactyla  (Certhia),  525. 
Brachypteryx,  14. 
brachyrhynchus  (Oriolus),  39. 
brachyura  (Pitta),  12. 
bracteolalis  (Eurrhyparodes),  585. 
Bradina,  584. 

Bradyornis,  36. 
Bradypterus,  48. 
brennus  (Charaxes),  298,  209. 
Brephoscotoaia,  171. 
brevipes  (Ardea),  266. 

—  (Butorides),  266. 

—  (Heteractitis),  23,  554. 
britannica  (Sitta),  526. 
Bronchelia,  194. 
Brontypena,  570. 

browni  (Reinwardtoena),  241. 
brunnea  (Chaerocampa),  274. 

—  (Microxydia),  219. 
brunneicephalus  (Larus),  269. 
brunneiceps  (Lagonostica),  41. 
brunneipennis  (Stictoptera),  564. 
brunnesceus  (Charaxes),  445. 
bruta  (Eriboea),  433. 

brutus (Charaxes),  282,  286,  426,  427,429, 43 1 -6, 
470. 

—  (Nymphalis),  433. 
~  (Papllio),  281,  443. 
Bryoptera,  194,  196. 
Bubo,  261,  532. 
bubo  (Bubo),  532. 
Bubulcus,  23,  29,  266. 
bubulcus  (Ardea),  266. 
bubutus  (Centropus),  233. 
Buceros,  260. 
Buchaaga,  339. 

buffoni  (Polioptila),  .536,  537. 
bupalus  (Charaxes),  341. 

—  (Haridra),  341. 
Buphaga,  39. 

buralis  (Endotricha),  582. 
burellus  (Melissoblaptes),  581. 
burica  (Pangora),  560. 

—  (Nyctemera),  560. 
Burnesia,  255. 
buruana  (Caviria),  550. 

—  (Cethosia),  63. 

—  (Epiplema),  578. 

—  (Hypochlorosis),  79. 

—  (Lampides),  76. 

—  (Stictoptera),  565. 


buruana  (Talicada),  72. 
buruanus  (Eulepis),  66. 

—  (Papilio),  n->. 

buruensis  (Erythromyias),  226,  234. 

—  (Gerydus),  67. 

—  (MacroglosBum),  556. 

—  (Monarcha),  226,  235. 

—  (Pachycephala),  17. 

—  (Panacra),  274. 

—  (Pseudaglossa),  574. 

—  (Radena),  56. 

—  (Rhipidura),  235. 

—  (Tenaris),  62. 

—  (Zosterops),  237. 
Buteo,  31,  591. 

butleri  (Charaxes),  385,  386. 

—  (Calapterote),  555. 
Butorides,  266. 

blittikoferi  (Rhipidura),  12,  13. 


cabanisi  (Deudrooopus),  530,  531. 

Caccabis,  272,  273. 

Cacomantis,  233. 

cacuthis  (Charaxes),  457,  460. 

Cacyparis,  562. 

caerulea  (Polioptilen),  535. 

caerulescens  (Muscicapa),  37. 

caesiopicta  (Scaea),  129. 

Cagaya,  68. 

—  (Cyaniris),  68. 
cajelalis  (Pyrausta),  590. 
cajeli  (Ceyx),  233. 
cajus  (Charaxes),  429. 

—  (Papilio),  433. 
Calamochrous,  589. 
Calapterote,  555. 
caledonicus  (Nycticorax),  10. 
Calesia,  570. 

caletoralis  (Tetridia),  589. 
Calidris,  269. 
calidris  (Totanus),  268. 
caliginosa  (Hammaptera),  177. 

—  (Microgonia),  218. 
calliclea  (Charaxes),  401,  403. 
callinicus  (Lampides),  76. 
Calliploea,  59. 
Callipseustes,  201,  202. 
callistrate  (Delias),  86. 
Callopistria,  563. 
Calocaipe,  172. 

Calornis,  17,  240. 

Calotes,  12. 

calva  (Vinago),  30. 

Calyptocome,  148. 

Calyptomena,  550. 

Camaroptera,  49. 

Cambogia,  147. 

eamerata  (Hymenomima),  107. 

camillus  (Papilio),  428. 


(  602  ) 


Camplocheilus,  100. 

Camptogramma,  172. 

caaiulus  (Nymphalis),  426,  428. 

—  (Papilio),  42Ci,  428. 

caaariensi-s  (Deadrocopus),  528,  629,  531. 
cancellalis  (Sameodes),  589. 
Candida  (Terias),  80. 
Candidas  (Himantopus),  268. 
candiope   (Charaxes),  282.  284,  28G,  363,  364, 
369,  456. 

—  (Nymphalis),  364,  366. 
Canerkes,  275,  276. 
canescens  (Totanus),  268. 
canicapilla  (Xigrita),  42. 
canoroides  (Cuculus),  550. 
canorus  (Cuculus),  20,  258,  550,  553. 
cantans  (Aidemosyne),  246. 
cantiana  (^Egialitis),  268. 
cantillans  (Mirafra),  248,  249. 
capense  (Nettion),  26. 

capensis  (Q3na),  272. 

—  (Podicipes),  270. 
capitata  (Hyriogona),  157. 
Capnodes,  571. 

Capra,  277,  278. 

Caprimulgus,  258,  259. 

Caradrina,  .'i63. 

caranea  (Hylodes),  560. 

carbina  (Racheospila),  138. 

carbonaria  (Taraxineura),  194. 

cardinalis  (Eclectus),  229. 

Carea,  565. 

Carine,  260. 

carneofasciata  (Eois),  105. 

Carolina  (Arhopala),  78. 

carolus  (Charaxes),  312,  321,  323. 

Carpophaga,  8,  12,  22,  242,  553. 

Cartellodes,  212. 

carteri  (Charaxes),  482,  485,  487. 

carunculatus  (Dilophus),  245. 

caryocatactes  (Nucifraga),  526. 

Casarca,  691. 

Cassina,  36. 

casta  (Mixopsis),  219. 

castanops  (Hyphantornis),  40. 

castor  (Chaerocampa),  274. 

—  (Charaxes),  283,  284,  428,  436,  439,  440. 

—  (Nymphalis),  424,  428,  440. 

—  (Papilio),  426,  427,  436,  439,  442. 
ca-storis  (Eriboea),  439. 

Casyapa,  83. 

('atada,  675. 

catamita  (Cleosiris),  557. 

cataphaea  (Homoeosoma),  582. 

cathpharius  (Dendrocopus),  530. 

catilla  (Catopsilia),  81. 

catochrous  (Charaxes),  482,  484,  486. 

Catochrysops,  69,  77. 

Catopsilia,  81. 

caudatus  (Coracias),  33. 


cauquenensis  (Oalocalpe),  172. 

Caviria,  ■'').59. 

cayelii  (Strix),  228. 

ceadesalis  (Pyrausta),  590. 

cedreatis  (Chara.xes),  476,  477,  482,  487. 

celaenua  (Hasora),  85. 

celeno  (Lampides),  76. 

ceneusalis  (Elusa),  ,663. 

Centropus,  32,  232,  233,  258. 

cephise  (Trigonodes),  567. 

ceramensis  (Accipiter),  226. 

—  (Gerydus),  67. 

—  (Nisus),  226. 
Ceratophyllus,  540-43. 
Cerchneis,  262. 
Cercocebus,  279,  280,  593-6. 
Cercopithccus,  279,  593-6. 
Cercotrichas,  256. 
cerinthus  (Chaetocneme),  83. 
Certhia,  525. 
Certhilauda,  45. 

Certima,  212. 

Ceryle,  534. 

Cethosia,  62,  63. 

ceylonensis  (Culicicapa),  550. 

Ceyx,  233,  560. 

Chaerocampa,  274,  6.6.6. 

Chaetocneme,  83. 

Chalcidoptera,  586. 

Chalcococcyx,  550. 

ch.alcolophus  (Turacus),  278. 

Chalcopelia,  30. 

Chalcophaps,  22,  663. 

Chalcostetha,  650. 

chalybeus  (Lamprocolius),  39. 

chanleri  (Charaxes),  482,  483,  485,  486,  488. 

Charadrius,  9,  22,  268. 

Charaxes,  281,  328,  440—524. 

chelicuti  (Halcyon),  .34. 

Chelidon,  543. 

Chettusia,  27. 

Chiasmia,  200. 

chiguaucoides  (Turdus),  53. 

chilenaria  (Rhodostrophia),  104. 

Chimaera,  84. 

chimaera  (Plesioneura),  84. 

chinensis  (Gerydus),  67. 

chiron  (Charaxes),  476,  489. 

Chirosa,  68. 

Chleuasicus,  648. 

chlora  (Pseudoterpna),  581. 

chloris  (Halcyon),  19,  233,  553 

—  (Stigmatops),  12,  17. 

—  (Zosterops;,  237,  .651,  5.52. 
chlorochrca  (Craspedia),  149. 
Chlorocichla,  47. 
Chloroctenis,  111. 
Chloropsis,  550. 

chloropus  (Gallinula),  28,  271. 
chloropygia  (Cinnyris),  61. 


(  603  ) 


chlorostigma  (Telotheta),  140. 
Chogada,  112,  113. 
chromus  (Hiisora),  8l>. 
chryaaetus  (Aquila),  2U3. 
chrjsargyria  (Eschata),  582. 
Chrysauge,  100. 
chryses  (Ischnopteris),  203. 
chrysochlora  (Blenina),  564. 

—  (Chalcophaps),  22,  553. 
Chrysococcyx,  21,  32. 
Chrysocraspeda,  105. 
chrysogaster  (Cercocebu.s),  279,  593. 
chubbi  (Cisticola),  48. 

chukar  (Caccabis),  273. 
Ciconia,  265. 
ciconia  (Ciconia),  265. 
Cidaria,  173. 
Cidariophanes,  202,  203. 
cimarrona  (Lobopola),  204. 
Cimicodes,  213. 
ciinon  (Charaxes),  298,  302. 
cimonides  (Charaxes),  300,  301. 
cinadon  (Charaxes),  416,  420. 
cinerascens  (Cisticola),  48. 
cinerea  (Ardea),  265. 

—  (Sylvia),  252. 

—  (Syngria),  124. 

—  (Tephrocorys),  47. 

—  (Terekia),  26'J,  554. 

—  (Zosterops),  3. 
cinereus  (Poliolimnas),  9. 
cinnamomeus  (Anthus),  45. 

—  (Caprimulgus),  259. 
Cinnyris,  50,  51,  237,  250,  251,  550. 
circia  (Qiierquedula),  264. 
circumducta  (Eudule),  185. 

—  (Haemalea),  153. 
circumscripta  (Calornis),  17. 
Circus,  263. 

cirrhocephalus  (Nisus),  226. 
Cirrbochrista,  582. 

cissa  (Dendroeopus),  529,  531. 
cisticola  (Cisticola),  49,  255. 
Cisticola,  48,  49,  239,  255. 
cithaeron  (Charaxes),  282,  286,  373,  378,  379 
382,  384,  390,  477. 

—  (Nymphalis),  379. 
citrinulla  (Zosterops),  16. 
cladara  (Nacaduba),  73. 
clararia  (Ophthalmodes),  114. 
clathrata  (Nodaria),  575. 
claudicula  (Cyllopoda),  125. 
clavifera  (Pionea),  589. 
Cleis,  558. 

cleon  (Hypochrysops),  88,  89. 
cleonides  (Hypochrysops),  89. 
Cleosiris,  557. 
climena  (Euploea),  58. 
clio  (Pachycephala),  17,  237. 
clypeata  (Spatula),  265. 


cnejus  (Calochry.sops),  77. 

Cnemodes,  149. 

Cnephora,  212. 

Coccystes,  31,  257,  5,iO. 

Coccyzoenas,  240. 

codrus  (Papilio),  83. 

Coea,  281,  354. 

coelestis  (Gallinago),  269. 

Coelura,  122. 

Coeluromima,  122. 

coeruleus  (Elanus),  262. 

Colius,  31. 

collaris  (Lanius).  38. 

CoUocalia,  1,  11,  18,  234,  550. 

coUurio  (Lanius),  2.52. 

colorifera  (Spargania),  182. 

Columba,  22.  26,  29,  241,  271,  541,  542. 

columbae  (Ceratophyllus),  542,  543. 

—  (Pulex),  539,  .542. 
comata  (Macropteryx),  550. 
combusta  (Semiothisa),  205. 
commaculata  (Cymatophora),  195. 
commixta  (Amblurodes),  201. 
communis  (Coturnix),  273. 
commutatus  (Monarcba),  14. 
comosa  (Neochrysa),  157,  158. 
comparanda  ( Ptychopoda),  107. 
complana  (Harpagoneura),  581. 
compressaria  (Craspedia),  103. 
coDcentraria  (Boarmia),  580. 
concinna  (Carpophaga),  12,  22,  553. 

—  (Oospila),  136. 

—  (Pitta),  18. 

condensata  (Sithraustes),  130. 
conferta  (Anisodes),  141. 
conflictaria  (Epiplema),  577. 
confusa  (Ateloptila),  112. 
congener  (Oospila),  13*1. 
conjunctiva  (Nipteria),  188. 

—  (Sanaostyla),  129. 
connectens  (Cbaraxes),  289,  200. 

—  (Haridra),  289. 
conscripta  (Urepioue),  224. 
consobrinata  (Craspedia),  150. 
conspersa  (Epicosymliia),  107. 
conspicillaria  (Euephyra),  153. 
conspicillata  (Zosterops),  3. 
constautia  (Melanitis),  61. 
continentalis  (Ceryle),  534. 
contorta  (Paralygris),  110. 
convolvuli  (Protoparce),  556. 
Copsychus,  339. 

Coracias,  33,  260. 

corax  (Charaxes),  325,  326,  329,  333.  334 

—  (Corvus),  244. 

—  (Haridra),  331,332. 
coromandus  (Bubulcus),  23. 

—  (Coccystes)  550. 
corrivulata  (Epirrhoe),  173. 
Corvultur,  38. 


(  604    ) 


Corvus,  -Hi,  245. 

—  (Casyapa),  83. 
coryndoni  (Charaxes),  488. 
Coryphoenas,  241. 
Corythaeola,  "26,  31. 
Corythai.\,  278. 
Cossypha,  f>2. 

costata  (Stictoptera),  .')64. 
costiguttata  (Eois),  106,  107. 
costimaculata  (Trichogompha),  186. 
costinotata  (Anisodes),  142. 
costiplaga  (Carea),  565. 

—  (Raparna),  572. 
costipuncta  (Cyclomia),  213. 
Cotachena,  582. 

Cotile,  257,  543. 

Coturnix,  273. 

coturnix  (Coturnix),  273. 

cowani  (Charaxes),  369-70. 

coweni  (Charaxes),  370. 

Crambus,  581. 

crancbi  (Pternistes),  30. 

Craspedia,  01,  103-5,  148-.52,  168,  581. 

Craspedosis,  580. 

crassirostris  (Pitta),  18. 

—  (Reinwardtoena),  241. 

—  (Tringa),  23. 
Crateropns,  49. 
Cratoptera,  213. 
creberrima  (Thermesia),  56tl. 
crecca  (Nettion),  264. 

—  (Querquedula),  264. 
crepuscularis  (Nyctipao),  566, 
cretata  (Cra-ipedia),  104. 
creusa  (Euchromia),  557. 
Crex,  271. 

crex  (Crex),  271. 
cribraria  (Argina),  .561. 
Criniger,  47,  48,  238. 
cristata  (Corythaeola),  26,  31. 

—  (Fulica),  27. 

—  (Galerida),  247,  248. 

—  (Terpsiphone),  2.57. 
cristatellus  (Calotes),  12. 
cristatus  (Podiceps),  26. 
cristifera  (Hyperlopha),  .571. 
crocale  (Catopsilia),  81. 
crocata  (Sitagra),  40. 
croeea  (Eusarca),  215. 
crossophragma  (Cra.'ipedia),  581. 
Crypsityla,  152. 

cryptoleuca  (Myrmecocichla),  52. 
Cryptolopha,  239. 
cubitata  (Prochoerodes),  223. 
cucullioides  (Stictoptera),  564. 
Cuculus,  20,  258,  550,  553. 
Culicicapa,  550. 
Culicivora,  535. 
cuneifa.scia  (Synecta),  199. 
cuprea  (Cinnyris),  50. 


cuprealis  (Nacoleia),  587. 

cupreus  (Chryaococcyx),  32. 

cupripennalis  (Glyphodes),  588. 

Curicta,  582. 

Cursorius,  267. 

curvimargo  (Induna),  92. 

Cuscus,  12. 

cuvieri  (Faico),  31. 

cyanea  (Platystira),  36. 

cyanifrons  (Erythrura),  7. 

Cyaniris,  6H,  69. 

cyanocephala  (Eiidynamis),  2.30-32. 

cyanocephalus  (Eiidynamis),  553. 

cyanogrammus  (Trichoglossus),  229. 

cyanonotus  (Eos),  228,  229. 

cyanophrys  (Merops),  259. 

cyanostictus  (Melittophagus),  35. 

cyanus  (Monticola),  254. 

cyathicornis  (Elusa),  563. 

Cyclodes,  567. 

Cyclomia,  213,  214. 

cydippe  (Cethosia),  62. 

cyllaria  (Ercheia),  565. 

Cyllopoda,  125. 

Cyllopodinae,  125,  126,  131. 

Cymatophora,  195,  196. 

Cynthia,  63. 

cynthia  (Charaxes),  405,  407,  409,  412. 

—  (Nymphalis),  405. 

Cyphopora,  125,  120. 

Cypselus,  258. 

Cyrestis,  64. 

cytherea  (Eudale),  185. 

cytila  (Charaxes),  484,  486,  488. 


Dafila,  264. 
Dahlia,  562. 
damarensis  (Cinnyris),  51. 

—  (Halcyon),  34. 
Dammeria,  14. 

darameriana  (Pachycephala),  17. 

—  (Halcyon),  19. 
Danainae,  56. 

dara  (Tclicota),  84,  85. 
Darantasia,  562. 
Darna,  126. 

da-syptera  (Calesia),  570. 
dauvergnei  (Capra),  277. 
dea  (Tanysiptera),  233. 
decidua  (Ptychopoda),  107. 
decolorata  (Rhinoprora),  109. 

—  (Nematocampa),  220. 
deflexa  (Dichromatopodia),  152. 
Deilinia,  190. 

Deiliniinae,  94,  111. 
Deinoptila,  172,  173. 
dt'ione  (Cynthia),  63. 
Deiopeia,  561. 


(  605  ) 


deiphobus  (Papilio),  83. 
delecta  (Diactinia),  110. 

—  (Eustroma),  110. 
delegorguei  (Coturnix),  273. 
Delias,  81,  86,  87. 

deltae  (Galerida),  248. 

Demiegretta,  11,  23 

demonax  (Charaxes),  306,  308. 

Dendrocopus,  527-31. 

Dendromus,  33. 

Dendrophila,  550. 

Dendropicus,  33. 

denticulata  (Polygraphodes),  159. 

dentilinea  (Cnemodes),  149. 

—  (Racheospila),  139. 
dentosa  (Tephroclystia),  1G7 
dephinata  (Drucia),  133. 
derogata  (Sylepta),  588. 
desa  (Charaxes),  313,  314. 

—  (Haridra),  313. 
deserti  (Ammomanes),  249. 

—  (Saxicola),  255. 
desertorum  (Alajmon),  247. 
detracta  (Cbrysauge),  160. 
detractaria  (Boarmia),  580 
detrita  (Xenoaiua),  115. 
Deudorix,  79. 

dewitzi  (Charaxes),  482,  487,  488. 

Diactinia,  110. 

diana  (Charaxes),  297,  300,  303. 

Diathrausta,  584. 

Dicaeum,  15,  237,  550. 

Dichocrocis,  587. 

Dichorda,  132. 

Dichorragia,  (iC. 

Dichostrepsia,  192. 

diehroa  (Cleis),  558. 

—  (Cyllopoda),  125. 
Dichromatopodia,  152. 
Dichromode.s,  101,  102. 
Dicrurus,  38,  230. 
diffusa  (Anisodes),  146. 
diffusus  (Pas.ser),  26,  43,  45. 
dilatata  (Trochiodes),  186. 
dilatipes  (Pachyzancha),  589. 
Dilophus,  245. 

dilucida  (Microloxia),  135. 
diluta  (Duliophyle),  113. 
dilutus  (Charaxes),  512. 
Dinumma,  563. 
dionisius  (Pithecops),  68. 
diops  (Spiredonia),  566. 
Dioptrornis,  37. 
Dirades,  121,  122. 
discata  (C'raspedia),  105. 
discinota  (Scaea),  129. 
disoipuncta  (Rhodochlora),  140. 
discistriga  (Pseudosphinx),  556. 
di.scopuDctaria  (Heterephyra),  1.5G. 
disformata  (Phaulostathma),  166. 


dispar  (Edolio.soma),  15,  552. 

—  (Ischnopteris),  203. 

—  (Isochromodes),  217. 
Dissemurus,  550. 
dissipitalis  (Sylepta),  588. 
distanti  (Charaxes),  309. 

—  (Haridra),  309. 
distinctata  (Heterephyra),  155. 
disturbans  (Androphilus),  226,  238. 
Dithecodes,  102. 

diversa  (Terias),  80. 
divisa  (Nelo),  192. 

—  (Zagira),  503. 

dodsoni  (CEdicnemus),  244,  266. 
dohertyi  (Charaxes),  345,  346. 

—  (Mynes),  67. 

—  (Pterochaeta),  568. 

—  (Vadebra),  57. 
dolescballi  (Hasora),  85. 
Doleschallia,  64. 
Dolichopyge,  173. 
dolop.salis  (Archernis),  589. 
domesticus  (Passer),  246. 
Doranaga,  503. 
dorimene  (Delias),  81. 
dorsipunctata  (Azelina),  209. 
doubledayi  (Charaxes),  496,  499. 
Doxocapa,  281,  3.35. 
Dracaenura,  584. 
Drepanoplectes,  26,  41. 
Drepanulidae,  98,  117. 
Dromas,  269. 

dronu  (Terias),  79. 

druceanus  (Charaxes),   415,  418,  419-22, 
425. 

—  (Nymphalis),  416. 
Drucia,  133. 
Dryoscopus,  38. 
dubia  (^gialitis),  268. 

—  (Cyphopora),  126. 
dukiufieldi  (Lissopsis),  171. 
dulciferata  (Amygdalopteryx),  176. 
Duliophyle,  113. 

dumiusi  (Oeocichla),  226,  239. 

—  (Phyllergates),  226,  238. 
dumicola  (Polioptileu),  535,  536. 
dunfordi  (Nymphalis),  291. 
Duomitus,  557. 

duperreyi  (Megapodius),  23,  554. 
duplicata  (Synecta),  199. 
duponcheli  (Betanga),  58,  59. 

—  (Euploea),  58. 

durnfordi  (Charaxes),  287-93. 

—  (Haridra),  289. 
dux  (Charaxes),  399. 
Dysodia,  90,  100. 
Dysplianiinae,  130,  131. 
Dysporus,  11. 
dyspteraria  (Meskea),  121. 
Dysschema,  131. 


(  60G  ) 


eboensis  (Cinnyris),  50. 

—  (Ncctarinia),  oO. 
echo  (Charaxes),  467. 

—  (Delia-i),  81. 
Eclectus,  229. 
Ectropidia,  113. 
Ectropis,  11.5. 
edithae  (Corvus),  245. 
edolioidea  (Melaenornis),  3G. 
Edoliosoma,  15,  23(5,  .5.52. 
egista  (Atella),  03. 
ehmckei  (Charaxes),  521. 
Eilema,  5(jl. 

Elanus,  2o2. 

elata  (Prospasla),  IGIK 

elegans  (Caoyparis),  5C2. 

elegantula  (Rhipidura),  12,  18. 

eliada  (Appks),  80. 

ellioti  (Galerida),  248. 

—  (Pteroclea),  28. 
Elminia,  37. 
Elodina,  79. 

elongaria  (Arhostia),  103. 
Elusa,  5i)3. 
Elymnias,  62. 
Elymniinae,  62. 
emini  (Galachrysea),  27. 
emissali.s  (Chalcidoptera),  586. 
emmae  (Prtitincola),  52. 
Emmalocera.  582. 
emoliis  (Lycaenesthes),  70,  71. 
cmuDctaria  (Alois),  95. 
Endotrit^ha,  .'.82. 
Ennominae,  96,  116,  207. 
Entephria,  5K5. 
Eois,  92,  105.  107,  14il,  147. 
Eos,  19,  23,  228,  229. 
ephesperis  (Nyctipao),  566. 
Ephyra,  165. 

ephyra    (Charaxes).   477,   482,   485,    486. 
490. 

—  (Xymphalis),  478,  479,  481,  485,  488. 
Epicosymbia,  107. 

epigencs  (Charaxes),  284. 
epijarbas  (Deudorix),  79. 
epijasius  (Charaxes),  437,  447,  448.  450. 

—  (Nymphalis),  4.50. 
epilais  (Doxocapa),  33.5. 
Epione,  218. 

Epiplema,  101,  123,  577,  578. 
Epiplemidae,  101,  121. 
Epirrhoe,  173-,5. 
Episparis,  570. 
epius  (Spalgis),  67. 
epops  (Upupa),  259. 
eques  (Penthetria),  41. 
erasa  (Dithecodes),  102. 
Ercheia,  5ti5. 
ereboides  (Adrapsa),  572. 
Bressa,  557. 


Eriboea,  281,  .'576,  387,  410,  428,  43.3,  439,  445 

447,  465,  481 
erigone  (Junoniaj,  64. 
Eriopygidia,  175,  176. 
eriosoma  (Plusia),  570. 
Eritbacus,  2.55,  541. 
erithalion  (Nymphalis),  478. 
enninea  (Ptipilio),  281. 
erminia  (Apaturina),  66. 
Eronia,  81. 

erythrauchen  (Acoipiter),  226. 
erythroceria  (Cinnyris),  50. 
erythrogaster  (Laniarius),  37. 
erythrogenj-s  (Cisticola),  49. 
Erythronayias,  226,  234. 
erythropteru'*  (Melittophagus),  3.5. 

—  (Merops),  3.5. 
Erythropygia,  49. 
erythrorhyncha  (Buphiiga),  39. 
erythrorhynchus  (Lophocerns),  3.3. 
erythrothorax  (Dicaeum),  237. 
Erythrura,  6,  7,  18. 

Eschata,  582. 

csculonta  (Collocolia),  18,  234. 

Estrilda,  245. 

etesipe  (Charaxes),  283,  453,  455-60. 

—  (Nymphalis),  455,  459. 

ethalion  (Charaxes),  472, 476,  477,  478, 482, 484, 
491. 

—  (Nymphalis),  478. 

etheocles  (Charaxes),  282-6,  351,  459,  472,  479, 
481,489,511. 

—  (Nymphalis),  4.55,  459,  481. 

—  (Papilio),  455,  459,  479,  481,  486. 
etheoclessa  (Eriboea),  481. 

etheta  (Charaxes),  459. 

—  (Nymphalis),  455,  459. 
Etiella,  .582. 
Euacidalia,  15.3. 
Eublemma,  563. 
Eucestiinae,  171. 

eucharis  (I'rasinochrysa),  160. 
euchlorala  (Luxiaria),  579. 
euchlorus  (Piisser),  241;. 
Euchromia,  .557. 
eudoxus  (Charaxes),  418-20. 

—  (Nymphalis),  419. 

—  (Papilio),  41. s,  419. 
Eudule,  185. 
Eudulinae,  185. 
Eudyn,amis,  230-32,  553. 
Euephyra,  153. 
eugeniata  (Eumelea),  580. 
eugenius  (Andropadus),  47. 
Eulepis,  66,  281,  284,  286,  293. 
eulimene  (Athyma),  GG. 
Eumelea,  580. 

eupale  (Charaxes),  283,  286,  510,  512. 

—  (Nymphalis),  512. 

—  (Papilio),  510,511. 


(  607  ) 


eupale  (Urbanus),  510,  511. 
Euperizoma,  177. 
euphancs  (Papilio),  4lJ8. 
Eupithecia,  106. 
eupitheciata  (Sauris),  580. 
Euploea,  5«,  59. 
Euploeinae,  58. 
Eupodotis,  267. 
Euprinodes,  49. 
Euproctis,  559. 
eurialus  (Charaxes),  352-4. 

—  (Papilio),  352. 
europa  (Lethe),  60. 
europaea  (Sitta),  526. 
Eurrliyparodes,  585. 
euryalus  (Charaxea),  352. 

—  (Papilio),  352. 
Eurylaemus,  550. 
eurypylu.s  (Papilio),  83. 
Eurystomus,  18,  33,  553. 
Eusarca,  214,  215. 
Eusenea,  215. 
Eustroma,  110. 

euteles  (Psitteuteles),  12,  19. 

Eutelia,  564. 

evaxalis  (Dichoorocis),  587. 

Everes,  72. 

everetti  (Acanthopneuste),  226,  239. 

—  (Charaxes),  291. 

—  (Eudynamis),  231,  232,  553. 

—  (Gerygone),  15. 

—  (Haridra),  291. 

—  (Pachycephala),  17. 

—  (Phyllergates),  226,  238. 

—  (Pitta),  18. 

exacta  (Calocalpe),  172. 
examinata  (Pachycephala),  236. 
excisa  (Planema),  546,  547. 
exclusa  (Luxiaria),  578. 
excubitorius  (Lanius),  38. 
oxe.sai-ia  (Cliogada),  113. 
exigua  (Caradiina),  563. 
exilinota  (Ptycbopoda),  94. 
exilis  (Cisticola),  239. 

—  (Lepiodes),  197. 
eximia  (Brontypena),  576. 
extimaria  (Isocbromodea),  217. 
exustus  (Pterocles),  28,  272. 


fabius  (Charaxes),  282,  286,  338,  351,  401,  463, 

465,  468,  469,  513. 
-  (Nymplialis),  465,  460,  467,  468. 

—  (Papilio),  463,  468. 
fabiusalis  (Sylepta),  587. 
facialis  (Eudynamis),  232. 
falcata  (Aziba),  118. 

—  (Charaxes),  502. 

—  (Palla),  502. 

—  (Philognoma),  502. 


Faico,  31,  261,  262. 
fallax  (Lanius),  251. 
familiaris  (Aedon),  253. 

—  (Certhia),  525. 

—  (Sylvia),  253. 
fascialis  (Zinckenia),  585. 
fasciata  (Opbthalmodea),  1 14. 
fasciatus  (Lophocerus),  34. 
fastigiata  (Zygia),  382. 
fatima  (Terias),  80. 
feisthameli  (Notocrypta),  84. 
feldeggi  (Faico),  202. 

—  (Motacilla),  250. 
fenestrata  (Dysodia),  100. 
fenestra tella  (Dysodia),  90. 
ferrilinea  (Eois),  106. 
ferruginata  (Anisodes),  142. 
fervens  (Charaxes),  327,  328. 
Fidonia,  90,  199. 
Fidoniinae,  96,  199. 

filiola  (Nectarinia),  49. 
fimbriata  (Hyriogona),  157. 
fimbripedata  (Ectropidia),  113. 
finschi  (Tephras),  3. 
fischeri  (Dioptrornis),  37. 

—  (Hyphantornis),  40. 

—  (Mirafra),  4(;. 
flabrifera  (Nishada),  561. 
flammea  (Strix),  261,  531,  534. 
flava  (Motacilla),  45,  250. 
flavescens  (Charaxes),  409. 
tiavibaaalis  (Nosophora),  586. 
flavicincta  (Racheolopha),  137. 
tlavidiscata  (Herbita),  216. 
flavifasciatus  (Charaxes),  438,  439,  440. 
flavifimbria  (Lissoehlora),  135. 
flavigula  (Criniger),  48. 
flavimarginata  (Tricentra),  104,  105. 
Haviventris  (Pliyllostrepbus),  48. 
Havociucta  (Euprinodes),  49. 
flavovirescens  ( Ptilinopiis),  21. 
tiexicosta  (Ptycbopoda),  161. 
Hexistrigata  (Craspedia),  150. 
florensis  (Charaxes),  348. 

Horesianus  (Geoffroyus),  230. 
floria  (Acanthopneuste),  239. 
foedata  (Camptogramma),  172. 

—  (Nipteria),  189. 
fokiensis  (Scaeorhynchus),  549 
forbesi  (Erythrura),  18. 
forskalii  (Buceros),  200. 
forsteni  (Megapodiua),  242. 
fragilis  (Xanthorhoe),  184. 
frater  (Anous),  9. 
fraternaria  (Bronchelia),  194. 
frazeri  (Cassina),  36. 
Fregata,  11. 

freyi  (Charaxes),  524. 
Fringilla,  0. 
fringillae  (Pulc-x),  539 


(  608  ) 


Fringillaria,  43,  247. 

fringillata  (MicroIoxia%  135. 

fringilloides  (Spermestes),  41. 

frondium  (Picus),  527. 

frontalis  (Dendrophila),  550. 

fucipbaga  (CoUocalia),  11. 

fucosa  (Eois),  106. 

fulgens  (Charaxes),  487. 

fulgurata  (Charaxes),  482,  483,  488. 

Fulica,  27. 

fuliginosa  (Artomyias),  37. 

—  (Sterna),  270. 

fuliginosns  (Cercocebus),  279,  593. 

Fuligula,  591. 

fuligula  (Fuligula),  591. 

fuUa  (Arhopala),  78. 

fuUonica  (Ophideres),  570. 

fulva  (Petelia),  204. 

fulvescens  (Charaxes),  357,  359,  360-62. 

—  (Palla),  3.->9,  361. 
fulvimacula  (Cyclomia),  21.'},  214. 
fulvipicta  (Pseudaglossa),  573. 
fulvus  (Charadrius),  9,  22. 
fumimixta  (Tephroclystia),  167. 
funeralis  (Nipteria),  189. 
furcata  (Ablepharus),  12. 
furfurata  (Craspedia).  104. 
furva  (Eressa),  557. 

—  (Melinodes),  218. 
fuscata  (Narragodes),  200. 
fuscicosta  (Heterephyra),  l,'i5. 
fuscidiscaria  (Heterephyra),  156. 
fu.scimargo  (Oreta),  99. 

—  ( Phrudochorda),  97. 
fuscum  (Lygosoma),  12. 
f  uscus  (Papilio),  82. 
fusifera  (Ercheia),  565. 


gabia  (Delias),  87. 
gabonica  (Charaxes),  399. 
gaika  (Zizera),  I'l!). 
Galachrysea,  27. 
galanthis  (Papilio),  281. 
galba  (Charaxes),  469. 
galbula  (Hyphantornis),  246. 

—  (Oriolus),  245. 
galeata  (Myiagra),  235. 
Galerida,  247,  248. 
gallicus  (Cursorius),  267. 

gallinae  (Ceratophyllus),  540,  542,  543. 

—  (Pulex),  539,  540. 
Gallinago,  269. 
gallinago  (Gallinago),  269. 
Gallinula,  28,  271. 
Gallus,  541. 

gallus  (Gallua),  541. 
Gamatoba,  58. 
gambrisius  (Papilio),  82. 
garrula  (Coracias),  260. 


garrnlus  (Coracias),  260. 

Garzetta,  266. 

garzetta  (Garzetta),  266. 

Gazapina  (Rhopalista),  169. 

gea  (Acraea),  547. 

Gecko,  12. 

Gela.sma,  133. 

Gelochelidon,  270,  554. 

geminia  (Urapteryx),  578. 

geminipuncta  (Aterpnodes),  209. 

geminus  (Charaxes),  427. 

Gemmatus,  281. 

genoveva  (Ogyris),  274. 

Geocichla,  13,  226.  239. 

geofEroyi  (Ochthodromus),  268,  554. 

Geoffroyus,  230. 

Geometra,  132,  141,  146. 

geometralis  (Lepyrodes),  589. 

Geometridae,  90,  101,  124,  191,  225. 

Geometrinae,  102,  131,  134. 

georgius  (Charaxes),  321,  322,  323. 

germana  (Euacid.alia),  153. 

Gerydus,  07. 

Gerygone,  15. 

ghosha  (Phibalapteryx),  580. 

gibbosa  (Ptychopoda),  162. 

gigantea  (Charaxes),  303-5. 

glabripennis  (Eois),  106. 

glandarius  (Garrulus),  534. 

Glareola,  27. 

—  (Rhyaeophiliis),  208. 

—  (Totauus),  268. 
glauca  (Erythrura).  6. 

—  (Milionia),  580. 
glaucovirens  (Lamprocolius),  39. 
glauculalis  (Glyphodes),  588. 
glenis  (Xacaduba),  75. 
globaria  (Auisodes),  141. 
Globicera,  8. 

gloriosus  (Canerkes),  275. 

Glottis,  23,  268,  554. 

Glyphodes,  588. 

godarti  (Charaxes),  440. 

Gogana,  98. 

golzii  (Erithacus),  2.55. 

goDgonensis  (Passer),  26,  43,  45. 

—  (Pseudostruthus),  43. 
Goniorhynchus,  587. 
Gonocilix,  98. 
Gonodela,  95. 
gonospUalis  (Hypena),  576. 
gracilis  (Andropadus),  47. 

—  (Burnesia),  255. 
gramineus  (Tanygnathus),  230. 
Grammodes,  567. 
grandiflora  (Protea),  446. 
graphica  (Polydesma),  566. 
Graphidipus   192. 
Gruucalus,  12,  23. 

grayi  (Zosterops),  16. 


(  009  ) 


griaea  (Anisodee),  145. 

—  (Stenalcidia),  198. 

—  (Zethes),  571. 
griseata  (Cnephora),  212. 
griselda  (Hammaptera),  178. 
griseola  (Synecta),  199. 
griseolineata  (Sterrha),  94. 
griseonota  (Pachycephala),  236. 
griseosticta  (Muscicapa),  234. 
griseotincta  (Reinwardtoena),  241. 
griseoviridis  (Camaroptera),  49. 
grisoLa  (Muscicapa),  257. 

guderiana  (Charaxes),  286,  463,  471,  473   475 

—  (Nymphalis),  473. 
guentheri  (Alcedo),  34. 
gularis  (Ardea),  266. 

—  (Calomis),  17. 

—  (Eurystomus),  33. 

—  (Lepterodias),  266. 

—  (Melittophagus),  34. 

—  (Mixomis),  550. 

—  (Passer),  44,  45. 

—  (Rhipidura),  13. 

—  (Scaeorhynchus),  548,  549. 

—  (Sylvia),  240. 

gulielmalis  (Goniorhynchus),  687 
gurneyi  (Baza),  20. 
gustavi  (An thus),  16. 
guttata  (Alcedo),  534. 

—  (Strix),  532-4. 
gutturalis  (Cinnyris),  51. 

—  (Hirundo),  12,  23,  234. 

—  (Pterocles),  29. 
Gygis,  10. 
Gymnophaps,  241. 
Gyrtona,  565. 

habyssinica  (Cinnyris),  250. 

Hadesina,  126,  127. 

hadrianus  (Charaxes),  398,  399,  400. 

Haemalea,  153-5. 

Haematopus,  267. 

hagedash  (Hagedashia),  29. 

Hagedashia,  29. 

hagenbecki  (Cercooebus),  593,  594. 

Halcyon,  19,  20,  34,  233,  234,  260,  553. 

Haliaetus,  262. 

haliaetus  (Pandion),  261. 

balmaea  (Acidalia),  106. 

Halophanes,  91,  102,  103. 

Hamadryas,  60. 

hamata  (Tirumala),  56. 

hamatus  (Charaxes),  502. 

Hammaptera,  177. 

hampsoni  (Heterusia),  557. 

hamulosa  (Palla),  502. 

hannibal  (Charaxes),  466. 

hansali  (Charaxes),  437,  438,  440,  450. 

—  (Nymphalis),  440. 

hantu  (Niaox),  227. 


Haridra,  281-343. 

harmodius  (Charaxes),  316-20. 

—  (Haridra),  318,  319. 
harpagon  (Charaxes),  318-20. 

—  (Haridra),  318,  319. 
Harpagoneura,  581. 

harpax  (Charaxes),  329,  331,  333. 

—  (Haridra),  329,  332. 
harterti  (Xenocichla),  53. 
hartiaubi  (Erythropyia),  49. 

—  (Turacus),  31,  278. 
Hasodima,  216. 
Hasora,  85,  86. 
hasselti  (Cinnyris),  550. 
Hebomoia,  81. 
hecabe  (Terias),  80. 
Heledromas,  269. 
helena  (Papilio),  281. 
heliconia  (Asota),  559. 
heliodora  (Neptis),  66. 
hellauis  (Precis),  64. 
helvetica  (Squatarola),  267. 
hemana  (Charaxes),  325,  334. 

—  (Haridra),  334. 
Hemipogon,  109. 
Hemipus,  550. 
Hemithea,  134,  581. 
hemithearia  (Gelasma),  133. 
hemixanthella  (Tortricomorpha),  590. 
Hemixus,  650. 

hemprichi  (Larus),  269. 

henrici  (Dammeria),  14. 

Herbita,  216. 

Herculia,  583. 

Herodias,  265. 

Hesperiidae,  83. 

hesperioides  (Dahlia),  562. 

Hestia,  56. 

Heteractiti.s,  23,  654. 

Heteranax,  14,  23. 

Heterephyra,  155,  156,  165. 

Heteropan,  557. 

Heteropygia,  8. 

Heterostegane,  111. 

Heterusia,  185,  200,  557. 

Heterusiinae,  185. 

heuglini  (Cossypha),  52. 

Iieyi  (Ammoperdix),  273. 

hierax  (Charaxes),  329,  330,  331,  333,  335. 

—  (Haridra),  332. 
hildebrandti  (Charaxes),  286,  469. 

—  (Nymphahs),  469. 
himalayensis  (Dendrocopns),  530,  631. 
Himantopus,  268. 

himantopus  (Him.antopU5),  268. 

hindei  (Cisticola),  49. 

hiadia  (Charaxes),  331,  332,  333,  334,  3.37,  338. 

—  (Haridra),  331,  332. 

—  (Nymphalis),  332. 
hippoclus  (Symbrenthia),  63. 

41 


(  610  ) 


hipponalis  (Pachyzancla),  589. 
hipponax  (Charaxes),  331,  332,  333. 

—  (Haridra),  332. 

hirundinia  (Ceratophyllus),  542,  543. 

—  (Pulex),  539,  542. 
Hirundo,  12,  23,  35,  36,  234,  257. 
histricalis  (Cotachena),  582. 
hoedti  (Rhipidura),  13. 

hoUandi  (Charaxes),  482,  484,  487. 
Holochila,  G8. 

holoxantbalis  (Lygropia),  588. 
homerus  (Charaxes),  512. 
homeyeri  (Charaxes),  520. 

—  (Sitta),  526. 
Homoeosoma,  582. 

honorata  (Eudynamis),  230,  231. 
Hoplopterus,  27. 
horachroa  (Dracaenura),  584. 
horatius  (Charaxes),  494. 

—  (Nymphalis),  492,  494. 

—  (Papilio),  492,  494. 
borsfieldi  (Paragerydus),  67. 
hortensis  (Sylvia),  253. 
Houbara,  267. 
humeralis  (Lanius),  38. 
humii  (Halcyon),  20. 
Huphina,  81. 

hurama  (Hasora),  86. 

hyalina  (Oospila),  136. 

Hyalobatbra,  589. 

Hyalocampa,  187,  188. 

Hyblaea,  503. 

hybridus  (Turacus),  278. 

Hydata,  134. 

Hydrillodes,  574. 

Hydriomena,  178. 

Hydriomeninae,  110,  134,  171,  180. 

hylas  (Lampides),  76. 

Hylodes,  506. 

hylusalis  (Gyrtona),  565. 

Hymenomima,  197. 

Hymenoptycbis,  584, 

Hypaetra,  567. 

Hypena,  576. 

Hypephyra,  579. 

hyperboreua  (Pbalaropus),  591. 

Hyperetis,  225. 

Hyperlopha,  571. 

Hyphautidium,  582. 

Hypbantornis,  40,  24U. 

Hypbedyle,  124,  125. 

bypbinoe  (Duomitas),  557. 

Hypocharmosyna,  229. 

Hypochlorosis,  79. 

Hypochrysops,  68,  88,  89. 

Ilypocolius,  252. 

hypocyanea  (Anisoneura),  566. 

Ilypolais,  254. 

Hypolamprus,  118. 

hypoleucus  (Tringoides),  23,  269,  554. 


Hypolimnas,  64,  65. 
hypolitus  (Troides),  82. 
Hypolycaena,  79. 
Hyposidra,  116,  579. 
Hypotbymis,  550. 
hypoxantba  (Xenocichla),  48. 
hypsata  (Abraxas),  580. 
Hyriogona,  150,  157. 


iasius  (Nymphalis),  447. 

ibis  (Bubulcus),  29. 

ichthyaetus  (Larus),  269. 

icterocephala  (Chloropsis),  550. 

Icteropsis,  40. 

iere  (Delias),  87. 

ignita  (Dysodia),  100. 

ilatana  (Marapana),  576. 

ilias  (Holochila),  68. 

illectalis  (Hyalobatbra),  589. 

illimitata  (Heterephyra),  156. 

illinaria  (Auisodes),  143. 

imbecillata  (Epirrhoe),  174. 

imitans  (Xanthoxena),  131. 

Immetalia,  562. 

immutata  (Craspedia),  104. 

imua  (Charaxes),  331,  334,  337,  339. 

—  (Haridra),  338. 
imperialis  (Aquila),  263. 

—  (Charaxes),  286,  394,  396-8,  400,  477, 486. 
impleta  (Titbraustes),  129. 

impressalis  (Bradina),  584. 
inaestimata  (Cinnyris),  51. 
inamorata  (Ocbyria),  179. 
inangulata  (Polydesma),  566. 
incanus  (Tetanus),  8. 
incaudata  (Procboerodes),  223. 
includens  (Hypaetra),  567. 
incognita  (Lissocblora),  135. 
incolorabs  (Pyrausta),  590. 
incoloraria  (Nipteria),  190. 
incolorata  (Xenocentris),  109. 
incompta  (Azelina),  209. 
incongraata  (Hasodima),  216. 

—  (Macaria),  216. 
indecora  (Ptycbopoda),  162. 
indecorata  (Arbostia),  103. 
indentata  (Cidariopbanes),  202,  203. 
indica  (Glyphodes),  588. 
indicatalis  (Hypena),  576. 
Indicator,  32. 

indicator  (Indicator),  32. 
indicus  (Pbaethon),  204. 
indistincta  (AzeUua),  210. 
Induna,  92. 

inexpictata  (Trocbiodes),  186. 
infans  (Dirades),  122. 
infantilis  (Calliploea),  59. 
infantula  (Psaliodes),  181. 
— (Ptycbopoda),  162 


( oil ) 


infulata  (Muscicapa),  37. 
ingens  (lyngipicus),  33. 
innominata  (Ceyx),  550. 
ino  (Papilio),  62. 
inomata  (Chettusia),  27. 

—  (Gerygone),  15. 

—  (Lathochlora),  91. 
inornatus  (Caprimulgus),  259. 
insanalis  (Tabidia),  585. 
inecisale  (Provedema),  589. 
insigniata  (Anisodes),  143. 
insignis  (Chaerocampa),  274. 

—  (Chalcostetha),  550. 
insolita  (Microgonia),  218. 
instabilata  (Epiplema),  577. 
insularis  (Strix),  533,  534. 
Integra  (Gogana),  98. 
intensa  (Racheospila),  139. 
intercedens  (Mirafra),  46. 
intermedia  (Columba),  271. 

—  (Zosterops),  237,  238. 
intermedins  (Cuculus),  553. 
iuterprea  (Arenaria),  267. 

—  (Strepsilas),  9,  242,  267. 
intersecta  (Tithraustes),  130. 
intersectis  (Nacaduba),  75. 
interstrigalis  (Ambia),  583. 
intervallata  (Nipteria),  189. 
intimalis  (Rhodonuera),  559. 
invasta  (Auophylla),  132. 
iobaea  (Eronia),  81. 

lodis,  134. 

iopasalis  (Sylepta),  588. 

iphigenia  (Hypolimnas),  64,  65. 

Ira,  217. 

irena  (Pitta),  18. 

iridaria  (Dichorda),  132. 

Irrisor,  35. 

Isabella  (Bindahara),  79. 

isabellina  (Saxicola),  52,  255. 

isabellinus  (Lanius),  251,  252. 

Ischnopteris,  203. 

Ischnopteryx,  201. 

Iscbya,  569. 

isis  (Atyria),  125. 

ismare  (Nasuma),  56. 

Isochromodes,  217. 

isolata  (Racheospila),  138,  139. 

Isoplenia,  93. 

ispida  (Alcedo),  234. 

isura  (Rhipidura),  13. 

iturina  (Acraea),  544. 

itysalis  (Glyphodes),  588. 

lyngipicus,  33. 

lynx,  32,  257. 

Iza,  118,  119. 


jacksoni  (Drepanoplectes),  26,  41. 
—  (Irrisor),  35. 


jacobinus  (Coccystes),  257. 
jacquinoti  (Appias),  80. 

—  (Terias),  80. 
jael  (Huphina),  81. 
jaguaralis  (Eutephria),  585. 
jahlusa  (Charaxes),  507,  509,  510. 

—  (Nymphalis),  507,  509,  510. 
jalinder  (Charaxes),  330-34. 

—  (Haridra),  332. 
Jamides,  75,  76. 
japetus  (Tagiades),  83. 
japonicus  (Dendrocopus),  530,  531. 
Jasia,  281. 

jasius  (Apatura),  447. 

—  (Charaxes),  444,  447,  448,  455. 

—  (Nymphalis),  447. 

—  (Paphia),  447. 

—  (PapiUo),  352,  446,  447. 

jason  (Charaxes),  281,  282,  286,  420-27,  437,  438, 
442-446-451. 

—  (Nymphalis),  447. 

—  (Papiliu),  281,  446. 
jaspidata  (Racheolopha),  137. 

—  (Racheospila),  137. 
javanicus  (Centropus),  232. 
javensis  (Thriponax),  550. 
jocaste  (Charaxes),  460,  461. 

—  (Nymphalis),  461. 
johnatoni  (Acraea),  546. 

—  (Semnocebus),  595,  596. 
jordani  (Ophideres),  570. 
jovialis  (Glyphodes),  588. 
joviana  (Ophiusa),  567. 
Junius  (Charaxes),  431,  432. 
junonia,  64. 

kahldeni  (Charaxes),  519. 

kahruba  (Charaxes),  310,  311,  315. 

—  (Haridra),  310. 

kamtschaticus  (Dendrocopus),  530,  531. 

kebirensis  (Stigmatops),  16. 

keyensis  (Gerygone),  15. 

khasiana  (Haridra),  332. 

khasianus  (Charaxes),  325,  331,  332,  334. 

kheili  (Charaxes),  473. 

khimalara  (Charaxes),  331,  332. 

—  (Haridra),  332. 
kilimensis  (Nectarinia),  49. 
kirchboffi  (Strix),  533,  534. 

kirki  (Chara.'ces),  476,  477,  4.S2,  486,  489. 

—  (Crateropus),  49. 
kissereusia  (Monarcha),  14,  552. 

—  (Gerygone),  15. 
kittlitzi  (Aplonis),  6. 

—  (Gygis),  10. 
kounga  (Arhopala),  79. 
kubaryi  (Phlegoenas),  1,  8. 
kiibni  (Chaerocampa),  274. 

—  (Gerygone),  15. 

—  (Phalaeuoides),  275. 


(  612  ) 


hichrymosum  (Tricholaema),  32. 
lactea  (Leucoxena),  94. 

—  (Polioptila),  536. 
lacteata  (Epiplema),  577. 
lactetinctus  (Charaxes),  414,  418. 
laetior  (Oiolas),  39. 

laevigata  (Rhus),  358. 
laevis  (Dysodia),  100. 
Lagonostica,  41. 
lahtora  (Lauius),  251. 
lampedo  (Charaxes),  465,  466. 
~  (Eriboea),  465. 

—  (Nymphalis),  465. 
lampetia  (Messaras),  63. 
Lampides,  76. 
Lamprocolius,  39. 
Lamprotornis,  39. 
languida  (Hypolais),  254. 
Laniarius,  37. 

Lanius,  38,  251,  252. 

laodice  (Charaxes),  498,  499. 

—  (Nymphalis),  498. 

—  (Palla),  499. 

—  (Papilio),  498. 

—  (Philognoma),  499. 
lapejTousei  (Euploea),  58. 
lapponica  (Limosa),  8,  23. 
Larus,  269,  270. 
larvatus  (Oriolus),  38. 
lasinassa  (Hypolimnas),  65. 
lasti  (Charaxes),  409,  410. 
Lathochlora,  90,  91. 
laticinctus  (Charaxes),  444,  445. 
latona  (Charaxes),  296—308. 

—  (Nymphalis),  298,  306. 
layardi  (Charaxes),  302. 
lebbeck  (Acacia),  382. 
lecius  (Papilio),  281. 
leda  (Melanitis),  61. 
lembeyei  (Polioptila),  535. 
Lemoniidae,  67. 
Leocyma,  563. 

leoninus  (Charaxes),  501,  502. 

leos  (Gerydus),  67. 

Lepiodes,  197. 

Lepterodias,  266. 

Leptocteriista,  124. 

lepturus  (Phaethon),  10. 

lepurana  (Turnix),  270. 

Lepyrodes,  589. 

Lethe,  60. 

leto  (Charaxes),  304,  305. 

lettiensis  (Ptilinopus),  21. 

—  (Zosterops),  16. 
leucocapillus  (Micranous),  9. 
leucocepbalus  (Melanobucco),  32. 
leucocincta  (Emmalocera),  582. 
leucogaster  (Haliautus),  2G2. 
leucogastra  (Polioptila),  536. 
leucogastralis  (Masca),  571. 


leucogynia  (Hebomoia),  81. 

leucomela  (Hyposidra),  116. 

leucomelaena  (Amaurornis),  22. 

Leuconotha,  123. 

leucopterus  (Dendrocopus),  529,  531 

leucopthalmus  (Larus),  269. 

leucorodia  (Platalea),  265. 

leucospila  (Doranaga),  563. 

leucospilus  (Scops),  227. 

leucotis  (Colius),  31. 

Leucoxena,  94. 

leucurus  (Monarcha),  235. 

Libythaeinae,  67. 

Libythea,  67. 

lichas  (Charaxes),  502,  504,  506,  507,  511. 

—  (Palla),  500. 

—  (Philognoma),  504,  506. 
lichenea  (Anisodes),  143. 

—  (Thermesia),  569. 
lichtensteini  (Pterocles),  272. 
limbaria  (Hadesina),  126,  127. 
Limnas,  57. 
Limnocorax,  28. 
Limonias,  225. 
Limonitfis,  554. 

Limosa,  8,  23. 
lincea  (Ophthalmia),  562. 
linchi  (CoUocalia),  550. 
lineolata  (Pachycephala),  236. 
lingensis  (Mus),  549. 
Lissocharis,  188. 
Liasochlora,  134,  135. 
Lissopsis,  171. 

lithargyria  (Catochrysops),  77. 
littoralis  (Prodenia),  562. 
livia  (Columba),  271,  542. 
livingstoni  (Corythaix),  278. 

—  (Turacus),  278. 
Lobopola,  203,  204. 
longicauda  (Elminia),  37. 
longidens  (Paragonia),  221. 
longipalpis  (lodis),  134. 
longipedata  (Ptychopoda),  163. 
longipennis  (Stenorrhoe),  183. 
longirostris  (Arachnothera),  550. 
Lophocoros,  33,  34,  260. 
loricatus  (Monarcha),  235. 
lorquini  (Hypochlorosis),  79. 
lucasi  (Chaerocampa),  555. 
lucidus  (Bubulcus),  266. 

lucretius  (Charaxes),  405,  406,  407,  410. 

—  (Eriboea),  410. 

—  (Nymphalis),  410. 

—  (Papilio),  410. 
lugens  (Muscicipa),  37. 
higcntoides  (Saxicola),  256. 
lugubris  (Alcedo),  534. 

—  (Cerylo),  534. 

—  (Strix),  534. 

—  (Surniculus),  550. 


(  613  ) 


lilhderi  (Cinnyria),  51. 
lumaralis  (Bocchoris),  580. 
luminaria  (Rambara),  580. 
lumiaosa  (Ommatophora),  570. 
lunata  (Chaerocampa),  274. 
lunawara  ((Jharaxes),  310,  312,  321. 

—  (Haridra),  310. 
lunigera  (Charaxes),  488. 
lutaoea  (Charaxes),  485. 
lutealis  (Curicta),  582. 
lutescens  (Ravadeba),  57. 
Luxiaria,  578,  579. 
luzonica  (Radena),  56. 
Lycaena,  68. 
Lycaenesthes,  70. 
Lycaenidae,  67. 

lycaenoides  (Lycaenesthes),  70.  71. 

—  (Pseudodipsas),  70 
lycnrgus  (Nymphalis),  499. 

—  (Papilio),  499. 
lydekkeri  (Capra),  277. 
Lygosoma,  12. 
Lygris,  110. 
Lygropia,  588. 
lysianassa  (Charaxes),  405. 


Maearia,  216,  579. 
macariata  (Ozola),  580. 
macclouni  (Charaxes),  409. 
macfarlainei  (Papilio),  83. 
Machetes,  209. 
mackloti  (Dicaeum),  15. 
macqueeni  (Houbara),  267. 
Macroglossum,  556. 
Macroneurodes,  127. 
Macropteryx,  234,  550. 
Macropygia,  240. 

macrorhyncha  (Pachycephala),  17. 
macrostyla  (Eois),  92. 
macrurus  (Circus),  263. 
maculata  (Strix),  533,  534. 
maculatus  (Cuscus),  12. 
mada  (Columba),  241. 

—  (Prioniturus),  226,  230. 
madensis  (Charaxes),  346. 
maesoides  (Telicota),  84,  85. 
magica  (Pisorhina),  227. 
magicus  (Scops),  227,  228,  532. 
magnifica  (Heterusia),  185. 
maha  (Zizera),  70. 

maior  (Polioptila),  538. 
major  (Dendrocopus),  527-31. 

—  (Laniarius),  37. 

—  (Picus),  527. 
malaccensis  (Anthreptes),  550. 

—  (Hemixus),  550. 
malacellus  (Crambus),  581. 
Malacopterum,  549. 
malaya  (Megisba),  68. 


malayana  (Eudynamis),  230,  231. 

—  (Hasora),  80. 
malayanus  (Chrysococcyx),  21. 
malina  (Aplodes),  134. 

—  (Hydata),  134. 
mamillifera  (Atyria),  125. 
manadensis  (Scops),  227,  228. 
mangolianus  (Charaxes),  466. 
manica  (Charaxes),  482,  488. 
manifestalis  (Adrapsa),  572. 
manipa  (Satyrus),  62. 
manlia  (Ischya),  569. 
Marapana,  575,  576. 
Mareca,  591. 

margaritaria  (Craspedia),  104. 
margaritata  (Strix),  533. 
marginata  (Darna),  126. 

—  (Fidonia),  199. 
marginatum  (Edoliosoma),  236. 
maria  (Pitta),  18. 

marica  (Nymphalis),  387. 

—  (PapUio),  387. 
marionalis  (XacoIeia),587. 

marmax  (Charaxes),  312,  326,  834,  351-G. 

—  (Haridra),  312. 

—  (Nymphalis),  312. 
mars  (Charaxes),  344-6. 
martinus  (Charaxes),  318,  319. 

—  (Haridra),  318,  319. 

—  (Tagiades),  83. 
Maruca,  589. 
Masca,  571. 

mathias  (Parnara),  85. 

Mathoria,  119. 

matutina  (Cyllopoda),  125. 

mauritanus  (Dendrocopus),  529,  531. 

maxima  (Ceryle),  534. 

mechowi  (Charaxes),  419. 

Mecoceratinae,  124. 

Mecodina,  571. 

Medasina,  115. 

media  (Sterna),  270. 

medius  (Centropus),  232. 

medus  (Mycalesis),  61. 

meeki  (Ogyris),  274. 

megalorhynchus  (Tanygnathus),  230. 

Megapodius,  23,  242,  554. 

Megisba,  68. 

megisto  (PhaLienoidcs),  275. 

Melaenornis,  36. 

melana  (Doleschallia),  04. 

melanauchen  (Pyrrhulauda),  249. 

—  (Sterna),  10. 

Melanchroia,  192-4. 

Melanitis,  01. 

melanoleucus  (Lophocerus),  33. 

Melanobucco,  32. 

melanocephala  (Caccabis),  272. 

melanogaster  (Otis),  27. 

melanogenys  (Anous),  9. 


(  614  ) 


melanope  (Motecilla),  16,  250,  552.  . 
melauops  (Graucalus),  12,  23. 
melanoptera  (Cercotrichas),25C. 

—  (Chettusia),  27. 
Melanopteryx,  40. 
melanorhyncha  (Eudynamis),  232. 
melanorhynchus  (Plocepasser),  41. 
melanotis  (Petaurista),  592. 
melanura  (Myristicivora),  242. 

—  (Myrmecocichla),  256. 

—  (Pachycephala),  17,  237. 
melba  (Cypselus),  258. 
Melia,  434. 

melicerte  (Ophiusa;,  567. 
Melierax,  263. 
melina  (Vadebra),  58. 
Melinodes,  218. 
melissa  (Pergama),  211. 
Melissoblaptes,  581. 
Melitta,  35. 
Melittophagus,  34,  35. 
Melizophilus,  533. 
mcllea  (Anteois),  147. 
membranacea  (Parallage),  I'Jl. 
meridionalis  (Charaxes),  297,  304,  305. 

—  (Melittophagus),  35. 

—  (Strix),  53.S. 
Meringocera,  560. 
meritalis  (Entephria),  585. 
Meroctena,  589. 
Merops,  34,  35,  259,  339. 
merula  (Turdus),  541. 
merulinus  (Cacomantis),  233. 
Meskea,  121. 

mesoleuca  (Ruticilla),  254. 
Messaras,  63. 
Metabolus,  1,  4,  11. 
nietallica  (Calornis),  17. 

—  (Columba),  22. 

—  (Nectarinia),  250. 
Metasia,  161. 

metaspila  (Polydesma),  566. 
metaspilata  (Anisodes),  141. 
Metrocampa,  212. 
mexicana  (Culicivora),  535. 

—  (Polioptila),  535. 
meyeri  (Halcyon),  20. 
micaceus  (Phalaenoides),  5G2. 
Miccularia,137. 

—  (Racheolopha),  137. 
Micranous,  9. 
Microctenucha,  100. 
Jlicroeca,  226,  234. 
Microgonia,  2]  8. 
Microloxia,  135,  136. 
Elicronia,  577. 
Microxydia,  219. 
midas  (Charaxe.s),  497. 
milesi  (Bubo),  261. 
Miletus,  67. 


Milionia,  580. 
Miltochrista,  561,  562. 
Mil vus,  31,262. 
mimica  (Xenocentris),  109. 
Mimocharis,  200. 
mindanensis  (Eudynamis),  231 
mingo  (Pamphila),  85. 
minor  (Halcyon),  19. 

—  (Pycnonotus),  47. 

—  (Reinwardtoena),  241. 
minuta  (Haemalea),  154. 

—  (Sterna),  270. 

—  (Tringa),  269. 
minntus  (Melittophagus),  35. 

—  (Telephonus),  38. 
Mirafra,  2G,  45,  46,  248,  249. 
Mixopsis,  219,  220. 
Mixornis,  550. 

mixtus  (Charaxes),  372,  387,  390,  391. 
ranesidora  (Cirrhochrista),  682. 
Mnesithetis,  158. 
modesta  (Erythrura),  6. 
mode.stalis  (Bradina),  584. 
moerens  (Tithraustes),  1.30. 
mollissima  (Microloxia),  135. 
molucca  (Munia),  240. 
moluccana  (Alcedo),  234. 
moluccensis  (Philemon),  237. 

—  (Pitta),  18. 

mombasae  (Phyllostrephus),  48. 
Momouipta,  128. 
monachus  (Vullur),  264. 
Monarcha,  13,  14,  226,  235,  552. 
mongolica  (.^gialitis),  268. 
mongolus  (Aegialitis),  9. 

—  (Ochthodromus),  554. 
monitor  (Charaxes),  361. 
monogrammata  (Ptychopoda),  163. 
montanus  (Pious),  527. 
monteiri  (Charaxes),  385. 
Monticola,  254. 

montivagata  (Epirrhoe),  174. 
Monura,  281,  452. 
mopsaria  (Cyclomia),  214. 
morotensis  (Scops),  227. 
Morphinae.  62. 
Motacilla,  IG,  45,  200,  5.52. 
motitensis  (Passer),  42,  43. 
multidentata  (Miltochrista),  561. 
multifasciata  (Iza),  118. 
multilinea  (Eusarca),  214. 
multivagata  (Epirrhoe),  174. 

—  (Scotosia),  174. 

munda  (Microctenucha),  100. 
mundaria  (Ptychopoda),  108. 
mundipicta  (Xyctemera),  560. 
mundus  (Heteranax),  14,  23. 
Munia,  240. 

muricata  (Anteois),  147. 
muricolor  (Pero),  222. 


(  615  ) 


murinus  (Bradyornis),  36. 

Mus,  541,  549. 

Muscicapa,  37,  234,  257. 

muscipunctata  (Geometra),  141. 

muscosata  (Perizoma),  180. 

musicus  (Bias),  36. 

Mycalesis,  Gl,  62,  87,88. 

mycerina  (Charaxes),  283,  286,  455,  494-9. 

—  (Nymphalis),  496. 

Myiagra,  1,5,  II,  13,  2.35. 

Mynes,  0,1. 

Myrioblephara,  114. 

Myristicivora,  242. 

Myrmecocichla,  52,  256. 

mystacea  (Macropteryx),  234. 

mysticalis  (Criniger),  238. 

Myzomela,  2,  12,  551,  552. 


Nacaduba,  73-5. 

Nacoleia,  587. 

Nadagara,  578. 

namaquus  (Thripias),  32,  33. 

nanata  (Hemipogon),  109. 

nanipennis  (Cyllopoda),  125. 

narangilla  (Spargania),  182. 

narina  (Libythea),  67. 

Narraga,  200. 

Narrogodes,  200. 

Nasuma,  56. 

nasutus  (Lophoceros),  260. 

natalensis  (Charaxes),  432,  433,  435,  436. 

natunensis  (Mus),  549. 

nauslcaa  (Charaxes),  495. 

neanthes  (Charaxes),  283,  516,  520,  521-4. 

—  (Nymphalis),  521,  523. 
nebularius  (Glottis),  23,  268,  554. 
nebuligera  (Auisodes),  145. 
Nectarinia,  49,  50,  250. 
nedusia  (Hamadryas),  60. 
neglecta  (Collocolia),  18. 

Nelo,  192. 
Nematocampa,  220. 
nemea  (Lampides),  76. 
nemertes  (Salpinx),  00. 
Neochera,  559. 
Neochrysa,  157,  158. 
Neophron,  204. 
Neopithecops,  68. 
Neosterrha,  158. 
Nepheloleuca,  221. 
Nephodiinae,  187,  191. 
Neptis,  66. 

neriphoides  (Neptis),  66. 
neriphus  (Neptis),  66. 
nesaea  (Charaxes),  398. 
nesiope  (Charaxes),  499. 

—  (Nymphalis),  499. 
Nettapus,  26. 
Nettion,  26,  264. 


nexistriga  (  Dichromodes),  101. 
niasica  (Siccia),  561. 
niceta  (Rhodareas),  559. 
nichete.s  (Charaxes),  500— 502. 
nicholi  (Charaxes),  288-90. 

—  (Haridra),  288. 
nicholii  (Nymphalis),  288. 
niebla  (Herbita),  216. 
nigella  (Bleptina),  574. 
niger  (Fjimnocorax),  28. 

—  (Parus),  51. 

nigerrima  (Melanopteryx),  40. 
nigra  (Myrmecocichla),  52. 
nigrata  (Hyposidra),  116. 
nigrescens  (Charaxes),  361. 

—  (Piletocera),  584. 
nigricans  (Galerida),  248. 

—  (Pycnonotus),  47. 
nigriceps  (Polioptila),  536-8. 
nigricoUis  (Podicipes),  270. 
nigricuneata  (Alcis),  111. 
nigrifrons  (Pyromelana),  41. 
nigrilineata  (Oenoptilar),  204. 
uigripennis  (Oriolus),  39. 
nigripunctata  (Spilocraspeda),  224. 
nigriscapularis  (Cinnyris),  237. 
Nigrita,  42. 

—  (Astyochia),  187. 

—  (Hirundo),  36. 
nigrivenata  (Lissocharis),  188. 
nigrivitta  (HercuUa),  583. 
nigrogularis  (Phalacrocorax),  204. 
nigromentalis  (Ehipidura),  13. 
nigropustulata  (Anisodes),  143. 
Ninox,  227,  532,  550. 

ninus  (Dichorragia),  60. 
Nipteria,  188-91. 
Nishada,  561. 
nisoria  (Sylvia),  252. 
Nisus,  220. 
uisus  (Accipiter),  203. 

—  (Charaxes),  352,  354. 

—  (Nymphalis),  352. 

—  (Papilio),  352. 

nitebis  (Charaxes),  292,  294. 

—  (Nymphalis),  292,  294. 
nitens  (P.salidoprocne),  36. 
nitidula  (Petaurista),  592. 
nitidus  (Pteromys),  592. 
nivosaria  (Epiplema),  577. 
nobilis  (Charaxes),  512. 
noctis  (Sepa),  83. 
Noctuidae,  562. 

noctula  (Scotophilus),  541. 

nocturna  (Azelina),  210. 

Nodaria,  574,  .575. 

nodigera  (Anisodes),  145. 

nodrica  (Parthenos),  65. 

Noreia,  580. 

northootti  (Charaxes),  472,  473. 


(  616  ) 


nortia  (AplodeB),  135. 
Nosophora,  58C. 
Notocrypta,  84. 
novaehollandiae  (Strix),  228. 
novaezealandiae  (Limosa),  8,  23. 
nubicincta  (Perizoma),  177. 
nnbicus  (Caprimulgna),  258. 

—  (Lanius),  251. 

nnbilosa  (Phaeochlaena),  128. 

nuchalis  (Galacbrysea),  27. 

Nucifraga,  52C. 

Nudaria,  9G 

nudaria  (Platypepla),  96. 

nudirostris  (Vinago),  30. 

numenes  (Charaxes),  286,  371,  373,  477. 

—  (Nymphalis),  371. 
Numenius,  8,  22,  2fi8,  554. 
Numida,  30,  31. 

numidus  (Dendrocopns),  529,  531. 

nunctata  (Psamatodes),  579. 

nyasana  (Charaxes),  401-3. 

Nyctalemon,  577. 

Nyctemera,  560. 

Nycticorax,  10. 

Nyctipao,  566. 

nyikensis  (Muscicapa),  37. 

Nymphula,  583. 

Nymphalidae,  56,  62. 

Nymphalis,  281-523. 


obiensis  (Pachycephala),  17. 

—  (Reinwardtoena),  240,  241. 
obliquaria  (Anteios),  147. 

—  (Urapteroides),  677. 
obliquistriga  (Heterusia),  185. 
oblongomaculatns  (Troides),  82. 
obrinusalis  (Lygropia),  588. 
obrussata  (Xadagara),  578. 
obscura  (Euacidalia),  153. 

—  (Polioptila),  535. 

—  (Rhodostrophia),  164. 

—  (Strix),  532. 
obscurus  (Calornis),  240. 

—  (Goniorhynchus),  587. 

—  (Hemipus),  5.50. 

—  (Puffinus),  10. 
obsoleta  (Cotile),  257. 

—  (Ptilonoprogne),  257. 
obsoletua  (lyngipicus),  33. 
obstinatus  (Zosterops),  238. 
obstopidalis  (Hypena),  576. 
obtruncata  (Platypteryx),  117. 
occidentali.s  (Passer),  44. 
occiduata  (Paragonia),  221,  222. 
occulata  (Grammodes),  567. 
oceanica  (Carpopbaga),  8. 

—  (Globicera),  8. 
ocellata  (Cyclomia),  21.3. 
ocellattis  (Charaxes),  346,  351. 


ochracea  (Charaxes),  486. 

—  (Symphleps),  118. 
ochrata  (Semiothisa),  206. 
ochrea  ((^artellodes),  212. 

—  (Cymatophora),  196. 
ochromelas  (Eurylaemus),  560. 
ochropus  (Heledromas),  269. 
Ochthodromus,  27,  2ii8,  554. 
Ochyria,  179. 

Ocrosia,  562. 

octo  (Amyna),  563. 

ocnlaria  (Sitagra),  40. 

ocularis  (Anisodes),  144. 

odysseus  (Chara.xes),  413. 

Oedicnemus,  27,  244,  266. 

oedipus  (Ptychopoda),  11)3. 

(Ena,  272. 

oenanthe  (Saxicola),  255. 

oeneas  (Columba),  541. 

Oenochrominae,  101,  124. 

Oenoptila,  204. 

ogovensis  (Charaxes),  502. 

Ogyris,  274. 

olga  (Huphiua),  81. 

olivacea  (Plem3Tiopsi8),  180. 

olivata  (Eriopygidia),  176. 

omaha  (Pamphila),  85. 

ombiranus  (Charaxes),  299,  300. 

omma  (Cyclodes),  567. 

Omtnatophora,  570. 

Omphisa,  589. 

Oncoba,  382. 

onocrotalus  (Pelecanus),  264,  591. 

Oospila,  136. 

Ophideres,  570. 

Ophiusa,  567. 

Ophthalmis,  562. 

Ophthalmodes,  114. 

Opisogonia,  181. 

oppletaria  (Aplogompha),  186. 

ops  (Atyria),  125. 

ordinata  (Anisodes),  141. 

Oreta,  99. 

orientalis  (Charaxes),  438. 

—  (Eudynamis),  230-32. 

—  (Eurystomus),  18,  553. 

—  (Pterocles),  28. 

—  (Tarsiger),  36. 
orientilis  (Typhlop.sylla),  539. 

orilus  (Charaxes),  347,  348,  350,  351,  352. 

Oriolus,  38.  .39,  236,  237,  245. 

orontes  (Alcidis),  577. 

Orphnophanes,  584. 

orphoga.ster  (Cinnyris),  51. 

oscillans  (Microeca),  234. 

osea  (Cinnyris),  251. 

ostralegus  (Hicmatopus),  267. 

ostrina  (Anteois),  146. 

—  (Eois),  146. 
Otis,  27. 


(  617  ) 


Otis  (Zizera),  70. 
owstoui  (Zosterops),  2. 
Oxycophina,  100. 
Oxyodes,  570. 
Ozola,  580. 


Pachycephala,  17,  23,  236,  237,  552. 

Pachypalpia,  97,  98. 
Pachyzaucla,  589. 
pacifica  (Carpophaga),  8. 
Palla,  281,  354,  358,  359,  301,  499,  502,  506. 
pallida  (Aplodes),  1.31. 
—  (Hypolais),  254. 
pallidaria  (Mixopsis),  220. 
pallidiceps  (Astur),  226. 
palmarum  (Telicota),  84. 
palmyra  (Nacaduba),  74,  75. 
palpalis  (Raparna),  572. 
palpata  (Rhinoprora),  109. 
Palyadinae,  186. 
Pamphila,  85. 
pampuaan  (Phlegoeuas),  8. 
Panacra,  274. 

pandamalia  (Dichocrocis),  587. 
Pandion,  261. 
pandora  (Hypolimnas),  65. 
Pangora,  559,  oiJO. 
pannaria  (Calyptocome),  148. 
Paphia,  281,  447. 

paphianus  (Charaxes),  280,  502. 
Papilio,  62,  82,  83,  281—511. 
papuana  (Erythrura),  7. 

papuensis  (Charaxes),  297,  300,  301,  302,  304, 
305. 

—  (Nymphalis),  300. 

—  (Troides),  82. 
paradoxa  (Strix),  533. 
Paradoxornis,  548. 
paragea  (Plauema),  547. 
Paragerydus,  67. 
Paragonia,  221,  222. 
Parallage,  191. 
Paralygris,  110. 

parambicola  (Callipseustes),  202. 
paranthyala  (Stictoptera),  565. 
paraphiata  (Cymatophora),  196. 
parasira  (Craspedia),  104,  105. 
Parasynegia,  94. 

Pareclipsis,  97. 

parisignata  (Hypolamprus),  118. 

Parisoma,  253. 

parmenion  (Charaxes),  306,  308. 

Parnara,  85. 

parrhasius  (Acraea),  546 

Parthenos,  65. 

Parus,  51. 

parva  (Zapornia),  271. 

parvipuncta  (Racheospila),  138. 

parvirostris  (Polioptila),  53G,  537,  538. 


pasinuntia  (Pangora),  559. 
Passer,  26,  42,  4.3-5,  246. 
patrata  (Rhopalodes),  170,  171. 
patroclus  (Xyctalemon),  577. 
paulina  (Appias),  80. 
paulinus  (Cyrestis),  64. 
pectoralis  (Cinnyris),  550. 

—  (lynx),  32. 

—  (Rhinomyias),  550. 
pedissequa  (Ptychopoda),  163. 
pegobates  (Lycaenesthes),  71. 
pelasgius  (Acraea),  545. 
Pelecanus,  264,  591. 

pelias  (Charaxes,  280,  418,  429,  437,44(1,442, 
445,  446,  451,463,471,  473. 

—  (Nymphalis),  444,  445. 

—  (PapiUo),  442,  445. 
peUos  (Tardus),  53. 
pelopia  (Eriboea),  445. 
pelzelni  (Icteropsis),  40. 
peueleos  (Acraea),  545. 
penelope  (Mareca),  591. 
penicula  (Deinoptila),  173. 
penricei  (Charaxes),  460. 
Penthetria,  41. 

penumbrata  (Haemalea),  154. 
percivali  (Telephonus),  244,  251. 
percnopterus  (Neophron),  264. 
perdensata  (Noreia),  580. 
perdentalis  (Nacoleia),  587. 
peregrinus  (Falco),  261. 
perfusaria  (Ephyra),  165. 

—  (Macaria),  579. 

—  (Xenostigma),  165. 
Pergama,  211. 
perimede  (Nipteria),  191. 
Perissopteryx,  204. 
Perisyntrocha,  584. 
Perizoma,  177,  180. 
perlata  (Haemalea),  154. 
perlepidaria  (Chogada),  112. 
perlineata  (Craspedia),  581. 
permistus  (Dendromus),  33. 
pernyi  (Dendrocopus),  530. 
Pero,  222. 

peronii  (Geocichia),  13. 
perrubrescens  (Cidariophanes),  203. 
perrupta  (Auophylla),  132. 
perseus  (Mycalesis),  61. 
persicus  (Merops),  34,  259. 

—  (Puffinus),  270. 
personatus  (Geoffroyus),  230. 
perspectalis  (Zinckenia),  585. 
perspectaria  (Heterephyra),  156. 
perspicillata  (Carpophaga),  242. 
Perusia,  222. 

perviridis  (Xanthorhoe),  176. 
Petaurista,  592. 
Petelia,  204. 
petilia  (Limnas),  57. 


(  618  ) 


phaeacus  (Charaxes),  482,  483,  489. 

phaeocephalus  (Alophoixus),  550. 

Phaeochlaena,  V28. 

phaeonota  (Pachycephala),  552. 

phaeopus  (Xumenius),  8,  22,  268,  554. 

Phatthon,  10,  11,  2G4. 

phaeus  (Charaxes),  476,  482,  487,  488. 

Phalacvocorax,  26,  264. 

Phalaenoides,  275,  562. 

Phalaropus,  591. 

Phaleratus,  281,  452. 

pharnus  (Spalgis),  ri7, 

Phaulostathma,  166. 

Phibalapteryx,  580. 

Philemon,  2,37. 

philene  (Salatura),  57. 

Philetaerus,  41. 

philippina  (Cyaniris),  69. 

—  (Parnara),  85. 

—  (Sterna),  9. 
philippus  (Miletus),  67. 

Philognoma,  281,  354,  357-9,  401,  499,  506. 

philotis  (Delias),  81. 

Phlegoenas,  1,  8. 

phoebus  (Charaxes),  416,  417,  424,  428,  429. 

phoenicea  (Urobrachya),  41. 

Phoenicopterus,  265. 

phoenicura  (Amaurornis),  22. 

phcenicuroitles  (Lanius),  252. 

phoenicurus  (Ruticilla).  254. 

Pholidauges,  39. 

Phoyx,  29,  265. 

phraortes  (Charaxes),  421,  422. 

—  (Nymphalis),  422. 
Phrudochorda,  97. 
Phryganodes,  586. 
Phyllergates,  226,  238. 
Phyllophasis,  281,  354,  359. 
Phylloscopus,  239,  253. 
Phyllostrephus,  48. 
picata  (Tithraustes),  130. 
picta  (Charaxes),  483,  484,  486. 
Picus,  527. 

pierreti  (Chirosa),  58. 
pileata  (Sterna),  0. 
pileatus  (Anous),  '.i,  10. 
Piletocara,  584. 
pinetorum  (Picus),  527. 
Pionea,  589. 
Pisorhina,  227. 
Pithecops,  68. 
Pitta,  12,  18,  24,  238,  .553. 
pityopicus  (Picus),  527. 
placens  (Dinumma),  563. 
placentis  (Hypocharmosyna),  229. 
placidaria  (P.samathia),  123. 
plagifera  (Marapana),  575. 
plana  (Spilocraspeda),  223. 
Planema,  546.  .547. 
planimargo  (Piiragnnia),  221. 


planipennis  (Craspedia),  91. 

Platalea,  265. 

plateni  (Charaxes),  .342. 

—  Haridra),  342. 
platurus  (Dissemurus),  .550. 

—  (Prioniturus),  230. 
Platypepla.  96. 
Platypteryx,  117. 
Platystira,  36. 
Plebejus,  510,  511. 
Plecoptera,  567. 
Plectroboarmia,  180. 

pleistoanax  (Charaxes),  831,  332,  333. 

—  (Haridra),  332. 
Plemyriopsis,  180. 
pleschanka  (Saxicola),  52,  256. 
Plesioneura,  84. 

plexippus  (Anosia),  56. 

plisthenes  (Papilio),  83. 

Plocepasser,  41. 

Ploceus,  40. 

plumbeigularis  (Anous),  10. 

plunabeoscripta  (Eois),  107. 

Plusia,  570. 

plutonica  (Meringocera),  560. 

pluvialis  (Charadrius),  268. 

Podiceps,  26. 

Podicipes,  270. 

podicipes  (Ardetta),  266. 

poecilolaemus  (Dendropicus),  33. 

poecilta  (Nacaduba),  74. 

poelzami  (Dendrocopus),  529,  531. 

Poeocephalus,  31. 

Pogonogya,  158,  159. 

Poliolimnas,  9. 

polionotus  (Astur),  12,  20,  24,  551. 

Polioptila,  535-8. 

polita  (Arhopala),  78. 

politaria  (Anteois),  146. 

—  (Eois),  146. 

polixena  (Charaxes),  328,  329. 

PoUa,  222. 

poUux  (Charaxes),  426,  427,  428. 

—  (Nymphalis),  439. 

—  (Papilio),  416-42. 
poltisalis  (Lygropia),  588. 
polussa  (Eriboea),  428. 
Polydesma,  566. 
polydorus  (Papilio),  82. 
Polygrammodes,  589. 
polygraphalis  (Addaea),  558. 
Polygraphodes,  159. 
Polyphasia,  181. 

Polyura,  281. 

polyxena  (Charaxes),  282-6,  321-4,  325-8,  329, 

330,  332,  334,  335,  341,  351,  455. 
_  (Haridra),  331,  335. 

—  (Nymphalis),  306,  312, 313, 320, 328, 331,  334, 

335,  339,  340. 

—  (Papi'io),  325,  334. 


polyxo  (Nymphalis),  335. 

polyzonus  (Melierax),  2G3. 

pomponia  (Acraea),  545. 

ponapeasis  (Ptilinopus),  7. 

—  (Zosterops),  3. 

porphyria  (Jamides),  7.5. 
portho.s  (Chara.\es),  497. 
praeapioata  (Apicia),  208. 
praecipua  (Mecodina),  571. 
praelatata  (Hydriome'na),  178 
praeloDgata  (Semiothisa),  20G. 
—  (Tephroclystia),  167. 
praemundata  (Hydriomena).  179 
Prasinochrysa,  160. 
prasinorrhous  (Ptilinopus),  24'> 
pratensi.s  (Crex),  271. 
Pratincola,  52. 
pratincola  (Glareola),  27 
Precis,  64. 

presbytis  (Acanthopnenste)  o^g 

Presos,  276. 

primularia  (Cimicodes),  213 

princeps  (Charaxes),  38.1  384 

Prinia,  2.55.  ' 

Prioniturus,  226,  230. 

Problepsis,  107. 

Prochoerodes,  223. 

Prodenia,  562. 

productata  (Ozola),  580. 

profundalis  (Diathrau.sta),  5.S4 
ProgoDodes,  133. 
proleuca  (Rivula),  563. 
Prooedema,  589. 
propinqua  (Cleis),  558. 
proserpina  (Cinnyris),  237. 
Prosopolophinae,  97. 
Proepasta,  160. 
Protea,  446. 

protoclea  (Charaxes),  286,  403   405 
—  (Nymphalis),  404.  ' 

Protoparce,  556. 
proximata  (Hasora),  86. 
Prusias  (Telicota),  84. 
Psalidoprocne,  36. 
Psaliodes,  181. 
P.samathia,  123, 
Psamatodes,  579. 

psaphon   (Charaxes),   282,  3"'!    395    o,,, 
336-9.  '     "  '         ' 

—  (Haridra),  339 

—  (Papilio),  281. 
Pseudaglossa,  573,  574. 
Pseudodipsas,  70. 
Pseudomicronia,  577. 
Pseudosphinx,  556. 
Pseudostruthus,  43,  44. 
Pseudoterpna,  581. 
Psilosetia,  192. 
Psitteuteles,  12   19. 
Pterniate.s,  30. 


334, 


(  619  ) 

Pterochaeta,  568. 

Pterocles,  28,  29,  272. 

Pteroclurus,  272. 

Pteromys,  592. 

Ptilinopu.s,  7,  8,  12,  21,  242,  553. 

Ptilonoprogne,  257. 

ptilorhyncha  (Numida),  30  31 

Ptychopoda,  93,  94,  107.9, '147,' 161-4 
i^tychorrhoe,  181. 

puella  (Batis),  36. 

Puffinus,  10,  270. 

pugnax  (Machetes),  269. 

pulchella  (Deiopeia),  561. 

pulehellalis  (Cirrhochrista),  582 

pulchrUinea  (Callopistria)  563 

Pulex,  539,  540,  .542. 

pumila  (Alseonax),  37. 

punctata  (Pareclipsis),  97. 

punctilineata  (Stenalcidia),  198 

—  (Sterrha),  94. 

punctivenata  (Chaeroeampa),  555 

punctulata  (Cirrhochrista),  582. 

punicus  (Falco),  2G1. 

piira  (Psilosetia),  192. 

purpuralis  (Polygrammodes),  589 

purpurea  (Phoy.x),  29,  265. 

purpureotincta  (Racheospila),  138. 

purpureoviridis  (Tephroclystia),  167 

purpuropterus  (Lamprotornis),  39. 

purus  (Dendroeopus),  5:i0. 

pusilla  (Antiplecta),  121. 

—  (Oreta),  99. 

pusillus  (Melittophagus),  35. 

puspa  (Cyaniris),  68. 

pustulata  (Myrioblephara),  114. 

Pycnonotus,  47,  257. 

pygargus  (Circus),  263. 

Pygospila,  588. 

Pyrausta,  590. 

Pyromelana,  40,  41. 

pyrrhonotus  (Anthus),  45. 

pyrrhothorax  (Dendroeopus),  530. 

—  (Ochthodromus),  268. 

Pyrrhulauda,  249. 

pyrrhus  (Eulepis),  60,  293. 

Pytelia,  42. 

pythodorus  (Charaxes),  396,  397,  398,  400. 

quadribrachys  (Alcedo),  34. 
quadricaudata  (Epiplema),  577. 
quadrilineata  (Asura),  561. 
—  (Polla),  222. 
Querquedula,  264. 
quinquelineata  (Crypsityla),  152. 
quirina  (Acraea),  ,544. 
quirinalis  (Acraea),  ,544, 

Racheoiopha,  137. 
Racheospila,  133,  137-9. 


(  620  ) 


Radena,  56. 

Rallina,  22. 

ralloides  (Ardeola),  266. 

Rallus,  270. 

Rambara,  580. 

Raparna,  572. 

rasa  (Craspedia),  150. 

Ravadeba,  57. 

Ravanoa,  585. 

i-aj-ata  (Ptychorrhoi'),  181. 

recticulata  (Eos),  19,  23. 

rectilinea  (Anisoperas),  207. 

rectilineata  (Tephrinopsis),  206. 

rectunguis  (Centropus),  2.32. 

recurvata  (Callopistria),  563. 

Recurvirostra,  268. 

reducta  (Piletocera),  584. 

regalis  (Charaxes),  486,  487. 

regius  (Charaxes),  392. 

reichenowi  (Xumida),  30. 

—  (Symplectes),  42. 

—  (Turacus),  278. 
reimeri  (Charaxes),  439. 
Reinwardtaenas,  240. 
reinwardti  (Baza),  20,  227. 
Reinwardtoena.  240,  241. 
reinwardtsi  (Reinwardtoena),  240,  241. 
relatus  (Charaxes),  518,  519. 

relicta  (Nucifraga),  526. 

Remigia,  567. 

remota  (Racheospila),  139. 

remotata  (Craspedia),  581. 

remulia  (Mycalesis),  02. 

renifera  (Gonocilix),  98. 

repetitus  (Charaxes),  326,  327,  328,  329,  330, 

341. 
requisitata  (Rhopalista),  168. 
restricta  (Polioptilen),  536,  537,  538. 
reversa  (Ocrosia),  662. 

—  (Oenoptila),  204. 
rhagavata  (Epiplema),  577. 
rhea  (Nymphalis),  447. 

—  (Papilio),  447, 
Rhimphalea,  585. 
Rhinocorax,  245. 
Rhinomyias,  550. 
Rhinoprora,  109. 
Rhipidura,  12,  13,  2.35,  551,  5.52. 
Rhodareas,  559. 
Rhodochlora,  140. 
Rhodoneura,  559. 

rhodops  (Geoffroyus),  230. 
Rhodostrophia,  164. 
Rhopalista,  168. 
Rhopalodes,  170,  171. 
Rhopodytea,  550. 
Rhus,  358. 
Rhyacophilus,  268. 
ribbei  (Melanitis),  61. 
ridibundus  (Larus),  269. 


riparia  (Cotile),  543. 

—  (Ptilonoprogne),  257. 
risorius  (Turtur),272. 
Rivula,  563. 

robusta  (Ptychopoda),  108. 

rolleti  (Oriolus),  38. 

rosa  (Craspedia),  148. 

rosacea  (Carpophaga),  12,  22. 

rosae  (Charaxes),  470,  478,  482,  487,  488. 

rosalia  (Eumelea),  ,580. 

rosea  (Acredula),  541. 

rosenbergi  (Calocalpe),  172. 

—  (Iza),  119. 

—  (Rhopalista),  169. 

—  (Strix),  532. 
roseogriseus  (Turtur),  272. 
roseola  (Oreta),  99. 
roseoliva  (Calyptocome),  148. 
rosens  (Phcenicopterus),  265. 
rosgala  (Mimocharis),  200. 
rosipara  (Racheolopha),  137. 
rostrilinea  (Craspedia),  151. 
rothschildi  (Delias),  81. 

—  (Semnocebus),  593,  595,  596. 
rotundata  (Eusenea),  215. 
rousseaui  (Anous),  9. 
roxburghiana  (Aglaia),  339. 
rubecula  (Erithacus),  541. 
rubedinaria  (Hyphedyle),  125. 
ruberrima  (Stenele),  193. 
rubetra  (Pratincola),  52. 
rubida  (Cyclomia),  214. 

rubra  (Eos),  228. 
rubralis  (Sacada),  583. 
rubratra  (Myzomela),  2. 
rubricauda  (Phaiithon),  11. 
rubricollis  (Accipiter),  226. 
rubrinucha  (Pitta),  238. 
rufa  (Baza),  20. 

—  (Tetracis),  224. 
rufescens  (Pelecanus),  591. 
rufibarba  (Estrilda),  245. 
rufibrunnea  (Polyphasia),  181. 
ruficapilla  (Cisticola),  48. 
ruficeps  (Scaeorhynchus),  548. 

—  (Tephrocorys),  47. 
ruficinctata  (Haemalea),  154. 
ruficoUis  (Limonites),  554. 
rufigrisea  (Iza),  119. 

—  (Parasynegia),  94. 

—  (Spilooraspeda),  224. 
rufigula  (Myiagra),  13. 
rufiguttata  (Racheospila),  139. 
rufilineata  (Epirrhop),  175. 
rutimixtaria  (Craspedia),  104. 
rufinubes  (Craspedia),  91. 
rufinus  (Hypochrysops),  88. 
rufitibia  (Orthogramma),  120. 

—  (Striglina),  120. 
rufiventer  (Eudynamis),  232. 


(  621  ) 


rnfocinctus  (Passer),  42. 
rufocinnamomea  (Mirafra),  46. 
rufomerua  (Chry.sococcyx),  21. 
rufopileata  (Cisticola),  48. 
rufula  (Epiplema),  123. 
rufulata  (Pogonogya),  159. 
nifulus  (Anthus),  45. 
rufus  (Pulex),  539. 
rugensis  (Metabolus),  1,4,  11. 
ruginaria  (Pseudoterpna),  581. 
rugosa  (Nodaria),  575. 
ruki  (Tephras),  3,  11. 
russearia  (Anteois),  146. 

—  (Eois),  146,  147. 
rustica  (Cisticola),  239. 

—  (Hirundo),  36,  234,  257,  259. 
Ruticilla,  254. 

rutila  (Casarca),  591. 

sabina  (Yoma),  64. 

sabinusalis  (Sylepta),  588. 

Sabulodes,  217. 

Sacada,  583. 

sacra  (Demiegretta),  11,  23. 

sakeen  (Capra),  277,  278. 

salamis  (Copsychus),  339. 

Salatura,  57. 

salebrosa  (Anisoneura),  566. 

salentialis  (Pyrausta),  590. 

Salpinx,  60. 

salvadorii  (Dicaeum),  15. 

—  (Eudynamis),  232. 

—  (Stigmatops),  17. 
sambavanus  (Charaxes),  349,  350. 
Sameodes,  589. 

sancta  (Halcyon),  234. 
sanghirensis  (Eudynamis),  231. 
sarpedon  (Papilio),  83. 
sarptaria  (Auophylla),  132. 
sarumalis  (Entephria),  585. 
sarumensis  (Vitessa),  582. 
satellites  (Nipteria),  190. 
satisfacta  (Hydata),  134. 
saturata  (Immetalia),  562. 
saturatalis  (Arsacia),  570. 
saturatior  (Cinnyria),  51. 

—  (Pterocles),  29. 

saturatua  (Ammomanes),  244,  249. 

—  (Turdus),  53. 

saturnus  (Charaxes),  441,  444-6,  451,  463. 

satyrata  (Nipteria),  190. 

Satyrinae,  60. 

Satyrus,  62,  335. 

Sauris,  580. 

saxatUis  (Monticola),  254. 

Saxicola,  52,  255,  256. 

Scaea,  128,  129. 

Scaeorhynchus,  548,  549. 

scelatalis  (Rhimphalea),  585. 

scelerata  (Eulelia),  564. 


schalowi  (Turacus),  278. 

schistaceigula  (Polioptilen),  535. 

schmitzi  (Strix),  534. 

schoensis  (Thripias),  33. 

scindeanus  (Dcndrocopus),  530,  531. 

scintillaus  (Heteropan),  557. 

sciron  (Dolescballia),  64. 

scitaria  (Striglina),  558. 

sclateri  (Polioptila),  536,  537,  538. 

scolopax  (QSdicnemus),  266. 

S'coparia,  584. 

scopigera  (Adrapsa),  572. 

Scops,  227,  228,  261,  553. 

Scopus,  265. 

Scotocoremia,  172. 

Scotophilus,  541. 

Bcotosa  (Adrapsa),  573. 

Scotosia,  174. 

scrobiculata  (Oxyodes),  570. 

scutulata  (Ninox),  550. 

scylax  (Charaxes),  316,  319,  328. 

—  (Haridra),  328,  329. 
selectalis  (Bradina),  584. 
aelenampha  (Amyna),  563. 
Selidoseminae,  200. 
sellalis  (Sylepta),  588. 
selousi  (Charaxes),  491. 
semicaesia  (Tephroclystia),  110. 
semicirculus  (Euploea),  59. 
semicoerulea  (Halcyon),  260. 
semifasciata  (Heterostegane),  111. 
semilugens  (Momonipta),  128. 
seminivea  (Rhopalodes),  170. 
Semiothisa,  96,  205,  206. 
Semiothisinae,  95,  115,  205. 
aemirubra  (Eriopygidia),  176. 
semisericea  (Ptychopoda),  107,  108. 
semitorquatus  (Turtur),  3(i,  272. 
Semnocebua,  595,  596. 

semperi  (Zosterops),  1,  2. 
senegalensis  (Galerida),  248. 

—  (Hirundo),  35. 

—  (Turtur),  271. 
seuegalus  (Telephonus),  38. 
Sepa,  83. 

separata  (Carpophaga),  22,  553. 
serendiba  (Haridra),  339. 
aeriata  (Charaxes).  487. 
sericea  (Certima),  212. 

—  (Deilinia),  190. 

—  (Nipteria),  190. 
sericeata  (Euacidalia),  153. 
Serinus,  43. 

seriopunctalis  (Nymphula),  583. 
serpula  (Aziba),  118. 
setosa  (Rhipidura),  13. 
sextinotata  (Ptychopoda),  108. 
sharpei  (Crateropus),  49. 

—  (Melittopbagus),  35. 
shelleyi  (Passer),  42,  43. 


(  622  ) 


sibilatrix  (Phylloscopus),  253. 

sibirica  (Capra),  277,  278. 

Siccia,  5G1. 

siculoides  (Dysodia).  100. 

siennata  (Gonodela),  95. 

sigillaria  (Racheospila),  139. 

sigulatis  (Analyta),  589. 

silvaticus  (Mus),  541. 

Simaethis,  500. 

-similiplaga  (Racheolopha),  137. 

similis  (Acantholipes),  567. 

—  (Chloroctenis),  111. 
simillima  (Pitta),  18. 
simplex  (Mirafra),  248,  249. 

—  (Myzomela),  12. 

—  (Telicota),  84. 
sinensis  (Ardetta),  11. 

—  (Centropus),  233. 

—  (Charaxes),  335. 
Siphia,  550. 

sipylus  (Hypolycaena),  79. 

sinus  (Mycalesis),  62. 

Sitagra,  40. 

sitiene  (Macroglossum),  55G. 

Sitta,  .'i26. 

smaragdalis  (Charaxes),  381,  383-7. 

—  (Nymphalis),  384. 
Smicropus,  131. 

sobria  (Craspedosis),  580. 
solimara  (Nelo),  192. 

—  (Stenele),  192. 
solon  (Charaxes),  469. 

—  (Nymphalis).  468,  469. 

—  (Papilio),  468. 
somalicus  (Charaxes),  432,  433. 

—  (Pterocles),  28. 

sordida  (Hymenoptychis),  584. 
sordidus  (Pious),  527. 
Spalgis,  67. 
Spargania,  175,  ]82. 
sparsimguttata  (Nigrita),  42. 
Spatula,  265. 
speciosa  (Acacia),  338. 
specularis  (Hyalocampa),  187. 
speculifera  (Adrapsa),  573. 
speculigerus  (Lanius),  251,  252. 
Spermestes,  41. 
spiculifera  (Gamatoba),  58. 
Spilocraspeda,  208,  223,  224. 
spilodorsata  (C'raspedia),  103. 
spinosa  (Oncoba),  382. 
spinosus  (Hoplopterus),  27. 
Spiredonia,  566. 
spissata  (Anisodes),  144. 
splendens  (Strix),  533. 
splendidus  (Lamprocolius),  39. 
spleniata  (Tephrocorys),  47. 
Spodinopha  (Stenia),  584. 
Spododes,  208. 
squamata  (Rhipidura),  551,  552. 


squamata  (Stigmatops),  12,  16,  17. 
squamiceps  (Argya),  256. 
squamipunctata  (Ptychopoda),  109. 
squamulata  (Ptychopoda),  93. 
Squatarola,  9,  207. 
squatarola  (Squatorala),  9. 
staguatilis  (Totauus),  268,  554. 
stapazina  (.Saxicola),  255. 
staudingeri  (Charaxes),  290. 
— (Haridra),  290. 
Stegotheca,  204,  2o5. 
stellatus  (Batrachostomus),  550. 

—  (Tarsiger),  36. 
Stenalcidia,  198. 
Stenele,  192,  193. 
Stenia,  584. 
Stenocopais,  119,  120. 
Stenopla,  166. 
Stenorrhoe,  183. 
stephanus  (Charaxes),  301-5. 
Sterna,  9,  10,  270, 

steropias  (Diohromodes),  101,  102). 

Sterrha,  94. 

Sterrhinae,  91,  102,  103,  141,  147,  148,  160. 

stibostethia  (Xeochera),  559. 

Stictoploea,  60. 

Stictoptera,  564,  565. 

stigmatophorus  (Spermestcs),  41. 

Stigmatops,  12,  16,  17. 

stolidus  (Anous),  9,  10. 

strabo  (Catochrysops),  69,  77. 

straminea  (Haemalea),  155. 

etramineata  (Anisodes),  145. 

strangei  (Cisticola),  49. 

strepitans  (Pitta),  18. 

Strepsilas,  9,  242,  267. 

striataria  (Urapteroides),  577. 

Striglina  120,  558. 

striola  (Addaea),  119. 

striolata  (Fnngillaria),  247. 

striolatum  (Lygosoma),  12. 

Strix,  228,  261,  531-4. 

strongyle  (Lycaena),  68. 

stublmanni  (Symplectes),  42. 

—  (Zosterops),  49. 
sturni  (Pulex),  539. 
Sturnus,  541. 

styx  (Ceratophyllus),  543. 
subalbata  (Pachypalpia),  97,  98. 
subalbida  (Brouchelia),  194. 
subangulata  (Psamathia),  123. 
subarquata  (Tringa),  554. 
subbruuuea  (Bryoptera),  194. 
suboaruea  (Craspcdia),  104. 
subciirnearia  (.Vuisodes),  145. 
subcoerulea  (Ziucra),  69. 
subcomosa  (Nipteria),  191. 
subcostata  (Ira),  217. 
subcristata  (Baza),  20,  227. 
subfasciata  (Coeluromima),  122. 


(  623  ) 


subfasciata  (Eusarca),  215. 

—  (Hypephyra),  579. 
subfenestraria  (Hydata),  134. 
subfulvata  (Anisoperas),  207. 
aubfumida  (Leuconotba),  123. 
sublavaria  (Boarmia),  580. 
sublimbaria  (Kois),  92. 
subochreata  (Azelina),  210. 
subpallida  (Anisodes),  145. 
subpulchrata  (Epirrhoe),  175. 
subrubra  (Telicota),  84. 
subrufa  (Leptoctenista),  124. 
aubrufescens  (Coasypba),  52. 
aubrufjpennis  (Myrmecocichla),  52. 
aubserena  (Acraea),  544. 
subaimilia  (Euepbyra),  153. 
substrigata  (Aziba),  117. 

—  (Ptychopeda),  164. 
aubsulphurea  (Barbatula),  32. 
subustimaculata  (Perusia),  222. 
Sula,  11,  23,  264. 

—  (Dysporus),  11. 

—  (Sula),  n,  23,  264. 
sulaensis  (Charaxas),  294. 
sulphuraria  (Anteois),  147. 

—  (Metrocampa),  212. 
sulphureus  (Chara.xes),  468,  469. 
.sumatranus  (Charaxes),  467. 

—  (Rhopodytes),  650. 
sumbaensis  (GeofEroyus),  230. 
sumbanus  (Charaxes),  346,  348,  349. 
superciliosus  (Centropua),  32,  258. 
superflua  (Ehipidura),  235. 

suralis  (Glyphodes),  588. 

Surnia,  532. 

Surniculus,  550. 

surusalis  (Dichocrocia),  587. 

Suthora,  548. 

Bwainsoni  (Passer),  43-5. 

Sylepta,  587,  588. 

Sylvia,  240,  252,  253. 

Symbrenthia,  63. 

Symphaedra,  66. 

Symphleps,  118. 

Symplectea,  42. 

Synecta,  199. 

Syngamia,  585. 

Syngria,  124. 

aynatictus  (Prodenia),  562. 

syriacus  (Dendrocopua),  528,  530,  531. 

syrinx  (Acrocepbalus),  1,  3. 

—  (Tatare),  3. 
Syrnium,  532. 


Tabidia,  585. 
Tachypetos,  11. 
Tachyphyle,  140. 
tacta  (Xodaria),  574. 
taeniata  (Xenocentris),  109. 


Tagiades,  83. 

tahapisi  (Fringillaria),  43. 

taitiensis  (Urodyuamis),  7. 

talaca  (Hyposidra),  679. 

talagugae  (Charaxes),  469. 

Talicada,  72. 

Tanaostyla,  129. 

tanganika  (Cliaraxes),  473. 

Tanygnathus,  230. 

Tanysiptera,  233. 

taprobanes  (Simaethls),  590. 

Taraxineura,  193,  194. 

Tarsiger,  36. 

tasima  (Paragonia),  221. 

Tatare,  3. 

Tatobotys,  584. 

tavetensis  (Charaxes),  457,  458,  459. 

Telephonus,  38,  244,  251. 

Telicota,  84,  85. 

Telotheta,  140. 

Tenaris,  62. 

tenera  (Aniaodea),  14(i. 

—  (Hammaptera),  178. 
tenuilinea  (Azata),  115. 
Tephras,  1,  3,  11. 
Tephrinopsis,  206. 
Tephroclyatia,  110,  166,  167. 
Tephroclystiinae,  109,  166. 
Tephrocorys,  47. 
Terekia,  269,  554. 

Terias,  79,  80. 

terpsichore  (Acraea),  544. 

Terpsiphone,  257,  550. 

tessellata  (Urepione),  225. 

testacea  (Angonyx),  556. 

testulalis  (Maruca),  589. 

Tetracis,  224. 

tetragonata  (Amblychia),  580. 

Tetridia,  589. 

Thalassodes,  581. 

Thalera,  681. 

theklae  (Galerida),  248. 

theon  (Hypochrysops),  88. 

theresita  (Elminia),  37. 

Thermesia,  569. 

thetia  (Neoaterrha),  158. 

thierryi  (Passer),  44,  45. 

thieste  (Charaxes),  377. 

—  (Xymphalis),  377. 
thiestessa  (Charaxes),  377. 
thomasius  (Charaxes),  367. 
thosalis  (Orphnophanes),  584. 
threnodes  (Cacomantis),  233. 
thriwjpbora  (Ectropidia),  113. 
thridas  (Hasora),  85. 
Thripias,  32,  33. 
Thriponax,  550. 

thurius  (Charaxes),  377. 

—  (Nymphalis),  377. 
thyestes  (Charaxes),  377. 


thyestes  (PapUio),  376. 
thyestessa  (Eriboea),  376. 
thyonneus  (Cyrestis),  64. 
Thyrididae,  90,  100,  117. 
thyRi  (Charaxes),  490. 
tibialis  (Leocyma),  563. 
Tigridia,  281,  452. 
tilaha  (Terias),  80. 
Timandra,  581. 
timorlaoensis  (Baza),  20. 
Tinnunculus,  262. 

—  (Cerchneis),  262. 

tiridates  (Cbaraxes),  283,  286,  371,  372 

390,  391,  394,  396,  400,  477,  487. 
tiridates  (Nymphalis),  387. 

—  (Papilio),  387. 
tiridatis  (Eriboea),  387. 
Tirumala,  56. 
Tithraustes,  129,  130. 
tomatica  (Vitessa),  583. 
torquatus  (Urospizias),  12. 
torquilla  (lynx),  257. 
tomda  (Mirafra),  46. 
Tortricomorpha,  590. 
toruensis  (Muscicapa),  37. 
toruna  (Acraea),  546. 
Totanus,  8,  268,  554. 

—  (Glottis),  554. 
trauquiUalis  (Calamochrous),  589. 
transfluvialis  (Scaeorhyncbus),  548,  549. 
transvaalensis  (Mirafra),  45. 
triangularis  (Anteois),  147. 
triangulifera  (Protoparce),  556. 
Tricentra,  164,  165. 
Tricboglossus,  19,  229. 
Trichogompba,  186. 

Tricholaema,  32. 
Trichopteryginae,  168. 
Trichorrhages,  183,  184. 
Tricbosticbia,  201. 
trichroa  (Erythrura),  6,  7. 

—  (Fringilla),  6. 
tricolor  (Criniger),  48. 

—  (Erythnira),  18. 

—  (Meringocera),  560. 

—  (Rallina),  22. 

—  (Rbipidura),  235. 
tricolorata  (Dichostrepsia),  192. 
Trigonodes,  567. 
trigonostigma  (Dicaeum),  550. 
Tringa,  23,  269,  554. 
Tringoides,  23,  269,  554. 
triplagiata  (Darantasia),  .W2. 
tripuncta  (.Stenele),  193. 
tripuuctapex  (Dicbocrocis),  .587. 
trisinuata  (Isoplenia),  93. 
tritonaria  (Hemithea),  581. 
tri\ialis  (Antbus),  250. 
trivirgata  (Monarcba),  13. 
trocbilus  (Phylloscopus),  263. 


(  624  ) 

Trochiodes,  186. 

Troides,  82. 

tropicalis  (Dendropicns),  33 

—  (Mirafra),  45. 
truncata  (Polypbasia),  181. 
tullalis  (Meroctena),  589. 
Turacus,  31,  278. 
Turdinus,  48,  549. 
turdoides  (Acrocepbalus),  254. 
Turdus,  53,  541. 
Turnix,  270. 
Turtur,  30,  271,  272. 
387,       turtur  (Turtur),  271. 
Tympanistria,  30. 
tympanistria  (Tympanistria),  3' . 
Typhlopsylla,  539. 
typica  (Reinwardtoena),  241. 
tyres  (Pygospila),  588. 

ugandae  (Passer),  44. 
ulysses  (Papilio),  82. 
umbretta  (Scopus),  265. 
umbrifera  (Capnodes),  571. 
umbrilineata  (Eusarca),  215. 
umbrinus  (Corvus),  245. 
umbrosa  (Tricborrhages),  184. 
undatus  (MelizopbUus),  533. 
undilinea  (Craspedia),  105. 
uudilineata  (Tacbypbyle),  140. 
uudulosa  (Rbopalista),  169. 
unedo  (Arbutus),  448. 
unedonis  (Eriboea),  447. 
uuicincta  (Columba),  26,  29. 
unicornata  (Craspedia),  151. 
uniformata  (Craspedia),  151. 
Upupa,  259. 
urania  (Tenaris),  62. 
Urapteroides,  577. 
Urapteryx,  578. 
Urbanus,  510,  511. 
urbica  (Chelidon),  543. 
urcearia  (Anisodes),  144,  146. 
Urepione,  224,  225. 
Urobracbya,  41. 
Urodynamis,  7. 
Urospizias,  12. 
ustifumosa  (Cymatophora),  196 

—  (Bryoptera),  196. 

vacuata  (Cra-spedia),  104. 
Tadebra,  57,  58. 
vagalis  (Catada),  575. 
Valeria  (Mycalesis),  87. 
vanicorensis  (CoUocalia),  11. 
varanes  (Ch.araxes),  282,  283,  284,  286,  354-62, 
364,  4.55. 

—  (Nympbalis),  354. 

—  (Palla),  .354,  358,  361. 

—  (PapUio),  281,  354,  357,  361. 


(  625  ) 


varanes  (Philognoma),  354,  357,  358. 
varanessa  (Coea),  354. 
varialis  (Episparis),  570. 
varians  (Euproctis),  559. 
variegata  (Rhopalodes),  171. 
variegatus  (Merops),  35. 

—  (Numenius),  H,  22,  .554. 
velledata  (Amblurodea),  201. 
velox  (Charaxes),  368. 
velutina  (Azelina),  211. 

—  (Melanitis),  61. 
venilia  (Neptis),  66. 
venusta  (Oenoptila),  204. 

—  (Stenalcidia),  198. 
vepallida  (Miltochrista),  562. 
veranes  (Nymphalis),  354,  357,  359. 

—  (Philognoma),  359, 

—  (Phyllophasis),  354,  359. 
vermiculatus  (Oedicnemus),  27. 
verreauxi  (Pholidauges),  39. 
verticalis  (Cinnyris),  50. 
verticiUatus  (Gecko),  12. 
vertumnalis  (Glyphodes),  588. 
vetula  (Charaxes),  488. 
vicaria  (Alcis),  95. 

vigorsi  (Pitta),  12,  18,  24,  553. 

vilaria  (Cratoptera),  213. 

viminalis  (Elymnias),  62. 

Vinago,  30,  271. 

viola  (Charaxes),  476,  477,  481,  485,  486,  488, 

489,  490. 
violacea  (Charaxes),  485. 

—  (Oospila),  136. 

violetta  (Charaxes),  372,  374,  477. 
virens  (Andropadus),  48. 
virescens  (Cacomantis),  233. 

—  (Stenopla),  166. 
virginalis  (Pitta),  18. 
virgiuea  (Eublemma),  563. 
virgo  (Phlegoenas),  8. 
viridicostatus  (Charaxes),  364,  366. 
viridipunctata  (Craspedia),  152. 
viridis  (Calyptomena),  550. 

—  (Merops),  339. 

—  (Ptilinopus),  242. 
viridisplendens  (Cinnyris),  50. 
viridissima  (Aegithina),  550. 
virilis  (Charaxes),  487. 
vitellia  (Elymnias),  62. 
Vitessa,  582,  583. 
vologeses  (Charaxes),  358. 

—  (PaUa),  358. 
vulgaris  (Buteo),  591. 

—  (Strix),  532. 

—  (Sturnus),  541. 
Vultur,  264. 


waalia  (Venago),  271, 
w.aUacei  (Charaxes),  306, 

—  (Ptilinopus),  553. 
watsoni  (Stictoploea),  60. 
watti  (Charaxes),  331,  333. 
wetterensis  (Charaxes),  352. 
vfhytei  (Charaxes),  491. 
woodfordi  (Erythrura),  7. 

xanthobrunnea  (Adelotypa),  225. 
xanthochlora  (Halophanes),  103. 
xanthogaster  (Ptilinopus),  12,  21,  5.53. 
xanthonura  (Phlegoenas),  8. 
xanthops  (Hyphantornis),  40. 
xanthopygus  (Pycnonotus),  257. 
Xanthorhoe,  176,  184. 
xanthorhynehus  (Chalcococcyx),  550. 
Xanthoxena,  130,  131. 
xelianthe  (Delias),  86,  87. 
Xenocentris,  109. 
Xenocichla,  48,  53. 
Xenosina,  114,  115. 
Xenostigma,  165. 

xiphares  (Charaxes),  372,  374,  376,  377,  37f 
382,  390, 

—  (Eriboea),  376, 

—  (Nymphalis),  376,  377,  379, 

—  (Papilio),  376. 
xiphialis  (Kavanoa),  585 

Tenia,  64. 

Zagira,  563. 

Zapornia,  271, 

zarate  (Delias),  87. 

zarinda  (Terias),  80. 

zelica  (Charaxes),  497,  498,  499. 

zenobia  (Cinnyris),  237. 

zephyrus  (Charaxes),  465,  466, 

Ziithes,  571, 

Zeuzerodes,  121, 

zinckenella  (Etiella),  582, 

Zinekenia,  585, 

zingha  (Charaxes),  283,  286,  452,  455. 

—  (Monura),  452, 

—  (Nymphalis),  452. 

—  (Papilio),  281,  452. 

—  (Tigridia),  452. 
zinghus  (Papilio),  452. 
Zizt-ra,  69,  70, 

zoilus  (Hamadryas),  60, 

zoippus  (Charaxes),  420,  422, 

zooliua  (Charaxes),  514,  517-19,  52(1. 

—  (Nymphalis),  514,  517, 

Zosterops,  1-3,  12,  16,  49,  237,238,  551,  ,552. 
Zygia,  382. 


END   OF   VOL.    VII. 


Printed  by  HauU,  Watton,  £  Vineyt  Ld.,  London  and  Aj/Usburi/. 


42 


NOVITATES  ZoOl.OGICv^.VOL,VJI.1900. 


Pl.]. 


Miixtern-Broe  imp . 


TURACUS    CHALCOLOPHUS    Neuiiv. 


TSFoviTATEs  ZooLOGic^  Vol  Vir.  1900, 


Pi.  II. 


J  Smit  del  et  )it}i  Mintcm  Bros  imp 

CAPRA  SIBIRICA    L^i'DEKKERI   lRctksch.(iJa.d.,wmtei-.) 


NOVITATES  ZoOLOG-ICvE,  VoL.V]!,  1900, 


Pl.III. 


JSmat  del  et  litiv 


Uuii^errt.  Bro  s 


CERCOCEBUS    CHRYSOGASTER  Lydeklcer, 


NOVITATES  ZoOLOGlCyeVoL.VIIJ900. 


PJ.IV. 


J.G.Keulemaivs  del  et  JitK .  Mir\teri\BroB  imp. 

IMYZOMELA  ALBIGULA  HeLrfc.J.         £.ERYTHROMYIAS    BURUEN5IS   Ha.rL.(?. 
3  GEOCICHLA  DUMASI  RotKscK.cf. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  V. 


Fig.   1.  0(/;/ris  meeki  S  p.  274. 

2.  Ckaerocampa  kiihni  S  p.  274. 

3.  „  brunnea    ?    p.  274. 

4.  Flinliteitoiiles  kvhni    ?    ]i.  275. 

5.  „  basiplaga   ?   p.  275. 

6.  Canerkes  gloriosus   ?   p.  275. 

7.  Presos  angelus  ?   p.  276. 


NoviTATHS  Zooi-oGic^. Vol  VII.  1900. 


Pl.V. 


mrw 


W  P-jj-"ki  s  s  del  et  liUv 


MwvtorrvBrOB  unp- 


Fis 


Fig. 


Fis. 


EXPLAN 

ATION    OF   PLATES   VI.,    VII.,    VIII., 

XI 

,    XII. 

PLATE   VI. 

1.    Charaxes  dunifordi  nkholi  S page  288 

•> 

„          durnfordi  i        .         .         . 

.         .        „     289 

3. 

„          connectens  S        .         .         . 

„     289 

4. 

„          staudingeri  i      . 

„     290 

S- 

„          ereretti  S   ■ 

„     291 

6. 

nitebis  nitebis  ?          .... 

„     294 

PLATE   VIL 

1.   Charaxes  violetta  S  ........         .     ]nvxe.  372 

....           „ 

„         <S,  underside  .... 

„    372 

a. 

numenes  i        „          .... 

.       .,     371 

-t- 

hadrianus  3       ....         . 

,.     398 

5- 

noi>iu:,S 

„     612 

6. 

eupale  dilutus  i         .... 

.,     512 

*•           )) 

guderiana  i       .         .         .         .         . 

„     473 

8. 

violetta  ?  

„     372 

PLATE   VIII. 

1.  Fenis  oi  C/iara.i-es  latoiia  jjapuensis   ......     page  3U0 

9 

■*•             11 

„         affinis,  dorsal  view 

„     306 

3.        „ 

„             „       ventral  view 

4.         „ 

„        kahruba 

,.     310 

6.        „ 

„         marmax         .... 

„     312 

6.        „ 

„         orilus     ..... 

,.     3.50 

'•        ,. 

„         tiridates        .         .         .         .         . 

„     387 

8. 

„         mi.rtus  ..... 

,.     390 

9.         „ 

„         bipii/ictatus    .... 

„     390 

10.         „ 

„         rAoletta           .... 

„     372 

11.         „ 

„        jason 

,.     446 

12.        „ 

,,         ethi'ocles  etheocles  <S-t  mjtila  . 

..     484 

13.         „ 

„               „            „          (J-f.  chanleri 

..     483 

14.         „ 

„               „             „          S-f.picta  . 

„     483 

1.5.        „ 

„              „            „         3-tpicta  . 

„     483 

16.        „ 

„               „             „          c?-f.  catorhrous 

.,     484 

17.        „ 

„               „             „          (J-f.  catorhrous  . 

.,     484 

18.        „ 

,,                ,,        ciola          .         .         .         . 

,,     488 

19.        „ 

„         ftkalioii          .         .         .         .         . 

.,     478 

20.        „ 

„       J'abius  lampedo      ... 

„     465 

21.        „ 

,,             ,,       hannibal     .         .         .         . 

M    466 

22. 

„                  „         I'c/tO      .... 

.,     467 

23.         " 

,,             ,,     J'abius 

.,     468 

24.  End  of 

\a\\e  oi  C'/iaraxi'is  vara/ie.i 

.,     354 

2.V         „ 

„            „       fuleescens   . 

„    359 

■J6.         „ 

„              „         ti/ida/e.-i       .          .         .          . 

„     387 

Fig 

27. 

?J 

28. 

?T 

29. 

J) 

30. 

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31. 

)» 

32. 

»> 

33. 

?J 

34, 

»> 

35. 

>» 

36. 

)> 

37. 

»» 

38. 

>^ 

39. 

?» 

40. 

>» 

41. 

f^ 

42. 

r 

43. 

,, 

44. 

,, 

4.5. 

)> 

40. 

» 

47. 

jj 

48. 

)) 

4V). 

17 

.50. 

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.51. 

>J 

52. 

» 

53. 

I'LATE    Ym.—cont!»uecL 

Eai\  of  v&lve  of  C//(iraxes  mixtus 

bipunctatus 

,.  .,  .,  jason  .... 

„  ,.  ,,  zingha,  subdorsal  view 

,,  „  „  blanda,  intevno-lateral  view 

„  „  „  „        dorsal  view 

„  .,  „  etheocles  etkeodes,  ventral  view 

„  ..  ,,  „             „           int(>rno-latera 

„  ,.  „  „              „           dorsal  view 

„  ,.  „  nchaemenes,  dorsal  view 

„  „  „  fabius  lampndo,  interno-lateral  v 

,,  ,.  ,,  ,,             „       dorsal  view 

,.  „  „  „     hannihnU  interno-lateral  \ 

„  „  „  ,,            ,,        dorsal  view 

,,  „  „  „     echo,  interno-lateral  view 

„  „  „  „         „     dorsal  view 

„  „  „  „    fabius,  interno-lateral  view 

,.  „  „  „           „       dorsal  view    . 

Penis-fnnnel  of  Charaxes  etheocles  etkeodes,  lateral  view 

„  .,  „  „             „         dorsal  view 

„  ,,  „  blanda.  dorsal  view    . 

„  .,  „  mycerimi,  lateral  view 

,,  ,,  ..  „          dorsal  view 

„  „  „  fabius  htinnibal,  lateral  view 

„  „  „  „       echo,  lateral  view     . 

„  ,,  „  „       sulpliureus,  lateral  view 

„  ,,  „  ,,      fabius,  lateral  view  . 


page  390 
„  390 
„  446 
„  452 
„     471 

,.     481 


,.  460 

„  465 

..  466 

„  467 

,,  468 

,.  481 

„  471 

..  494 

..  466 

,.  467 

,.  468 

,.  468 


PLATE    XI. 


Fig.  1.  Cli.araxes  aito.lava  S  ■ 

„  2.  „         antamboulou  i    . 

„  3.  „         cancHope  relox  S 

„  4.  „         cowani  i    . 

„  5.  ,,         latona  latnna  ? 

„  6.  ,.         nffinis  ? 


•    page 

362 

368 

368 

370 

298 

306 

PLATE    XI 1. 

Fig.    J.  Charaxes  ackuemenes  ?      .        . 

„      2.  ,,        pdias  snturnus  S. 

„      3.  „        guderiana  ?        .         .         . 

,,4.  „         ethalion  ?  . 

,,      5.  „        etheocles  etkeodes  ^-f.fulgens 

„      6.  „         ethalion  ?  . 

„      7.  „        etheocles  etkeodes  2-f.ma/iica 

„      8.  „               ,,              „          ?-f.  vetula 


page  460 
444 
473 

478 
479 
478 
479 
479 


NoVITATES    ZOOLOGIC/E,    VOL.    VII.    igOO. 


Pl.    VI. 


NoVITATES    ZOOLOGIC/E,    VoL,    VI[.    Igoo. 


Pl.  VII 


/If.  ^ 


NoviTATEs  ZooLOGiCA  Vol  VII.  1900. 


Pl.VIII  . 


2 
3 

4.  ^^ 


-19 


"% 


Ti 


22.   - 


1^ 


^ 


l> 


\ 


35 


u 


45 


r" 


43. 


.7^ 


44 


'i8. 


EXPLANATION    OF    PLATE   IX. 


Fig.     1.  C.  gallinae 


2. 
3. 
4. 
5. 
6. 
7. 
8. 

9. 
10. 
11. 
12. 
1.3. 
14. 
lo. 
16. 
17. 
18. 
19. 
20. 


cohnnhae 

hmtndinia 

styx 

gallinae 

styx 


Sexual  aiiparatus  *  of  c?. 

Niiitli  abdominal  sternite  of  S,  flattened  out. 

Sexual  apparatus  of  (S . 

i. 

i. 
Eighth  left  abdominal  tergite  of  <^,  external  side. 


Eighth  left  abdominal  tergite  of   i,  internal  side,  to  show  the 

spinose  ai-ea. 
Eighth  left  abdominal  tergite  of  J,  external  side. 
Eighth  left  abdominal  tergite  of  9  , 


columbae 

gallinae 

coht/nibne 

hirmidinik 

gallinae 

columbae 

hiruiidinis 

styx 

galliiKte 

columbae 

gallinae         Abdominal  gland  of  ? 

hini/nAinis 


Seventh  sternite  of  ?,  flattened  out. 


Portion  of  end  of  abdomen  of  ?  showing  seventh  sternite  in  situ. 


*  Tu  all  cases  the  penis  hn.s  not  been  drawn. 


NOVITATES  ZoOLOOICi^  VoL.VII.  1900. 


PL.  IX. 


:^=±i- 


y 


_-/\ 


1.!. 


S^^W^Im, 


6. 


/ 


10. 


12 .       '2!!^'-.  ^ 


w. 


vm.d..        ,^  I      ■?  i^ 


NoviTATES  ZOOLOGICK., Vol VII. 1900. 


Pi..X. 


litb.  tost  V.  £.  A.Funke .  Islpzig 


21  AUG.  1900 


NOVITATES  ZOOLOCIC^,    VoL    Vll.    1900 


PL     XI 


CARL  Hh;NTSCHEL  COLOKTVfF. 


NOVITATES   ZoOLOClC/t,    VoL.    VII,     1900. 


Pl.  XII 


CAKI.   HKN'ISCHKL  COLOR!  Vl'l--. 


#- 


"^NOVITATES  ZOOLOGICAE. 


H  Sournal  of  Zooloo\!. 


EDITED    BY 


The  Hon.  WALTER  ROTHSCHILD,  Ph.D., 
ERNST    HARTERT,    and    Dr.    K.    .JORDAN. 


Vol.   VII. 


No.  1. 

Issued,  March  15th,  at  the  ZooLfXiicu,  MisEtM.  Tium 
Paoes  1—1  in. 


I'RlN'llCD    BY    HAZELL,    \VAT5iOX,    &    VlNi:\'      I.h.      I.oSnoN    ANI'    AVLESBUKY. 

1900. 


Vol.    VII. 

NOVITATKS  ZOOLOGICAE. 

KlJllKU    BV 

WALTER   ROTHSCHILD,    ERNST    HARTERT,    and  KARL  JORDAN. 


CONTENTS     OF    NO.     I. 

1.     THE      BlllDS      OK      l!UK       IN      TlIK      OENTKAL 

CAROLINES Jir'iM  Ilaitert  I 

-'.     THE     BIRDS     OF     DAMMEll     ISLAND     IN     THE 

BANDA    SEA Krmt  UarteH  .      Vl 

i.     DESCRIPTION    OK     THE     IIITIIEKTO    UNKNOWN 

EEiVrALE  OF  OEXJi'/TS  .]f/l{J/l/L/S  ROTHSCH.      Uulter  Rothschild    .     .M 

t.     ANOTHER    SMALL   CONTRIBUTION   To   AFRICA  AN 

ORNlTH0L0f4Y Ernst  Ilartert  .     lT. 

:,.     I'llE    LEPIUOPTERA   OF    UUJiU.     PART    I.  KHOPA 

lAtCEUA ir.  ./.  Holland  01 

li.  DESCRIPTIONS  OF  NEW  SPI'XIKS  oK  BUTTER- 
KLIES  CAPTURED  C^'  MR.  A.  S.  .MEEK  AT 
MILNE  BAV,  BRITISH  NEW  CUINKA,  IN 
THE  MUSEUM  OF  THE  HON.  WALTKI! 
UOTIISCHILD   AT   TIHNC //.  (Jrose-.SmUl,        .     SC 

7.     NEW   GENERA    AND    SPEl'IES    OV    TIjyitlJJJDAE 

AND   CEOMErUIDAE   FROM   AFRICA  .     11'.    Il'<(c/-e,(  .     W 

,s.  NliW  CENERA  AND  SPECIES  OK  DllEI'A  M'l.l l>AE, 
rtlYUiniDAE,  EJ'II'J.EMJDAE,  AND  GEOME- 
TIUDAE  FROM  THE  INDO  A  I^STRALIAN  AND 
PAIxAEARCTIC   REGIONS ir.    Warmi  .     O.'S 


As  we  have  very  little  time  to  work  at  Coleoptera, 
we  have  decided  to  sell  in  families  the  Private  Collection 
of  Beetles  of  the  Tring  Museum,  with  the  exception  of 
the  African  Longicornia  and  the  AnthHbitlae.  The 
Collection  contains  about  43,000  Specimens  of 
LameUicornia  (110  Plusiotis  in  30  Species),  32,000 
Cerambycidae  (exclusive  of  African),  70,000 
Chrysomelidae,  etc.,  etc. 

For  Particulars  apply  to — 

Dr.   K.  JORDAN. 

Zool.   Museum.   Tring,   Herts. 


Advertisements  of  Zoological  Objects  and  Zoological  Books  only  accepted. 


Subscriptions   for  the    present   Volume   are    due    NOW. 


Dr.  STAUDIN6ER  &  BANG-HAAS, 

BLASEWITZ-DRESDEN, 

In  their  New  Price  List,  No.  XI.III.,  offw  more 
thau  15,000  Species  of  well-named  LEPIDOPTERA, 
•et  or  in  Papers,  from  all  parts  of  the  world,  in 
finest  condition;  VMM)  kinds  of  PKEPAPiED 
LARVAE  ;  numerous  LIVING  PUPAE,  etc.  Sepa- 
rate Price  Lists,  X.,  XV.— XVIII.,  for  COLEO- 
PTEK.\  (19,000  Species).  Lists  V.  and  VI.,  fi.r 
HYMEXOI'TEKA  (2.HO0  Species),  DIPTEKA 
il,850).  HEMIl'TEUA  (1,.550;.  OKTHOPTERA 
(MO).  NECROPTEIiA   (S.-.O). 


Jii.<i-oinit   fiT    I'ash    Or/frj-.'^.       Prices  Itur. 


W.  F.  H.  ROSENBERG, 

48a,  Ctiaring  Cross  Road,  London,  W.C, 

Kecoive.s  at  tii  cjiieiit  intervals  fresli  consign 
ments  of  Zoolof»ic.il  Specimens,  inclitdin}; 
MAMMALS,  BIRDS,  BIRDS'  EGGS,  REP- 
TILES, AMPHIBIA,  INSECTS  OF  ALL 
ORDERS,  SHELLS,  etc.,  etc.,  from  v.iiious 
jiart-^  (if  till'  world. 

Oentlenwn  interested  in  Zoology  sfiould  call,  or 
write  indicating  their  special  branch  of  study,  when 
full  particulars  as  to  prices,  etc.,  will  be  given,  and 
specimens  srnt  on  approval  if  desired. 


WiLHELM   SCHLUETER, 

HALLE-a.-S..  GERMANY. 

Dealer  in  Objects  of  Natural  History. 


LARGEST    STOCK    OF 

UAUHALS,  BIKDS,  EISDS'  EGGS.  KEPTILES 
AMFHIBLA,  FISHES,  INSECTS.  METAUOR 
PHOSES  OF  INSECTS,  ETC.,  SHELLS,  CBABS, 
WORMS,  ECHINODERMS,  ZOOPHYTES,  MICRO 
SCOPICAL  PREPARATIONS,  PLANT-MODELS,  &c 


f'atalognes-paift  free  oh  djfjilicatii 


Brazenor  Bros., 

TAXIDERMISTS,  OSTEOLOGISTS,  &c. 

ESTABLISHED  1863. 

All  Kinds  of  NATURAL   HISTORY  SPECIMENS 

Preserved  and  IV|aunted. 
OSTEOLOOICAL  Specimens  Macerated  &  Articulated. 

LARGE  STOCK  OF  WELL-MADE  BIRDS'  SKINS. 

Ht'ttinh   itirtiM  it  Speeiaiili/, 

Mounted  Skeletons  of  Animals,  Birds,  Reptiles,  &c. 
39,  LEWES  ROAD,  BRIGHTON. 


WILLIAM  WATKINS, 

ENTOMOLOGIST, 

ItiMlHxlJidlij  aiiiioi'ttces  that  lie  is  constaiUhj 
receiviiii/  direct  from  his  Correspondents  all 
over  Ihji  vorld  new  and  scarce  Lepidoptera, 
lisl^  of  ir/iich  may  be  obtained  oii  ojij/liculion. 


COLLECTIONS  PURCHASED  FOR  PROMPT  CASH. 


lilCStDKNCE    AN'I)    Slfllli' 

VILLA    SPHINX,     EASTBOURNE. 


R.   TANCRE, 

ANKLAM,  POMMERN,  GERMANY, 

icceives  every  ye.ar  from  his  colUctoi-s  Large 
(Jollections  of  LEPIDOPTERA  from  CEN- 
TK  A I ,  ASJ  A  (Turkestan,  Kul(l.sclia,Nortbern 
Thibet)  and  EASTERN  SIBERIA  (Amoor). 
and  sell.s  all  his  Duplicates  at  \ery  Moderate 
Prices.  Price  Ijists  post  free  to  any  address 
"li  a))pIicatioii. 

R.  TANCRE. 


.1  uimul  Sidjscrijition  to  ''  Xovitates  ZouloijicM '^  i.'  /    /*. 

Price   of  Yearly   Volume,  ti-hen  completed,  £.  I    /".v       (('mnmission  fjr    Booksellers  vn 
r.onij'h'ted  volnmes  only.) 


Communications,  etc.,   iv^ay   be  addressed   to 
THE    EDITORS    OF 


•  NOVITATES    ZOOLOGICAE," 

ZOOLOGICAL     MUSEUM, 

TRINC. 


PRINTED  a¥   KAZELl.,  WATB05,   AND   VlSSY,   I^..    t.OrfDny    .^KD  .tTt.KBBlU 


NOYITATES  ZOOLOGICAE, 


H  Journal  of  Zoolocj^. 


EDITED    BY 


The  Hon.  WALTEE  EOTHSCHILD,  Ph.D., 
ERNST    HARTERT,    and    De.    K.    JORDAN. 


Vol.   VII. 


No.  2. 

Issued,  August  20th,  at  the  Zoological  Museum,  Thing. 

Pages  117—280;   Plates  I.,  II.,  III.,  V.  and  X. 

I'lUNTKD    BY    HAZELL,    WATSON,    U    VINEY,    Ld.,    LONDON    AND    AVLESBDRY. 

1900. 


Vol.   VII. 

N0VITATE8  ZOOLOGICAE. 

EDITED  BY 

WALTER   ROTHSCHILD,   ERNST   HARTERT,    and  KARL  JORDAN. 
CONTENTS    OF    NO.     II. 

fAcn 

1.  NEW  GENERA  AND  SPECIES  OF  AMERICAN  DRE- 

PAXULIDAE,     THYRIDIDAE,     EPIPLEMIDAE, 

AND  GEOMETRIDAE W.   »'«»•»•«»  .118 

2.  THE  BIRDS  OF  BURU  (Plate  IV.)       ....     Ernst  Ilartert  226 

3.  ON  THE  BIRDS  OF  SOUTHERN  ARABIA  (Plate  X.)     W.  R.  OyUvk-Orant  243 

4.  SOME    NEW    OR    RECENTLY    DESCRIBED    LBPT- 

DOPTERA  (Plate  V.)        .         .         .  Walter  Rothschild    .  274 

ti.     ON  A  NEW  RACE  OF  IBEX  (Plate  II.)  Walter  RothschiM  .  277 

fi.     01^  rURACiV  CUALCOLOPBCS  JUJSUUA'N'S  (PlateI.)  Ernst  Jfarteii  .278 

7.     ON  A  NEW  SPECIES  OF  MONKEY  (Plate  III.)         .  R.  li/dekker    .  .  279 
(EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  V.) 


As  we  have  very  little  time  to  work  at  Coleoptera, 
we  have  decided  to  sell  in  families  the  Private  Collection 
of  Beetles  of  the  Tring  Museum,  with  the  exception  of 
the  African  Longicornia  and  the  Anthribidaem  The 
Collection  contains  about  32,000  Cerambycittae 
(exclusive  of  African),  70,000  Chrysomelitiae, 
etc.,  etc. 

For  Particulars  apply  to — 

Dr.   K.  JORDAN, 

Zool.   Museum,  Tring,   Herts. 


Advertisements  of  Zoological  Objects  and  Zoological  Books  only  accepted 


Subscriptions   for  the    present   Volume   are   due    NOW. 


Dr.  STAUDINGER  &  BANG-HAAS, 

BLASEWITZ-DRESDEN, 

In  their  New  Peice  List.  Nu.  XLUI.,  ofifer  more 
than  15,000  .Species  of  well-nameil  LEPIDOPTERA, 
set  or  in  Papers,  from  all  parts  of  the  world,  in 
finest    condition;     1,300    kinds    of     PREPAEED 
LARVAE;  numerous  LIVING  PUPAE,  etc.  SEPA- 
RATE Price  Lists,  X.,  XV,— XVIII.,  for  COLEO- 
PTERA  (19,000  Species).      LISTS  V.  and  VI.,  for 
HVMENOPTERA      (2.S00      Species),      DIPTERA 
(I.XSO),     HEMIPTERA     (1,5.50),     OETHOPTERA 
(ii.iO),  NEDROPTERA  (.550). 

W.  F.  H.  ROSENBERG, 

48a,  Charing  Cross  Road,  Lon(lon,W.C., 

Receives  at  fi-equent  intervals  fresh  consign- 
ments  of    Zoological    Specimens,   including 
MAMMALS,  BIRDS,  BIRDS'  EGGS,  REP- 
TILES,   AMPHIBIA,    INSECTS    OF    ALL 
ORDERS,  SHELLS,  etc.,  etc.,  from  various 
parts  of  the  world. 

Gentlemen   interested    in    Zoology  si^ould    call,    or 
write  indicating   their  special  branch  of  study,   when 
full  particulars  as  to  prices,   etc,,   will  be  given,  and 
specimens  sent  on  approval  if  desired. 

Discnuiit  fur  Cash   Ordem.     Prices  lino. 

WlLHELM   SCHLUETER, 

HALLE-a.-S.,  GERMANY. 

Dealer  in  Objects  of  Natural  History. 

LARGEST   STOCK    OF 

MAMMALS,    BIRDS,    BIRDS'    EGGS,    REPTILES, 
AMPHIBIA,      FISHES,      INSECTS,      METAMOR- 
PHOSES   OF    INSECTS,    ETC.,    SHELLS,    CRABS, 
WORMS,    ECHINODERMS,   ZOOPHYTES,  MICRO- 
SCOPICAL PEEPAEATIONS,  PLANT-MODELS,  &o. 

Brazenor  Bros., 

TAXIDERMISTS,  OSTEOLOGISTS,  &c 

ESTABLISHED  1863. 

All  Kinds  of  flATURAL  HISTORY  SPECIMENS 

Preserved  and  IVjounted. 

OSTEOLOGICAL  Specimens  Macerated  &  Artlcnlated. 

LARGE  STOCK  OF  WELL-MADE  BIROS'  SKINS. 

Bt'itish  BirilH  a  Spei'ialtty, 

Mounted  Skeletons  of  Animals,  Birds,  Reptiles,  &c. 

Catalociui'S  past  free  on  apjiUcatlim. 

39,  LEWES  ROAD,  BRIGHTON. 

R.   TANCRE, 

ANEAM,  POMMERN,  GERMANY, 

receives  every  year  from  his  collectors  Large 
Collections  of  LEPIDOPTERA  from  CEN- 
TRAL ASIA  (Turkestan,  Kuld.scha,Northern 
Thibet)  and  EASTERN  SIBERIA  (Amoor), 
and  sells  all  hLs  Duplicates  at  very  Moderate 
Prices.     Price  Lists  post  free  to  any  address 
on  application. 

R.  TANCRE. 

Annual  iiuhscription  to  "  Novitates  Zoological"  £1  Is. 

Price   of  Yearly   Volume,  v)hen  completed,  £1    10s.      (Commission  fur   JiookseUers  on 
completed  volumes  onhj.) 


Communicationsp  etc.,  may  be  addressed  to 

THE     EDITORS     OF 


■  NOVITATES    ZOOLOGICAE," 

ZOOLOGICAL    MUSEUM, 

TRINa 


PRIKTED  BY   HAZKLL,  WaTSOX,   AND   VINEY,   IJ>.,   LONDON   AND  ATLEaBURY. 


NOVITATES  ZOOLOGICAE. 


H  journal  of  Zoology. 


EDITED    BY 


The  Hon.  WALTER   ROTHSCHILD,  Ph.D., 
ERNST    HARTERT,    and    Dk.    K.    JORDAN. 


Vol.    VII. 


No.  3. 

IssLEU,  December  8th,  at  the  Zooi-ogkjal  Museom,  Tri.vu. 

Pages  281—592;    Plates  IV..   VI..  VIF.,  VIII,.  IX.,  XL,  Xll. 


/•> 


PRINTKD    BY    HAZELL.    WATSON.    &    VINEV.    Lo..    I,OND0N    AND    AYLESBURY. 

190f>. 


Vol.    VII. 

NOVITATES  ZOULOGICAE. 

EDITED  BY 

WALTER   ROTHSCHILD,   ERNST   HARTERT.    and  KARL  JORDAN. 


CONTENTS     OF    NO.     III. 

1.  A  MONOGRAPH  OF  CHA RAXES  AND  THE  ALLIKD 

PRIONOPTEROTTS    GENEP.A    (Platks   A'].,   VII., 

VJII.,  XI.,  XII.)        ....        Walter  Rothschild  .('•  Karl  Jordan  2S1 

2.  SOME  MISCELLANEOUS  NOTES  ON  PAl.ABARCTIC 

BIRDS Ernst  Hartert        .  5-25 

.3.      tJBER  DIE  GATTI'XG   /'CX/O/'r/ZJ     ....     i\  e.  Ihllnmyr      .535 
I.     NOTES  UN  Pri.KX  AVIUM  Taschb.     (Plate  IX.)        .     N.  <\  Rothschild   .  539 

5.  DESCRIPTIONS    OF    NEW    AFRICAN   SPECIES   <>K 

AfRAEINAE -/A   '''rose- Smith      .  514 

6.  ON  THE  GENUS  SrAEORni'SC/ICS    ....     Ernst  Hartei-t         .  548 

7.  LIST   OF   A   COLLECTION    OF    BIRDS    FROM    THE 

LINGGA  ISLANDS Ermt  Ifurtcrt         .  549 

s.     THE  BIRDS  OF  THE  BANDA  ISLANDS     .  .     Fynixi.  Ilm-te.rt        .  551 

9.     THE  LEPIDOPTFRA  OF  BURU II'.  ./.   Uulh,„d       .  555 

10.  ADDITIONS      TO      THE      LIST      OF      BIRDS      OF 

SOUTHERN    ARABIA IV.  R.Oi/ih-ie-Grant  biH 

11.  THE    RED  FLYING  SQUIRREL   OF  THE   NATUNA 

■  ISLANDS (Mjii'Ml   Thimwx     .   592 

EXPLANATION  OF  PLATES  VI.,  VII.,  VIII.,  XL,  nnd  XII. 
EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  IX. 


As  we  have  very  little  time  to  work  at  Coleoptera, 
we  have  decided  to  sell  in  families  the  Private  Collection 
of  Beetles  of  the  Tring  Museum,  with  the  exception  of 
the  African  Longicornia  and  the  Anthribii/aem  The 
Collection  contains  about  32,000  Gerambyciiiae 
(exclusive  of  African),  70,000  Chrysomeliilae, 
etc.,  etc. 

For  Particulars  apply  to — 

Dr.   K,  JORDAN, 

Zool.   Museum,  Tring,   Herts. 


Advertisements  of  Zoological  Objects  and  Zoological  Books  only  accepted. 


Subscriptions   for  the    present    Volume   are    due    NOW. 


Dr.  STAUDINGER  &  BANG-HAAS, 

BLASEWITZ-DRESDEN, 

In  their  New  Tkioe  List.  No.  XLIII.,  offer  more 
than  15,000  Species  of  well-named  LEPIDOI'TERA, 
set  or  in  Papers,  from  all  parts  of  the  world,  in 
finest    condition  ;     1,300    kinds    of     PBEPAEED 
LARVAE  ;  numerous  LIVING  PUPAE,  etc.  Sepa- 
rate Peice  Lists,  X.,  XV.— XVIII.,  for  COLEO- 
PTERA  (19,000  Species).     Lists  V.  and  VI.,  for 
HVMENOPTERA     (2.800     Species).      DIPTERA 
(1,860),     HEMIPTEKA     (1,5.50),     ORTItOPTERA 
(HoO),  NEDROPTERA  (5.S0). 

Discount  for   Caxli    Orrleni.      Pricci  h>ir. 

W.  F.  H.  ROSENBERG, 

48a,  Charing  CrossRoad,  Lon(lon,W.C., 

Receives  at  frequent  intervals  fresh  consign- 
ments  of    Zoolofricil    Specimens,   including 
MAMMALS,  BIRDS,  BIRDS    EGGS,  REP- 
TILES,  AMPHIBIA,    INSECTS    OF    ALL 
ORDERS,  SHELLS,  etc.,  etc.,  from  various 
parts  of  tho  world. 

Oentlemen   interested    in    Zoology  should    call,    or 
write  indicating  their  special  branch  of  study,   when 
full  particulars  as  to  prices,   etc.,   will  be  given,  and 
specimens  sent  on  approval  if  desired. 

WiLHELM   SCHLUETER, 

HALLE-a.-S.,  GERMANY. 

Dealer  in  Objects  of  Natural  History. 

Brazenor  Bros., 

TAXIDERMISTS,  OSTEOLOGlSTUc 

ESTABLISHED  1863. 

LARGEST   STOCK    OF 

MAMMALS,    BIRDS,    BIRDS'    EGGS.    EEPTILES, 
AMPHIBL4,      FISHES,      INSECTS,      METAMOR- 
PHOSES   OF    INSECTS.    ETC.,    SHELLS.    CRABS, 
WORMS,    ECHINODERMS,   ZOOPHYTES.   MICRO- 
SCOPICAL FREFABATIONS,  PLANT-MODELS.  &c. 

All  Kinds  of  (NATURAL  HISTORY  SPECIMENS 

Preserved  and  IVlounted. 

OSTEOLOGICAL  Specimens  Macerated  Se  Articulated. 

LARGE  STOCK  OF  WELL-MADE  BIROS'  SKINS. 

British  Birita  a  Speeiality. 

Mounted  Skeletons  of  Animals,  Birds,  Reptiles,  Ac 

PataJnijVfS  pnxt  fi't'r  nil  applictifiint 

39,  LEWES  ROAD,  BRIGHTON. 

R.   TANCRE, 

ANKLAM,  POMMERN,  GERMANY, 

receives  every  year  from  lii.s  collectors  Large 
Collections  of  LEPIDOPTERA  from  CEN- 
TRAL ASIA  (Turkestan,  Kuldsclia.Northern 
Thibet)  and  EASTERN  SIBERIA  (Amoor), 
and  sells  all  his  Duplicates  at  very  Moderate 
Prices.     Price  Jjsts  post  free  to  any  address 
on  a,pplication. 

R.  TANCRE. 

Anmuil  Subscription  to  "  Xovitiites  Zooloyicae,"  £J    la. 

Price   of  Yearly  Volmtie,  mlten   completed,  £1    10s.      (Commission  for   BookseUers  on 
completed  vii!u.i/ies  only.) 

CommunicationB,  etc,  may  lac  addressed  to 

THE    EDITORS    OF    <•  NOVITATES    ZOOLOQICAE," 

ZOOLOGICAL     MUSEUM, 
_____^ TRIWa 

PRINTRD  Br  HAZBLL,   WATSON,   AXD   VINET,   IJ>.,    LOKDON'   .\KD  ATI.EHilURV. 


w 


NOVITATES  ZOOLOGICAE. 


H  Journal  of  Zooloo^. 


EDITED   BY 


The  Hon.  WALTEK   EOTHSCHILD,  Ph.D., 
EENST    HAETEET,    and    Dr.    K.    JOEDAN. 


Vol.   VII. 


No.  4. 

Issued,  December  29tii,  at  the  Zoological  Museum.  Tring. 
Pacies  .'iOo— 625. 

I'KINTED    BY    HAZKM..    WAISON,    i    VINEY,    Ld.,    LONDON    AND    AYLESBURY. 

1900. 


Vol.   VII. 

NOVITATES  ZOOLOGICAK 

EDITED  BT 

WALTER   ROTHSCHILD,   ERNST   HARTERT,    and  KARL  JORDAN. 


CONTENTS     OF    NO.    IV. 

PAGES 

1.  NOTES  ON  TWO  MANGABEY-LIKE  MONKEYS 
NOW  LIVING  IN  THE  MENAGERIE  OF  THE 
ZOOLOGICAL  SOCIETY Jt  li/dekke>-  .     593—6 

■2.     ALPHABETICAL  INDEX 597—025 

TITLE-PAGE,    CONTENTS,    AND    LIST    OF    PLATES. 


/.// 


As  we  have  very  little  time  to  work  at  Coleoptera, 
we  have  decided  to  sell  in  families  the  Private  Collection 
of  Beetles  of  the  Tring  Museum,  with  the  exception  of 
the  African  Longicornia  and  the  AnthHbiilae.  The 
Collection  contains  about  32,000  Cerambyciilae 
(exclusive  of  African),  70,000  Ghrysomelidae, 
etc.,  etc. 

For  Particulars  apply  to — 

Dr.   K.  JORDAN, 

Zool.   Museum,  Tring,   Herts. 


Advertisements  of  Zoological  Objects  and  Zoological  Books  only  accepted. 


Subscriptions  for  the   present  Volume   are   due   NOW. 


Dr.  STAUDINGER  &  BANG-HAAS, 

BLASEWITZ-DRESDEN, 

In  their  Nkw  Price  List,  No.  XLIII.,  offer  more 
than  15,000  SSpeciesof  well-named  LEPIDOPTEKA, 
set  or  in  Papers,  from  all  parts  of  the  world,  in 
finest  condition;  1,300  kinds  of  PREPARED 
LARVAE  ;  numerous  LIVING  PUPAE,  etc.  Sepa- 
rate Price  Lists,  X.,  XV.— XVIII.,  for  COLEO- 
PTERA  (19,000  Species).  LISTS  V.  and  VI.,  for 
HYMENOPTERA  (2,S00  Species),  DIPTERA 
(1.850).  HEMIPTERA  (1,.550),  OETHOPTERA 
(iioO),  NEDROPTERA  (5.50). 

Dl'CO)nit  for  Cash   Ori/erK,      Prices  low. 


W.  F.  H.  ROSENBERG, 

48a,  Charing  Cross  Road,  London,W.C., 

Receives  at  frpquent  intervals  fresh  consign- 
ments of  Zoological  Specimens,  including 
MAMMALS,  BIRDS,  BIRDS'  EGGS,  REP- 
TILES, AMPHIBIA,  INSECTS  OF  ALL 
ORDERS,  SHELLS,  etc.,  etc.,  from  various 
parts  of  the  world. 

Gentlemen  interested  in  Zoology  slioufd  call,  or 
write  indicating  their  special  bninch  of  study,  wtten 
full  particulars  as  to  prices,  etc..  will  be  given,  and 
specimens  sent  on  approval  if  desired. 


WiLHELM  SCHLUETER, 

HALLE-a.-S.,  GERMANY. 

Dealer  in  Objects  of  Natural  History. 

LARGEST   STOCK    OF 

HAMMALS,  BIHDS,  BIRDS'  EGGS,  HEPTILES, 
AKPHIBIA,  FISHES,  INSECTS,  METAMOR- 
PHOSES or  INSECTS,  ETC.,  SHELLS,  CKABS, 
WOBHS,  ECHINODERMS,  ZOOPHTTES,  MICEO- 
SCOPICAL  PREPARATIONS,  PLANT-MODELS,  &e. 


Brazenor  Bros., 

TAXIDERMISTS,  OSTEOLOGISTS,  &c. 


ESTABLISHED  1863. 


All  Kinds  of  ((ATURAL  HISTORY  SPECIMENS 

Preserved  and  Klounted. 

OSTEOLOGICAL  Specimens  Macerated  &  Articulated. 

LARGE  STOCK  OF  WELL-MADE  BIRDS'  SKINS. 

Bt*ttinlt  Bii*(f»  a  Specialiti/, 

Mounted  Skeletons  of  Animals,  Birds,  Reptiles,  &c. 


Catithifinrs  post  free  on  application. 


39,  LEMrES  ROAD,  BRIGHTON. 


R.   TANCRE, 

ANKLAM,  POMMERN,  GERMANY, 

receives  every  year  from  his  collectors  Large 
Collections  of  LEPIDOPTERA  from  CEN- 
TRAL ASIA  (Turkestan,  Kuldscba.Northeru 
Thibet)  and  EASTERN  SIBERIA  (Amoor), 
and  sells  all  his  Duplicates  at  very  Moderate 
Prices.  Price  Lists  past  free  to  any  address 
on  application. 

E.  TANCRE. 


Annxhal  Subsariplioii.  to  "  .Ntrvitates  Zooloyicae,"  £1  Is. 

Price   of  Yearly   Volume,  %iihen  completed,  £1    10s.      (Commission  fur   Booksellers  on 
comjilited  rnliaiies  onli/.) 


Communications,  etc.,  may  be  addressed  to 
THE    EDITORS    OF 


'NOVITATES     ZOOLOGICAE," 

ZOOLOGICAL    MUSEUM, 

TRINO. 


PBINTKD  BV   HAZELL,  WATSON,   HiD  VlKt-Y,   LV.,   LONDON   AKD  AYLS^blJBV. 


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